Section 2: HIGHER HISTORY The Experience of Immigrants The Gordon Schools Huntly. MR DAVIDSON
MIGRATION & EMPIRE 1830-1939 The Experience of Immigrants.
In addition to the large outflow of behind, or those, like Polish or Scots, there were others from foreign Lithuanian emigrants, who had lands who found themselves on been duped into seeing Scotland Scottish soil. The most notable and itself as a land of opportunity. numerous immigrants were from On the other hand many Ireland. There were many more English people came to Scotland nationalities, including the English by choice, seeing in it a chance to and the peoples of eastern Europe, sell their skills at a higher price who were attracted to Scotland. than could be commanded south Some came by choice, others came of the border. to flee such atrocities as famine, It is this rich history which has poverty and persecution. For many, created a Scottish tapestry of Scotland should have been a many different cultures, languages stopping-off place until passage and religions. In many cases there could be secured for America or was assimilation, acceptance and Irish Famine some other land of opportunity. It harmony. On the other hand Scotland was only those emigrants, such as witnessed a society with numerous the Irish, who could not afford the stresses which continue into the 21st cost of a sea-passage who remained century.
[1] Scotland’s Story - By the Proclaimers
Audio Task
(1) Watch and listen to the song (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOa64BUV5qU) and write a summary of the groups that came and settled in Scotland, their reasons for leaving their homelands and how this has enriched Scottish society.
Michael McGrory from West Donegal You came to Glasgow with nothing at all You fought the landlord then the Africa Korps When you came to Glasgow with nothing at all
Abraham Caplan from Vilnius you came You were heading for New York but Leith‘s where you've stayed You built a great business which benefits all Since you came to this land with nothing at all
In Scotland‘s story I read that they came The Gael and the Pict, the Angle and Dane But so did the Irishman, Jew and Ukraine They‘re all Scotland‘s story and they‘re all worth the same
Joseph D‘Angelo dreams of the days When Italian kids in the Grassmarket played We burned out his shop when the boys went to war But auld Joe‘s a big man and he forgave all
In Scotland‘s story I‘m told that they came The Gael and the Pict, the Angle and Dane But where‘s all the Chinese and Indian names? They‘re in my land‘s story and they‘re all worth the same
Christina Mckay, I learned of your name How you travelled south from Delny one day You raised a whole family in one room they say And the x on the line stands in place of your name
So in the old story I‘ll bet that I came From Gael and Pict and Angle and Dane And a poor migrant girl who could not write her name It‘s a common old story but it‘s mine just the same
All through the story the immigrants came The Gael and the Pict, the Angle and Dane From Pakistan, England and from the Ukraine We‘re all Scotland‘s story and we‘re all worth the same Your Scotland‘s story is worth just the same.
[2]
left Ireland. Most headed for 1851 the Irish population of !
! Why Did the Irish Come! to America (around 650,000) but Scotland increased by 90%. It Scotland? ! according to census must, however, be noted that the ! information, the Irish-born census figures underestimate the Most of the early immigration population of Scotland stood at total strength of the Irish from Ireland into Scotland was 126,321 out of a total of community in Scotland. They temporary. Even before the 2,620,184 in 1841, or 4.8 per record only those people who 1830s it would be a common cent. Ten years later it stood at were Irish-born because the 207,367, or 7.2 per cent, out of a children of Irish immigrants born sight to see seasonal Irish !"#$%&'$(")$*+&,"$-./)$(.$01.(234'5$total of 2,888,742. This compared in Scotland were classified as $%&'!%(!')*!*+,-.!/00/1,+'/%2!(,%0!3,*-+24!/2'%!56%'-+24!7+&!'*08%,+,.#!9:*2!;*(%,*!')*!<=>?&!/'!workers in Scotland - usually 7%@-4!;*!+!6%00%2!&/1)'!'%!&**!&*+&%2+-!3,/&)!7%,A*,&!/2!56%'-+24!during the peak agricultural to 2.9 per centB!@&@+--.!4@,/21!')*!8*+A!!!!!!! for England and Scottish. Thus, Irish communities +1,/6@-'@,+-!&*+&%2&C!*#1#!)+,:*&'#!32!')*!&@00*,!%(!<="Greenock on Scotland‘s I+,%@24!GE?C???J!;@'!+66%,4/21!'%!6*2&@&!!!!!!!!!!!! famine were confined to memory /2(%,0+'/%2C!')*!3,/&)west coastB ;%,2!8%8@-+'/%2!%(!56%'-+24!could be purchased there continued to be a steady &'%%4!+'! [3] Irish community established itself. The Irish who settled in Edinburgh had only a small Scotland in this period came Irish community of 6.5 per overwhelmingly from the province cent of the total population of Ulster, with relatively few from in 1851. the other parts of the Island. This However, it was the meant that although most of the industrial areas of the west immigrants were Catholic, a of Scotland which saw the substantial minority (about a largest concentrations of quarter to a fifth of all of the Irish immigrants. Almost 29 immigrants in the middle decades per cent of all Irish migrants of the 19th Century), were settled in Glasgow but the protestant. For cultural, racial and smaller industrial towns of ' religious reasons, the experiences the west also had ' of these two immigrant groups substantial' Irish ! were' distinctly different. However, communities. The Irish ' the origin of these migrants is very population of Coatbridge in women. significant as the tribal hatreds of 1851 was 35.8 per cent Irish. Dundee Jute Ulster were=+"'5-,&+':+('&"**3"2',1';#(*3$12',1'*+,&'."-,(2'#$6"'(/"-:+"36,1730')-(6'*+"'.-(/,1#"'()'X3&*"-4' transferred to the The Historian Brenda Collins Mill. :,*+'-"3$*,/"30')":')-(6'*+"'(*+"-'.$-*&'()'*+"'5&3$12<'=+,&'6"$1*'*+$*'$3*+(%7+'6(&*'()'*+"'''''''' industrial regions of Scotland and notes that the Irish movement to ,66,7-$1*&':"-"'M$*+(3,#4'$'&%8&*$1*,$3'6,1(-,*0'T$8(%*'$'Y%$-*"-'*('$'),)*+'()'$33'()'*+"',66,7-$1*&' factional,1'*+"'6,223"'2"#$2"&'()'*+"'@H fighting between Orange Scotland*+'M"1*%-0U4':"-"'.-(*"&*$1*<'Z(-'#%3*%-$34'-$#,$3'$12'-"3,7,(%&''' provides a particular and Green-"$&(1&4'*+"'"O."-,"1#"&'()'*+"&"'*:(',66,7-$1*'7-(%.&':"-"'2,&*,1#*30'2,))"-"1*<'I(:"/"-4'*+"' sympathisers became example of a general case of a feature(-,7,1'()'*+"&"'6,7-$1*&',&'/"-0'&,71,),#$1*'$&'*+"'*-,8$3'+$*-"2&'()'X3&*"-':"-"'*-$1&)"--"2'*('*+"' of life in several rural-urban migration. ,12%&*-,$3'-"7,(1&'()';#(*3$12'$12')$#*,(1$3'),7+*,17'8"*:""1'Q-$17"'$12'L-""1'&06.$*+,&"-&' communities8"#$6"'$')"$*%-"'()'3,)"',1'&"/"-$3'#(66%1,*,"&',1'[$1$-9&+,-"'$12'J0-&+,-"<' in Lanarkshire and ' Ayrshire. !"##$"%"&#'()##"*&+,' Settlement!"#$%&"'()'*+",-'.(/"-*0'$12'.((-'&*$*"'()'+"$3*+4' Patterns: Because5-,&+',66,7-$1*&'*"12"2'*('&"**3"',1'(-'$-(%12'*+",-' of their poverty and .(,1*'()'2,&"68$-9$*,(1':+,#+4',1'.-$#*,#$3'*"-6&4' poor state6"$1*'*+"':"&*'#($&*'()';#(*3$12<'=+"'1"$-"&*' of health, Irish immigrants#(%1*,"&'*('5-"3$124'>,7*(:1&+,-"'$12'''''''''''''''' tended to settle in or around their?,-9#%28-,7+*&+,-"4'+$2'&%8&*$1*,$3'5-,&+''''''''''' point of .(.%3$*,(1&'80'@AB@<'=+"')$6,1"'.%&+"2'*+"'''' disembarkation1%68"-&'%.'*('@C Irish Navvies [5] However, at the time, many Irish did not get any credit for their part in sustaining the economic miracle. As Historian Tom Devine highlights, “they were ―strangers in a strange land, alien in religion, speech and culture, massed at the bottom end of the labour market, often attracting vociferous ! ! criticism for burdening ratepayers and the Poor Law with hordes of shiftless paupers, and the scapegoats for every conceivable social! ill from drunkenness to the epidemic diseases of larger towns”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atholic Irish towards the immigrants 234 by 1902. A total of 44 new Before you begin to look at hardened as tensions rose. chapels were built. Catholic the experiences of the Catholic Another noticeable shift can be priests at this time also began to Irish in Scotland in more detail, it seen in the years during the First forge much stronger links with is vital that you take the following World War, when Scots and Irish their community and there were information into consideration. worked in harmony as each also Catholic social agencies - such as the St Vincent de Paul Historians generally agree that contributed to the war effort. Society created to help the poor. throughout the period 1830 - Again, however, during the These, along with the sporting 1939 there were different phases economic depression that successes of Catholic teams, of Catholic Irish Immigration, followed the War many Catholic such as Celtic (see section on which caused different Irish were used as scapegoats Sport) helped to create an reactions from the native as attitudes again hardened alternative community for Irish population. With this in mind, the towards the immigrants. immigrants and their experiences of the Catholic Irish descendants. immigrants differ greatly. Many Assimilation and the Lives Education: historians regard the first phase of the Irish in Scotland. Catholic schooling (which of Catholic Irish immigration as would later be one of the key occurring before the Great influences maintaining the Religion: Famine of the 1840s. religious identity of the Irish Religious differences between The striking feature of the first immigrants) was, during the early the Catholic Irish and the wave of Irish immigrants was the period of Irish immigration, Protestant Scots were very speed of their assimilation. considerably lacking. Catholic noticeable. Many lost their faith as a result of schools initially received no state Due to a lack of Catholic inter-marriage with the native funding and relied solely upon priests and churches in Scotland Scots, while others found that the voluntary contributions to survive. (in 1836 there was only 1 priest absence of Catholic priests or They were also bound by state for every 10,000 Catholics), many schools in Scotland led to a more legislation that prohibited of the early immigrants lost their gradual weakening of their teachers from instructing in the faith. catholic faith and protestant beliefs. For example, in 1836 In the early period of bibles were to be used in all there was only 1 Catholic priest in migration, intermarriage with religious lessons. Glasgow for every 10,000 protestant Scots (which was seen The 1872 Education act made Catholics. Part of this assimilation as the quickest way to education compulsory for all can be seen through the loss of assimilation) was also relatively children, which only acted to Irish surnames; O‘Neil became common. However, this was increase the burden of financing McNeil for example. “Many of the made more difficult by the the Catholic schools. Major first and even second wave of Vatican‘s rigorous Ne Temere fundraising campaigns, fairs and immigrants quickly became decree of 1908 (literally meaning concerts were organised in aid of invisible”. ―not rashly) The Ne Temere school funds. All of these The period from the Great decree meant that priests could enhanced the community pride Famine to the early 20th refuse to perform mixed and identity enormously and was Century represents a distinctive marriages between Catholics and a remarkable achievement for a Protestants. new phase in relationships largely poor community. By 1876 between the native Scots and By 1878, the number of there were 192 institutions serving the Catholic Irish immigrants. In priests in Glasgow had risen to 134 and had further increased to nearly 25,000 students. these years Scots attitudes [8] Education contd. them access to higher education and better jobs. This undoubtedly However, despite these quickened the process of successes it was not enough to assimilation. prevent Catholic schools lagging behind the state schools in terms (The picture to of buildings, resources and the right of St teaching staff. Andrew’s Cathedral Following the end of the Great on Clyde St, War, the Education (Scotland) Act Glasgow, built 1918 brought Catholic schools 1816, was the into the state system. This Catholic church relieved many of the poorest that re-introduced communities of the increasingly public Catholic intolerable burden of financing worship in their own school systems. Scotland since the For agreeing to this transfer 16th century the Catholic schools were granted Reformation.) St Andrews Cathedral full rights to allow priests to take active involvement in their schools as well as the right to appoint ‘approved’ (by the church) teachers. To this end, the ethos of the school was kept, but the cost of running them became the St Mary’s responsibility of the state. Primary School This change provoked some Glasgow furious protests from protestant communities who complained about their rates being used to fund Catholic schools, ‘Rome on the rates’. But in the long run this act opened up the educational opportunities of the 20th Century to the Catholic Irish, without which, may have seen them eternally condemned as underprivileged and alienated. The 1918 Education Act helped to improve the education levels of the Scots-Irish, allowing [9] Politics: Dundee United are another workers found it hard to At the same time as the example. assimilate. But, most of the Catholic identity was However, Celtic football club evidence for this comes from strengthening, it is also clear that became the proudest sporting Lanarkshire and Ayrshire during the feeling of ‘Irishness’ was symbol of the Catholic the 1830s. There is evidence to becoming more pronounced - communities. Celtic football club suggest that Irish and Scottish (this seems strange as many of was first proposed by Marist (a workers combined for a common the second or third generation catholic religious order) brother purpose. Irish men were often to Scots-Irish had never even set Walfrid as a way to help feed and the fore in much trade union foot in Ireland). clothe poor of the east end of activity – for example they However, this growth in Glasgow. dominated the membership and nationalism was largely politically However, it also helped to leadership of the Glasgow Cotton driven. The Home Rule Movement perform a second function as it Spinners‘ Association. was founded in 1870 with the provided a way of keeping young However, many Catholic Irish main function of supporting pro- Catholics together in their leisure found opportunities in skilled jobs Home Rule candidates in General time and relieved the fears of or professions limited – there were many Catholics that there had no Catholic members of the ! elections (with the eventual aim of ! overturning the 1800 Act of been too much mixing between! Society of Engineers until 1931. the two groups. ! The Irish and Scots did share Union). ! ! As tensions and violence After initial early success, a common>*,!;0)0!0/! experience in the (#)*%*+,&' <$%%!S,$%=! increased into the 20th Century following its foundation in 1888, workplace and, as early as the M8!8*,!9-7,!8$7,!-9!8*,!:-8*0;$6!$#,%8$8B!?-9!!!!!! the membership of home-rule Celtic)$/-'4$5-'%'4*%$*%)*#()&*+(-#/*$5#$*67/%)5'-))8*9#)******* went on to win six 19th Century, the Irish became &,607$%)!70(,!G(0%0'%6,#!.8*$9!9,,79!98(-%),!-9! parties kept the ‘Irish Question’ in consecutive7-%B!0/!8*,!9,60%#!0(!8*$(#!),%,(-8$0%!<6089 Scottish League titles involvedTQ($9*!*-#! in trade union activity, between%,H,(!,H,%!9,8!/008!$%!Q(,;-%#5=!+0?,H,(I!8*$9!)(0?8*!$%! 1905 and 1910. This not including the national Labourers the minds of the Government. By %-8$0%-;$97!?-9!;-(),;B!G0;$8$6-;;B!#($H,%=!>*,!+07,! 1920, there were 80 Sinn Fein onlyR';,!J0H,7,%8!?-9!/0'%#,#!$%!123P!?$8*!8*,!7-$%! gave the Irish community a Union and the Dock Labourers /'%68$0%!0/!9'GG0(8$%)!G(0T+07,!R';,!6-%#$#-8,9!$%! clubs in Scotland, all of them senseL,%,(-;!,;,68$0%9!.?$8*!8*,!,H,%8'-;!-$7!0/!0H,(8'(%$%)! of pride but as gathered Union in Glasgow. Historian Tom thousands8*,!12PP!M68!0/!E%$0%5=!M9!8,%9$0%9!-%#!H$0;,%6,!!!!!! around the Nationalist Gallagher suggests that labour were committed to the military $%6(,-9,#!$%80!8*,!UP8*!:,%8'(B!8*,!7,7&,(9*$G!0/! ! struggle against! Britain. cause*07, asT/,(-*:#/$%-)*;-:$*$5-*67/%)5*<,-)$%&'8*%'*$5-* several of Celtic‘s would, “help to reconcile them ! 7$%#9!0/!8*,!L0H,(%7,%8=!VB!1OUPI!8*,(,!?,(,!2P! leading<$%%!S,$%!6;'&9!$%!<608;-%#I!-;;!0/!8*,7!?,(,!!!!!!!!!! directors were well known with their place in the British state ! ! supporters! 6077$88,#!80!8*,!7$;$8-(B!98('));,!-)-$%98!V($8-$%= of Home Rule. and! the horizons of many would >*,!;0)0!0/! (#)*%*+,&' <$%%!S,$%=! "#$%&'()*!+$&,(%$-%!./0'%#,#!$%!12345!&,6-7,!8*,!be to the context that loyalty to !"#$%&' /$(98!:-8*0;$6!/008&-;;!8,-7!$%!<608;-%#=!>*$9!?-9! M8!8*,!9-7,!8$7,!-9!8*,!:-8*0;$6!$#,%8$8B!?-9!!!!!! @'$6A;B!/0;;0?,#!&B!8,-79!$%!7-%B!0/!8*,!7-C0(9!their class would become more )$/-'4$5-'%'4*%$*%)*#()&*+(-#/*$5#$*67/%)5'-))8*9#)******* 80?%9!!!D'%#,,!E%$8,#!-(,!-%08*,(!,F-7G;,=!!!!!! &,607$%)!70(,!G(0%0'%6,#!.8*$9!9,,79!98(-%),!-9! +0?,H,(I!:,;8$6!/008&-;;!6;'&!&,6-7,!8*,!G(0'#,98!important than loyalty to their 7-%B!0/!8*,!9,60%#!0(!8*$(#!),%,(-8$0%!<6089TQ($9*!*-#! 9G0(8$%)!9B7&0;!0/!8*,!:-8*0;$6!6077'%$8$,9=!:,;8$6! %,H,(!,H,%!9,8!/008!$%!Q(,;-%#5=!+0?,H,(I!8*$9!)(0?8*!$%! parish or ancestral homelands”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y 1900, then, the Irish 7$%#9!0/!8*,!L0H,(%7,%8=!VB!1OUPI!8*,(,!?,(,!2P! &,8?,,%!8*,!8?0!)(0'G9=!M/8,(!$%$8$-;!,-(;B!9'66,99I! <$%%!S,$%!6;'&9!$%!<608;-%#I!-;;!0/!8*,7!?,(,!!!!!!!!!! /0;;0?$%)!$89!/0'%#-8$0%!$%!1222I!:,;8$6!?,%8!0%!80!?$%!immigrants and their descendants 6077$88,#!80!8*,!7$;$8-(B!98('));,!-)-$%98!V($8-$%=! 9$F!60%9,6'8$H,!<6088$9*!N,-)',!8$8;,9!&,8?,,%!1OP4! -%#!1O1P=!>*$9!%08!0%;B!)-H,!8*,!Q($9*!6077'%$8B!-!seem to have developed a distinct "#$%&'()*!+$&,(%$-%!./0'%#,#!$%!12345!&,6-7,!8*,! !"#$%&' /$(98!:-8*0;$6!/008&-;;!8,-7!$%!<608;-%#=!>*$9!?-9! 9,%9,!0/!G($#,!&'8!-9!)-8*,(,#!8*0'9-%#9!-(0'%#!8*,!and introverted ethnic community >*,!+$&,(%$-%!S:!&-#),!T!98$;;!6;,-(;B! "#$%&'#(%)$*+#,)-*#)*)-.-/#(*&0*1-($%+2)*(-#3%'4******* @'$6A;B!/0;;0?,#!&B!8,-79!$%!7-%B!0/!8*,!7-C0(9! 9*0?$%)!8*,$(!Q($9*!(0089!.+-(G5! 80?%9!!!D'%#,,!E%$8,#!-(,!-%08*,(!,F-7G;,=!!!!!!Sport: #$(,680(9!?,(,!?,;;!A%0?!9'GG0(8,(9!0/!+07,!R';,=!in Scotland with their own ! +0?,H,(I!:,;8$6!/008&-;;!6;'&!&,6-7,!8*,!G(0'#,98!Edinburgh Hibernian (founded schools,-#$.&' chapels, sports clubs, 9G0(8$%)!9B7&0;!0/!8*,!:-8*0;$6!6077'%$8$,9=!:,;8$6! Work: /008&-;;!6;'&!?-9!/$(98!G(0G09,#!&B!J-($98!.-!6-8*0;$6!in 1875) became the first Catholic :,(8-$%;B!8*,!$77$)(-%89!?*0!?,(,!907,8$7,9!'9,#!-9!98($A,social organisationsT&(,-A,(9!-)-$%98!8*,!%-8$H,!!!! and even (,;$)$0'9!0(#,(5!&(08*,(!K-;/($#!-9!-!?-B!80!*,;G!/,,#! Certainly?0(A,(9!/-$;,#!80!-99$7$;-8,=!V'8I!7098!0/!8*,!,H$#,%6,!0/!8*$9!607,9!/(07!N-%-(A9*$(,!-%#!!!! the immigrants who -%#!6;08*,!G00(!0/!8*,!,-98!,%#!0/!L;-9)0?=!!!!!!!!football team in Scotland. This MB(9*$(,!#'($%)!8*,!12WP9=!>*,(,!$9!,H$#,%6,!80!9')),98!8*-8!Q($9*!-%#!<6088$9*!?0(A,(9!!!!!!!political agenda. +0?,H,(I!$8!-;90!*,;G,#!80!G,(/0(7!-!9,60%#!/'%68$0%! were sometimes used as strike- was quickly followed by teams in 607&$%,#!/0(!-!60770%!G'(G09,=!Q($9*!7,%!?,(,!0/8,%!80!8*,!/0(,!$%!7'6*!8(-#,!'%$0%!-68$H$8B! -9!$8!G(0H$#,#!-!?-B!0/!A,,G$%)!B0'%)!:-8*0;$69!!!!! !!/0(!,F-7G;,!8*,B!#07$%-8,#!8*,!7,7&,(9*$G!-%#!;,-#,(9*$G!0/!8*,!L;-9)0?!:0880%!!!!!!!! 80),8*,(!$%!8*,$(!;,$9'(,!8$7,!-%#!(,;$,H,#!8*,!/,-(9!0/! breakers against the native =:%''-/)2*>))&+%#$%&'?*@&9-.-/A*B#'C*1#$5&(%+*7/%)5*0&,'3*&::&/$,'%$%-)*%'*);%((-3*D&E)*&/***** 7-%B!:-8*0;$69!8*-8!8*,(,!*-#!&,,%!800!7'6*!7$F$%)!many of the majors towns – G(0/,99$0%9!;$7$8,#!!!8*,(,!?,(,!%0!:-8*0;$6!7,7&,(9!0/!8*,!<06$,8B!0/!"%)$%,,(9!'%8$;! &,8?,,%!8*,!8?0!)(0'G9=!M/8,(!$%$8$-;!,-(;B!9'66,99I! 1OW1=>*,!Q($9*!-%#!<6089!#$#!9*-(,!-!60770%!,FG,($,%6,!$%!8*,!?0(AG;-6,!-%#I!-9!,-(;B!-9! /0;;0?$%)!$89!/0'%#-8$0%!$%!1222I!:,;8$6!?,%8!0%!80!?$%! 8* 9$F!60%9,6'8$H,!<6088$9*!N,-)',!8$8;,9!&,8?,,%!1OP4! 8*,!1O !:,%8'(BI!8*,!Q($9*!&,6-7,!$%H0;H,#!$%!8(-#,!'%$0%!-68$H$8BI!$%6;'#$%)!8*,!%-8$0%-;!!!!!!!! -%#!1O1P=!>*$9!%08!0%;B!)-H,!8*,!Q($9*!6077'%$8B!-! N-&0'(,(9!E%$0%!-%#!8*,!D06A!N-&0'(,(9!E%$0%!$%!L;-9)0?=!+$980($-%!>07!L-;;-)*,(!!!!!!!!!!! 9,%9,!0/!G($#,!&'8!-9!)-8*,(,#!8*0'9-%#9!-(0'%#!8*,! ),44-)$)*$5#$*(#E&,/*9&,(3*65-(:*$&*/-+&'+%(-*$5-B*9%$5*$5-%/*:(#+-*%'*$5-*:(#+-*%'*$5-*F/%$%)5* >*,!+$&,(%$-%!S:!&-#),!T!98$;;!6;,-(;B! "#$%&'#(%)$*+#,)-*#)*)-.-/#(*&0*1-($%+2)*(-#3%'4******* 98-8,!-%#!8*,!*0($X0%9!0/!7-%B!?0';#!&,!80!8*,!60%8,F8!8*-8!;0B-;8B!80!8*,$(!6;-99!?0';#!&,607,![10] 9*0?$%)!8*,$(!Q($9*!(0089!.+-(G5! #$(,680(9!?,(,!?,;;!A%0?!9'GG0(8,(9!0/!+07,!R';,=!! B&/-*%B:&/$#'$*$5#'*(&C#($C*$&*$5-%/*:#/%)5*&/*#'+-)$/#(*5&B-(#'3)8?*! 11=! -#$.&' :,(8-$%;B!8*,!$77$)(-%89!?*0!?,(,!907,8$7,9!'9,#!-9!98($A,T&(,-A,(9!-)-$%98!8*,!%-8$H,!!!! ?0(A,(9!/-$;,#!80!-99$7$;-8,=!V'8I!7098!0/!8*,!,H$#,%6,!0/!8*$9!607,9!/(07!N-%-(A9*$(,!-%#!!!! MB(9*$(,!#'($%)!8*,!12WP9=!>*,(,!$9!,H$#,%6,!80!9')),98!8*-8!Q($9*!-%#!<6088$9*!?0(A,(9!!!!!!! 607&$%,#!/0(!-!60770%!G'(G09,=!Q($9*!7,%!?,(,!0/8,%!80!8*,!/0(,!$%!7'6*!8(-#,!'%$0%!-68$H$8B! !!/0(!,F-7G;,!8*,B!#07$%-8,#!8*,!7,7&,(9*$G!-%#!;,-#,(9*$G!0/!8*,!L;-9)0?!:0880%!!!!!!!! =:%''-/)2*>))&+%#$%&'?*@&9-.-/A*B#'C*1#$5&(%+*7/%)5*0&,'3*&::&/$,'%$%-)*%'*);%((-3*D&E)*&/***** G(0/,99$0%9!;$7$8,#!!!8*,(,!?,(,!%0!:-8*0;$6!7,7&,(9!0/!8*,!<06$,8B!0/!"%)$%,,(9!'%8$;! 1OW1=>*,!Q($9*!-%#!<6089!#$#!9*-(,!-!60770%!,FG,($,%6,!$%!8*,!?0(AG;-6,!-%#I!-9!,-(;B!-9! 8*,!1O8*!:,%8'(BI!8*,!Q($9*!&,6-7,!$%H0;H,#!$%!8(-#,!'%$0%!-68$H$8BI!$%6;'#$%)!8*,!%-8$0%-;!!!!!!!! N-&0'(,(9!E%$0%!-%#!8*,!D06A!N-&0'(,(9!E%$0%!$%!L;-9)0?=!+$980($-%!>07!L-;;-)*,(!!!!!!!!!!! ),44-)$)*$5#$*(#E&,/*9&,(3*65-(:*$&*/-+&'+%(-*$5-B*9%$5*$5-%/*:(#+-*%'*$5-*:(#+-*%'*$5-*F/%$%)5* 98-8,!-%#!8*,!*0($X0%9!0/!7-%B!?0';#!&,!80!8*,!60%8,F8!8*-8!;0B-;8B!80!8*,$(!6;-99!?0';#!&,607,! B&/-*%B:&/$#'$*$5#'*(&C#($C*$&*$5-%/*:#/%)5*&/*#'+-)$/#(*5&B-(#'3)8?*! 11=! Tasks The Effects of the Great War: During and after the First Assimilation: World War the Irish connections with Scotland became ever (1) To what degree did stronger as it seemed as if their Catholic Irish assimilation into ties with Ireland were finally mainstream Scottish society starting to weaken. Not only did take place? the immigrant and native (To answer this question communities share the bloody sacrifices of the war, but large you will need to find the numbers of Scots-Irish enlisted positives and negatives for the even before conscription was headings below - e.g. evidence introduced in 1916 (with 6 being that shows assimilation did take decorated with the Victoria Cross) place and evidence that shows – with this, any doubts over the it didn‘t) commitment of the Irish to their new homeland were removed. (a) Religion. (b) Education. (c) Politics. (d) Sport. (e) Work. (f) World War I [11] The Reaction of The Scots aspects of their immigration the involved protestant Irish. Towns to Irish immigrants: most. on the east coast of Scotland such as Dundee and Edinburgh Initial reaction to the Irish Violence: were relatively quiet. However, the long term effects immigrants was generally of the violence and hostilities of peaceful and accepting. The There was little open violence the late 1840s and early 1850s Glasgow Courier commented in towards the Irish immigrants can be seen to be much more 1830; "In our opinion, the Irish before the Famine. Most of the significant in assessing the nature have as much right to come to sectarian conflicts were of Irish assimilation into Scottish this country to better their lives as between Irish Catholics and society. There is evidence to the Scots and English have to go Irish Protestants (usually suggest that these tensions to Ireland or any other part of centering around the Orange strengthened the Irish identity as Britain for the same reason. Let us order marches (see section on it caused many Irish communities hear no more complaints about Protestant Irish) where the tribal in Scotland to become more ! the influx of Irish having a bad disputes of the old land were ! detached as they increasingly effect on Scotland unless it is to ! fought on new soil. turned to their religion for do something about tackling the ! ! However, tensions (usually guidance in their time of need. ! problems which caused the based upon religious or issues emigration”. over employment) *+%),%-'."#&)#/)*+%)0'#.1(were ) However, following the mass 2.*+*')!%$'0+*,.!+,!+#$!2%*(#!*33*4%'.+(!&'(!4$.$%'))>!-$'0$6=)!'.1!'00$-+*.48!"#$!increased by the Great Famine /0-*1'2$$$$$ influx of Irish immigrants in the3'4,)#, and!0,33$.+$1!*.!HIRKS!T2.!,=%!,-*.*,.C!+#$!2%*(#!#'/$!'(!3=0#!%*4#+!+,!0,3$!+,!+#*(!0,=.+%>! as a result, the Scottish years after the Great Famine,+,!5$++$%!+#$*%!)*/$(!'(!+#$!E0,+(!'.1!O.4)*(#!#'/$!+,!4,!+,!2%$)'.1!,%!'.>!,+#$%!-'%+!,6!U%*+'*.!6,%! +#$!('3$!%$'(,.8!V$+!=(!#$'%!.,!3,%$!0,3-)'*.+(!'5,=+!+#$!*.6)=W!,6!2%*(#!#'/*.4!'!5'1!$66$0+!,.!Reformation Society was founded many of them were considered!#"&A*./(-.A%++($&($+(&"(/"(+">%&2$.3(*;"-&(&*#?A$.3(&2%(51";A%>+()2$#2(#*-+%/(&2%(%>$31*&$".CD(( to “resist the aggressions of B,&$/$%C!6,)),&*.4!+#$!3'((!*.6)=W!,6!2%*(#!*33*4%'.+(!*.!+#$!>$'%(!'6+$%!+#$!D%$'+!7'3*.$C!3'.>! to be amongst the very lowest,6!+#$3!0,.(*1$%$1!+,!5$!'3,.4(+!+#$!/$%>!),&$(+!0)'((!,6!-$,-)$C!+#$! Popery…” It soon had 38 5#6',($7,'8$("#$%&'(()*"$ class of people. The Report from3#.*4*$'7$9:;9 branches!#*4#)*4#+$1!+#'+!TX+#$!2%*(#Y!&*))!#'/$!'!5'1!$66$0+!,.!+#$!-,-=)'+*,.8!E,!6'%C!)*/*.4! up and down to country. '3,.4!+#$!E0,+(!1,$(!.,+!($$3!+,!#'/$!*3-%,/$1!+#$!2%*(#C!5=+!+#$!.'+*/$!E0,+(!&#,!)*/$!'3,.4! the Scottish Census of 1871 +#$!2%*(#!#'/$!4,+!&,%($8!2+!*(!1*66*0=)+!+,!*3'4*.$!+#$!$66$0+!+#$!2%*(#!*33*4%'.+(!&*))!#'/$!=-,.!+#$!Anti-Catholic publications such as highlighted that "[the Irish] will 3,%')(!'.1!#'5*+(!,6!+#$!E0,++*(#!-$,-)$T8!"#$!'++*+=1$!,6!+#$!,%1*.'%>!&,%L*.4!0)'((!3$.!,6!!!!!The Scottish Protestant (founded !#"&A*./7+(&").+(*./(#$&$%+(1%,A%#&%/(&2%(*.&$@2%*(#!6$$)*.4(!($+!,=+!*.!+#*(!,66*0*')!4,/$%.3$.+!!!!! have a bad effect on the %$-,%+!in@!5=+C!'(!>,=!0'.!!*3'4*.$C!+#$!($.+*3$.+!&'(!6$)+!&*+#!'.!*.0%$'($1!*.+$.(*+>!5>!+#,($!&#,! 1850) drew a striking link population. So far, living among$W-$%*$.0$1!+#$!.$4'+*/$!'(-$0+(!,6!+#$*%!*33*4%'+*,.!+#$!3,(+8 between the flood of immigrants ! the Scots does not seem to have and what it described as the improved the Irish, but the native menace of Popery; “If the hopes Scots who live among the Irish of Popery to regain her dominion of darkness in this kingdom of E0,++*(#!F$6,%3'+*,.!E,0*$+>! have got worse. It is difficult to <6,=.1$1!HIJHA!&$%$!'.!,-$.)>! imagine the effect the Irish Bible light are beginning to revive, '.+*@?%4'.*('+*,.!&#,!0'3@ immigrants will have upon the it is because she is colonising our -'*4.$1!'4'*.(+!&#'+!+#$>!('&! *+(&2%(=*331%++$".+(",(4"5%1'C! morals and habits of the Scottish soil, from another land, with the people". The attitude of the hordes of her barbarised and ordinary working class men of enslaved victims…”. Scotland‘s towns and cities However, this phase of open reflected the anti-Irish feelings set hostility!"#$%&'%( did) not last for too long out in this official government "#$%$!&'(!)*++)$!,-$.!/*,)$.0$!+,&'%1(!+#$!2%*(#!*33*4%'.+(!5$6,%$!+#$!7'3*.$8!9,(+!,6!+#$!!!!!!and had all but ended by the ($0+'%*'.!0,.6)*0+(!&$%$!5$+&$$.!2%*(#!:'+#,)*0(!'.1!2%*(#!;%,+$(+'.+(!<=(='))>!0$.+%*.4!'%,=.1! report - but, as you can imagine,+#$!?%'.4$!,%1$%!3'%0#$(! late 1850s. Sectarian@!($$!($0+*,.!,.!;%,+$(+'.+!2%*(#A!&#$%$!+#$!+%*5')!1*(-=+$(!,6!+#$!,)1! the sentiment was felt with an )'.1!&$%$!6,=4#+!,.!.$&!(,*)8!B,&$/$%C!+$.(*,.(!<=(='))>!5'($1!=-,.!%$)*4*,=(!,%!*((=$(!,/$%! $3-),>3$.+A!&$%$!*.0%$'($1!5>!+#$!D%$'+!7'3*.$!'.1!'(!'!%$(=)+C!+#$!E0,++*(#!F$6,%3'+*,.!!!!!disturbances after this date increased intensity by those !"#$%&'()*+(,"-./%/(&"(01%+$+&(&2%(*331%++$".+(",(4"5%1'67(8&(+"".(2*/(9:(;1*.#2%+(-5(*./(were confined mainly to the who experienced the negative1,&.!+,!0,=.+%>8!G.+* @:'+#,)*0!-=5)*0'+*,.(!(=0#!'(!!"#$%&'(()*"$+,'(#*(-.(!<6,=.1$1!*.!HIJKA! 1%$&!'!(+%*L*.4!)*.L!5$+&$$.!+#$!6),,1!,6!*33*4%'.+(!'.1!&#'+!*+!1$(0%*5$1!'(!+#$!3$.'0$!,6!!!West of Scotland – and usually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conditions in the year before (1) Listen to the podcast Post War Animosity: WWII. “Letter from the Home Office As we have seen earlier in this on Irish Immigration” (dated unit, World War one played a Conclusion: October 1933) and complete the significant role in helping many Whilst we have noted many of worksheet provided by your Irish immigrants to assimilate. the difficulties above - including teacher. However, the War was followed the hostility of mainstream society (2) Listen to the podcast by a period of depression, mass - which many Irish Catholics “Scottish Board of Health unemployment and a wave of faced in acquiring an identity that memorandum” (dated June Scottish emigration. The Scots- would sustain them in their new 1922) and complete the Irish, who were widely regarded environment, Historian Tom as alien in race and religion Gallagher suggests that there worksheet provided by your became for some the obvious were a range of factors which teacher. (copies of the scapegoats for Scotland‘s gradually enabled this immigrant worksheets are also available in problems. This was felt community to interact with the resources section of the particularly strongly in areas with Scottish society. These included website) large Irish communities where the success of Glasgow Celtic; strains upon the labour market the emergence of the Labour The Reaction of the Scots; became obvious. From 1922, the Party after 1906; the absence of General Assembly of the Church any deep-seated sectarian (1) Describe the reaction of of Scotland campaigned against rivalries outside Clydeside; the Scots to the early Irish the supposed effects of Irish comradeship of the 1914-18 war immigration (1830). Give immigration. The only way to stop and the 1918 Education evidence for your answer. this, they reported, was to control (Scotland) Act. (2)(a) Explain why this immigration from the Irish Free Yet Gallagher also places Irish attitude change? State and to deport all natives of Catholic identity within a Scottish (b) Describe the attitude that country who were in Scottish context by noting that Scottish prisons or receiving poor relief. of many Scots towards the society was also changing By late 1920s there were also Catholics after 1846. Give during the same period and that politicised anti-Catholic evidence for your answer. the elasticity of a developing movements such as the Scottish (3) Describe the Sectarian concept of 'Scottishness' made Protestant League in Glasgow. violence that happened in it progressively easier for Irish With political and religious Scotland... immigrants and their descendants institutions involved in sectarian (a) Before the Famine. not only to be accommodated but hostilities, any violence towards (b) During the 1840s and also to retain an Irish Catholic Catholics appeared to be 1850s identity within Scottish society. legitimate. By the summer of 1935 (4) Explain the significance sectarian attacks were endemic. Extension of Knowledge - of the long term effects of the Importantly though, the Church of anti-Catholic violence. Scotland failed to win the support Task: (5) Why did attitudes of any of the major political Go to partied and this period of www.ltscotland.org.uk/ towards Catholics changed in sectarianism proved to be short- higherscottishhistory and the aftermath of WWI? lived and was all but ended by the navigate your way to the (give at least one piece of improvement of economic ‘Migration and Empire’ page. evidence to support your Click on Audio Sources. answer). [13] ! ! ! ! ! !"#$%&'()*+! ! Source Practice !"#$%&'()*#')+#,#-.&/#0,1',21+#3+4+%5#4+786+#'(&"#49+#')+:'1"+))#&:#49+#)&'%7+#2+1&/#:&%### "#$%&'"()'"#(!)''"'*+%&!,-!./,'&!',0)1+&!21"&3!4)'3,5"/&6! This source comes from a meeting of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland and refers ! to the question of Irish Immigration. The source was published in the Glasgow Herald newspaper on 73"&!&,*1/%!/,8%&!-1,8!)!8%%'"#(!,-!'3%!9%#%1)5!:&&%8;5*%&'",#!,-!21"&3!288"(1)'",#6!!73%!&,*1/%!0)&!!!?*;5"&3%+!"#!'3%!95)&(,0!!@%1)5+! Vice Convenor of the Assembly and who presented the report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ritten Task: How Useful is the source for investigating attitudes of Scots towards Irish Catholics? '3%!"#-,18)'",#!)#+!)&K!'3%!%$)5*)'",#!>*%&'",#&6(5) ! D6! U3%#!0)&!'3%!&,*1/%!?1,+*/%+V!Q,%&!'3)'!)++!,1!+%'1)/'!-1,8!'3%!$)5*%!,-!'3%!&,*1/%V!T,*! &3,*5+!"#/1%)&%!,1!+%/1%)&%!'3%!$)5*%!,#!<,*1!&/)5%!)//,1+"#(5<6!Remember: 8#$&.$)5&9/:-&(&"-()#0& 2#"&;#$"&1-6/)/#0*%&'",#V!Y,'%!'3%8!+,0#6!2&!'3%!"#-,18)'",#!)//*1)'%Z;")&Z%N)((%1)'%+V!Q,%&!'3"&!"#/1%)&%! 3. Identify the issues: Which issues are relevant to the theme? Do they help us in terms of the ,1!+%/1%)&%!'3%!$)5*%!,-!'3%!&,*1/%V!8#$&.$)5&9/:-&"-()#0)&2#"&;#$"&1-6/)/#0)<&! question? Note them down. Is the information accurate/bias/exaggerated? Does this increase R6! T,*!0"55!-"#+!'3)'!<,*1!$)5*%!0"55!?1,;);5 ="/55-0&'()*+!@,0!^&%-*5!"&!'3%!&,*1/%!-,1!"#$%&'"()'"#(!)''"'*+%&!,-!./,'&!',0)1+&!21"&3!! ! ! ! !!4)'3,5"/&! HSI! ! >(/"-1&=#"*+!_#/%!<,*!3)$%!/,8?5%'%+!'3"&!')&KO!)&K!<,*1!'%)/3%1!-,1!)!?%%1!8)1K"#(!&3%%'!! ! ! ! !!)#+!/,8?5%'%!"#!?)"1&6! D]6! [14] and Protestant immigrants. Irish claimed throughout the 19th Protestant Irish Evidence clearly suggests that the Century – although the majority of Protestant Irish were usually recipients were still Irish found in higher-skilled Catholics. Settlement and Patterns: occupations than their Catholic Assimilation: For many of the Protestant counterparts. Protestants often Although assimilation (in terms Irish who emigrated in the 19th arrived in Scotland having been of work and religion) appeared Century, Scotland was not a directly recruited by employers relatively straightforward for the for skilled or semi-skilled strange land. Many of their Protestant Irish immigrants, it employment. Adverts were ancestors had moved to Ireland soon became clear that many of (in particular the Ulster region) placed in Belfast newspapers and the sectarian tensions and from Ayrshire, Wigtownshire and those who applied travelled to rivalries that existed in Ulster Argyll in the 17th Century. Since Scotland with warrants provided before emigration, had not been then links had been strengthened by their firms. On arrival in through education, trade and Scotland, many found themselves forgotten despite their family connections - and as a with accommodation allocated to assimilation into mainstream result, assimilation into them and schooling provided for Scottish society. Founded in mainstream Scottish society their children. Armagh in 1795, the Orange Bairds of Gartsherrie (the was often much more straight Order, (and named after King greatest Scottish iron-making forward. William III, Prince of Orange) held firm of the Victorian era) was one By 1830, Irish Protestants the aim of defending Protestants such company that employed made up around quarter of the against the Catholic secret mass numbers of Protestant Irish total Irish immigration to Scotland, societies that were becoming at its massive Coatbridge works. aggressive in the area. By 1830, although in some areas and A similar story is true for the occupations their number was there were lodges in Galloway, Glasgow shipyards where much greater than this average Ayrshire and Glasgow. Although suggests. For example in some of Protestant Irish could be found in not all Protestants became the weaving centres (Girvan, skilled jobs such as boilermakers. members of the Orange Order, the In contrast, Catholic Irish correlation between the strength Wigtown and Newton Stewart), or the cotton mill communities appeared to be permanently of the Order and the scale of (Blantyre in Lanarkshire for excluded from the best jobs. Protestant settlement in the town example) this was particularly true However, to describe the or region is striking. For example, as protestant Irish significantly Protestant Irish as simply a all 6 lodges in Glasgow were situated in weaving districts (such outnumbered Catholics. labour aristocracy would be Protestant Irishmen were also exaggerated. Until the 1840s, as Calton) where significant commonly found in the mining many Protestant Irish worked as numbers of Protestant had settled. Membership of the and iron-making districts (with a weavers – a trade that was often Orange Order became a family key settlement and community in subjected to falling earnings and tradition and ‘Orangism’ began to Airdrie) as well as the shipbuilding skill dilution – and in the 1880s influence basic rituals of life – industry located in Govan and the majority of Protestant Irish in weddings and funerals for Patrick (both in Glasgow). Greenock were general example. Bonds between the labourers in the steel-making Order and the working class Work Patterns: industry. Studies of the recipients Protestants were strengthened Historians have highlighted of poor relief also show that a through a series of social welfare this area as one of the key substantial number of Protestant differences between the Catholic measures. [15] Despite this, the nature of he “Orangism” was weak in the east Order remained confrontational. coast of Scotland (particularly in Marches and protests held Dundee) where there was a large annually on the 12th July (to population of Catholic Irish. celebrate the anniversary of the The links with Ulster had Battle of the Boyne – and clearly not been forgotten, as was intended to demonstrate powerfully demonstrated during Protestant superiority) were often the Irish home rule crisis in the accompanied by violence. To this years before World War I. In end the marchers were banned in hindsight though, these actions Lanarkshire for 10 years (from were the peak of militant Irish 1857) following an attack in Protestant activity in Scotland. Airdrie. This communal identity After the Great War, Protestant and association with the Orange migration to Scotland reduced to Order was strengthened in the a trickle, and as a result, the links 1860s by the influx of skilled men to the home country inevitable from Belfast to work on the Clyde became much weaker. shipyards. This helped to maintain the close links between Ulster and Glasgow and increased the number of lodges in shipbuilding districts. By 1914, the three largest “Orange” areas in the country were found in Greenock, Partick and Govan – all ship building areas. Significantly, [16] Protestant Irish Tasks (1) To what degree did Protestant Irish assimilation into mainstream Scottish society take place? (To answer this question you will need to find the positives and negatives for the headings below - e.g. evidence that shows assimilation did take place and evidence that shows it didn‘t) (a) Ancestry. (b) Religion. (c) Work. (d) The Orange Order. Group Work/Paired work: (1) To what extent did sectarian rivalries exist in Scotland? Provide evidence to back up your conclusions. (2) Compare the fortunes of the Irish Protestants in Scotland with those of the Irish Catholics. In what ways did their experiences differ? [17] Lithuanian Immigration But, for many of the Lithuanian immigrants, it is unlikely that Scotland had been Why did Lithuanians come intended as their final destination to Scotland? - with America, and in particular The Immigration of New York, seen as the ideal place Lithuanians into Scotland began to begin their new life free from during the late 19th century. poverty and repression. From the early 1890s a severe However, there are two main famine caused around a quarter reasons why Lithuanian of the population of Lithuanian immigrants ended up here rather (650,000) to emigrate. It appears than in New York. Firstly, having that others to leave were Jews arrived at the port of Leith in escaping persecution. A rumour, Edinburgh many found that they that still survives to this day, also simply could not afford the suggests that for some the onward journey and were forced journey to Scotland began even to settle here. Others, it appears, earlier, and was in fact instigated were deceived into thinking that following their desertion from the they had arrived in America Tsar‘s army during the Crimean when in fact they were in war (1853 - 1856). Regardless of Scotland! their reasons for leaving their homeland as many as 5,000 - 6,000 Lithuanians settled in Scotland in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries - some having already secured jobs in Scotland before making their voyage. Lithuanian coal miners - Bellshill (late 19th Century). [18] Lithuanian workers were not that there were two reasons why Lithuanians in Scotland welcomed as the Scottish people Lithuanians suffered ostracism looked towards them with anger and prejudice a) they were It was not uncommon, during and contempt. The Lithuanians foreigners and b) they were times of depression or crisis in were not only seen as extra Catholic”. Europe, for the large industrial competition for jobs, but were However, having suffered more than a century of companies of Britain to target willing to work for lower wages persecution at the hands of the fleeing migrant workers as a than the Scottish workers. For Russians, this was nothing new to cheap and willing source of this reason this reason employers them and many Lithuanian Labour. It is certainly true that this also used them as strike communities were still able to was the case for many Lithuanian breakers (leading to further maintain their identities and Immigrants who arrived in anger). Indeed, the Issue of religion. Scotland having been pursued by Lithuanian miners wages was Once these tensions began to agents of major iron and steel raised at the STUC (Scottish ease, many of the Lithuanian companies such as Bairds and Trade Unions Centre) congress in coal miners joined their Dixons. Recruited by these firms Glasgow in 1892 where the local Scottish colleagues in fighting to come to Scotland to dig for media took up an anti-immigrant for improved conditions and coal in company owned coal stance. Jewish Lithuanians were were even accepted into the mines. To this ends, communities described as being “most filthy in Lanarkshire Miners Union. of Lithuanians grew up in their habits of life” as well as a When WWI broke out the Lanarkshire (around the coal danger to the health of the local Lithuanian population living in mines). community. However, the Lithuanian Although many of the Scotland were divided. There was a large number who remained immigrants can also be divided problems between the two communities lay in the issues of to fight for Britain and helped to by their religion. The majority of wages and working safety support our war effort. On the immigrants were Catholic but standards there was also growing other hand, some, still seeing there were also many Jewish insecurities over religious themselves as Russian, refused to settlers too. Jewish Lithuanians fight for the British Army and tended to settle around the differences. around 900 men left for the Gorbals area of Glasgow while the The incoming Cathoilic Russian port of Archangel to join larger Catholic population stayed Immigrants only added to the with the Russian troops. Many of in areas such as Bellshill in opposition from the largely those who volunteered never Lanarkshire. protestant communities. As returned to Scotland at the end of The Scottish Reaction to tensions between native Scots workers and Lithuanians the war. Furthermore, the Lithuanians: increased it became common for restrictions placed on immigrants The Historian Maan has the immigrants to be referred to during wartime under the 1914 suggested that “Being of the as ‘Poles’ or Polish (the equivalent Aliens Restrictions Act ended same faith and the same colour of of calling someone from Scotland immigration from Lithuania. skin, there were no strong barriers ‘English’). between the Scottish and The Lanarkshire coal fields Lithuanian people”. However, it had a tradition of sectarian rivalry, would take many years before this as the Historian Miller has statement would be a accurate highlighted; “The traditional reflection of Scottish and religious bigotry, particularly in Lithuanian relations. Initially the the west coast of Scotland, meant [19] Reaction of Scots contd. Joseph Ecks. However, as the 20th Century developed many Assimilation and the The effects of this act were, Lithuanians chose to change Lithuanian Identity: however, much more damaging to their names to avoid The presence of Lithuanian the image of Lithuanians already harassment or in a bid to gain priests and ministers within living in Scotland. Under this act equal opportunities. For catholic churches helped to all immigrants were compelled example, during the economic preserve a sense of Lithuanian to register as aliens. To this end, crisis of the 1930s, when Scottish identity. The first Lithuanian Priest all Lithuanian migrants, even society looked to blame the in a Catholic Church in Scotland those who had been resident in continued existence of immigrant was Father John Czuberkis - who Scotland for 30 years or more workers for the widespread ! served from 1904 - 1911 (see ! (perhaps even having sons economic depression, many below). The Church also helped! to ! ! serving in the British Army) would ! Lithuanians changed their promote! the use of their own ! have to register. names to conceal their ethnic ! tongue through language classes Worse followed with the 1917 identity and improve! their job and the!""#$#%&'#()*&)+*',-*.#',/&)#&)*0+-)'#'1 production of their own * Anglo-Russian Military ! prospects. newspaper"#$!%&$'$()$!*+!,-.#/0(-0(!%&-$'.'!0(1!2-(-'.$&'!3-.#-(!)0.#*4-)!)#/&)#$'!#$4%$1!.*!%&$'$&5$!0! Iseiviu Draugas ! Convention that allowed the '$('$!*+!,-.#/0(-0(!-1$(.-.67!"#$!+-&'.!,-.#/0(-0(!8&-$'.!-(!0!90.#*4-)!9#/&)#!-(!:)*.40(1!30'!! (Immigrant‘s;0.#$&!<*#(!9=/>$&?-'! Friend).@!3#*!'$&5$1!+&*2!ABCD!@!ABAA!E'$$!>$4*3F7!"#$!9#/&)#!04'*!#$4%$1!.*! deportation of ‘Russian Subjects’ %&*2*.$!.#$!/'$!*+!.#$-&!*3(!.*(G/$!.#&*/G#!40(G/0G$!)40''$'!0(1!.#$!%&*1/).-*(!*+!.#$-&!*3(! Famous Lithuanian: ($3'%0%$&!!"#$%$&'()*&+*"'!"##$%&'()*+,-&$.(/01,! to ensure that they undertook !""#$#%&'#()*&)+*',-*.#',/&)#&)*0+-)'#'1* One of the most famous Scots military service. 1200 Lithuanian "#-'!9#/&)#!-(! Q''-2-40.-*(!30'!-(-.-0446!)*(+-($1!.*! "#$!%&$'$()$!*+!,-.#/0(-0(!%&-$'.'!0(1!2-(-'.$&'!3-.#-(!)0.#*4-)!)#/&)#$'!#$4%$1!.*!%&$'$&5$!0!of Lithuanian dissent is Sir Matt H*''$(1! .#$!&$042'!*+!%*4-.-)'!0(1!-(1/'.&-04! men of working age were sent E,0(0&?'#-&$F! &$40.-*('7!T(!044!*.#$&!'%#$&$'!.#$! '$('$!*+!,-.#/0(-0(!-1$(.-.67!"#$!+-&'.!,-.#/0(-0(!8&-$'.!-(!0!90.#*4-)!9#/&)#!-(!:)*.40(1!30'!!Busby - who was manager of 30'!.#$!+-&'.! ,-.#/0(-0(!)*22/(-.-$'!3$&$! away leaving over 200 dependant 9#/&)#!-(!!!! 20-(46!'$%0&0.$!0(1!1-'.-().7!I#-4$! ;0.#$&!<*#(!9=/>$&?-'!Manchester United @between!3#*!'$&5$1!+&*2!ABCD! 1945 @!ABAA!E'$$!>$4*3F7!"#$!9#/&)#!04'*!#$4%$1!.*!:)*.40(1!.*! .#$6!1-1!(*.!.$(1!.*!4-5$!-(!G#$..*'J! families in Bellshill alone. By the%&*2*.$!.#$!/'$!*+!.#$-&!*3(!.*(G/$!.#&*/G#!40(G/0G$!)40''$'!0(1!.#$!%&*1/).-*(!*+!.#$-&!*3(! #05$!0!!!!!! .#$!.$(1$()6!.*!)4/'.$&!-(!%0&.-)/40&! and 1969 (winning the European ,-.#/0(-0(! time many arrived in Russia the($3'%0%$&! !"#$%$&'()*&+*"'!"##$%&'()*+,-&$.(/01,! '.&$$.'!*+!0!+$3!.*3('!-(!)$(.&04! cup - pictured - in 1968). He was 8&-$'.7!!! :)*.40(1!201$!.#$2!$0'-46!5-'->4$!@!! country was in the middle of the born of Lithuanian ancestry and $'%$)-0446!.#&*/G#!.#$!*+.$(!5$&6!)*4*/&+/4!(0.-*(04!1&$''!*+!.#$!3*2$(!0(1!.#$!)#-41&$(7!! Bolshevik Revolution. Only 1/3 of I-.#-(!.#$!#*2$!.#$!40(G/0G$J!)/4./&$J!+**1!0(1!$5$(!+/&(-'#-(G'!3$&$!044!,-.#/0(-0(!0(1!.#$!!"#-'!9#/&)#!-(! Q''-2-40.-*(!30'!-(-.-0446!)*(+-($1!.*! lived for most of his early life in 2*.#$&'!%406$1!0!)&/)-04!&*4$!-(!20-(.0-(-(G!.#$!-1$(.-.6!0(1!$5$(./0446!+*&2$1!.#$!,-.#/0(-0(! these men returned to Scotland. H*''$(1! .#$!&$042'!*+!%*4-.-)'!0(1!-(1/'.&-04! the mining village of 2')345$6,74#.(*+,846$.)9,$(,:;<;1,"(,+4#.,64##=($)$.+,)3.&.,>'+,'5+4,',?$@&'(),+46$'5,5$A., E.#$&$!30'!$5$(!0!,-.#/0(-0(!*&)#$'.&0F7!"#-'!)/42-(0.$1!-(!.#$!ABCK!,-.#/0(-0(!;$'.-504!-(!.#$!E,0(0&?'#-&$F! &$40.-*('7!T(!044!*.#$&!'%#$&$'!.#$! Orbiston, Bellshill, 9-.6!#044!-(!L40'G*3!30'!.#$!+-&'.!@!3#-)#!#01!1-'%406'!*+!+*4?!2/'-)J!10()$!0(1!.&01-.-*(04!'*(G'7!! The ‘changing face’ of M*3$5$&J!0!%$.-.-*(!+*&!0!'$%0&0.$!,-.#/0(-0(!9#/&)#!-(!N$44'#-44!EAOBOF!30'!&$P$).$1!,-.#/0(-0(!)*22/(-.-$'!3$&$! @!*(!0! Lanarkshire and (/2>$&!*+!G&*/(1'!9#/&)#!-(!!!!@!-()4/1-(G!.#$!+0).!.#0.!.#$!,-.#/0(-0('!3$&$!)*('-1$&$1!.**!'2044!-(!!!!!20-(46!'$%0&0.$!0(1!1-'.-().7!I#-4$! Lithuanians: (/2>$&!0(1!3$&$!(*.!)*('-1$&$1!.*!>$!0!%$&20($(.!)*22/(-.67!"#-'!1$)-'-*(J!.0?$(!>6!.#$!!!!!!!!! Sir Matt often Q&)#>-'#*%!*+!L40'G*3J!30'!*+!?$6!-2%*&.0()$!-(!.#$!0''-2-40.-*(!*+!,-.#/0(-0('!-(.*!:)*..-'#!:)*.40(1!.*! .#$6!1-1!(*.!.$(1!.*!4-5$!-(!G#$..*'J! Even the native Lithuanian Busby )/4./&$!#05$!0!!!!!!@!0'!0!(0.-*(04!)#/&)#!30'!$''$(.-04!.*!'/)#!0!'2044!)*22/(-.6!-+!.#$-&!)/4./&$!30'!.*! accompanied his '/&5-5$7!"#$!%&*)$''!*+!0''-2-40.-*(!30'!*(46!R/-)?$($1!1/&-(G!.#$!-(.$&.#$!.$(1$()6!.*!)4/'.$&!-(!%0&.-)/40&!@30&!6$0&'!0'!.#$!!!!! names were shown a degree of .&01-.-*(04!2-(-(G!)*22/(-.-$'!>$G0(!.*!>&$0?!/%!E0'!1$20(1!+*&!)*04!1&*%%$1FJ!20&&-0G$!!!!,-.#/0(-0(! '.&$$.'!*+!0!+$3!.*3('!-(!)$(.&04! father down the */.'-1$!.#$!)*22/(-.6!>$)02$!)*22*(J!2$(!G0-($1!0!+**.#*41!-(!4*)04!)*22/(-.-$'!.#&*/G#! ignorance by immigration officials 8&-$'.7!!! :)*.40(1!201$!.#$2!$0'-46!5-'->4$!@!! mines. -(5*45$2$(.!-(!"&01$!S(-*('J!)#-41&$(!0..$(1$1!4*)04!')#**4'!0(1!.#$!,-.#/0(-0(!40(G/0G$!!! who often given new names to >$)02$!042*'.!*>'*4$.$7! Lithuanians when they arrived $'%$)-0446!.#&*/G#!.#$!*+.$(!5$&6!)*4*/&+/4!(0.-*(04!1&$''!*+!.#$!3*2$(!0(1!.#$!)#-41&$(7!!in Q+.$&!IITT!0!+/&.#$&!KJCCC! Assimilation was initially "#$!:)*..-'#! C$)3='($'(,EF$+B5'6./,,,, this country. Vicentas Stepsis I-.#-(!.#$!#*2$!.#$!40(G/0G$J!)/4./&$J!+**1!0(1!$5$(!+/&(-'#-(G'!3$&$!044!,-.#/0(-0(!0(1!.#$!!,-.#/0(-0(!)4/>!-(! G.&+4(+H,6'#.,)4,I&$)'$(,@! 2*.#$&'!%406$1!0!)&/)-04!&*4$!-(!20-(.0-(-(G!.#$!-1$(.-.6!0(1!$5$(./0446!+*&2$1!.#$!,-.#/0(-0(!confined to the realms of N$44'#-44!E($0&!!! 3-.#!'$5$&04!#/(1&$1!2*5$1! becoming Willie Millar for H*.#$&3$44F!!!!!!!!! .*!:)*.40(1!0(1!'$..4$1! 2')345$6,74#.(*+,846$.)9,$(,:;<;1,"(,+4#.,64##=($)$.+,)3.&.,>'+,'5+4,',?$@&'(),+46$'5,5$A.,politics and industrial relations. 0&*/(1!.#$!!!!!,-.#/0(-0(! example. There is even the case &$%40)$1!.#$!!!!!!! E.#$&$!30'!$5$(!0!,-.#/0(-0(!*&)#$'.&0F7!"#-'!)/42-(0.$1!-(!.#$!ABCK!,-.#/0(-0(!;$'.-504!-(!.#$!,-.#/0(-0(!T('.-./.$! #$0&.@40(1!*+!N$44'#-447!N6! of a Lithuanian in Ayrshire who In all other spheres the -(!ABUB7! ABKC!.#$!($3!0&&-504'J!04*(G! 9-.6!#044!-(!L40'G*3!@!3#-)#!#01!1-'%406'!*+!+*4?!2/'-)J!10()$!0(1!.&01-.-*(04!'*(G'7!! 3-.#!20(6!*+!.#$!*&-G-(04! Lithuanian communities were after signing for his pay with anM*3$5$&J!0!%$.-.-*(!+*&!0!'$%0&0.$!,-.#/0(-0(!9#/&)#!-(!N$44'#-44!EAOBOF!30'!&$P$).$1! X, '05$1!$(*/G#!2*($6!.*!$'.0>4-'#!.#$!:)*..-'#@,-.#/0(-0(!T('.-./.$!.*!%&$'$&5$!.#$-&!)/4./&$!7!@!*(!0! ! saw his name transform into (/2>$&!*+!G&*/(1'!@!-()4/1-(G!.#$!+0).!.#0.!.#$!,-.#/0(-0('!3$&$!)*('-1$&$1!.**!'2044!-(!!!!!mainly"#$!T('.-./.$!*&G0(-'$1!2$$.-(G'J!10()$'!0(1!$5$(!$'.0>4-'#$1!>*6'!+**.>044!.$02'!.*!%406!-(! separate and distinct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hile they did not tend to live in ghettos, the tendency to cluster in particular streets of a few towns in central Scotland made them easily visible - especially through the often very colourful national dress of the women and the children. Within the home the language, culture, food and even furnishings were all Lithuanian and the mothers played a crucial role in maintaining the identity and eventually formed the Lithuanian Catholic Womenʻs Society in 1929. In some communities there was also a vibrant social life (there was even a Lithuanian orchestra). This culminated in the 1905 Lithuanian Festival in the City hall in Glasgow - which had displays of folk music, dance and traditional songs. However, a petition for a separate Lithuanian Church in Bellshill (1898) was rejected - on a number of grounds - including the fact that the Lithuanians were considered too small in number and were not considered to be a permanent community. This decision, taken by the Archbishop of Glasgow, was of key importance in the assimilation of Lithuanians into Scottish culture - as a national church was essential to such a small community if their culture was to survive. The process of assimilation was only quickened during the inter-war years as the traditional mining communities began to break up (as demand for coal dropped), marriage outside the community became common, men gained a foothold in local communities through involvement in Trade Unions, children attended local schools and the Lithuanian language became almost obsolete. After WWII a further 5,000 Lithuanian ʻDisplaced Personsʼ came to Britain - with several hundred moved to Scotland and settled around the Lithuanian heart-land of Bellshill. By 1950 the new arrivals, along with many of the original saved enough money to establish the Scottish-Lithuanian Institute to preserve their culture. The Institute organised meetings, dances and even established boys football teams to play in the traditional colours of Lithuania (Yellow, Green and Red). In 1979 the Institute was replaced by the Scottish Lithuanian Club. In todayʻs society, the Lithuanian culture is not too strong in Scotland. Many immigrants are now third or fourth generation and see themselves as Scottish rather than Lithuanian. Tasks (1) Write detailed notes on Lithuanian Immigration summarising the following headings (a) Reasons for immigration to Scotland. (b) Patterns of settlement. (c) Employment. (d) Assimilation. Source A comes from The Lithuanians, History today, 35:7 (July 1985) “Those immigrants who arrived in Scotland from Tsarist Lithuania came primarily from peasant stock, were predominantly Catholic and had virtually no contact with their Jewish compatriots whose experience of immigration was entirely different. Between 1868 and 1914...the Lithuanian population increased in size from a few hundred to around 7,000...it is significant, too, that a considerable number of Lithuanians, perhaps in the region of 15,000, were resident in Scotland only for a short time before moving elsewhere...” “Firstly, there were ample opportunities for them to earn money working in the coal fields in Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. Secondly, employment with some of the larger companies included provision of company owned housing…” 2. How Far does source A explain the social and economic conditions experienced by immigrants to Scotland? (10) [21] Italian Immigration into immigrants were male, who had Scotland: attempted to escape poverty, A recent Italian voter census economic depression and estimated that there are between famine in their homeland in order 70,000 and 100,000 people in to provide for their family. Most of Scotland of Italian descent or the money that they would earn in Italian nationals, which is up to Scotland during their first few 1.9% of the Scottish population. months (even years here) would be sent home. Later, once they Why did Italians come to had established themselves in Scotland? Scotland (and had businesses Although Italians have been that were successful) they would coming to our shores since be joined by their families - Roman times, most Italian-Scots following classic chain migration can trace their roots back to the patterns. The numbers of Italian 1890s when famine, drought and immigrants that ended up in extreme poverty forced many of Scotland also increased their forefathers - mostly from dramatically in the late 19th and agricultural communities - to early 20th centuries when escape Italy. Just like Lithuanian America tightened many of their immigrants, many Italians saw immigration policies and closed Scotland as a stopping point en the door of opportunity for many route to America, or were of the poorest Europeans. similarly recruited. Between 1891 and 1911 the Italian-born population in Scotland grew by The picture below is the nearly 400%. ‘Lossie Cafe’ in Lossiemouth Most of the early Italian opened by Domenico Rizza, immigrants arrived in this country who arrived in Scotland in 1907. from Tuscany in the North West of It is of course Rizza’s Ices now. Italy. The vast majority of the [22] ! ! ! ! ! !"#$%&'(')$*$%&' Making a living: >+/4$?+74)/)9($)/$&+78($5'+(2#4$+$5#+12),1;$@72$A#='$2#+7''0$2"+2$of work - were joined by their usually fought against the use of G%(+$%!+&!+33/+(3'#&!C#/!$+&1'&GD/?.=!9.%@%!%L+$:4%@!+/%!PD@3!@#$%!#C!3.%!GD@'&%@@%@!-.'(.!C#/$%1!+!A% shops (or even a combination of could be found all over Scotland MacIntosh inspired! designs) - both). Popular! mythology has it (including the Highlands) the ! such as the one on Ingram St, that the Scottish ''poke'' of chips majority of Italian settlement! was ! Glasgow. derived from the cry of ''poco in Glasgow (in areas such as !"#$%&'(')$*$%&' >+/4$?+74)/)9($)/$&+78($5'+(2#4$+$5#+12),1;$@72$A#='$2#+7''0$2"+2$ G%(+$%!+&!+33/+(3'#&!C#/!$+&1'&GD/?.=!9.%@%!%L+$:4%@!+/%!PD@3!@#$%!#C!3.%!GD@'&%@@%@!-.'(.!C#/$%1!+!A%&1F!+&1!>1'&GD/?.!E$+'&4&1F!+&1!>1'&GD/?.!E$+'&4 [23] Reaction of Scots contd. the Temperance Refreshment Furthermore, the Italian shops Traders Defence Association was were blamed for reducing the established (an organisation comprising solely of Italians) to re- moral standards of Glaswegian affirm their commitment not to children - who it was thought had supply alcoholic drinks. The slow no need for luxuries like ice cream. Italian parlours were also acceptance of new foods and cultures also help to improve blamed for handful of other the situation for many Italians sins, including encouraging children to smoke, attending by the 1920s. dances until the early hours of the Assimilation and the Italian morning (sometimes held on the Identity: premises) as well as girls chasing The assimilation of the after foreign boys. The downfall of Scots and Italian identities was women into prostitution was also not particularly successful. blamed upon the Italian Through the long and often very businesses and, on one occasion, anti-social hours - it was not medical records of the increase in uncommon for them to work 14 teenage pregnancies were also hour days, 7 days a week - that used as evidence to ‘confirm’ the many Italians worked it resulted in dangers of these shops. very little contact with people In response to this threat to from outside the Italian their livelihood, G. Dambrosio, community. Even as businesses president of the Ice-Cream expanded it was common for Dealers Association asserted that owners to look within the Italian the notion of teenagers in these communities to recruit young shops at night was a 'bogey man workers. Leopold Guliani, by of Glasgow, an imaginary evil'. 1900, the wealthiest Italian in Furthermore, by 1907 the Italians Scotland, paid for the passage of had begun to win the favour of the many young boys from his home Temperance Movement - a fact town of Braga to work in his ice- that was further highlighted when cream empire. [24] Assimilation and the Italian proved to be, for most Italians in Identity contd.: Scotland, a grim time. Cafe's and Jack Vetriano - painter businesses were vandalised Although school was and their owners persecuted. considered very important few Italian men were even rounded up Italians went on to higher (leaving the women and children education - with the family to fend for themselves and in business regarded as a top many cases to run the family priority. In the households Italian business by themselves) and were was spoken, Italian food was the shipped to Northern Ireland, the staple diet often with all the family Isle of Man or Orkney with the dining together. Religious festivals intention to deport them to were vehemently observed. Canada or Australia. During the early part of the 20th To make matters worse, many century, Italians were expected Italians were also subjected to the Paulo Nutini - muscian to marry only Italians and it anti-Catholic sectarianism that wasn't until the 1950's that was still common within Scottish there was a distinct shift in this society at this time. thinking. Indeed, many of the Although the fish and chip older settlers hoped to return to shop, or image of ice cream on Italy to retire one day and only the beach have become traditional British icons. Most of viewed Scotland as a transition period in their lives. the Italians that brought them to However, despite this our land remained a very insular apparent lack of interest in community. assimilation with the Scottish Famous Italian-Scots: culture (and the previously Nicola Benedetti - musician mentioned tensions over shop activities and opening hours), it Scottish-Italians have made must be said that Scots and (and continue to make) a massive Italians lived side by side in impact upon the identity of almost unbroken peace for half a Scotland and have contributed century. hugely to Scottish culture and Things changed when Italy sport - here are just some entered The Second World War examples. Peter Capaldi - Actor. in 1940. Even though many Italian immigrants had no allegiance to fascist Mussolini, a large percentage of Italians in Scotland during the 30's were registered Fascist Party members - although this appears to be as a result of the far reaching influences of Mussolini and his party. This led to obvious tensions and with the outbreak of World War II it [25] Tasks (1) Write detailed notes on Italian Immigration summarising the following headings: • Reasons for immigration to Scotland. • Patterns of settlement. • Employment. • Assimilation. Source Task The following extract is from A.J. Cronin‘s book; Hatters Castle, and gives us a glimpse into the reaction of conservative Scots to Italian Immigrants. In the Book the hero Denis drags his lover (Mary) into an Italian Café in Dumbarton “He took her arm firmly and led her a few doors down the street, then, before she realised it and could think even to resist, he had drawn her inside the cream-coloured doors of Bertorelli's café. She paled with apprehension, feeling that she had finally passed the limits of respectability, that the depth of her dissipation had now been reached, and looking reproachfully into Denis' smiling face, in a shocked tone she gasped: "Oh, Denis, how could you?" Yet, as she looked round the clean, empty shop, with its rows of marble-topped tables, its small scintillating mirrors, and brightly papered walls, while she allowed herself to be guided to one of the plush stalls that appeared exactly like her pew in church, she felt curiously surprised, as if she had expected to find a sordid den suited appropriately to the debauched revels that must, if tradition were to be believed, inevitably be connected with a place like this. Her bewilderment was increased by the appearance of a fat, fatherly man with a succession of chins, each more amiable than the preceding honest one, who came up to them, smilingly, bowed with a quick bend of the region which had once been his waist... "Nice chap, that," said Denis, "straight as a die; and as kind as you make them!" "But." quavered Mary, "they say such things about him." "Bah! He eats babies, I suppose! Pure, unlovely bigotry, Mary dear. We'll have to progress beyond that some day, if we're not to stick in the dark ages. Although he's Italian he's a human being…” (2) What can the reaction of Mary tell us about the misconceptions that many conservative Scots had towards the Italian immigrants? (3) Why do you think that many people held such beliefs? - make sure that you include specific details in your answer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ewish Immigration itself) while others hoped to achieve prosperity in the West. As a result, there were Jewish Why did Jews come to settlements in Dundee by the Scotland? 1870s and in Aberdeen by1893. Jewish immigration to As with many of the other Scotland began in the early 19th immigrants to Scotland during Century with Jews settling in this period the Jewish immigrants Edinburgh in 1816 and in Glasgow were aided by faster and in 1823. However, It was only cheaper transport. In 1881, there after 1870 that Jewish were 225 Russians in Scotland, immigration to Scotland which constituted 3.5% of the reached significant levels. Most total foreign population of of the Jews who settled in Scotland. By 1901 the Russian Scotland before this time were (overwhelmingly Jewish) families who had succeeded in population was 6102, or 24.7% of businesses such as jewellery the total foreign population in and tailoring. However, mass Glasgow. The influx of Jewish migration of Jewish Immigrants settlers was intensified during the from Central and Eastern Europe Nazi persecution of the 1930s – was stimulated in the last but this was probably decades of the 19th Century. counterbalanced by the steady Many were escaping persecution emigration of Jewish families to and anti -Semitism at the hands the United States. of the Russian Empire (mainly from areas such as Latvia and The picture below shows the Estonia as well as from Russia Garnethill synagogue, built in 1879. ‘Jewish Tartan’ [28] or in government offices. provoke as wave of anti- Settlement Patterns: However, many Jews did not Semitism as you might expect. Initial Jewish migrants were compete directly with Scots in the Anti-Jewish organizations relatively wealthy and as such labour market; the Jewish failed to make any headway in settled in the affluent area of immigrant economy was Scotland and the press refused Garnethill in the West End of remarkably self-sufficient. The to be caught up in the general Glasgow. majority ran, or worked in London hysteria about alien However, when the migrants Jewish owned businesses as immigrants. fled from persecution this tailors or cigarette makers. However, there was certainly settlement pattern changed. In Many of them possessed skills some harassment, prejudice the main, many of these new that they had developed in and discrimination (for example arrivals were poor. Of Russian industrial cities in Europe and many landlords refused to let or Polish nationality most of the were able to utilize them in accommodation to Jews) but all immigrants spoke Yiddish and Scotland. of this, of course, pales into had very little grasp the English In addition, Jewish insignificance compared to the language. A sign of this change communities developed their own persecution suffered in Eastern was the fact that the main centre welfare systems (including the Europe and Germany during the of Jewish settlement moved boot and clothing guild) that same period. from Garnethill to the Gorbals ensured that Jews did not on the south side of the Clyde. By become a burden to the Assimilation : 1914 there were 10,000 Jews taxpayers or the Poor Law. More By 1920s, there were signs living in Glasgow (90% of the affluent Jews or Jewish of social and cultural whole Jewish population of businesses often funded these assimilation. Yiddish, once Scotland) with the vast majority in welfare measures. Jews also had spoken in most homes was dying the Gorbals. their own newspapers and out and Yiddish newspapers There were also small publications printed in their home folded one after the other. By pockets of Jewish communities language of Yiddish. The Glasgow 1928 there remained only the in Edinburgh, Dundee, Falkirk, Jewish Evening Times (below) is Jewish Echo which was published Greenock and Ayr. an example of that. in English. After WWI the tradition For subsequent waves of of Jewish involvement in migrants, the Gorbals was seen medicine and law was as a ‘safe’ option as they would becoming established and went be welcomed and supported by on to make a substantial the existing community. The contribution to Scottish society. In Gorbals had two synagogues, a the early 1920s there were already school for religious education, a nearly a dozen Jewish medical Zionist reading room (Zionism is a students on Glasgow alone. By movement that supports the this time some of the best creation of a Jewish State) and known businesses in Glasgow more than 60 Jewish Stores. were Jewish-owned. For example, Morrisons the The Impact of the Jews in The Reaction of the Scots: dressmakers and Goldbergs Scotland: retailers. With this success, there Such a large growth in such a Jews found a degree of was a steady drift from the well defined Jewish community in difficulty in gaining employment. Gorbals to the richer suburbs in the heart of Glasgow did not Jews were not employed in banks the south of the city. (Contd) [29] Such was the integration of Jews in Scottish society that even attempts by the British Union of Fascists to spread anti-Jewish propaganda in the 1930s were largely unsuccessful. Nevertheless, social prejudice still flourished. Some bowling clubs refused to accept Jewish members and because of discrimination Jews founded their own golf club in Bonnyton in 1928 (but this in itself showed the growing successes of many within the Jewish community). Jewish Immigration - Tasks (1) Write detailed notes on Jewish Immigration summarising the following headings (a) Reasons for immigration to Scotland. (b) Patterns of settlement. (c) Employment. (d) Assimilation. Group/Pair Task: “The Jewish Leader” Newspaper Task Ask your teacher for an A3 copy of ‘The Jewish Leader’ newspaper article titled ‘Britain's Promise to the Jews’ and complete the questions below. (1) Look at the first column from the newspaper. What were the main aims of The Jewish Leader in 1930? Give evidence to support your answer. (2) Do you think that this type of publication would be welcomed in Scotland at this time? Give reasons to support your answer. (3) Look at the second column – The Keren Hayesod Campaign. What are the main aims of this campaign? (4) Which methods are being employed to try to raise money for the campaign? Give evidence from the source to support your answer. Talking Point Now compare your copy of the front page of “The Jewish Leader” with a copy of “The Jewish Voice” . What are the main differences? Why do you think that “The Jewish Voice” was published? [30] Other Immigration: Lithuanians in Scotland than we particular times of depression it do about our nearest neighbours. became clear that attitudes English Migration towards immigrants hardened. The most prominent migrant Other Immigrants: Before the turn of the 20th Century Britain adopted a policy group has been the English, and Although the vast majority of that automatically granted yet this is the group we know the our focus in this unit has been on immigration to the vast majority of least about. At each census until immigration to Scotland from the migrants. Demonstrations and 1921 the English increased their Europe, it must also be said that anti-immigration attitudes, numbers, growing from 1.5 per there were some African and Asian migrants too. African particularly from the more cent in 1841 to 4.0 per cent in conservative ‘restrictionists’ who 1921. Of course, in certain parts migrants often found work as wanted numerical restrictions on of Scotland the figure for English soldiers or labourers. Evidence immigration, caused the settlement could be much higher suggests that African and Asian government to change policy and than the national total. There were immigrants were treated poorly by the Scots and many (especially adopt a more discretionary more English-born residents than immigration policy. Irish-born in Edinburgh, and this those from India) were treated as increased as the 19th century little more than Serfs. wore on. In 1881 there were Acts of Parliament: 11,514 English-born residents and Extension Task - go onto the In 1905, the Aliens Act was 7,875 Irish-born. Forty years later Higher Scottish History website introduced in a bid to regulate the respective figures were 28,187 and look at the documents on the immigration. The act for the first and 6,382. ‘Employment of tropical African time introduced immigration The attractiveness of races in Europe’ and the ‘Report controls and registration. In reality, about the Colonial Office the act was designed to prevent Edinburgh for professionals no conference in India’ ‘undesirable’ immigrants (for doubt accounted for the large example paupers and criminals) numbers of English in the city, but Conclusion: from entering the country - as well the latter were also involved in as setting up a deportation the industrial development of The experience of immigrant system to remove those who Scotland. It was English know- groups in Scotland was little slipped through the net. However, how and skill which was behind different to that of other countries. there were no limits placed upon the development of the Scottish Discrimination and hostility the number of immigrants who cotton industry. Many of the early gradually gave way after a could come to the country and skilled workers and managers protracted struggle to those fleeing persecution or were of English origin. In more assimilation. Apart from the famine could still find asylum in recent times, the increasing trend skirmishes between Irish Scotland (or Britain as a whole). towards foreign ownership of Catholics and native Protestants The Act was followed by the industries in Scotland has seen the process was accomplished in Aliens Restriction Acts of 1914 more English firms establish a peaceful manner. Violence and 1919. Both were passed in branches north of the border. played little part in the immigrant the context of Britain being at war, The growth of government has experience in Scotland. and their provisions were aimed at also provided more civil service controlling foreign 'enemy' aliens positions for English migrants. In The Reaction of Scots: already settled in London, spite of English involvement in the The overall reaction of Scots particularly Germans. (Contd) Scottish economy it remains a (compared to the rest of the fact that we know more about the United Kingdom) was generally a positive one. However, in [31] The Aliens Restriction Act of 1914 required foreign nationals to register with police and allowed for their deportation. The 1919 Act extended these wartime emergency powers and added further restrictions, % particularly concerning the employment of alien seamen in British merchant% ships. The 1919 Aliens Restrictions Act also added new restrictions% to civil and employment rights of aliens already resident in Britain. This partly reflected! concern about rising unemployment levels post WWI. To this end, no work permits were issued to immigrants unless in was clear that there were no British people able (or indeed capable) of doing % the job. Source Evaluation!"#$%&'()*+#*,-".'/%,-)-,0 Activity ' !"##"$%$"&"$$'()%#*%#+"%,-'"(.%/$0"$%1234%5%%%%%%%%%%%% 16%/7#*8"$%1239% % :'('.#$;%*&%!<8*=$>%?@A'$"%B%C(.=$<(7"%D"A<$#@"(#% !"##$%&$$#'(%)*+,-#.(% 3E%F$*<0G<;% H".#@'(.#"$%IH1J% % JJJ%C%<@%#*%"KA-<'(%#+<#%A"$@'#.%#*%"(<8-"%&*$"')(%A"$.*(.%#*%7*@"% +"$"%&*$%"@A-*;@"(#>%<$"%(*#%'..="0%=(-"..%#+"%:'('.#"$%'.%%%%%%% .<#'.&'"0%#+<#%#+"$"%<$"%(*% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! How does this add to the value of the source? % ______O*G%0*".%#+'.%<00%#*%#+"%L<-="%*&%#+"%.*=$7"N%______% ______""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""What is the purpose of the source? ! ______""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! ______% H+<#%'.%#+"%What is the2#$2"3& content %of*&%#+"%.*=$7"N the source? % ______""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""What message does this source convey? ! ______H+<#%'.%#+"%______%".,&.,%*&%#+"%.*=$7"N% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""______! % H+<#%@"..<)"%0*".%#+'.%.*=$7"%7*(L";N% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""[32] ! PQJ% Paired Task: Total Recall: In your jotter or on an A3 sheet, complete the task below using your recall. Describe the experiences of immigrants in Scotland between 1830 and 1939. Positive: Negative: Now, using the source below, highlight all of the information that appears in both the source and your ‘Total Recall’ knowledge (in your jotter, highlight them on the source and in your recall box). Using all of the information above answer the question below: Source A comes from Scottish Population History, Ed. Michael Flynn (1977) ―Unlike the Irish immigrants of the first half of the 19th Century who came mainly from agricultural backgrounds, the Polish and Russian immigrants of the pre-1914 period came with industrial skills, and in most cases found corresponding employment when they came to Scotland. Of the occupied males in this group in 1911, almost one half were miners...the Italian immigrants of the period were even more occupationally concentrated: 58% were proprietors of restaurants or retail businesses…[However] Waves of Immigrations, because of their limited duration, become assimilated in time though a few characteristically nationalist and cultural institutions always strive to delay the process.‖ 1. How Fully does source A explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland? (10) [33]