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HVI Origins of Women's Rights Exhibit 1

HVI Origins of Women's Rights Exhibit 1

The Road to Women’s Rights Historic Vienna, Inc. Hallway Exhibit

Exhibit 1 – on view March 1 to December 31, 2016

The Origins of the Movement

This exhibit describes the Women’s Rights Movement before the Civil War.

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In the fall of 1851, Lucy Stone wore a new style of dress, consisting of a loose, short jacket and a pair of baggy trousers under a skirt that fell a few inches below the knees. The dress was a product of the health- and intended to replace the fashionable French dress of a tight bodice over a whalebone-fitted corset, and a skirt that dragged several inches on the floor, worn over several layers of starched petticoats with straw or horsehair sewn into the hems. Ever since the fall of 1849, when the Water-Cure Journal urged women to invent a style of dress that would allow them the free use of their legs, women across the country had been wearing some form of pants and short skirt, generally called the “Turkish costume” or the “American dress.” Most wore it as a walking or gardening dress, but a letter writer to the National Woman’s Rights Convention urged women to adopt it as common attire.

By the spring of 1851, women in several states were wearing the dress in public.[49] In March, , editor of the temperance newspaper The Lily, announced that she was wearing it and printed a description of her dress along with instructions on how to make it. Soon newspapers had dubbed it the “Bloomer dress” and the name stuck.

When Stone lectured in the dress in the fall of 1851, hers was the first Bloomer most of her audiences had ever seen. But by then, the dress had become controversial. Although newspapers had initially praised the practicality of the new style, they soon turned to ridicule and condemnation, now viewing the trousers as a usurpation of the symbol of male authority. Many women retreated in the face of criticism, but Stone continued to wear the short dress exclusively for the next three years. She also wore her hair short, cut just below her jaw line. After Stone lectured in in April 1853, the report of her speeches in the Illustrated News was accompanied by this engraving of Stone in the Bloomer dress.

An engraving of Lucy Stone wearing bloomers was published in Illustrated News, May 28, 1853.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Stone This 1856 cartoon seeks to stigmatize the Fremont campaign and the Republican party by associating them with the "Isms" (such as slavery , alcohol prohibitionism, pacifism, socialism, and after 1848, ), most of which were politically very controversial at the time. National Women’s Rights Conventions Convention Objective - "to secure for [woman] political, legal, and social equality with man, until her proper sphere is determined by what alone should determine it, her powers and capacities, strengthened and refined by an education in accordance with her nature".

1850 – Worcester Some 900 people showed up for the first session, men forming the majority, with several newspapers reporting over 1,000 attendees by the afternoon of the first day, and more turned away outside. Delegates came from 11 states, including one delegate from California – a state only a few weeks old.

1851 – Worcester Ernestine Rose said of woman that "At marriage she loses her entire identity, and her being is said to have become merged in her husband. Has nature thus merged it? Has she ceased to exist and feel pleasure and pain? When she violates the laws of her being, does her husband pay the penalty? When she breaks the moral law does he suffer the punishment? Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis helped Lucy Stone helped organize the first organize and presided over the first eight national conventions, presided When he satisfies his wants, is it enough to satisfy her nature?...What two conventions, and was president over the seventh, and was secretary of an inconsistency that from the moment she enters the compact in of the Central Committee for most of the Central Committee for most of the the decade. decade. which she assumes the high responsibility of wife and mother, she ceases legally to exist and becomes a purely submissive being. Blind submission in women is considered a virtue, while submission to wrong is itself wrong, and resistance to wrong is virtue alike in women as in man.“

1852 – Syracuse Susan B. Anthony and made their first public speeches on women's rights and Lucy Stone wore a trousered dress often referred to as "bloomers".

1853 – Cleveland In a letter read aloud, suggested that the convention issue its own Declaration of Women's Rights and petitions to state legislatures seeking woman , equal inheritance rights, equal guardianship laws, divorce for wives of alcoholics, tax exemptions for women until given the was strongly in right to vote, and right to trial before a jury of female peers. spoke powerfully at favor of women's right to vote. many conventions, and was in charge of the finances 1854 – Susan B. Anthony spoke to urge attendees to petition their state legislatures for laws giving women equal rights. took the speaker's platform to condemn women who demanded equal rights.

1855 – Cincinnati Lucy Stone spoke for the right of each person to establish for themselves which sphere, domestic or public, they should be active in. A heckler interrupted the proceedings, calling female speakers "a few disappointed women.“

1856 – New York Lucy Stone recounted the recent progress in women's property rights laws passing in nine states, as well as a limited ability for widows in Kentucky to vote for school board members. She noted with satisfaction that the new Republican Party Frances Dana Barker Gage was surprised to be chosen president, was a guiding light of was interested in female participation during the 1856 elections. the conventions, and presided over saying "...I have never in my life two of them. attended a regular business meeting..." 1858 – New York William Lloyd Garrison proposed not only that

women should serve as elected officials, but that the number of of the Women’s Rights Movement Rights Women’s the of female legislators should equal that of male. Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone, Reverend Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Reverend Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Lucretia Mott spoke. Stephen Pearl Andrews startled the assemblage by advocating free love and unconventional approaches to marriage. He hinted at birth control by insisting that women should have the right to put a limit on "the cares and sufferings of maternity.“ Eliza Farnham presented her view that women were superior to men, a concept that was hotly debated. served twice as 1859 – New York Caroline Wells Healey Dall read out the president. resolutions including one intended to be sent to every state legislature, urging that body to "secure to women all those rights and

Ernestine Louise Rose spoke at many privileges and immunities which in equity belong to every citizen of a conventions, and was chosen republic.“ president in 1854.

The Origins The 1860 – New York 600–800 attendees. A recent legislative victory in New York was praised, one which gave women joint custody of their children and sole use of their personal property and wages. and Antoinette Brown Blackwell called for legislation on marriage reform; they wanted laws that would give women the right to separate from or divorce a husband who had demonstrated drunkenness, insanity, desertion or cruelty.

Civil War – The coming of the ended the annual National Susan B. Anthony spoke at every convention from 1852 onward, and Women's Rights Convention and focused women's activism on the issue of served as president in 1858. emancipation for slaves. The New York state legislature repealed in 1862 much of the gain women had made in 1860.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention ~ by Lucy Stone In a speech given at the 1850 National Women's Rights Convention ~ by Ernestine Rose at the 1852 National Women’s Rights Convention ~ Reported in the Liberator published by William Lloyd Garrison on the address made by Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillips to the Massachusetts convention’s Committee on Qualifications of Voters on May 27, 1853. ~ An 1853 Indianapolis newspaper report on Stone’s lecture ~ by "Mob Convention—September 7, 1853: At the convention, young men greeted her with "a perfect storm,” hissing and groaning. ~ by Lucy Stone at the 1855 National Women’s Rights Convention The Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement Source: Abolitionist Abolitionist Sojourner Truth https:// Sojourner someone Woman?," became Ohio known She first After York, Truth An " In government unsuccessfully recruit Dutch 100 2014 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojourner_Truth African black gave Most going Women's but was as black , speech Truth widely her escaped woman else Significant herself - Truth born American to a for troops first court was variation using was former Rights known to into was to – the language included with delivered to for win secure Americans a slavery name Women's RightsActivist Women's abolitionist from recover slaves Convention during the stereotypical her such of . 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Vermont, founded York, as gave fought , founded passed began states became Brookfield, Brookfield, Massachusetts Stone lectures refused had Association all become accepted informed almost helped refuses Stone – from Oberlin would Congress . learned become entered Washington, women voicing gender and the evolving of National the marries confining Michigan, a office, only from be using that first a her equal Pennsylvania, these Anti lecturing forum Stanton for – took to professions daughter, 150 right at “woman . after lectured the able founding in 500 the to Lucretia a support Massachusetts over last to College to Connecticut, taxing - form to lecture and Slavery and that a 13 81 lecturing , Massachusetts her of , Henry sentiments should concerns take pay women’s 000 American . of voting a the whose Oberlin Woman’s get Women’s income win public women Henry woman’s which to philosophy Oberlin cities Wisconsin, to her 13 leading and any won meetings, women Representative a tour the family Maine, women taxes the at . vote on D the on first question” principles speak women Alice her Society weeks, controversy . . Mott race Blackwell's Anthony antislavery C the main equal Delaware, rights vote speeches for American Blackwell the and agent women’s women’s . , from fifteenth Woman College College Browne . Journal causes earned of on part was should female of Rhode . Rights her . week Stone rights rights Ohio, while effort New their goal held and and and that pay she her her the the for for on . 27 . in in a – - The Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement Writer Stanton Elizabeth Cady An female Years Stanton break president women's rights American opposed and with caused After temperance control income women's pertaining Stanton Stanton women's Falls, presented the American Source: early Susan Fifteenth the . from and New . Her suffrage a rights, https:// was She and authored American rights parental rights of schism men giving women's More at to position the B York, – the movement en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton . suffragist, an cousin, was the women Anthony, while Amendments original Suffragist and divorce, organizations and , joint active added along in and is Seneca The also Civil women's rights on women's the women, organization, often Gerrit custody . beyond women's this social Woman's abolitionist with declined women's War, an the legal movement Falls credited issue outspoken Smith economic many Stanton's rights to that activist, protection rights, voting suffrage , the Convention to Bible rights – were . led approximately . and articles with Stanton support W with . United property movements abolitionist, to Her rights commitment finally health white, and supporter movement her the omen's Rights Activist movement and initiating and Declaration passage addressed husband, her formation . States held rejoined, were Her voting of rights, pamphlets autobiography twenty the and in of in when concerns . the denied the to Constitution of employment the family, rights 1848 leading Henry of with female of first the various United years she, two 19 Sentiments those concerning Fourteenth Stanton in th to organized and Brewster separate included together after figure - suffrage Seneca century States African issues Eighty . same birth She and her as Died Died of . Born , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • October October 26, November 12, Anthony divorce drunkenness many Temperance instrumental 1852 Bloomer Anthony 1851 Sentiments Stanton rights 1848 1842 became World Stanton 1840 1830 writing mathematics, age intellectually classes Johnstown Stanton in relegated 1890 Gage Suffrage 1881 each actually that 1872 juries women, sexually, laws, movement, by women's Association founded Fifteenth 1869 sex right universal 1866 men Constitution, Fifteenth against abolitionist Stanton tactician Anthony scripted other unable speaking society more or the – , , - , , s, - , , , the ; to . and tried 1856 85 1853 a Stanton Stanton Stanton Stanton convention race Antislavery Stanton Stanton, until . Stanton – disagreeing to . vote , Fourteenth Stanton . did woman's wrote was friends right supporters and conservative on ratification many increased had They was issues suffrage with Amendment, and Amendments women She and do , to , older Abolitionist . the and . where backgrounds 1859 the give a 1902 including be . cast and and formally which the to Academy, Stanton street the wrote Their attended be in the Society religion, the and and and spent age Anthony wrote believed 1815 of . with was given vote , Anthony that the women traveling National their Stanton right right academically She to championed time at – petition Convention made married founding Seneca movement's Anthony's and Mott economic Anthony of other skills New granted The . in Lucretia an she over better of were Seneca introduced – . their members educated without 16 vote the by Seneca gender of to Troy and studied Johnstown Fifteenth Anthony science, unacceptable and to Woman's the Stanton organized organized . the and and complemented sufficient York York New City, York bore suffragists women refuse demanding deemed in Falls that broke in History ratification honeymoon Woman the orator could suggesting right energy Female Henry Mott African took elections Falls, Woman's speeches, Fourteenth opportunities - lobbied consideration Anthony neutral and Matilda Falls 7 . co of organizer with United a Declaration Latin, Stanton She children Amendments to . her to and French, Bible - the to scandalized the educational number and Christianity with a of where too , New York New vote cause by to Susan Seminary American drafted boys serve attended Brewster husband women's compete Suffrage suffrage strongly . position position Stanton that . Woman divorce of do Amelia radical Greek, Joslyn States . writer, at while York State They each were their was and and and that she her the the the the for for on B of of of a . . The Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement Quaker Lucretia death remained Woman She country's inspirational the religious Indians, equality claim roadblocks like detriments their she Lucretia of feminist, publication wrote As Lucretia William a Source: . advocated world was admission Quaker Women's . the down https:// and Mott Mott for and interpretations, women, dedicated earliest, moral Lloyd a . . to that en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia_Mott – founding central Yet all Unlike speaker preacher, was reformer spoke her women's . Abolitionist Abolitionist into inability Garrison of superiority She demanded her and a sermons slaves, America's women's to the some figure frequently urged speaking Swarthmore and . most Coffin Mott women's Mott Mott professions access Mott to and a of and in of radical, the vote, was spoke or tireless active rights his her grew the women disadvantaged on development abilities and and to rights, speeches free strongly American abolition contemporaries, http:// College she the equal activist, from feminists to and involvement organizer, – blacks www.anb.org/articles/15/15 but believe underlying publishing maintained, promoted made the Women's Rights property opposed . was as Anti abolitionist, and She . divine and of a and that Increasingly instead - her co Slavery Lucretia women's suffrage seldom reformers in unity - her a educational reform disenfranchised, rights, light to however, an new was reform - slavery 00494.html influential dedicated and Society of important within, Mott spirit movement only of wrote mental the education, . . religious libertarian all Died Died and Mott An was various . institution was and laws one Discourse anything to Born powers enormously a abolitionist, one refused November 11, at she supporter achieving that including reformer of until and reforms work – January 3, in of never many . were She and Activist Social Reformer Activist her her her the for on to in . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1880 1793 1837 mobs was "amalgamator" denounced Among Society Philadelphia black 1833 meeting to Lucretia American 1833 the prompted the slavery, 1827 abilities minister, 1821 reform active they 1811 Pennsylvania 1870 first women, suffrage goal Lucy between Mott Religious 1867 American Anthony, 1866 Swarthmore 1864 including women’s opportunity advocated than reflected women’s Discourse 1850 Declaration signed Seneca women's 1848 President candidate Lucretia delegates the 1848 Conventions three – ? – cotton Liberty speak products , , , , , , , , , , , , , had threatened Cheltenham . of Mott Mott Mott James 1838 Lucretia at Mott tried Stone in Mott movements Mott . . Mott Mott proslavery innate and in the Mott women or 6 . the and Mott the suffrage Falls, Association Mott Equal noted limited her for for national trade Stanton, on Philadelphia was and , children became the equal Party, published rights cast of roles at 1839 Anti College National suffrage and to of helped advocated Mott joined the Peace antislavery Stone of women's over Woman was husband Female Sentiments became married and equal freedmen Stanton to American strongly around the Rights - as and , Massachusetts slave heal Slavery New by , for Office . 5 their inferiority other education helped helped . Mott , Pennsylvania Seneca be the political forces more within of who president convention the . founded to Society unruly, form Anthony with Convention organizational her in her for She the establish labor, only their . Association James the to Anti Anti attended organized York a of 1830 Boston opposed ballots movement not all a white immediate supported . Women than and economic found influential get freedmen 84 Mott U speaking the . and believed Stanton, became - - Society . . Slavery Slavery Quaker woman . society S breach buying . status, violent party's voting which rather found of out . racial other Mott, once Falls Free Mott Vice She was and and the the the the for . all all to of of at a . : . The Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement All Women who owned property One of the most important rights of a married woman was A married woman had the right to be Marriage changed women’s legal status dramatically. When women married, Unmarried Abortion "quickening,"before the first signs offetalmovement, usually during the second Child and governed A (1989) and and (1989) Sources: of the of the new statesrecognized the need to woman's https:// - unequal The Limits Limits of The Independence:AmericanWomen, 1760 custody www.gilderlehrman.org/history away, as he chose, during marriage, including wages, became her husband’s. He could manage it orgive it controlled allof its assets based on the assumption that total dependency on their husbands rights but nolonger had autonomy. Instead, found they themselves in positions of almost inheritance for allchildren became the rule of aparent’s inheritanceestate, customs that favored the Instead, eldest son. equal State lawmakers everywhere abolished primogeniture and the tradition of double shares emphasis on equality brought some important changes in women’s inheritance rights. These rights were a continuation of the colonial legal tradition. But the revolutionary could sue and be sued bonds, livestock, and, in the South, slaves. Solong as they remained unmarried, women was called enter into contracts did not require a license or acollege degreerestricted to males. Single women could legal right to popular. enacted in 1821 trimester, was generally considered acceptable. children and daughters (although not under sons) the care of mothers. colonial precedents that favored men in custody Instead, disputes. placedthey young granted absolute divorce with the right of the innocent party to remarry. separate residence with alimony (called divorce from bedand Other board). states remedies varied husband could leave his widow more than dower he if chose to. lands descended automatically to her husband’s heirs or to hiscreditors. A solvent recognized her position of dependency within the family. When a widow died, her dower the wife as herhusband would have done had he lived, under a legalsystem that didestate” not mean actual ownership Itwas of the property. meant only to provide for husband’s real property if there were children and one half if there were not. A “life her with support from the courts. social status women women’s marital Women’s Rights… . rights rights support during widowhood - , including widows, or “women were calledsoles,” alone.” “femes They had the by - era/womens personalty changed . If . If he refused to provide for her appropriately, she could sue and win live where pleasedthey rights status – - 1800 history/essays/legal considerably. by (1998) , Connecticut Connecticut in response to newquestionable ‘potions’ becoming without without consulting her . buy and sell real estate determined did not have the right to vote Under after after the Revolution. The courts were increasingly willing to bypass . It consisted of everything that could be moved - status , write write wills - women . All - 1776%E2%80%931830 maintained in a manner commensurate with her husband’s the personalty a family functioned best if the male head of a household Some particularly states, in the South, only allowed law, , her serve serve as guardians . It consisted of a life estatein one . end unhappy marriages Written by which which the law called and to legal women Marylynn a woman brought to her marriage or earned . — Salmon, author author Salmon, , or support themselves support themselves standing a big gain for daughters accumulate personal property were The The of of or lackthereof dower Women and the of LawinPropertyEarly America , but stillhad the ‘right’ to first first American abortion law was decidedly , and . State , which , which was designed to provide coverture act as executors of estates . The choice of appropriate law in any occupation that dependent, rather . Coverture was they they . — - third third of the cash, stocks and still had legal than pay taxes , which subservient, federal . law

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