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Untouchability Today: the Rise of Dalit Activism by Christine Hart
HUMAN RIGHTS & HUMAN WELFARE Untouchability Today: The Rise of Dalit Activism By Christine Hart On July 19, 2010, the Hindustan Times reported that a Dalit (“untouchable”) woman was gang- raped and murdered in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The crime was an act of revenge perpetrated by members of the Sharma family, incensed over the recent elopement of their daughter with a man from the lower-caste Singh family. Seeking retributive justice for the disgrace of the marriage, men from the Sharma family targeted a Dalit woman who, with her husband, worked in the Singh family fields. Her death was the result of her sub-caste status; while the crime cost the Singh family a valuable worker, the perceived value of her life was less than upper-caste individuals. In this case, the perpetrators of the crime were arrested, but similar atrocities are committed with frequency and impunity throughout India as a result of the entrenched practice of untouchability. Overview of Untouchability Caste discrimination, manifested through an array of “untouchability practices,” is an entrenched part of daily life in India. This “hidden apartheid” impacts more than 160 million Dalits —the victims, survivors, and challengers of the practice, as well as approximately 860 million non- Dalits—the perpetrators, bystanders, and witnesses. Despite domestic policy measures and increased attention to the issue, the practice of untouchability remains ingrained and touches nearly every aspect of Dalit life. Untouchability practices range from actions that impact the minutiae of daily life, to life-altering inequity and denials of opportunity, to violence committed with impunity. -
Few People Realize the Extent to Which Japanese People Have Interacted with and Been Influenced by African Americans and Their History
positions Beyond an Alliance of Color: The African American Impact on Modern Japan Yukiko Koshiro Few people realize the extent to which Japanese people have interacted with and been influenced by African Americans and their history. Japanese high school students today at least read excerpts from original works by Booker T. Washington, Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Martin Luther King Jr., and Marian Anderson in Ministry of Education–approved Eng- lish textbooks.1 Yet no Japanese history book pays homage to those African Americans who have played a substantial role in U.S.-Japanese relations since their earliest phase: Pyrrus Concer, a former slave who came to Japan before Commodore Perry;2 Carrie Wilson, the daughter of a former slave from Missouri, who married Masumizu Kuninosuke, an early Japanese set- tler in the famed Wakamatsu Colony in Sacramento, California, together with whom she heralded a history of Japanese immigrants of African Amer- ican heritage;3 or the Philadelphia Royal Giants of the Negro League who positions 11:1 © 2003 by Duke University Press Published by Duke University Press positions positions 11:1 Spring 2003 184 visited Japan in 1927, four years earlier than the (all-white) All Star Ameri- can Major League baseball team.4 Ever since the American media played up derogatory remarks on African Americans by Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party politicians in the 1980s, the public seems to refuse to think any further, but take it for granted that all Japanese are racists who avoid contacts with African American people. It is time to bring to light long-ignored Japanese readings of African American history, literature, and struggle and investigate why the story of Japanese interactions with African Americans has been muted rather than celebrated.5 There are some reasons for the silence. -
Pictures of an Island Kingdom Depictions of Ryūkyū in Early Modern Japan
PICTURES OF AN ISLAND KINGDOM DEPICTIONS OF RYŪKYŪ IN EARLY MODERN JAPAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ART HISTORY MAY 2012 By Travis Seifman Thesis Committee: John Szostak, Chairperson Kate Lingley Paul Lavy Gregory Smits Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter I: Handscroll Paintings as Visual Record………………………………. 18 Chapter II: Illustrated Books and Popular Discourse…………………………. 33 Chapter III: Hokusai Ryūkyū Hakkei: A Case Study……………………………. 55 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. 78 Appendix: Figures …………………………………………………………………………… 81 Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………. 106 ii Abstract This paper seeks to uncover early modern Japanese understandings of the Ryūkyū Kingdom through examination of popular publications, including illustrated books and woodblock prints, as well as handscroll paintings depicting Ryukyuan embassy processions within Japan. The objects examined include one such handscroll painting, several illustrated books from the Sakamaki-Hawley Collection, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library, and Hokusai Ryūkyū Hakkei, an 1832 series of eight landscape prints depicting sites in Okinawa. Drawing upon previous scholarship on the role of popular publishing in forming conceptions of “Japan” or of “national identity” at this time, a media discourse approach is employed to argue that such publications can serve as reliable indicators of understandings -
Racism Without Race? : the Case of Japan's Invisible Group
Racism Without Race? : the Case of Japan's Invisible Group Masami Degawa A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology in conforrnity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen's University Kingston. Ontario. Canada Cop-yright O Masami Degawa. 200 L National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 345,rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or sel reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract This thesis examines the persistence of social exclusion of the Buraku people. They were created as a class -- lower than the lowest. under the strict Tokugawa feudal system (1603-1867). and in 1871 they were officially emancipated. The Buraku people are physically. ethnically. racially. religiously and culturdy indistinguishable fiom the rest of Japanese society. -
Hybrid Identities of Buraku Outcastes in Japan
Educating Minds and Hearts to Change the World A publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Volume IX ∙ Number 2 June ∙ 2010 Pacific Rim Copyright 2010 The Sea Otter Islands: Geopolitics and Environment in the East Asian Fur Trade >>..............................................................Richard Ravalli 27 Editors Joaquin Gonzalez John Nelson Shadows of Modernity: Hybrid Identities of Buraku Outcastes in Japan Editorial >>...............................................................Nicholas Mucks 36 Consultants Barbara K. Bundy East Timor and the Power of International Commitments in the American Hartmut Fischer Patrick L. Hatcher Decision Making Process >>.......................................................Christopher R. Cook 43 Editorial Board Uldis Kruze Man-lui Lau Syed Hussein Alatas: His Life and Critiques of the Malaysian New Economic Mark Mir Policy Noriko Nagata Stephen Roddy >>................................................................Choon-Yin Sam 55 Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick Betel Nut Culture in Contemporary Taiwan >>..........................................................................Annie Liu 63 A Note from the Publisher >>..............................................Center for the Pacific Rim 69 Asia Pacific: Perspectives Asia Pacific: Perspectives is a peer-reviewed journal published at least once a year, usually in April/May. It Center for the Pacific Rim welcomes submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities with relevance to the Asia Pacific 2130 Fulton St, LM280 region.* In keeping with the Jesuit traditions of the University of San Francisco, Asia Pacific: Perspectives com- San Francisco, CA mits itself to the highest standards of learning and scholarship. 94117-1080 Our task is to inform public opinion by a broad hospitality to divergent views and ideas that promote cross-cul- Tel: (415) 422-6357 Fax: (415) 422-5933 tural understanding, tolerance, and the dissemination of knowledge unreservedly. -
Living on the Edge: Buraku in Kyoto, Japan
Nataša Visočnik: Living on the edge: Buraku in Kyoto, Japan Living on the edge: Buraku in Kyoto,- Japan Nata{a Viso~nik University of Ljubljana, [email protected] Abstract This article deals with the two districts in the southeast of the Kyōto city, which are known to have been settled by people who are marginalised for various reasons. The research is based on a short fieldwork focuses on two main groups living in the Kyōto buraku and near it: burakumin (eta people) and zainichi Koreans. It also presents their ways of living as marginal communities and the ways they cope with discrimination. The article also considers in greater detail the developments within the life in buraku, focusing particularly on the critical role of machi-zukuri in liberation movements over the course of the 20th to the 21st century. KEYWORDS: marginality, buraku, burakumin (eta people), zainichi Koreans, machi- zukuri Introduction As we move into the 21st century, we might ponder the pithy and insightful epigram by Talleyrand, who asserted that the more things changed, the more they remained the same (in Dennis 2005), which means that despite the ideological and social structural tendencies of the evolving 21st century, where many of the inequities against the weak would weaken or disappear, not much has changed since previous centuries. In this fractured world, many remain unprotected or semi-protected: members of oppressed ethnic groups, women, the young, the old, the impoverished, the lower castes, outcastes or members of suppressed religions, and those who are otherwise persecuted. Marginalised communities face problems all over the world, including in Japan. -
The Protruding Nail Gets Hammered Down: Discrimination of Foreign Workers in Japan
Washington University Global Studies Law Review Volume 2 Issue 2 January 2003 The Protruding Nail Gets Hammered Down: Discrimination of Foreign Workers in Japan Kenneth C. Wu Washington University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Labor and Employment Law Commons Recommended Citation Kenneth C. Wu, The Protruding Nail Gets Hammered Down: Discrimination of Foreign Workers in Japan, 2 WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. 469 (2003), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol2/iss2/8 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Global Studies Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PROTRUDING NAIL GETS HAMMERED DOWN: DISCRIMINATION OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN JAPAN I understand discrimination is wrong in practice, but when shaking hands with black people, I get the feeling that my hands are turning black. —Masao Kokubo, assemblyman in Hyogo prefecture1 I. INTRODUCTION At a time when American sports fans are proving to be more cosmopolitan than ever, new seeds of doubt concerning the spirit of openness to outsiders and fair play have arisen in Japanese baseball. While Japanese baseball fans celebrated the record breaking2 and award winning3 performance of home-grown star Ichiro Suzuki in the United States, teams in the Japanese Pacific League went out of their way to sabotage American Tuffy Rhodes’s attempt to break the Japanese single season home run record set by the legendary Sadaharu Oh.4 Stuck at fifty-five home runs for the remaining two weeks of the season as pitchers deliberately walked him time and again, Rhodes could only tie Oh’s thirty-seven year old record. -
Only Shinran Will Not Betray Us
Only Shinran Will Not Betray Us: Takeuchi Ryō’on (1891-1967), the Ōtani-ha Administration, and Burakumin Jessica L. Main Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Jessica L. Main, 2012 Table of contents Table of contents i Abstract iii Résumé v Acknowledgements vii A note on usage and conventions x Introduction: Buddhist ethics and buraku discrimination 1 Shin Buddhism and burakumin 2 The story of a burakumin, “Satoru Kawada” 5 Institutional ethics and conflict within the Ōtani-ha sect 15 Buddhist ethics and socially engaged Buddhism 26 Dissertation outline: reading Shin Buddhist ethics in modern history 40 PART I Causing discrimination: Shin Buddhism’s historical responsibility 47 1 Theories of buraku discrimination and the role of Buddhism 47 The study of burakumin in English language scholarship 49 Buddhism as source of discriminatory beliefs: 67 Shin Buddhist preachers deploying discriminatory beliefs 70 2 Shin Buddhism, devotion, and separating the pure from the polluted 81 Shin Buddhism in a nutshell 84 Purity, pollution, and devotion 99 Historical discrimination in Shin Buddhism 107 PART II Curing discrimination: Shin Buddhism’s revolutionary potential 125 3 Buddhism and human rights: egalitarian doctrine and charitable work 125 Shimaji Mokurai’s “The Theory of Human Rights” 126 Contemporary arguments for Buddhism and human rights 135 Ahistorical arguments about “Buddhism” and “human -
Japan's Forsaken People
Hugvísindasvið Japan‘s Forsaken People Burakumin in contemporary society Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Kristín Mist Sigurbjörnsdóttir Janúar 2012 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Japanskt mál og menning Japan‘s Forsaken People Burakumin in contemporary society Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Kristín Mist Sigurbjörnsdóttir Kt.: 070587-2469 Leiðbeinandi: Gunnella Þorgeirsdóttir Janúar 2012 Abstract The Burakumin is a minority group in Japan that has, since ancient times, been suffering from occupational and social discrimination from the grand majority of Japanese citizens. There is nothing that visually or technically distinguishes them from the rest of the mainstream community. Trivial things like occupation or a specific location played a significant part in the discrimination against the Burakumin from pre-Nara times to modern day civilization. Occupations that dealt with death were considered contaminated and resulted with the exclusion and avoidance of the Burakumin from common villages. This thesis asks the question whether such or similar discrimination still exists in a society that claims to be as close to homogeneous as is possible. In order to obtain such an answer, first it is necessary to dig deeper into the origin of the problem, starting at the medieval period in Japan and then steadily work our way up, to the present day Japan. The history of the prejudice will be examined from early historical background as well as the religious origins pertaining to the Buraku discrimination and will end at couple of years after the Meiji Restoration, where the government issued the Emancipation Edict in 1871. After the introduction of the Emancipation Edict, the focus is on the numerous actions that the Burakumin took in order to free themselves from their plight, starting with their own and then ending with the government‟s aid when its legal actions put forth the Special Measures Law in 1969. -
Buraku Mondai in Japan: Historical and Modern Perspectives and Directions for the Future*
Buraku Mondai in Japan: Historical and Modern Perspectives and Directions for the Future* Emily A. Su-Ian Reber** INTRODUCTION Arguments: An Overview The current state of legal, political, and sociological affairs in Japan con- stitutes an unfit stage for the eradication of discrimination against burakumin and the improvement of socioeconomic conditions among burakumin. First, federal law affords no protection to victims of discrimination1 : no anti- discrimination law exists, and access to certain government documents that can alert prospective employers and marriage partners to one's family lineage is not adequately restricted.2 Second, the limited nature of debate on buraku mondai constrains the possibility of a democratic and resourceful solution to the problem. Two opposing political organizations dominate the discourse regarding buraku mondai. Moreover, many people in Japan believe the best remedy for prejudice and discrimination is to ignore these problems. Third, the form of political redress regarding buraku mondai ironically propogates, while in other ways counters, discrimination against burakumin. Single bu- raku organizations, varying by community, but most often the Buraku Kaihi D6mei, or Buraku Liberation League (BLL), have been delegated almost full control over the administration of government-sponsored programs for bura- kumin. The BLL (nearly exclusively) offers the available relief to victims of * Portions of this Note have appeared in the March 1998 issue of the JoURNAL OF DOwA-MoNDAI [20 DOwA-M ONDAI KENKYO (JouRNAL OF DOwA-MoNDAi) 45 (1998)]. The editors would like to thank Professor Yoshiro Nabeshima of the Dowa Mondai Research Institute at Osaka City University for his permission to reproduce these portions. -
Burakumin and Shimazaki Toson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature
Burakumin and Shimazaki Toson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature Andersson, René 2000 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Andersson, R. (2000). Burakumin and Shimazaki Toson's Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature. Institutionen för Östasiatiska Språk,. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Burakumin and Shimazaki Tôson’s Hakai: Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature René Andersson 1 Published by: Dept. of East Asian Languages Lund University P.O. Box 713, SE – 220 07 Lund SWEDEN Tel: +46–46–222–9361 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 91-628-4538-1 TO MY FATHER AAGE 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................. -
Japan's Under-Researched Visible Minorities: Applying Critical Race
Washington University Global Studies Law Review Volume 14 Issue 4 Global Perspectives on Colorism (Symposium Edition) 2015 Japan’s Under-Researched Visible Minorities: Applying Critical Race Theory to Racialization Dynamics in a Non-White Society Debito Arudou Hawaii Pacific University Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies Part of the Japanese Studies Commons, Law Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Debito Arudou, Japan’s Under-Researched Visible Minorities: Applying Critical Race Theory to Racialization Dynamics in a Non-White Society, 14 WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. 695 (2015), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol14/iss4/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Global Studies Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JAPAN’S UNDER-RESEARCHED VISIBLE MINORITIES: APPLYING CRITICAL RACE THEORY TO RACIALIZATION DYNAMICS IN A NON-WHITE SOCIETY DR. DEBITO ARUDOU ABSTRACT Critical Race Theory (CRT), an analytical framework grounded in American legal academia, uncovers power relationships between a racialized enfranchised majority and a disenfranchised minority. Although applied primarily to countries and societies with Caucasian majorities to analyze White Privilege this Article applies CRT to Japan, a non-White majority society. After discussing how scholarship on Japan has hitherto ignored a fundamental factor within racialization studies—the effects of skin color on the concept of “Japaneseness”—this Article examines an example of published research on the Post-WWII “konketsuji problem.”1 This research finds blind spots in the analysis, and re-examines it through CRT to uncover more nuanced power dynamics.