XXII. Brit~sh Funycls-G)~ats (I)il)tera, Mycetopllilidae). With a revi.sed Generic Clu.~.ii'rnlionof the Famtly. By F. W. EI)\VARI)S. (Published bv permission of the Trustees of the British 1Iuseum.)

[Read December 3rd, 1924.l PLATESSLIX-LXI. EXPLANATIONOF PLATEXLVIII. THEfungus-gnats or JIycetophilidae are a large but rather neglected family of flies. which h~vehitherto not found Jlicmthe?la LQiurcata Hahn, a hard-bodied thorny spider much favour wit11 ccillectors, partly because of their generally preyed on by B Typorylon. (Xnlarged.) I small size and rather fragile nature, but also no doubt to a Hanging comb of the Wasp, Mischoc@hrus labiatus Fabr. large extent 011-ing to the difficulty of determination. The Mud colony of Tryporylon fabricutw Sm. object of the present psper is to assist in removing the hlud nests of Tryporylon albilarse Fabr. latter objection to the study of an extremely interesting Nud coffins of Pseudagenia tin& Sm. ! group of insects. The writer's work on the group was Malcs of Zygotrichu dispar Wied. butting one another. begun in the year 1912 llnder the inspiration and encouragc- (Enlarged.) l iilent of the late Jlr. F. Jenliinson of Cambridge, to ahose Head of '$ Zygotricha dispar Vied. from the front. mcinory this paper is respectfully dedicated. Head of ,3 Zygotricha dispar \Tied. from the front to show In the volume of these Transaction., for 1913 the writer the " horns." published a paper contaming preliminary notes on the Gonyleptea pectinatus, Koch, showing its toothed back insects of tlus fanlily, based largely on the. extensive legs with which it car1 deliver a sharp nip. (Slightly collections made L!- Jlr. Jenkinson in Susses and Scotland. enlarged.) and dealing also \\it11 all the other collectioi~sthen available in this countr!-. -it that time I had not niyself studied the insects in the field, but siucr then have collecttd then1 estensirely and hilr-e taken soiiie 2.50 species on the ning and also reared sonie 50 from larvae. I am therefore now able to offer a filirlv complete review of tlie British species, and to fill up the gaps in nij- earlier work, which was necessarily very incc)rnplete, several genera being left more or less untouched. At tlie same time, I have studied the exotic forms of tlir fc~iiiilyas far as available, and hare seen representatives of alu-ost all the described genera. The opportunity therefore seems favourable to revieu the whole classification of the family, which in some respects, especially as regards the definition of the two main subfamilies, Sciophilinae and -Ilycetophzlinae, was not very satisfactory. In rearranging these groups I have endeavoured to use those adult characters mhich nil1 give results in accordance with those arrived at by G study of the early stages and habits. TRASS. EST. SOC. LUXD. 19'14.- PARTS 111, I\'. (FEB. '?c?.)

I With a rd&wric Clashijioation of the Family. 506 Mr. F. W. Edwards cm British Fuw-Gn&. 507 and axillary (Ax) for the first and second anal veins (IA as I consider that any attempt to base a classification on and 2A). In one rather important respect, however, the adults only without reference to the other stages is an interpretation of the venation is revised. The short unnatural proceeding and likely to produce unnatural branch of the radius which is present in most of the older results, owing to the ease with which striking bot really forms was rcgarded by Johannsen as R,,,, or the second superficial chrtracters can be confused with those of more longitudinal vein, and in my previous paper I followcd fundamental importance from the point of view of phy- Johannsen's interpretation of this vein. The earlier logeny. It has not, however, been possible to apply this authors, Schiner and Osten-Sacken, had treated it as the prlnclple fully. as time has not allowed a detailed study of upper branch of the third longitudinal, and regarded the all the larvae collected, while there are still some important genera the life-history of which remsins unknown. When second longitudinal as absent throughout the family. After a comparative study of the recent and fossil-genera of these gaps are filled and when the larvae already known Nematocera I believe that this earlier view was correct, and have been more fully studied, some modification of the arrangement here suggested may be necessary. The larval I therefore non- refer to this vein as Rq, and to the lower branch (or to the m2in branch of the radius, beyond r-m. material 1 have collected is in the hands of Dr. D. Keilin when R* is absent) as R5. The point is of interest. becausc. for detailed examination, and it is hoped that his work the entire loss of R, ,is evidently a feature of fundamental will appear shortly. importance. This loss has apparently occurred in three The most conspicuous defect in work of the earlier groups of Semstocera : the Xycetophilidae (with the students, includiig Winnertz and Johannsen, n-as the Sciaridae), Bibionidae (withScat0psidae)and Cecidomyiidae. absence of any attempt to use the characters of the These families may therefore be sharply separated in a group chaetotaxp, which have been so extensively and successfully quite distinct from the rest of the Nernatocera, an arrange- adopted by Osten-Sacken, Ginchner. Bezzi and others in many families of Cyclorrhsphour Di~~tera.This was t,he ment which is confirmed by the structure of the larval respiratory system, which is generally peripneustic but more surprising as ~lycetophilidaeare well known to be never amphipneustic or metapneustic as in alinost all other remsrksble among Nematocera for their strong develop- Diptera. I have dealt with this point rather more fully ment of bristles. I have devoted considerable attention to elsewhere. this subject, and follo~ingup the clues given b!- otller A point of difficulty is in regard to the limits of the medla workers in other families have discovered a number of and cubitus. According to the view recently published by chwacters ~~hichappear to be very useful for specific arid Tillyard, the vein called Cu, by Cornstock and Seedhsm 1s in msny cases also for generic diagnosis. The nlost ini- really a branch of the media, ivhicll he calls .U,. n hile the portant of these are to be found on the pleurae, and in order vein or fold beneath Cu becomes CM,. The evidence on t,o explain the terms used I give figures of the side vie\\- of the thorax of some of the characteristic forms. 1 have this matter, however, seems to lne inconclusive. nud 1 have therefore kept to the terms Cu, and C't1, as general11- followed B. P. Young's recent n-orli in regard to the in use. nomenclature of the parts of the pleurae, using the tern1 As pointed out by Tillyard, the more primitive Diptern anepisternite for the tnesopleum of Osten-Sacken, and possess, like their ancestors, a double set of hairs on the pleurotergite for the large prominent piece which has some- membrane of the wing, the hairs in one set coarse ())wcro- times been miscalled hypopleura or metnpleum. The trichia), in the other much finer (rnicrotrichicr). dmong the so-called vretanot~iraof msny authors has been demonstrated llycetophilidae there are many examples of the preservation to belongto the mesothorax and is called here the postnottim, of both these sets of hairs, but the tendency is for one or the a term m use by several writers as an alternative to other to disappear; usually the macrotrichia, though I postscutellzcm or mesophrag~na. have found some interesting cases where the microtrichi;i. In referring to the wing-venation have again used the I disappear nnd the macrotrichin remain. These points are Cornstock-Needhqm system of nomenciqture as slightIv valuable for purposes of classifica t']on. modified by Enderlein, who reLains the names anal (Apt) 508 Mr. F. W. Edwards m Britid Fungus-6nats. With a rsoised Generic CbaJsWion of the Family. 509 The fungus-ptaare mostly readily obtained by aweyg My& belongs to the Anisopodidae. The ten sub- or beating among bmcken or evergreen undergrowt m femilier may be distinguished by the key below. By far wdor abng Bhpdy brrngs of stream,at months of caves, the gr6&z number of spk,and 8 still greater proportion by overhanging rocks, or in fad in almost any fairly damp of individuals, belong either to the Sciarinae, the Sciophi- and dark corners. They have the advantage from the linae or the Mycetophilinae, the species of the other sub- collector's point of view in being readily obtainable in such families being few in number and representing the reduced situations all the year round, except perhaps during severe descendants of earlier faunas. frosts. They are also very frequently found on windows ; 1. Medio-cubital cross-vein pment, or these veins connrcted by a as an illustration of the value of window-collecting I may fusion . . . . 2. mention that I have taken over SO species on the windows Media and cubitus not connected by a cross-vein or fusion . 6. of a house in Hitchin which is not specially favourably 2. R, present and rather long, generally half or more than half as situated, some species being included which I have not long as R,; Sc short and ending free ; posterior divisions of met with elsewhere. Very mmy species are easily reared pronotum with one or more longish bristles . Ditomyiinae. from the larvae, some in fact are not readily obtained in R, less than half as long m R,, sometimes weak or absent; Sc any other way. On this account I have mentioned the almost always long and ending distinctly in the costa; host-fungi and such points in the life-history of the British posterior divisions of pronotum without long bristles . 3. species as may be of interest to collectors, though as 3. Cross-vein m-cu well before r-m, both vertical; media wit11 mentioned above no attempt has been made to describe the distinct ha1 section and running straight as far as the larvae.-.- -. fork . . Bolitophilinae. The maip characters distinguishing the family from other Cross-vein m-cu close to r-m, or else media and radius fused for Nematocera are : the absence of vein second longi- a short distance. . . . . 4. winali: the oluencs of W&.* an% well-marid \ =- 4. Cross-veins m-cu and r-m both present, practically in one line; \ tihi a1 spurs ; the absence of tl suture dividing the mesonotum base of M wanting; Ra arising near base of wing. into praescutum and scutum; and the incompletealtillar_v Diadocidiinae. 1 vain.---- The- Cecidomviidae- and Scato~sidaeexhibit most Media and radius fused for a short distance (except in Paheo- I - ofhese characte.rs, 6ut have no tibiil spurs. The Bibi- TJalyura, whero M is angulate at r-m and m-cu) . . 3. onidae have tibial s*urs, but may be distinguished from the 5. Cu, and Cu, slightlpapproximated near the base, then divergent ; Vycetophilidae by their stouter btuld: absence of strong anal angle of wing somewhat square ; tibial bristles absent. bristles on the body and legs, well-developed pulvilli, and Macrocerinae. with few exceptions by the position of the short nntennac, Cu, and Cu, divcrgelit from the base; anal angle of wing close to the oral margin. The Bibionidae seem to be the rounded ; tibial bristles present even if small. Ceroplatinae. nearest relatives of the Mycetophilidae, and when fossil 6. R, and Rs running separatc to the base of the wing; traces of forms are considered it is not very easy to separate the two the base of R,_, pmsent . . Lygistorhininae. families. RR arising from R well hyond the base of the amp. or bmc of I propose to recognise ten subfamilies of Mycetophilidae, Rs a-anting (LeieUa) ; no trace of R,,,. . 5. including the Sciarinae and two new groups, the Lygisto- 7. Eyes nearly or quite connected above anntcnaa by a- Jnaww - --. rhininae and Manotinae, but excluding the Pachjneurinne bridge; basc of Rs short and transverw ; r-nr lprrd'and in aZ and also the genus Mycetobia. Pachynetsra (= Heslwro- line kth Rs . . Eiarinae. dim) I have elsewhere regarded as belonging to a distinct Eyes rounded, without dorsal bridge; base of Rs a -mboth family related to the Anisopodidae; Hesperintrs, \vhich has usually more or less oblique . . S. sometimes been grouped with PachyneGa, seems to me, as 8. Prothorax without strong bristles ; head flat or slightly concave also to Johannsen, to be better placed in the Bibionidne. behind, with a row of projecting orbital bristles whichare more or less curred backwards ; antennae inserted much above the Orelli am said to be absent in two genera: He.rperaies and Ry*. middle of the hrad . . . . Manotinae. Wdh a feerised Generic Classzwim of the Family. 611

Prothorax with distinct long bristle8 ; hed canvex behind; eepmtion aa a distinct family, but from the pint of view orbital bristlea not forming s conspiouone projecting row; of adult morphology this courae doe2 not aeem to be justified. The aa :- antennae inserted about the middle of the head . . 9. i recent genera may be arranged follows 9. Jiicmtrichia of wings irregularly arranged; Sc usually long; l l. Cms-vein r-m present ; antennae flattened ; several bristles on lateral ocelli usually far from the eye-margins. Sciophilinaa, posterior divisions of pronoturn Microtrichia of wings in more or less definite lines; Sc short; . . 2. Cross-vein T-mobliterated by fusion ; antennae cylindrical ; one lateral occlli touching the eye-rnergins . Hyeetophilinae. strong bristle on posterior divisions of pronotum; eyes These subfamilies are dealt with in order beloa, and I deeply emarginate above antennae, with a narrow Scia~.a-like hzve tabulated the known living genera of each of them dorsal bridge . . 4. except the Sciarinae. Purely fossil genera are omitted, 2. Cross-vein m-cu vertical or outwardly oblique, joiriing C'u, near I the base : R, nearly parallel with R, ; AV ,+, strongly curved since most of them have been insuaciently or perhaps inaccurately described. The amber forms are probably at the base, M, straight; anepisternitcv bristly; po-atnoturn nearly all congeneric with still existing species, though the I bare . [CENTROCSEMIS Phi].]. older Jurassic fossils should yield interesting results when Cross-vein m-cu inwardly oblique, further from baqe of C'ir,; R, more dirergent from R, ; $1 erenly forked specimens can be obtained in sufficiently good preservation. I . . I,. In the keys given below I have enclosed in brackets those 3. Eyes reniform; R, hardly longer than the second portion of genera which have no known British representatives, and R,; anepisternites and pstnotum bristly . SY~IJIERCSWalk. Eyes rounded; R, much longer than the second portion of R,; have marked * those few which I have not esaruined \ personally. anepisternites and postnoturn bare . DKTOJIYK.~Winn. 4. Stem and base of upper branch of median fork fainter than the Subfamily Ditomyiinae. ends of the branches . . [-~RCTONECR.~Hutton]. In finnertz's classification the subfamily Jlycetobiinae Stem and fork of media equally distinct throughout comprised the three genera Lll~wtebau,D~loury~n and [SERYIJ~SCT.L3larshallJ. Plesiastina (Sytn~nerus). The first of these hns no\\- been I shown to have no connection with the other two, and to I Genus STSIMERL-SWalk. belong to the Anisopodidae (Rllyphidae). The name of (Plesinsti)ln Winl~.) the subfamily has therefore to be changed, and Landrock has adopted the term Ditomyiinae. The adults of thcse A small genus of holarctic distribution with onc Eurol)cban genera, together with the Ken- Zealand Arcto~it~urn(including and three Xorth American species: represented in thc Cnsa) and Xervijuncta, which I have added to the group, l Seotropical and Australasian regious by Ce~~trocner~~is. are similar in most respects to the Ceroplatinar, dirfering S. annulatus (Jig.). Xowhere very common. but widely mainly in the reduced subcosta and the longer \-pin K,. distributed in the south of England at least. It is one of Another character, possibly more important, \vhich v111 the largest and most conspicuous of our i~ativcfungus- also serve to distinguish them from the Ceroplatinae. is the gnats. There is a rather remarkable sesu.11 difference in presence of definite strong bristles on the posterior di\-isions C colour, the abdomen of the male having ochreous bands of thc pronotum (humeral angles). I have not detected and thnt of the female being a11 dark. these bristles in any of the other subfamilies. So f:lr as knowu the larvae live either in hard F'oly- Genus DITOJIYIA11-iun. poraccous fungi or in rotten wood impregnated ~ith l A small genus with t\vo European and one Sort11 Nycelium; pupation takes place in the fungus ; no cocoon American species, evidently clos~lyallied to S~)IO~LPPUS, is formed; the pupae are active and come to the surface for differing most conspicuously in the shape of the eyes, also ecdysis. According to Keilin they differ so grc:ltly in in the banded wings. structure from all other Mycetophilidac as to require 1 D. faseiata (Mg.) (fig. 181). This was long supposed to 612 Mr. F. W. Edwttrde on Mdsh Fungus-&aak With a revised B& CksiJiecdion of the Family. 513 be a rarity io &ihin, end in fact the adult8 are very seldom 7. Cmee-vein m-cu entirely obliterated, Cu, fused with M for a Been cm the wing, but ita range is probably coextensive short distance . . teneh Winn. with .that of ite host-funp (Poty&&zls versdcdor) from Cm-vein acu rhort but distinct . . . . . 8. which it may easily be reared in numbers. 8. Stigma faint, greyimh; pubescence of male antem* barely as long as the diameter of the segments; segments 2 and 3 of Subfamily Bolitophilinae. front tarsi of female enlarged, 2 a little longer than 3. cinerea Mg. This subfamily includes only two recent genera, Bolito- Stigma distinct, dark brown; pubescence of male antencm phila, with about a score of species in Europe and North over twice ae long as the diameter of the segments . 0. America, and A~aclanocampa,with one species in New 9. So dark spot over r-m; segments 2 and 3 of front tarsi of female Zealand. Johannsen formerly included the genus Hesperi- much swollen and of equal length . . sazcndersi Curt. nus, but has more recently suggested that this should be A distinct dark spot over T-na; segments 2 and 3 of front tarhi of replaced in the Bibionidae, a course with which I agree. female not at all swollen . 11. In the adult Arachnocampa differs from Bolitophiln . spinigera sp. mainly in the absence of empodia and of the vein R,? but the larval habits and morphology are utterly different, the The larvae live inside soft-textured fungi (agarics or larva spinning a slimy web and feeding on the insects boleti) gram-ing on the ground; in form they are rather caught therein. short and stout, and even under a hand-lens can be readily distinguished from all other Mycetophilid larvae by the Genus BOLITOPHILAMg. possession of distinct projecting antennae. Pupation takes I am now acquainted with ten British species of this place in the ground, the larvae burying themselves rather genus and can distinguish all of them by characters deeply and forming no cocoon. The pupae are active and wriggle to the surface, from which they half project for the applicable to both sexes, according to the following key :- emergence of the adult, in this respect resembling the > l. Vein R, ending in the costa . . d. Ditomyiinae, but contrasting with the Ceroplatinae and Vein R, ending in R, . . 7. higher Mycetophilidae. 2. Cross-vein m-cu obliterated, C'v, 111 contact with JJ or even B. occiusa Edw. Still only known from the type fror~l fused with it for a short distancc . . . B the New Forest. Cross-vein m-cu short but distinct, Cu, not touching hf ; thorax B. maculipennis Walk. (bi?tzncrllata Zett.). I have more or less ochreous tinged, memnotum with thm separate examined the types of these t15-o and find then1 identical. stripes . . G. The species is widely spread in the hilly districts of Britain. 3. Mesonotum with three distinctly separated dark strips . 4. B. pssudobpbrlda Landr. According to Landrock this Mesonotum not striped . . . 6. is indistinguishable externally from B. hybridn, but British 4. Wings with only the stigma dark; Cu, csndlng in thc tip of -49~; examples at least seem to differ constantly in the uniformly ground-colour of thomx ochreous . . occlasct Edw. dark mesonoturn (the stripes being quite fused) and in the Wings with a dark spot over T-m; Cu, ending free in the sing- more or less complete obliteration of m-cu. The species is margin ; ground-colour of thorax dark grey. common in some at least of the eastern counties. I have on 9naculipenni.s 1Valk. two occasions reared specimens Iron1 larvae feeding in 5. Mosonotum scarcely ehining; postnotum uniformly dark; Tricholm ndum at Baldock, Herts., ancl havc observed Cu,normal . . pselcdahybrid~ kndr. a female ovipositing on the same fnngus at Rneb\vorth, Mesonotum brightly shining; postnotun1 ochreous with a large Herts. ; I have also reared it from a spec~esof R1i.~sula. blackish spot at the tip ;Cu, strongly curved at tip. glnbrda LW. B. glabrata LW. (fig. 18'2). Additional localities for this 6.Cu,distinctthroughout . . hybrids Big. species are Shefford, Beds., and Knebworth and Hitch Cu, more or less interrupted at or near the basc . dic$tcmfn In. Wood, Herts. The Knebworth specimens were reared from with a reve-iwd Gene& ClassiJ;..tion of the Family. 615 bsefod feedrng in the stem of e fungus (Clytaqbe antennal pubeamme, but differs m follows :-Wings in dw&~&)collected by my mother. The larvae differ from addition to the dark stigma with a very distinct dark spot of the other four species which I have seen in powming over r-m, only faint tracea of which are sometimes seen in a pair of black plates on the last abdominal eegment. dark specimens of B- saundersi. Male claspers of rather B. bbrlda Mg. (fusca big.). In this species the mesono- different shape (see Trans. Ent. Soc. 1913, pl. xii, fig. 2). turn seems always to be distinctly striped, thouga the Front tarsi of female almost cylindrical, the second and ground-colour varies from ochreous to greyish ; it is also third segments with scarcely a trace of the ventral enlarge- larger on the average than B. psacdohybrcda, and the ment which is 80 conspicuous in B. saundersi, B. ciner~n cross-vein m-cu is always present. It is widely spread and and other species of the genus. Ovipositor of quite different not uncommon. I have found the larvae feeding in the structure (compare figures), with small spines on the lower cap of a fungiw (Pazillus involutus) at Knebworth, Herts., margin. Size rather larger than the average B. saundersi. and also from an unidentified species of Pnxillus from This is apparently a rather rare species which I hare Sherwood Forest. The larval integument is shining, unlike previously confused with B. saundersi, my figure of the that of the other species examined. hypopygium being taken from a male B, splnigera from B. disjuncta LW. Very airnilar to B. h?/brida, but the Dingwall, Cromarty (&.-Col. Yerbury) ; this may be regardcd structure of the ovipositor is rather distinct, as figured by as the tppe of the new species. The British Jluseum also Landrock. I have seen only one British example, taken possesses a female from South Devon (I'erbury) and a by myself at Tilbel-thmaite Ghyll, N. Lancs., vii. 1923. male and female from Blaise Castle, Glos. (H. Attdcent). The British Museum also possesses examples from Canada. reared this species in large numbers B. tenelia Winn. I Subfamily Diadoeidiinae. from an undetermined agaric (perhaps a Hygrophwuu) in Hitch Wood, Herts., 1918, and again from Flnmmula This includes the single genus Diadocidia, of uncertain carbonaria from Sherwood Forest in 1922. affinities but readily distinguishable from all other Myceto- B. einarea hlg. The commonest species of the genus philidae by having both the ?-m and m-cu cross-reins everywhere, but I hove not come across the larvae so present and forming practically one straight line. T11t.i-e frequently as those of some other species. I have, however, are two European and t~oNorth American species. reared them from Hypholoma relutirtum. The larvae of D. fernlginosn live in long dry silken tubrs B. oaundersi (Curt.) (?trullata Lundst.) (fig. 1). This is under bark or in rotten wood; they are very sluggish in also an abundant species in most districts. Though very their movements, quite unlike most other Mycetophilid similar to B. cinmea it may be distinguished in both sexes larvae. The pupae are enclosed in a small and very dense by the darker sti,ma, in the male by the antennae, and in white cocoon. the female by the front tarsi. The figure of the hypo- D. fenuginosa (Mg.) (fig. 183). A small reddiqh species pygium given in my previous paper does not really repre- common in most parts of the country. Thc front tarsi of sent this species, but B. s inigera sp. n. The hypopygium the female are distinctly thickened, and R, ends hardly of the true B. saundersi glffers slightly, and is apparently beyond the base of the median fork. identical with that of Lundstriim's B. trullota, which mn D. valida Mik. Rather larger than D. ferncgijtosn: R, be synonymous with R. sazindersi, although Lurdstriini longer and front tarsi of female not at all thickened. does not mention the long antennal pubescence. Known as British only from a specimen taken by the late This species seems to be specially associated with Mr. F. Jenkinson at Logie, Elgin, in 1904. Hypho10ma,fnscicula7c, in which I have on several occasions found the larvae. Mr. H. Audcent has also reared it from Subfamily Macrocerinae. the same fungus, as well as from Tricholoma personaturn. In my previous paper I included this subfamily %-it11the B. spinfgera sp. n. (fig. 2). Very close to B. satrndersi Cerophtinae, owing to the fact that the venation is Curt., especially in the male sex, which has the same loug practically the same in both. The main character on which With a ~&ed Generic ChszficrrLion of the Family. 517 C Male .ntcMos quite dender and more than twice ae long as the this ~ubiarnilywas founded by Wlnnertz was the elongation body, femda antennae longer than the body . . . 6. of the antennae, which is certainly of only secondsry &h sntennrrs oornerhat swollen hsrds the beee of the imece; but there are a number of probably more +flnm, md much h then tnice aa long ee the body; qrdicant characters in which Mwma differa from the femde antenme not longer than the body . . 6. C'eroplatinae, so that it may be justifiable to retain the b. Meumotum with three more or l- distinct stripea, bristles subfamily. When the biology of i%fac~ocerais better blacki~h; bose of M rather faint . . . .data Mg. known it may be poseible to amve at a final decision. Mesonoturn uniformly yellowish ; bristlea yellowieh; bmof M The distinctions from Ceroplatinae are as follows :- strong and distinct, dividing the basal cell into two. lufecr Mg. Head with two longitudinal furrows on the occiput, one on 6. Hind coxae without a dark mark ; abdomen almost unicolorous. each side of the ocelli. Anepisternal (mesopleural) bristles pama Lundat. present. Legs with longhh pubescence but without any Hind coxae with a dark mark posteriorly; abdominal tergiks differentiated bristles. Front tibiae with a fairly well- with conspicuous pale apical bands. . . 7. marked apical comb ;hind tibiae without combs. Empodia 7. Antennae at most very faintly ringed; first flagsllar srgmcnt well deveiopd. mainly dark, the next four segments each about G7 times m Only one recent genus has so far been referred here: long aa broad . . fasciala Mg. Mwocera, &h a world-wide distribution; I do not Antennae with conspicuous pale rings; first flagellar segment consider Sppeiser's P~~nacroceraa valid genus, as it is based mainly pale ; the next four segments each about 5-6 times as only on a single character which is variable in different long aa broad . . crasaicomks Winn. species. De Meijere's genus Chiasmeura, with one 8. Rings with the tip clear. . . 9. species from Java, probably belongs to this subfamily, as Wings with the tip dark (rather faintly so in moeulala) . 11. the head is shaped as in Macl-@era and the tibiae are devoid D. A dark spot near base of cell Cu, . turn Lx-. of bristles. It differs from Macrocew in the apparent A dark apt in besc of cell R,. . 10. absence of anepisternal hairs and in having the vein Cu, 10. Abdominal aegmenta with ha1 pale bands; no dark costal widely interrupted at the base. spot - . bkpcndda sp. n. The early stages are practically unknown, in spite of the Abdominal segments with apical pale bands; a dark spot on fact that many of the s ecies are quite common. The costa at tip of R, . . cenlralis JIg. adults map be distinguis1 ed in life from almost all other 11. Abdomen largely yellow, the segments with black apical Mycetophilidae by their habit of holding their wings bands; wings with a complete central fascia . angulda Mg. Abdomen unicolorous or with the apices of the segments paler 12. 12. Wings with a complete fascia just before the middle, and a separate dark spot on the margin in cell Cu,; mesonotunl Genus ~CROCERAXg. unmarked . . fascipennis Stacg. The number of British species of this genus has been Wings with the central facia incomplete; no dark spot in cell Cu, ; increased from nine to Gfteen, which may be distinguished mesonotum with three blackish marks maculda 8Ig. 13. Tip of wing brody dark . . phalerda 8Ig. as follows :- Tip of wing clear; tip of R, thickened . . 14. 14. R, with a blackish mark just before the tip, which is pale l. Wings with microtrichia only. . 2. . stipu Curt. Wings with numerous macrotrichia at leaat t,oaardsthe tip. 13. R, uniformly brownish . . . dignloi&s sp. n. 2. Wings quite urnpotted . . 3. Wings with at least one small dark spot . . 8. M. sngllca sp. n. 3. Sc ending far befom the tip of the basal cell ; small slwcies. A emall epecies: length of body or wing (9) about 4 mm.; abdomen with pale bands on the apices of the tergites. antennae (9). 6 mm. anglica sp. n. Head ochreous, with a dark ocellar spot. Palpi brownish. 9c ending above the tip of the basal cell . . 4. 618 Ilk. on Fungw-h. F. W. Edwarde British Wdh a revieed G& Chs~a@atwn of the Parndy. 519 M, Antennae ochrcous at the becoming brownish apicablg; not Wiuishing feature of M. vdUula was a dark longitudinal at all thickened. Thorax unifolmly ochreouq except for a pair of skripe on the abdomen, tbi~being apparently variable. It small dark dota on the front margin of the mesonoturn and M ill- now appears, however, that two quite distinct species had defined dark pleural stripe; bristles dark. Abdomen dark brown, tutea : segments. been confused under the name M. a larger one with with conspicuous bmad apical ochreous margins to the more or less distinctly striped meaonotum, black bristles, Coxae end femora uniforn~l~och~~ous; tibiae and tarsi darkened. swollen tip of R,, faint base of the media and broad male W'ings quite clear. Sc very short, ending well before thc middle of claspers (see fig. 3) and a smaller one with uniformly the besal section of Ra. R, not swollen at the tip; R, rather short yellowish thorax, yellow mesonotal bristles, scarcely and only moderately oblique. I I swollen tip of R,, strong base of the media, and narrower New Forest, 3 vii. 1904 (F. C. Adams), type 9. $token- male claspers. The larger species is common and widely church, Oxon., IS15 viii. 1W7 (G. H. Verrall), 2 9. Crow- distributed and may be regarded as M. t$YiUata, while the borough, Sussex (Jenkinson), 1 ?. IYelwyn, Herts., 11 vii. smaller one may be taken as the true N. lutea. Female 1934 (F.W.E.), 1 $2. specimens occasionally have the appearance of a dark The specimens collected by Verrall were identified as abdominal stripe, but the real diagnostic characters of the -1.1, pusilla Mg.,and it was on these that I based the remark S cies are those mentioned above. All the specimens in in my previous paper that the Al. ptsilla of our (British) t Fe old collection of the Vienna Museum named N. vitlata list was an undescribed species. Landrock has presumably are this species. misunderstood this remark as indicating that '\iTinnertz M. lutea Mg. (fig. 1). As now understood this appears to had misidentified Meigen's 11-1. pzrsilla, and has in consequence be much less common in Britain than M. eitta:a, but I have mposed to rename Winnertz's species 211. pseudopusilla. seen specimens from Loch Assynt and Lochinver, Suther- gut there is no discrepancy between Rinnertz's and land (Yerbury), Holker Moss, Lancs., and Knebworth, Meigen's descriptions, and since Meigen's type is lost I Herta. (F.W.E.). consider that IVinnertz's interpretation should be treated M. fasoiata Mg. The largest species of the genus with as correct. It is indeed probable that \\'innertz had two us; fairly common and widely distributed. It is reported species before him (one being 111. angglica), but Landrock did by Enslin to have been reared from larvae feeding on a not recognise this and his name must therefore be treated fungus growing in a cellar, but confirmation of this is as ,a synonym. The British Museum possesses a number of desirable, as it seems greatly at variance with Enock's specimens from Egypt and Mesopotamia which are similar record (see under M. phleratu). to M. nnglica but darker, the antennae of the female not M. erusicornis KM. '\\'hen writing previously I longer than the body, the mesonotum conspicuously striped regarded this as identical with N. fasciata, and in fact all with dark brown, and LS'C distinctly longer, ending above or the specimens from the Verrall collection in the British slightly beyond the middle of the basal section of Rs. Museum named M. crassicornis are really only M. fasciata. These specimens would appear to be the species on which Since then, however, I have taken specimens of a smaller Winnertz mainly based his description of B. pusilla, a form which seems distinct horn N. fasciata by antenna1 species of which I have seen no British examples. The characters, as described in the key, and which appears to identity of Curtis' ill. multicincta (usually quoted as be the true M. crassicornis. The specimens were obtained synonymous with 111. pusilla) is doubtful, but it cannot at Letchworth and Knebworth. have been M. a~agliuzas the antennae were stated to be M. parva Lundst. This is the species R-hich I recorded in " not longer than the body in both sexes." my previous paper as " perhaps representing the true m. vlltata hlg. (fig. 3). In my previous paper I suggested M. pusilla," overlooking the fact that Sc is long, ending that this was merely a variety of N. lufcn, and this view has above the tip of the basal cell. It seenls to be purely a been adopted by Landrock in his revision of the genus. mountain form with us; additional British records are The conclusion was based on the assumption that the Spey Bridge and Aviemore, Inverness (Yerbury); Ffrith, Flintshire (F.W.E.). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. ~~I),~.-PARTS 111, IV. (FEB.' 25.) N M With a revbed &mrk Chssif;.ath of the Family. 621

of the abdomen is quite different. There in a male in the L t- LW. This small species ie very' distinct from British Pmum from Matley Bog, New Forest (C. Malcy) all other members of the genus by the etructure of the male and a second in the Birmingham mueeum from Sutton Park, clnspers, which are truncate and pubescent at the tip and Worm. (R. C. Bradly). without strong spines. I took a specimen on Holker MW, m. macuhta Mg. This pretty little species seems to be N. Lancs, vii. 1923. not uncommon in Hertfordshire, where I have taken it at Letchworth, Radrell, Knebworth and Digswell. I have M. bipuncteta sp. n. also seen it from Timworth, Suffolk (Nurse). In some A large species, superficially resembling M. facida; length of specimens the wing-markings are rather faint. body, 7.5 mm.. wing, 5.5 mm. ; antennse, 9 mm. M. phalerat BIg. An extremely well-marked species, d. Head dark brown on the vertex and occiput; face and palpi the only one known in Europe with hairy ae well as spotted ochreous. Antennae brownish, faintly ringd at the joints, not wings. It is common throughout Britain, and it is there- much longer than the body, no long hairs at the tip. Thornz fore rather surprising tbat the larvae have not yet been ochreous ; mesonotum with three separate brown stripes ; lower discovered, though the late Mr. F. Enock presented speci- part of pleurae dark brown; bristles black. Abdamen rather mens to the British Museum which were labelled as having elongate, ochreous; segmenta 1-5 with black apicul bands; 68all been bred from a sod of grass from Richmond Park. If it black. Hj-ppygium of the normal structure; claspem very broad, can be assumed from this that pupation had taken place the two spines close together. Legs ochreoue, the four posterior in the ground, this is an important distinction from Cero- cox= marked with dark brown on the outer side; tibiae and tarsi platus and its allies. darkened. Wingu clear, except for a small dark spot which fil)8 the M. stigma Curt. Another common and widely spread bnea of cells R, and M, end a second amaUer spot over the base of species, easily recognised by its hairy wings without dark Re. Sc long, reaching just beyond tip of badcell; tip of R, not markings on the membrane, though R, is much swollen et all mollen ; R, rather long and almost parallel with Rs, its base and blackened just before the tip, the extreme tip being far beyond the tip of R,; costa extending well beyond the tip of paIe ; the r.-nz. fusion also blackened. Baaal aection of Y ntrong and dark. Halteres ochreous. R,. M. stlgmoides, sp. n. (fig. 5). Type d in the British Puseunl from Tilberthwaite Ghyll, Very similar to M. dignul, di5edng as follows:-Siu, on the h'. Lancs., 21 vii. 1923 (F.W.E.); also 2 $. in Mr. Collin's average smaller; length of body, 3.5-4.5 mm., wing, 4-5.5 mu,. collection from Bomness, Westmoreland (pre~+ously Wings distinctly less hairy towards the base; few or no macro- recorded as 'If. grandis). In many respects this answers to trichia below the r-m fusion. R, unifornlly bmm, without pale Lundstrom's description of '11. grandis, but is evidently tip or preapical blackening; r-m fusion not blackened; inner quite distinct on account of the shorter antennae (only 1.2 spine of male claspers much more slender. instead of 3.9 times as long as the body) and the distinctly Apparently less common than W. stigeio, but may have produced costa. been overlooked. British Museum material is from Cam- I.centralis hfg. Common and widely distributed. The bridge (F.W.E. ; type $) ; Harrow Weald, Middx. (F.W.E.) ; apical third of the wing is sometimes indistinctly darkened, Homley (C. 0. Wa.&rhouse); Richmond Park (F. Enwk), ( but this need not cause any confusion nith M. mculda, reared from sod of grass together with Ill. phakaa ; which is smaller, with differently marked thorax, and Iken, Suffolk ( Y& y); Grange and Holker filoss, N. Lnncs. much shorter antennae. Fairly common, from Kent and (F.W.E.) ; Llangammarch Weh, Brechnock ( Terbury) ; M. angalata hlg. Arran (F.W.E.); New Forest (VermU). Differs from Hants. to Cumberland, but I have seen no Scottish examples. This might perhaps be AI. zetrersr~dtiLundst. and other small hairy-winged 8peieS m. ia~cipennis Stseg. (fig. 184). in the structure of the claspers and the entirely ochreous confused with N. angzlhra, but the wing-markings are coxae. much stronger and differently arranged, and the coloration cm 522 Blr. P. W. Edwarda British Fungua-Ms. With U rbdGee Clossafrcorbn of the Fanzily. 523

7. Pdpi dnced, with one swollen termin$ ~egmentand some- Subfamily Caroplatinae. a small indidinct basal one; EII~~=stout md After the esclusion of Mwrocera, Arctoneura and Nenri- strongly- compmsed . . . . 8. juncta, the remaining genera of this subfamily form a Pdpi normal, with three or four distinct wgmenta . . 11. homogeneous group which may be dehed as follows :- 8. R, ending in R, ; pleuroter~ites hairy CEROPLATUSBOHC. R, ending in the costa. . . . . 9. i 9. Plemtergites hairy; only two ocrlli, large and close. to- Head not furrowed on the occiput. Anepisternites (meeopleuree) bare. Pleurotergites large and prominent. Tibiae with ranges of gether . . . [~.\COCERATI\S End.]. short but always distinguishable bristly spines. Front tibiae with- Pleurotergites bare; three ocelli . . . . 10. out comb; hind tibim (except in Rhynchop1,lalyura)with two diatinct 10. Hind tibiae and hmi normal . . CEROTEL~ONRond. apical combs, one on the outer side md one on the inner. Empodia Hind tibiae and tami swollen (should probably b inclllded adpulvilli absent. Vein R, short, or rarely abeent. Cross-vein in Cerolelia) . . *[HETEROP~ERXASkuse]. r-m obliterated by fusion of M with Rs for a longer or shorter 11. Media with distinct fold-like basal rxtension; m-C~Lvertical distance (except in Pdueopldyura); m-cu always present; Cu, or inwardly oblique . . . . 12. and Cu, evenly divergent beyond m-cu. Macrotrichia never present Baeal section of media quite indistinguishable ; m-cu more or less on the rnembrme. outwardly obliquo ...... 14. 12. R4 ending in R, ; three ocelli ; pleurotergites and postnotum The recent genera may be separated by the following bare. . . . . -~FE.\ION Joh. key, in which an asterisk distinguishes those which have R, ending in the costa . . . 13. not been examined by the author, and square brackets 13. No celli ; m-cu obliterated acl mud *[HESPERODESCoq.]. those of ~hichno British representatives are known. Three ocelli ; m-cu short but distinct ~P,\~~.~EOPLATKRA3leun.I. 14. R, ending in R,; pleurotergites and postnotum bare; each 1. Antennae with 12-15 segments . . 2. tibia with only a single spur; An ver). short, hardly Antennae with 16 segments . . 4. distinguishable . . ~[JIIcR4~~310~ gen. n.]. R, ending in the costa 15. 2. Antennae strongly pectinate ; pleurotergites hairy . . . [PLATYROPTILONWestw.]. 15. Pleurotergites hairy; postnoti~mbaw . . 16. Anbmse simple. . . . 3. Pleurotergites bare . . 17. 3. Mouth-parts elongate; antennae with 14 segments 16. Antennae much flattened, the flagcilar Fegmcnts deeper than *[~TRI.~DOPHILASkuse]. long, and generally articulated abor-e the middle ; outer spui bfouth-parts not elongate; antennae with 13 eegments on the four posterior tibiae pmsent but minllte; fine tibial *[PSEUDOPLITYWR~Skuse]. setae all in regular rows; .in much abblrriated 4. Prothorax large, not divided in the middle; hind tibias [PROCEROPL.ITGSgen. n.]f with only one imgdar comb; labella greatly elongate, Antennae cylindrical; each tibia with only n single spur; slender and rigid, but palpi reduced; R, ending in RI; An nearly reaching the hind margin . MOXOCENTROT.Igen. n. m-cu fusion extremely long; median fork almost sessile 17. Postnoturn bare; the minute setat? of the t~biaeall of cren size, [RHYNCHOPLATYWRAde Meij.]. evenly spaced and seldom arranged in definitely regular rows ; Prothorax small, divided in the middle; hind tibiae with outer spur of posterior tibiae mow thau half as long as the both inner and outer combs . . 5. inner; R, ending in the costa not far from the tip of H,, 5. Mouth-pmb elongate, at least aa long as the head; pstnotu111 - and pleurotargitee bare ; R, ending in the costa . . G. t Genotype Plotytm pnu Williston (West Indies). Mouth-parta not elongate . . . 7. 1 Including PIQtyum pz&pennis Williston from St. Vincent 6. bbella greatly elongate and fleshy. . ASLNDULUJILatr. (genotype), Ceroplatus pukhripennis White (Ceylon), Platyuro Lsbella small, but the labium itself elongate ANTLEMONHal. smfftwine~Bm. (India), and probably P. pphsca Skuse ( Anstralia). 524 Mr. F, W. Edwards a &dish Fungus-h. U'dh a revised Generic Classi&dIr)n of th Family. 525 the third costol division being lese thm W es long aa the genus for H. S&, or find some other character on which the genus may be defined, or else unite the genus with fourth ; An usually reeching the mrrrgin ISONEDROMYIABrun. Asindulurn. I propose to adopt the second course, and Postnoturn bristly; the minute set= of the tibias arranged define the genus on the structure of the labium. In all species of Asindulurn known to me the labella are very large in conspicuous longitudinal rows, with bare linoe between, dis- running the whole length of the tibiae, the =tee in mme and fleshy, longer than the rest of the proboscis, and rowa being larger than in others; outer spur of poeterior tinctly two-segmented; while in both H. servulrr and tenuipes the proboscis is formed mainly by the basal tibiae rarely mom than half as long as the inner; R, ending H. in the costa far from the tip of R,, the third costd division part of the labium, the labeUa being vcry small. H. tenuipcs is synonymous with Antlemon halidn,yi Italian speci- king more than half as long ss the fourth; An much LW., abbreviated PLATYURAMg. mens of which, named by Haliday, are inthe British Museum. . . Although the generic name Adlemon was not fully defined it was definitely published by Loew, and I therefore use it Genus ASINDULUBILatr. in place of Hdhdepiehorin. This genus includes a small number of European and A. servulnm (Walk.). A small blackish or dark brown North American species which have an elongate proboscis. species not uncommon in the New Forest, and occurring Two other genera of the subfamily also have this organ also in Cambridgeshire and Sussex and doubtless elsewhere ; elongate : the Oriental Rhynchoplatyura, which is very I have not myself met with it. distinct by the characters given in the key, and the European Antbfrton, discusssed below. The early stages are hardly Genus CEROPLATUSBosc. known; Winnertz records rearing A. javum from rotten wood. I am now inclined to accept Ronclani's restriction of this A. nigrum Lntr. A rather large shining black species, genus to the species in which R, ends in R,, as I find that with dark tips to the wings, known in Britain only from the this character is supported by another, the presence of a neighbourhood of Nildenhall and Lowestoft, Suffolk. patch of hairs on the pleurotergites; the two characters arc A. flavum Win. A small ochreous species with the wings correlated in both the species which I have examined. unmarked. In my prex4ous per I mentioned it under the C. testaceus Dalm. This has still not been found in name A. rostrot+rmZett., but P"now find that this determina- Britain outside the New Forest, where it was obtained by tion was incorrect; it is certainly Winnertz's 8. jnz.u)jl the late Dr. D. Sharp and Mr. F. C. ;Zdams. According to as supposed by Verrall, and is the same as the species SO some of Dr. Sharp's specimens in the British Museum the determined by Lundetrom. A. rostratztnt differs in its larvae spin a definite and fairly dense white silken cocoon; larger size. definitely striped thorns, shorter proboscis and this may perhaps be regarded as affording additional hypopyginm; I have seen no British examples, wllile support for the restriction of the genus. A. jnvum is common and widely distributed, the adults frequenting umbillifer flower$. Genus CEROTELIONRond. Genus ASTLEMONHal. All the fairly numerous species of this genus which 1 have esamined agree in having the pleurotergitcs bare. (HelEndipichoricc Becker.) C. lineatus (F.). This is apparently much more n-idely In disting~ishin~this genus from Asindnltow I forlnerly spread in Britain than has been supposed. Although the relied mainly on the vey long hst segment of the palpi adult fly is seldom met with, the larvae appear to be quite in H. seruula Walk., but since Lundstrom has now7 shown common; I have reared them on several occssions from that the genotype (H. tenuipes Becker) has very short and bark-growing fungi, especially Auriculnriu mcscnterica; reduced palpi, it becomes necessary either to erect a new they form no definite cocoon, the pupa being merely slung 526 Mr. F. W. Edwards ofi British Fuagzrs-b. With a rethed Generic Classi&atiota ojth Family. 527 up in a network of slimy threads, in striking contrast to the BL lundstromi ep. n. Dr. D. Sharp also definite cocoon of Ceropldw testmew. A rather smell species; length of body or wing about 3.8 mm. found the larvae feeding on the fungus causing dry-rot in Body all black; a small shoulder-spot, front cox=, au femom wood. Quite distinct from C. lineatu by and tibiae, and the halteres yellowish. Mesonotum ratber shining. C. humeralis (Zett.). Tibial spurs black. Wings with a slight and almost uniform brown- the black thorax as well as the structure of the hypopygium ish tinge. R, ending in the costa about its own length from the and claws. The only British example known to me is one tip of R,. Costa much produced, extending fully half-way from taken by Mr. H. Charbonnier at Olverston, Somerset, the tip of R, to that of M,. now in the collection of 3Ir. A. E. J. Carter. Medio-cubitd fusion about half as long aa the stem of the median fork. Bn faint at the tip, but trace- able to the wing-margin. Hypopygium, see Lundstrom, 1912b, Genus APEMONJoh. figs. 3 and 4. (Paraplatyura End.) " Nine nicks of Thirlwall," Northumberland, 17 vii. 1923, I $. (P.W.E.). The species has also been reported from This small genus includes only a few Korth American Finland by Lundstrom, who describes and figures a speci- species and one European, which is obviously closely related men under the name PEatyur~:brunnipennis Staeg.; this to the American fom, differing chiefly in colour. The was a misidentification, since I have found bp examination basal section of the media, though faint, is quite easily of Staeger's type that his species is S-ynonymous with traceable, and does not as might be supposed run to the P. smirufa Mg., as suggested by me in 1913. r-m fusion but to the middle of the vertical veinlet which looks like m-cu, In chaetotaxy and leg-characters the Genus I~ONEUROVYIABrun. species resemble Isone~rmnyia,especially the large species This genus was founded by Brunetti for t\\-o Indian of the typical group of that genus. species which in many respects resemble the European A. marginata (Jlg.). The largest species of the subfamily Most of the specimens I have seen are from P. sernirtlfa 3Ig. The distinction indicated bp Brunetti in Britain. was that all the veins are equally thick and conspicuous, the Xe\r Forest. but this cannot be maintained as a valid distinction from Pkctyura, and I have therefore elsewhere treated Zsoneu- Genus ~IOSOCESTROTAnov. romyia as synonymous with Plutyz~m. I would now, how- ever. restrict Platyura to the species with a more or less Three occlli. Antennae nearly cylindrical, 16-segmented. Palpi bristly. postnotum, and the name Zsoneuromyia will then short, but distinctly 3-segmented. Mouth-parts short. Pleuro- become available for those with bare postnotum and tcrgites hairy; postnotun] barn. Tibiae with the fine setae rather pleurotergites. These species nearly all have several other irreg~larlyarranged at the base, but in rather rndar lines for the apical two-thirds or more, all, llouerer, of about equal size. Vena- characters in common, as indicated in the diagnosis in the key above. although the great range in the structure of the tion as in Iso1,e~tro711yia,except that Sc is abbreviated and does not hypopygium shows that they are not all by any means reach the costa; An almost or quite reaching the margin. closely related; in fact they merely form the residue of the old concept of PEatyura after the exclusion of the well- Genotype, ill. lrr,idstronzi, sp. n. (North Europe). Per- marked groups Proceroplat.us, Il.lonocett/rota and PEatyur,c haps Platyura indistirzta Brun. (India) also belongs here, s.str. The genus Isone?lromyia as now defined includes all but 1 have no note as to the condition of the tibial spurs. those species in which An is prolonged to the hind margin, The total absence of the outer tibial spurs, together with and also a few others. More than half of the European hairy pleurotergites, seems sufficient reason for establishing species of the old Platyura belong here, and a similar or the new genus. greater proportion in other parts of the world. 528 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Britbh Fu~qw-Gnats. With a ravised Generic Chsif;ltivn of the Family. 820 The ten British species may be distinguiabed as follows :- I. oehrscea (Mg.) (dorsdb Staeg.). I am now quite con- vinced that P. nagriceps Wak. is the female of P. dorsalis l. An not reaching the hind margin . . 2. gtaeg. Prof. J. W. Carr has taken examples of both at the An prolonged to the hind margin . . 4. same time and place in Nottinghamshire. According to 2. An strong and nearly reaching the hind margin ; large species; Meigen's type P. ochrm~~is the Bame species, though the costa scarcely produced; male claspera with two terminal P. ochracea of Dziedzicki's Atlas is different. spines aa in Mnerocrra . . semi- Mg. An weak and not nearly reaching the hind margin ; small species ; costa mwh produced; male clasprs with one subterminal Genw PLATYURAMg. spine . . 3. 3. Abdominal tergites 2-4 more or less pale apically =&a Zett. 4s first described by Meigen in 1804 this genus included Abdominal tergites 2-4 pale besally . . perpuaillo Edw. only P. ?nargi?lda?uIg. and P. fasciata Ng., besides some 4. First segment of front tarsi fully as long as the tibiae; male species which have since been treated as Sciophilinae. antennae nearly twice as long as head and thorax together. Zetterstedt in 1851 chose P. fasciu as the type, though moerocera Edw. A. Costa later (1857) divided the genus on the character of First segment of front tarsi distinctly shorter than the tibiaa; R, and restricted Platyum to P. ma~ginala,suggesting the male antennae not longer than the thorax . . 5. name Orfelia (without indication of type) for those species 6. Wings with an obvious dark tip and a dark cloud on Cu,; Sc in wluch R, ends in the costs. Zetterstedt's selection has ending above base of Rs . . bi~imbrala Edw. been followed by Johannsen, and to avoid confusion I Wings clear or with faint apical costal spt . . 6. propose to do the same. P. fasciata is one of the rather large groups of species with small bristles on the postnoturn ; 6. Tip of Sc well before base of Rs; small species with thorax all yellow; small black bristles adjoining prothoracic spiracle 7. pleurotergites bare; the fine tibial setae arranged in very Tip of Sc abovc or beyond base of Rs; larger species; thorax conspicuous longitudinal rows running the whole length of the tibia; very short and placed far beyond the tip of dark or with dark stripes, at least in the male ; no spiracular R, R,: An much abbreviated. These characters taken to- bristles . . 9. gether seem to be sufficiently well-marked to distinguish 7. Tip of abdomen black (at least in 2) . . nigrica!tdaStrobl. the group generically from the rest of the old genus Abdomen all yellow . . 8. Plrrtytcrn. 8. R, nearly twice its length from tip of R, : lobes of ninth tergite Species of Pkrlytcrn in this restricted sense are fairly of J short . . dcsln Winn. numerous in most parts of the world, six being British. R, longer and about ita own length distant from tip of R,; lobs of ninth tergite of 0" long, brush-like beneath These are distinguishable as follows :- flo;u, blcq. 9. Costa waching half-way from tip of R, to that of M, driceps Edw. l. Outcr spur of posterior tibiae less than a quarter as long as the Costa rcaclling only a quarter of the nay from tip of R, to that inner; ptnotum with only a few bristles; An ~iearlyreach- ofM, . . ochrocea Mg. ing the margin . . ruficomis Zett. Outer spur of posterior tibiae from one-third to two-thirds as With three exceptions I have nothin5 further to add to long as the inner; pstnotal bristles mom numerous ; /in my remarks on these species published In 1913. not nearly resching the margin . . 2. I. perpusilla (Edtv.). Additional localities for this appnr- 2. First segment of front tarsus shorter than thc tibia . . 3. ently rare but probably overlooked species are : Pampis- First segment of front tarsus longer than the tihia; wings ford, Cambs. (Jenkinson), 1 $; Letchworth, Herts. (F.I.V.E.), generally with prcapical dark band . . 4. 1 d. 3. Thorax all black; whole wing-tip mow or less darkened I. atriceps (Edw.). A male of this species was taken by nemmalds Mg. Jenkinson at Farringford, I. o. W., 26 vi. 1921. Thorax mainly or all ochmus . With a revised Generic Classihtion of the Family. 531 might more properly be clasaed with the Sciarinae, but I 4. & +g abovs bePe of Rs; thorns of msle with three more or am convinced that it hss little connection with either of h confluent black stripes ; abdomen dyor aII black F. these subfamilies, the venational character which I have nipriemnh used for defining it being seemingly of more than generic & ending slightly before base of RE; thorax normally .U importance : R8 arises from RI practically at the base of ochreous (SO); abdomen with broad ochreous banda or even the wing, below the humeral crw-vein, while practically dl ochreous . , . . 5. at the point of origin there are fairly distinct traces of a 6. Inner edge of wing-fescia pmjecting between R, and M,+, Mg. vein (presumably R,,,) between R, and Rs. The early fasciala stages are unknoun. Inner edge of wing-fascia indented between Rg and M,+, discobria Mg. Subfamily Sciarinae. P. ruflcornb Zett. (pectinifera Edw.). Very distinct from The position of Sciura and related genera has been subject the other British species of the genus. In the much to much discussion, some writers placing them as a sub- reduced outer tibial spurs, the less conspicuous rows of family of Mycetophilidae, others treating them as forming a tibial setae, and the less bristly postnotum it seems to show separate family. The characters usually used for defining an approach to Monocentrota. Additional locality : Hogley, this family, however, were very indehite until Enderlein Oxford (Hamm). in 1911 called attention to the difference in the form of P. nemoralis Mg. I have reared this species from a pupa the eyes between Sciarinae and Mycetophilinae, and struck found in a slight cocoon beneath a piece of rotten wood on by the resemblance between the eyes of Sciarinae and the ground. It is fairly common everywhere. Lestrerniinae proposed to unite these groups into one family P. paliida Staeg. (aestivalis Winn.). This synonymy I Sciaridae on the bases of the eye structure. Kieffer has, have established by examination of Staeger's type. Addi- however, pointed out that from the point of view of the life- tional locality : Faningford, I. o. W. (Jenkinson). history this is a most unnatural grouping, the larvae of the P. nigricornls F. I have seen Fabricius' type in the Lestremiinae resembling those of other Cecidomyiidae and Copenhagen Museum and find it agrees with our material. those of Sciarinae resembling the Mycetophilidae. It may No fresh British specimens have been obtained recently. further be noticed that Sciarinae, like Mycetophilidae, P. fasdata Mg. I have twice reared this species from ahays possess well-developed tibial spurs, while the larvae found feeding on moulds under loose but wet bark Lestremiinae, like the Cecidomyiinae, have none. This, (poplar). The larvae were collected in early autumn and together with the fact that the larvae of Sciarinae agree remained half-grown through the winter, pupating the nith those of almost all other i\lycetophilidae in having following June, the adults emerging in July. lost the posterior spiracles, while in all Cecidomyiidae, in- P. discoloria Mg. (under Staeg.). Dacult to distin- cluding Lestremiinae, the full number of spiracles is pre- guish from the last except by the hypopygium; very served, clearly shows that the Sciarinae cannot be regarded variable in size and colour. Both species are fairly either as ancestral to or developed from the Lestremiinae, coII1IIlon. but that on the other hand they may very well represent an offshoot of the Mycetophilidae. Any other conclusion Subfamily Lygistorhininae nov. would imply a breach of the generally accepted law of the irreversibility of evolution. I therefore consider that the I would propose this new group for the reception of the shape of the eyes is not a character of fundamental import- single genus Lygistorhina (including Probolaeus and Palaeog- ance, and that as the Sciarinae present no other striking raoriste), which has a ~idedistribution in the tropics, species and constant points of difference kom the Nycetophlinae occurring in South America, West Indies, West Africa, or Sciophilinae they must be treat as a subfamily of Ceylon, Borneo and Australia. Johannsen has hitherto Mycetophilidae. The only alternative to 'S worild be to placed it in the Mycetophilinae, while suggesting that it 48 532 Mr. F. W. Edwarda ota British Pungsce-Clrale. to raise to separate family rank also the Ilitomyiinae, Bolito- MsErotrichia con6oed the tip of the wing (S&m th philinae, Diadocidiinae, Ceroplatime and perhaps some of and 8. LmqiunJria) or absent from the membrane . . 4. the other groups, which differ from the Mycetophilinae 4. Claws toothed ; beof cubid fork below or immediately beyond more than do the Sciarinne. This course has indeed been base of stem of median fork; cox= rather long suggested by Malloch, but the whole of these groups appear PHORODONTACoq. to form a very natural assemblage, and it seem better to Claws simple ; base of cubital fork before bwof stem of median keep them united. fork ; cox= shorter . . Sc?aru Mg. The Sciarinae seem in some respects to be nearest to the 5. Both eexes fully winged; anal angle of wings distinct Leiini, as defined below, especially to the Tetragoneura PLASTOSCLXRABerg. group of genera, and I have little doubt that these groups Female win@ reduced; anal angle of male wing distinct hsve had a common origin. Since, however, the more PEYERIUHOFFI.~ Kuff. primitive members of the Sciarinae, such as Trichosia, have Female without wings or halteres; anal angle of male wing retained the macrotrichia on the wing-membrane, they hardly distinguishable (compare also genus Pnyzia, p. 584). cannot have been derived directly from Tetragoneura or its EPIDAPCSHd. near relatives, which have all lost their macrotrichia. With very few exceptions the larvae of Sciarinae are saprophagous Genus ZYGONEURARlg. in habit, which is another point of contact with the Leiini, and may also be connected with some of their external A rather distinct genus by the irregular median fork and characteristics, such as small size and black colour. the form of the male antennae, but evidently quite closely Practically all Mycetophilidae which have any economic related to Sciara. There are two European species importance belong to this subfamily, the larvae of quite a Z. rciarina Mg. (fig. 186). Apparently uncommon in number of species being recorded as root pests. Unfortun- Britain; there is a specimen in the British Museum from ately most of these belong to the most obscure group of Radcliff-on-Trent, Notts. (F. M. Xobznson), and I have the genus Sciara, and are very diEcult to identify. I taken it at Letchworth and Baldock, Herts., and Shepreth, hsve. however. endeavoured to fmd names for as many as Cambs. The specimens from the last-mentioned locality pmible. were reared from larvae feeding in the fungus Azcricularia The genera of Sciarinae were reviewed by Endcrlein in ms&erica. 1911. Although I consider that many of the characters adopted by him for generic subdivision are altogether too Genus TRICHOSIAWinn. trivial, I do not propose in this paper to attempt a revised This is really nothing but a Sciara which has retained classification of the aubfamily, and therefore merely give a macrotrichia more or less all over the surface of the key to British genera, which may be distinguished as wing. Tn-o British species occur. l. Palpi well developed, with three distinct segments; eyes dis- T. hirtlpennis (Zett.) (splemkns Winn.). A large shining tinctly hairy; both sexes winged. . . 2. black species with smoky wings ; coxae yellow in the male. Palpi reduced, with ouly onc or two small rounded segments; dark in the female. Male hypopygium very similar to eyes nearly bare . . b. Sciara longiventris and S. trochnnterata, esp9cially in the 2. Branches of median forlr wide apart at thc base, approximated shape of the claspers and the inwardly-directed spines on beyond the middle; segments of male bgellum with very the inner side. It is widely distributed but not common. long pubescenoe and long necka . . ZYOONEUUQ. T. absurda Winn. Differs from shorter antennae; also the Branches of median fork parallel or evenly divergent . , 3. 3. The whole wing-membrane rather densely coved with macro- is a female in the British (Adam). trichia, es we11 BB all the reins . . T~~caosraWin. - 534 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fungua-M. WdA a reaised Qeraeric ClQssijEcdion of the Fanally. 5%

Genus ~-'HORODOXTA Coq. in this group, and by examination of the collections of Meigen, Staeger and Zetterstedt I have determined which This genus was founded by Rubsaamen (as Odatonyz) for species of Sciara with toothed claws. It is very doubt- of the older species are also to the placed here. It is there- I fore paible to determine the British species of this group ; ful if it should be maintained as distinct from Sciara. those I have found may be distinguished by the following have found teeth on the claws of one of our British species and therefore refer it here. Enderlein's genus Aniarella, key :- founded on a South American species, is almost certainly l. Tip of wing with fairly numerous macrotrichia on the rnern- the =me as Phorodonta, since although the claws are not bnrne . . 2. described, the venation is the same as in P. JEawipes. No macrotrichia on wing-membrane . . 3. This difiers from the other P. flavlpes (Mg.) (fig. 187). 2. Very large, etoutly-built species; palpi and haltems black; British species with setose media and cubitus in the largely abdominal membrane bright yellow in life. . thme L. or entirely ochreous thorax and the longer and more slender Moderately large, slender species; palpi and halteres yellow; legs. The coxae are longer than in other Sciurinue, render- abdominal membrane dark. . . langivenlria Zett. ing the distinction in this respect between Sciarinae and 3. Cubital fork sessile. . . 4. Mycetophilinae uncertain. The species is rather common Cubital fork with at least a short stalk . . 5. in woods. 4. Hypopygium moderate, black ; R, ending beyond base of median Genus SCIAR.~Mp. fork . . ircchunterda Zett. Hypopygiu- large, red ; R, ending just before heof median At the present time it is impossible to attempt a com- fork. . . . ruficauda Mg. plete review of the British species of this krge genus. 5. M,distinct at bese ; abdomen rather long and slender. . 6. This can only be done after the European species have been 41, faint or interrupted at base; abdomen short and stout; more f~dlystudied and the types of Winnertz and Grzegorzek brightly shining black. . . glabra Mg. re-examined. The genus is divided into two main groups, a Abdominal pubescence black piloso Staeg. ; stlbpilosa sp. n. ; according to the presence or absence of setae (macrotrichia) eubspinulosa sp. n. ; scdica sp. n. The hst group on the branches of the media and cubitus. Abdominal pubescence pale . , 7. contains only a few well-marked forms, the majority of the 7. R, ending beyond base of median fork . . itisp'da JYinn. smaller and more obscure species falling into the second or R, ending just before heof median fork aut~tnmnalisKinn. bare-veined group. I do not propose to follow Pettey in considering the second group as a distinct genus (Neosciara), S. thomae (L.). A common summer species in most as the division, though very useful, does not appear to districts, frequently found o~umbelliferflowers. Together represent a natural cleavage, each of the two groups con- witb S. longzventris it differs from all the other members taining diverse elements. of the genus in the distinctly hairy wing-tip, thus occupying Some of the species have a wide distribution, several an intermediate position between Scinra and Trichosin. being already known to be ronlmon to Europe and North The large swollen male claspers are similar to those of America. Probably some will be found to be more or less S. carbonaria, and these doubtless are a better indication cosmopolitan. In the notes below I have omitted a of relationship than the macrotrichia. number of species recorded by earlier authors, the identity S. 1ongivenMs Zett. (fig. 6). Kot common, but widely of which is uncertain. distributed. British Museum specimens are from Sutton Coldfield (BradLy) ; Leeds (Cbetham); Arden Hall, Group I. Cheshire, bred from rotten wood (BAten); Grange, N. Branches of medin and cubitus beariq macrdrichk. Lancs. (P.W.E.). Walker's S. caudaca is very likely this A useful preliminary note by Lengersdorf on Winnertz's species, but his type has lost the tips of its wings, and the collection of Sciara indicates those of his species which fall identity is therefore uncertain. TR.\NS. ENT. SOC. LOND. ~~~~.-PARTB111, IV. (FEB. '2.5) N N l 536 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fungzrs-Gnats. With a revised Generic Classijicatian of the Family. 537 S. trochanteratr, Zett. The structure of the clasper S. h-da Winn. According to Lengersdorf S. hispzda (fig. 7) is extremely similar to that of S. lonyiventris Zett., Winn. and S. h1inea.h Staeg. (of Winnertz's collection) showing that these two must be very closely related and are synonymous. I have, however, examined Staeger's the presence or absence of macrotricbia at the .tip of the type of S. Mineda and believe it to be the female of his wing a character of little importance. I have taken speci- S. scu6eUatcr, and not the species described by Winnertz. mens (agreeing well with Zetterstedt's type) at Letchworth The scutellurn is dark above, but the underaide and the and Knebworth, Herts., and at Brodick, Arran ; others are I base of the postnotum are reddish, as in the male scutellata, in the British 3Iuseum from the New Forest (Adam), while in Winnertz's species the thorax is entirely black. l and in the Cambridge Bluseum from Sethy Bridge i The latter, which seems fairly comnlon in Britain, may (Skrp). therefore be known as S. haspida Winn. Two forms S. ruticauda Jlg. A male of this very distinct species occur, one with all the coxae clear yellowish, the other is in the Cambridge Museum, taken by the late Dr. D. Sharp with the four posterior coxae blackish (in both sexes). in the New Forest, ix. 1904. 1 The hypopygium is constructed almost as in S. pilosa, S. pilosa Staeg. (elegans Winn.). This is a common the claspers being somewhat longer (fig. 8). species, especially in woods, but it seems very variable, I have reared this species (the form with black coxae) unless there can be a number of nearly allied species. The I on several occasions from old nests of thrushes and black- hypopygium of a specimen agreeing with Staeger's type is birds, a habitat where it has also been found by Mr. A. H. shorn in fig. 9. Such specimens normally have R, extend- [ Hamm. It is not exclusively a nest-breeder, however, ing well beyond the base of the median fo&, but some- as I have also obtained it from moss growing at the roots times this vein ends above or even slightly before the base of beech trees. of the fork. The length of the stem of the cubital fork S. glabra M,o. I have taken a few specimens of this is variable, and so is the colour of the halteres, which though very distinct species at Letchworth, and the British Museum usually black are sometimes yellow, such specimens not also possesses it from Suffolk (.llorley) and Lochinver, showing any obvious difference in hypopygial structure. Sutherland (Yerbuy). Male clasper, fig. 13. The clasper also varies slightly in shape and length, but not S. autumnalis IYinn. This is apparently common, as in conformity with the other characters just mentioned. I have taken it in several localities in Herts. and Beds. S. subpilosa sp. n. I suggest this name for a species which and also in Arran, and on Lake Windermere. All the is externally closely similar to S. pilosa, but differs in the specimens have the thorax blackish, the abdomen blackish- form of the hypopygiuin (fig. 10), which llas a fringe of brown. hIale clasper, fig. 14. hair at the base beneath, and longer and stouter claspers. Type in the British ~Iuseumfrom Grange, N. Lancs., Group 11. vii. 1923; other specimens from Holker lloss, N. Lancs. ; Ffrith, N. Wales,; and Stoke Gabriel, S. Devon (F.W.E.). Branches oj ,~,tediaand cubitus b. S. subspinuloss sp. n. Closely similar to S. pilosa, but All the very numerous small obscure species of the male claspers (fig. 11) longer and spinulose at the tip, the genus are included in this second group, but there are hypopygium being otherwise similar. also a fair number of forms vhich are R-ell distinguished Type in the British Rluseum from Sannox, Arran, 26 v. in one way or another. I give notes below on those few 1919; a second male from Brodick, Arran, 22-25 v. 1919 which I have been able to identify up to the present, (P.W.E.). with some probability of correct determination. In the S. scotica sp. n. Closely resembles S. pilosa, but differs first seven species mentioned R, ends beyond, above, conspicuously in the shape of the male claspers (fig. 12), or scarcely before the base of the median fork. which are large and much S\\-ollen towards the base. S. carbonaria Jfg. A shining black species which Type and one other male in the British RIuseum from might be confused with S. thmne, though the males at Brodick, Arran, 22-25 v. 1919 (P.IC7.E.). least are usually much smaller. It is very distinct on 538 Mr. F. W. Edwards m Mish Pu~6nats. Wdh a revised Generic Claseiwioa of the E'amily. 539 account of the long R,, which ends much beyond the base of the large, awollen, yellowish male clsspers (fig. 15). of the median fork, and the enormously awollen clsspers I have taken numerow examples at Letchworth and of the male. Abundant everywhere, especially in spring. Radwell, Herts., and have h seen apecimem from Roe S. bieelor Mg. (rufiventris Macp.). Not common, though Wood,Winkburn, Not& (Caw), and Auatwick (Ch&km). apparently widely distributed; some fresh records are S. lnalgnio %'inn. A male from Crag Wood, Yorks., New Forest (Adarns) ; Whernside and Bishopdale (Cheethm). 18 vi. 1920 (Chedham);another from Ivybridge, S. Devon, It is a large species, easily known from other British forms 18 v. 1893 ( Yerbury) ; and a female from Baldock, Herts., by the mainly red abdomen. There is a sexual difference vi. 1918 (P.W.E.) apparently agree with Winnertz's in the colour of the halteres, these being yellow in the male, description of this large and fairly distinct species. black in the female. S. hyalipennis (Mg.) Winn. A distinct species by the 8. snnulata (Mg.) Winn. Specimens which seem to mainly dull, somewhat striped thorax, the glassy wings, agree fairly well with Winnertz's description of this species and the venation, R, being unusually arcuate and the costa are in the British Museum from Harlesden, Mx. (Atcsten); produced less than half-way from R, to M,. A male New Forest (Ahms); Oxford (Harnm); Felden, Herts. and female in the British Museum were taken in cop. by (Piflard); Letchworth, Herts. and Wicken, Cambs. (B.W.E.) ; Mr. H. Britten at Fallowfield, Manchester, 26 ix. 1920, Shoeburpas (E. R. Spyer). The specimens from the and I have taken specimens at Cardington, Beds., and last-named locality were reared from larvae said to be Shelford, Cambs. Nale claspers, fig. 17. damaging cucumbers. S. inflate Winn. I am indebted to Herr Lengersdorf S. ~~UXUQWS Mg. This is evidently closely allied to for the determination of this species, which resembles the last, but the ground-colour of the thorax is greyer, S. hyalipennis, the venation being practically the same, making the dark stripes more conspicuous, the female but it is quite distinct not only by the more shining wings are lighter, and there is a slight difference in the and quite unstriped thorax but aho by the structure of hypopygium. The fipecimens in the British Museum the male claspers (fig. 18), which have a peculiar excavation are from the New Forest (Adam);, . Newmarket (Verrall) ; on one side towards the tip. I took a number of males Knebworth (F.W.E.). at Knebworth, Herts., 7-9 ix. 1933, hovering in a small S. confinis W~M. If Verrall and I have identified this swarm in the late afternoon sun. a most unusual habit species correctly it is allied to the last two but much for a member of this family, which I have not observed blacker, and therefore the thorax is not distinctly striped; in any other. I have also taken it at Shefford, Beds., the hypopygium has a pair of longish bristles close together and \Vein-yn, Herts. at the base beneath, and chspers as shown in fig. 16. I S. quinquelmeh Xacq. A comnlon species, readil? have taken it abundantly at Knebworth, Herts., in woods known by the venation (base of Rs far beyond middle of at the beginning of Xay. Two or three of the numerous R,, etc.) and the brightly shining black thorax with con- specimens examined showed more or less distinct traces spicuolis lines of grey hair. As in the last two the costa of the vein R, in one or both wings, placed much as in extends only about half-=ay from the tip of Rs to that of Winnertz's genus Cmtyna. As this genus is only known M,. from very few esamyles, it seems possible that it may have S. pectoralis Staeg. (tritici Coq.). This is quite distinct been described from similar abnormal specimens of other by the colour of the pleurae, which are yellowish in the species of Sciara. middle, the lower part of the sternopleura being dark S. semialsta Edw. Since I described this species brown; the mesonotum is more or less reddish-brown, (1913 b) I have seen no further material. It is exceptionally especially in the middle. It has been reported from several interesting on account of the reninrkable sexual dimorphism places as causing great damage to the roots of seedlings in the wings, those of the male being reduced in size and in greenhouses (see Edwards and Williams, 1916). I venation. took a specimen in the orchid house of the botanic gardens S. flavleauda Zett. Quite a distinct species on nccount at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 13 ix. 1923. The species €40 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Feryus-Gnats. With a revbed Generic CZrrs.vificrtlion of the Famdy. 541 desoribed bp Winnertz as S. pectoralis is apparently different, does not appear to be described in Winnertz's monograph, as he rnentlons that the breast is yellow. unless it can be the one he calls pec(ma1is Staeg. It is S. albfnervis Winn. A small black species with whitish rather distinct by the reddish-brown meaonotum and wings, the costa and radius, however, being conspicuously entirely yellowish pleurae, contrasting with the blackish black. I found it abundant at Llandwrog, Carnarvon, head. In fresh specimens the abdomen is dark brown 9 vii. 1914. except for the genitalia, and in the female the last few S. (?) nitidicollls Mg. (pnuciaeta Felt.). If this is correctly segments. Palpi clear yellow ; halteres with black knob ; identified it*is an abundant species and breeds in a variety legs yellow. Branches of Jl and Cu bare; R, much of situations, sometimes causing damage or perhaps accen- shorter than R, and ending far before the base of the median tuating damage caused by other pests. The British fork; costa reaching about three-fourths of the distance Museum contalns specimens reared from fungi (Poly.stictlts from Rs to NI; tip of Rs far before tip of M,. Claspers cersiwlor, three separate lots) ; from roots of rhubarb ; subglobular. So far as I can see Walker's types of S. from potatoes attacked by scab; and from narcissus bulbs pllida and S. compressa are identical. I have taken attacked by Eumgus striptus. The hypopygium is specimens at Letchworth and Baldock, Herts. identical in all these, and constructed as in the American S. tilicola LW. There are specimens of both sexes of S. pu&da Felt. Specimens structurally identical, but this species in the British Xuseum reared from lime galls with yellow halteres instead of black, have been received at Acton by the late C. 0. \Vaterhouse. from Mr. E. R. Speyer, who stated that they caused serious S. longispina Pettey (sp. No. 2i, Johannsen). I took damage to mushrooms at Leigh nurseries, IYimborne, two males agreeing exactly with Johannsen's description Dorset. and figures at Corriegills, Arran, 2-4 vi. 1919. The sub- S. agraria Felt. This species was submitted to me for globular claspers with one very long and stout subapical identification in 13-21 by Mr. C. B. Symes, of the Imperial spine are remarkable, and there can be no doubt of the College of Science, who stated that it caused great damage specific identity with the Xorth American form. The to mushroom beds. At the time I provision:~lIynamed it species does not appear to be described in \\Tinnertz's S. praecox Mg., but it appears to be the same as the monograph. American species which Felt has described as damaging S. tricuspidata \\-inn. (fig. 189). I took two males mushrooms. Doubtless some earlier European name will which agree with \Vinnertz3s description on a fallen log be found to apply to it. Mr. Svues has given an account covered with S:eretlm and other fungi at Bell Heath, of it under the nalne S. praecorr. Birmingham, 13 is. 1921. It is a very minute species S. praecox Mg. (mczlenta IVinn. ; occ~rltcaWinn.). Prob- with rather a distinct venation. The palpi are extremely ably abundant. Some specimens apparently of this species short, with small round segments, approaching the genus received from 31r. E. R. Spe!-er from Cheshunt were said Plasto.sciara, though as they have three distinct segments to have been causing damage to cucumber plants in pots: the species must presumably remain in Sciara. these differ from S. ngraria In having no ventral patch of hairs on the male hypopygium. S. ( P) varians Joh. Lsrge numbers of a small Sciczra Genus PL~STOSCIARABerg. were reared from potatoes at Kirton, Lincs., by Mr. H. W. This small genus includes four described species, all of Miles in December 192-1. These agree alrnost entirely which have been found in Britain. Probably a few other with Johannsen's S. varians, except for a slight and European species described as members of the genus perhrlps negligible difference in the claspers. The hypo- ~kiarawill eventually be found to belong here, and some pygium is practically the same as in S. praecox as of the older names may possibly be found to apply to some determined nbove, but the ll~ltercsare yellow instead of of our species. black. The genus is chiefly distinguished from Sciara by the S. palllda Walk. (mpressar \Valk.). This small species reduced maxillary palpi, R-hich consist of two very short 542 Mr. F. W. Edwards on BdGA Pungw-G&. Wiih a r&ed Generic Clussz~ionof the Fanzz7y. 543 segments, and also by the alrnoat bare eyes. Both aexea four-fifths of the distance between the tips of R, and M,. are fully winged, whereas in the other European Sciarine Reared by W. R. Thompson from rotten wood ; gregarious. genera with reduced palpi the wings of the female are P. psrntciosa Edw. (1922) (fig. 190). This appears to vestigial or absent. None of the species possess setae be a common greenhouse pest; first noted from Worthing on the media or cubitus. in 1922, it has since been found at Hoddesdon and elsewhere. Two slightly different types of structure are represented It resembles P. keilini, but is smaller; wing-length, 1.2- within the genus : in P. picliamhis Kieff. and P. pernitida 1.5 mm.; scutellum nith only two distinct marginal Edw., R, ends almost opposite the base of the median bristles; male clasper tapering and over twice as long as fork, and the female abdomen is very long and tapering, broad. Costa almost as long as in P. keilini. Larvae with several of the tergites longitudinally divided into two ; destructive to cucumbers, feeding in the roots and stems. while in the other two species R, ends well before the base of the median fork, and the female abdomen is less elongate, Genus PEYERIMHOFFIAKieff. with at least the htfive tergites undivided. These two A very little-known genus, based chiefly on the reduced species are aho of smaller size. palpi and female wings ; it may possib1.v be found identical P. pietiventrb (Kieff.). I have taken females which with Winnertz's Bradysia. So far as I know only a very are probably this species in an oak wood at Knebworth few specimens, all of the female sex, have been obtained and both sexes on a fence at Radwell, Herts. The thorax in Britain which seem referable to this genus. is blackish, not light brown as stated by Zeffer, but he P. (?) brevipennis (Walk.). Walker's type of Sciara probably described from immature specimens. The ab- brevipennis has as far as I can see without mounting only dominal markings which he described are due to the dark one or two minute segments in the palpi. The wings, which chitinised areas appearing conspicuous on the yellowish are not quite as long as the thorax, and have a fairly membrane; ter 'tes 2-5 in the female are all divided well-preserved venation, agree rather closely with IVinnertz's longitudinally, tf e two halves of tergite 2 being larger fi,o;ure of Bradysia heydeui, which may perhaps be the same than those of the following segments. The mesonotum species. is only moderately shining, the median hair-stripe indicated P. brachyptera Kieff. Mr. Donisthorpc has recorded only by a few very minute hairs in a single row. The (1913) a female taken under a stone with ants on Lundy male clasper has about six strong spines, much as in Island. The specimen was unfortunately lost by the writer Johannsen's fig. 119. Reared by Kieffer from rotten oak before being compared nith I\Talker's P. brez.~pe?,nis, mood. but it appeared larger and with shorter wings. According P. pernitida Edw. (1915 a). I still only know this species .to Kieffer's description the female wings show only a single from the original series from Stanmore Common, 3liddleseu. vein; the male has fully developed wings with normal It differs from P. pictiuentris in the brightly shining thorax ; Skra venation. the median hair-stripe of the mesonotum is distinct and composed of a double or triple row of hairs; and in the female abdomen tergites 1-3 are entire, and the halves Genus EPIDAPUSHal. of tergites 4 and 5 broader than in P. picti.rentris. The This genus was founded by Halidav for a ~nlallfemale male clasper has no definite spines. Reared by Hlair from Sciarid without nings or halteres. Gince Haliday's time rotten wood; gregarious. ~ossibf? the same as Scinra a number of such species have come to light, belonging Eignicola IVinn. to two or three distinct genera, and the identification of P. keilini Edw. (1915 b). This also is known only from the original Epdupus therefore becomes a matter of some the original series, which was from Barton Mills, near uncertainty. According to the figures in IVallier's " Insecta Mildenhall. Wing-length, 1.6-2.5 mm. ; scutcllum nith Britannica," E. cenalicus has round eyes ~ithouta dorsal several marginal bristles ; male clasper truncate at tip and bridge, and minute one-segmented palpi. If this figure less than twice long w broad. Costs extending about were accurate we might assume identity of E. renuticus 544 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fuw-Onats. Wilh a reuked Gelsezic Clos&mion of Ib Family. 545 with Pnyxia, although in Walker's figures the antennae shape of the head (reminding one of the Brachycera and and leg are much longer than in P. scrrbiei. But it is Cyclonhapha) and the absence of prothoracic bristles. quite lrkely that the artist overlooked the dorsal bridge In spite of great differences between them I believe they of the eyes, which in some of these small forms is difficult to are more or less related, and propose to include them in a see, especially in'side view. If this be assumed there is new subfamily. The early stages are unknown. no reason for disputin Schmitz's (1918) identification of Alhctoneura has the thorax and abdomen clothed with Epdapua with his Bhleosciara and with Winnertz's scales; tibiae with strong bristles; fine tibial setae and Coynoptera. microtrichia of wings irregular; SC long, ending in costa ; The genus is fairly well distinguished in the male sex, Rs angled, a long spur reaching back from the angle; differing from Pnyxia in the venation and eye-structure, r-n with a right-angled bend; M complete. About three and from Phstosciam and (probably) PeyerimhoBa in species, Seychelles to Queensland. (Synonym, ScotteZZcc the shape of the wings, narrow at the base with only the End.) faintest au$gestion of an anal angle. Kieffer's genus Manotu has no scales; tibiae with weak bristles; fine MycosciQra IS possibly identical. tibial setae and microtrichia of wings in fairly regular E. atomarias (Deg.) (according to Schniitz = E. cenatirus lines ; Sc short ; Rs without spur; r-m long and nearly Hal. = C. pumila Winn.). I took a male which seems horizontal ; n1 incomplete, represented by two free branches to be this species at Gidleigh, S. Devon, and two others on the margin. About five or six species, S. America, at Dart Head, vii. 1920. Walker's Sciura graczlis is West Indies, S. Europe, Seychelles, Ceylon, New Zealand. identical. A female in the British Museum found under (Synonym, Aphanizophleps End.) a stone at Lawrence Weston, Glos., 17 iv. 1924 (J. V. Paarman) may possibly belong to this species, but it is certainly different from Schmitz's Pholeosciarn nelina, Subfamily Sciophilinae. which he regards as the female of E. atomarius, since the This subfamily was formerly distinguished from JIyceto- antennae are much lwdistinctly verticillate and apparently philinae by the presence of a short vein R, forming a small devoid of the hyaline appendages at the tips of the segments ; closed radial cell, but already in 1913 I pointed out that the specimen, however, agrees fairly well with IYalker's this was an unsatisfactory distinction, and mentioned figure, apart from the bridged eyes. BIr. H. Donisthorpe several instances of abnormal individuals of Sciophilinae has recorded a female taken m~ithFormica fwsca at Box in which this vein was lacking. Subsequent experience Hill, as Peyerimhojia subtewanea; this was due to a mis- has entirely codrmed the view that the presence or absence taken identification on my part, thespecimen being probably of R, is an unimportant character, as a number of frc~sh an Epzdapus.' instances of its occasional lack have been noted. The E. gracilis (Winn.). I have occasionally found males variation has now been observed in the follov-ing species :- of this species on windows at Letchworth, and have also Mycomyia sp. n. (An African specimen in the British reared one from the fungus Hyphoh ~~eluti~ucrnfrom Museum.) Tewin, Herts. It differs from the above in the structure Diomo?t.uspulcher Joh. of the antennae, the flagellar segments being longer (over Polylepta undulatu \Yinn. three times as long as broad) and with shorter necks (only P. leptogaster Winn. a quarter as long as the segment itself), also in venation. Mdana elqantttln Joh. The name is preoccupied by Walker's S. gmcilis. Sciophila ltitea Nncq. S. hirtu Mg. S. nigrocla7,ata Strobl. Subfamily Bhnotinae nov. Emplia t-itripennis Blg. Frequent occurrence. The two genera Allactoneurn and Manota differ in common Tdmgoneura sylzlatica Curt. from all Sciophilinae and Mycetophilinae in the peculiar In addition to these accidental cases thrre are several 5.16 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Bsitish Puw~-Gnats. Wdh a revised Q~icChsiJicalion of the Fan~ily. 547 pairs of genera which are quite obviously closely related, smnged. Empodia present. Poetnotum bare. Wings without but have hitherto been placed in different subfamilies macrotrichia on the membrane. Sc always long. R, several times on account of the lack of R, in one of them. Such are oe long as r-m, which is more or less oblique or vertical. Median Monoclona and Acnemia ; Polyleph and Anaclinia ; fork always much longer than its stem. Humeral cross-vein short Empaliu and Proboletina ; Sciophih and nlqalopelma ; and nearly vertical. Seventh abdominal segment usually small Diomonus and Leptmorphzis; Tetragone~raand Pnra- and retracted, invisible externally. stemmu. In view of these facts it appears necessary to D. LE~I.Ocelli three, the laterals sometimes close to the disregard the vein R, entirely even for purposes of generic eye-margins. Fine tibial setac irregularly arranged. Empodia differentiation, and to base the definition of the subfamilies present. Postnotum bare. Wings without macrotrichia on the Sciophilinae and Mycetophilinae, if both are retained, membrane. Sc long or short. R, short, usually little if any longer on other features of their organisation. The best character than r-m which is long and ncsarly horizontal; in Rondaniella H, for this purpose seems to be one pointed out by Johannsen : is rather long, but the median fork is hardly longer than its stem. the arrangement of the microtrichia on the m-ing-membrane. Seventh abdominal segment small and retracted. In all the members of the old subfamily Sciophilinae, as well as in Johannsen's first section of Mycetophilinae, Tribe Jlycomyiini. the microtrichia are irregularly arranged, showing no trace This tribe includes only the genera Mycomyia and Weoem- of a linear disposition. I propose to unite these two groups phmia. The latter was treated by Johannsen in 1908 as on the basis of this character, and if we add some other merely a subgenus of Jlycomyia, but has since been restored features which are common to most of the genera the sub- by him to full generic rank, perhaps ~5thgood reason. family ISciophlinae may be defined thus :- The differences between t.he t~oare as follo~~s:- Ocelli generally remote from the eye-margins. Sc nearly always Costa ending rather abruptly at the tip of R,, which usually long. Fine tibial setae irregularly arranged (except in Jfycomyia reaches the extreme tip of the wing; wings without conspicu- and Xeoemph~ria). Wing-membrane frequently with macmtrichia; ous markings; no fold between R, and M,,,; eyes slightly thc microtrichia never arranged in definitr lines. Larvae frrding emarginate above antennae. . . ?~ITCOMYIXRond. externally on the spores of fungi; sometimes undcr bark or on Costa usually continued at lrast a short distance beyond the tip lirenvorts; usually spinning a slimy web or tube of ~nucilage. of p,, which does not quite reach the n-ing-tip; wings usually The subfamily may be divided into four tribes, 11-hich with conspicuous markings; usually a more or less distinct, H,,,; in spite of a few intergrcding forms are fairly readily oftrn vein-like fold between R, and eyes not or scarcely distin,pishable : eniarginate. . . SEOEMPHERIA0.-S.

A. ?~IYTOYYIISI.Occlli two. placed close togetller. Fine tibial B0t.h genera are well represented in species almost sctae arranged in regular longitudinal roas. Empodia absent. throughout the world. Kings without macrotrichia on membrane. fi reaching at least to base of Rs. R, long, several times as long m r-m. which is oblique. Genus MYCOMYIIRond. B. SCIOPHILIXI. Ocelli tllrre. Fine tibial setae irregularly A rather large genus, of which I have now been able to arranged. Empodia nearly always present. Postnotum generally recognise 21 British species. These may be classed in with hairs or bristles at the tip. Wings with macrotrichia on thc two groups, according to the presence or absence of a spur membrane, often covering the wing (microtrichia may be absent). on the middle coxae of the male. This spur when present Sc nearly always long. R, se,veral times aa long aa r-m, which is projects forwards between the front cosae, and is usually oblique. Humeral cross-\vein generally long and oblique. Seventh long enough to reach almost to the mouth; the coxae abdominal segment usually large and visible externally. of the female are in all cases simple. Most of the species C. GNORISTINI.- - OCelli three. Fine tibial setm irmgularly are distinguishable by characters of colour, venation or With a revised Gerwric C1laseificdio?a of the Pamily. M8 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fungus-Gnats. 549 11. Thorax all yellow ; coxal spur long . . &vieoUie Zett. chaetotaxy, but in a few cases the only obvious differences Thorax with mom or less confluent dark strip; cod spur are in the male hypopygium. The adults rest with their short . . . incisarda Ze.tt. wings divaricate, somewhat as in the genus Macrocera. 12. Sc ending in the costa (Sc, present) . . 13. The larvae of those spccies which I have reared are rather Sc ending in R, (Sc, absent); base of cubital fork well shorter and stouter than those of the Sciophili,ni; they beyond base of stem of median 18. spin slimy webs on the under surfaces of bark-growing . 13. Abdominal tergites with baaal yellow bands . . 14. fungi or under bark. No definite cocoon is formed, the Abdominal tergites with the apical margins pale, or abdo- short, stout pupa being merely slung up by a few threads ; men all dark . . 15. for some obscure reason its removal from these thrcads is 14. Base of cubital fork below or just beyond base of stem of usually fatal. median fork; stem of median fork almost t~elong ee the The following is an attempt at a tabular arrangement upper branch . . cirGumdrrla Staeg. of the British species :- Base of cubital fork distinctly before base of stem of median; stem of median fork barely half ee long as the upper l. Male with mid-coxal spur; abdominal tergites in both sexes branch . wmmiowdii Dz. more or less distinctly palc on the posterior margins . 2. . 15. Postnotum with a few bristles; mesonotum dull greyisb; &Talc without mid-cosal spur . . 12. front cone of male with a dense brush-like patch of fine set- 2. Sc cnding distinctly in the costa, or at, least some trace of at the tip towards the inner side . ornata Mg. Sc, normally present . . 3. . Postnotum bare; mesonotum somewhat shining black; front Sc curving into R, usually without any trace of Sc,; base of coxae of male without brush 16. cubital fork blow or im~ncdiately beyond base of stcm . . 16. Abdominal tergites pale apically . 17. of median fork ; scutellum with four bristles . . 11. . Abdomen all black . mehnocerrrs Edw. 3. Base of cubital fork blow or before base of stem of ineclian 17. Scutellum and pleurae black fork; postnotuni bare . . 4. . . digitifem sp. n. Scutellum yellow, pleurae largely so Rave of cubital fork well beyond bnve of stem of median fork; . pano, Dz. 18. Abdominal tergites palc basally fimbriala Mg. postnotum with 1-3 bristles at the tip; scutellum with . . Abdominal tergites pale apically, or all dark 19. two bristles, or with the outer pair smaller than the inner 10. . 19. Thorax all black (normally) nuLura Walk. 4. Pcutcllum with four bristles . . .). . Thorax largely yellow, in often entirely so . . 20. Scutellum with two bristles . . 0. 20. Brushes of male liy~wpygium rather dense, the hairs all G. A dark cloud over the small cell ; apex of wing also some- simple . /lam Stan. what darkened. marginn(a AIg. . . . Brushes of male hypopygium less dense, the apicd hairs The small ccll quite clcar . . 6. flattened and twisted . . Irilineda Zett. 6. Small species ; thorax of male all blackish and nnusually bristly . . . . e.xigua Winn. M. marginata (Jlg.) (punctata big.) (fig. 192). A common Large species; ground-colour of thorax ochreous . . 7. species, distinguishable from all the other members of the 7. Hind coxae practically clear ochreous . . u.inttrrlzi Dz. genus in Britnln by the dark spot over the small cell. The Hind coxae with a fairly distinct dark spot on the outer larvae mill apparently feed on any bark-growing fungus; side . . 8. I have obtained them on Pork z-aporaria, Polyslictus S. Sc distinctly reaching costa . uaakou.ic:ii Dz. ~ersicolor, Plilebia merisn~oides, Aurict~laria mesenterica, Sc often not quite !.caching costa . hyalinata Q. and Stereurn hirsuttrn~. 0. Sc ending in the costa . . . ciaerascens Zett. M. exigua (\\-inn.). Some British records are : Lochinver Sc ending in R,, usually with a spur of Sc, present. Iricdlda Zett. and Loch iisspnt, Sutherland ( Yerbury) ; Arrau (F.11.'. E.) ; 10. Male hypopygium with two or thlw very long lateral Knebworth, Herts. (F.W.E.). bristles . . Ienuis Walk. M. winnertzi (Dz.). Common and widely distributed, Male hypopygium without such bristles . . tluplicda non1.n. have only two seutshr bristles. British looabtiea are: Brwkenhurst (CO&*) ; Sherwood Forest (F.W.E.) ; ~hpi- le-dale, Cheehira (&iaccn). but not very easily separable from the two following (-1. A very distinct species by the except on hypopygial characters. combination of charactem mentioned in the key, though . wnkwiii (D.). This is the Largest British sppcies it might easily be mnhLMd with M. trilinw Zett. &p*- of the genus and is fairly common and widely distributed. ently rare in %bin : I have only aeen it &m Bonchurch, I have reared specimens from larvae feeding on a whitinh I. o. W. ( Venall) and Bddook, Herts. (F.I.E.). M-i~cb".b (Zett.) ( annub Q.). B&ly 8eeprated fungus encrusting the bark ofin a fallenthis speciesbranch. the extreme M. hyalinata (Bg.) Dz. in the male .sex by the short coxal spur, mmbind ~th tip of Sc, is usually lacking, and such specimens can be the abbreviated Sc. In most districte it is the monest separated fairly readily from the allid Bl. winndzi and species of the genus, iM. wanliowiczii, but the condition is not constant, and M. auaU-1. (SW.) (~WWU~W~M.). A very the only reliable criterion is in the male hypopygium. I distinct species on acmmt of the basally &uated yellow have seen it from the following British locauies : Brodick, bands on the abdominal segments, only two other British Arran ; Holker Moss, Lancs. ; Sherwood Forest (F.TV. E.); species being thus coloured, both of which difier in \venation. : Austwick, York. (Chedbm); Tunbridge ?Vellr (Xurse) ; TWOstrikingly different varieties of the female occur Leigh Woods, Bristol (Adcent). in one the mesonoturn haa three blackish stripes, the N. oinaucenr (Zett.). This appears to differ constantly middle one divided by a mowpale line, on a yellowish from the last five in having only two stmng bristles on ground; while in the other the colours are reversed, the the scutellurn instead of four. It is common all over the black markings being replaced by yellowish, on the yellowish count. I have reared it from larvae feeding on Stereur ground-colour, at least on the posterior half, by black. Both fomnn found together dth normal males, and there SP- Dziedzicki's M. triv~ttatn (Zett.) (margin& Dz.). wn be little doubt they all belong to the one species. name being preoccupied, Lundstrom has proposed to replace Addtional British localities for this specia. are : Brodick, it by I.tririttab Zett., nhich may be the same spcies. Arran ; Ilryre and Sherwood Forests (F.W.E.). It is closely allied to Al. einemsce~za,but smaUer, Scl more 1 wrzesniowksi (Dr). This speci~s,if I have identified or less incomplete or absent, and with a slight difference it mrrectIy,* resembles M. eircurndata (black-striped form) in the male hypopygium. The only British rpecimens I in coloration, but diffem in venation, the cuhitnl fork I have seen are three moles from Aviemore (J. J. F. K. being longer, its base distinctly before the base of the stem KPig). In these the hypopygium does not quite agree of the median fork ; the median fork much longer; and R, with Dziedzicki's figure, but I believe they must be cor- ending distinctly above the wing tip and meetiog the costa rectly named. at a more acute angle than in M. ci~mmdatuand most H. tsnuir (Walk.) (npiealis Winn. ; rdaskowskii Dz.). -4 other speciss of the genus. It is with some hesitation common and widely distributed specia. h in the last that I introduce this as a British apecies, a. I have seen two, the scutellum usually has only two bristles, but only two examples, both females: one from the New occasionally an outer pair is also present, though smaller Foreat, vii. 1905 (Marp) and one from Glen Sannox, Arran than the inner pair. The presence of postnatal bristlca vi. 1919 (F.1V.E.l and the position of the cubital fork seem to be constant, The latter speoimen was reared from a larva found on hm and \rill suffice to distinguish the species all those I am indebted (o Dr. D. Keilin for translating Ihiedzickii mentioned above, apart from the very characteristic description,.which 8gn3S in .U aaaotW particulars with our spoi- by yopygium. wens, espclally as regards the markings of the thorar and abdomen M. duplida nom. n. (Iriritlaln Dz.). Dziedzicldla name and the venation, though he does not mention the somewhat short- beiq a new one is necessary, since Lundstrom ened vein R,. TRMS. ENT: SOC. LOXD. PARTS 111, IV. (REB. '25.) 0 0 has identified I.trititta Zett. with M. marginah Dz. The species appears to be indisting&hable by external characten from M. teuuis; all those I have examined With a reriscnl Gem& Clasa&&m of the Family.

Zett.). In many respects similar to the last two, but a fallen birch branch covered with Poria: its habits were in all the specimens I have seen the abdomen is entirely similar to those of the other species of the genus, but it black. Lundstrom's figure of the hyppygium (1909) was remarkable for its colour, nhich was a beautiful is rather poor, but quite recognisable. British localities : vermilion instead of the usual dirty white. Blakgowrie and Aberfoyle, Perth (Cartn); Logic, Elpin This species differs m. ornata (31g.) (tumid1 Vinn.). (Jenkinson). from all others of the genur known to me in baying a rather M. flmbrjata (Mg.) (a.&nis Dz. na Staeg.). This change dense brush of fine black setae on the front cosae of the has been necessitated by the identification of the types. male ; it also differs from all except N. tenzris and .U. The specics is widely distributed but not common. daplicata in the presence of a few small dark bristle on r maura (Walk.). This is possibly only a black variety the postnoturn. hleigen's type shows the postnatal of Y.ja,r, but the colour difference is so striking that the bristles and the identification 1s therefore probably correct. two may be kept separate, especially as they are not found The male hypopggiom shorvs a certain amount of variation in the same places. I have found the newly-emerged (one rather distinct variety is shown ill figs. 19-20), but adults of this species in great numbers at Knebworth, most of those 1 hare examined agree more or less clorely Herts., in April, when hardly any fungi were to be found with Duedzicki's figures if 9.tamida. As usual in this in the woods, and I therefore suspect that the larvae may

bgenus the structure is very complex and looks rery diffrrelft live under rotting leaves. in slightly dilferent positions of the mount. For thls M. flava (~tanl). In its hypopygium this is extremely reason I th~nkit possible that Dziedzicki has merely figured closely allied to M. mura and M. penicilhta Dz., the as M. or,infaan abnormal or damaged specimen of the same hairs of the brush being all simple, but it seem well dis- species \rh~chhe has shonn in n difrrmt position as -11. tinguished by the almost uniformly yellow colour of the i14&da. The spccics is widely distributed and fairly female; the male has more or less distinct, eometimes common with us. fused, blackish stripes on the mesonoturn, and narrow dark 1 hare reared from hrrae fe~dil~gon a filllglls bands on the abdominal incisures. The species was ((.orliciz,aj sp. ?) encrusting a fullelr branch. abundant in Sherivood Forest in September 1932. M. ttilineata (Zett.). Similar to the last in coloration, M. digitifera sp. n. and also in the structure of the hypopygium, but certainly lP11gtl1 of body. 4.3 mm.; \\ill& 1.3 mm. distinct by the structure of the projecting brushes, which Haac/ black. antrllllar pale at the base; palpi blacliidl. Thorax have thick flattened and tent hairs towards the tips. It is practicallx all black, nlesonotuxll considerably shiniag. Postuotum common in many places in the south of England. bare. &;cutellurn with four briatlrs. .4bcio?tle,a black, the postrrlor il~arginrof the tprgites bdlyyrllorisl~, also the wntcr. Iiyp- Genus NEOEMPHERIA0.-S. pygiurn (figs. 21-22) of the sanllr try 33 Jl.uraaio. but quire -- . dlfferent in detsll, especially in ~rgardto tlir clongate a~~y~ldages This genus seems to be better developed in the tropics of the bide-pieced. Legs ocll~rous. .%U cositc sln~ple. (Front than in temperate regions; only two species have been fernora, tibiae and tarsi miss~llg.) Il.i,rgs hyalinr. Sc complete. found in Britain. Enderlein's genera Nnrrooornpa and Base of cubital fork just bcfore basc of stcm of median fork. P1eor~a:oneurodo not seem to me to be well distinguished from Neoe)npheria. Type in the British 3lurculll from Bnglcy, Oxford, 3 N. pictipeibis (Hal.) (fig. 191). A rather small but 27 V. 16 (A. H. fia~nnz). beautifully marked species with two dark bands across . p D.). Similar in structure and col0111 to the the wing, and yellow bands on the black abdomen: one last, but thomx largely yello\~and wit,h rery different on the first segment in both sexes, and in the male usually hypopydum. 1 have seen one British esaluyle, frorn a second band on the fourth segment. Costa produced Stockenchurch, Oson. (Collijt). \\-ell beyond the tip of R, ; subradial fold very distinct; M. melanoceros Edw. (1925) (tligricmnis Lundstr. nec small cell barely twice as long as broad. New Forest; df, faint or obviously defective at h;R, rather wavy; Burnham Beeches ; Sherwood Forest ; Crowborougll, Sc, before middle of Sc, mmetimes hint or abaent; Susex ; Lelant, Cornwall ; Llangammarch Jl'ells, Breck- wings unmarked . . . . . 7. nock ; Logie, Elgn. 5. LSC, well beyond middle of Sc . . 6. I. iieeola (Mg.) a large ochreous species belonging to Sc, before middle of 8c . . . . ALL~COTOCEU Mik. quite a different group of the genus from the last. Costa 6. R, straight; costa not produced beyond tip of R,; wings hardy produced beyond tip of R,; subradial fold very faint ; with dark markings . L&PTOMORPHUBCurt. small cell elongate. The only known British example is the R, wavy ; costa distinctly produced; wings unmarked one recorded by Jenkinson from the New Forest. POL~PT~IWinn. 7. Costa produecd only slightly beyond tip of R, Tribe Sciophilin i. NEUEATELXAKond. Costa produced much beyond tip of R,; base of M, The presence of macrotrichia on the wing-membrane is tractable though very faint, and placed only slightly diagnostic of this tribe, but in those cases where the micro- beyond the fork of CU . . P,IRANEUROTELIALandr. trichia have disappeared it may not always be easy to 8. Pleurotergites hairy; Sc ending in R,; body stout determine which set of hairs is present. Generally speak- SY~MNAWinn. ing where the surface hairs are quite obvious through a Pleurotergites bare; Sc ending in the costa; body long hand-lens they may be regarded as macrotrichia. Some- and slender . . , . . . 9. times this may be confirmed by the presence of a few 9. Macrotrichia pmsent at tip of wing only; Sc, in middle of microtrichia bordering the veins near the base of the wing, Sc . . PARATINLAMik. visible under a fairly high magnification; in other cases, Macrotrichia present over the whole wing; Sc, well before as in Lqxbmorphus and some species of Sciophila, where middle of Sc . . [&EUU Marshall]. there is no trace of microtrichia left, comparison with 10. Legs extmmely long and slender, the first segment of front related forms clearly indicates that the remaining set of tarsi over twice as long as the tibia; median fork haire is the macrotrichia. broad, the branches cun-ing widely apart at the h; A second character which is almost diagnostic is the Cu, wary . presence of at least a few long hairs or bristles on the . PHrn~v~aWinn. Legs normal ; median fork pointed at base or absent . 11. postnotum; these are absent in only a few genera, in all 11. M, complete . . 12. of which macrotrichia are unmistakably present on the M3detached, present only as a short free vein on the wing wing-membrane. margin; Cu, also faint or detached at the base . . 17. The recent genera may be distinguished as follows :- 1'7. Macrutrichia towards tip of wing only; anepisternite baro

l. Lateral ocelli contiguous with the eye-margins [STENOPHRAGK~Skuse]. *[Er~xc~ali.iLW.]. Macrutrichia prrscnt over the whole wing-membrane . 13. 13. Stem of median fork modentely long, more than twice as Lateral ocelli remote from the eye-nlargins . . 2. long as r-m ; anepisternite hairy, also subalar knob 2. Base of cubital fork distinctly proximal to that of the media; hind tibiae without distinct apical comb 3. [PAR~TCELLULAMarshall]. . . Stem of median fork very short, less than twice &B long aa Base of cubital fork distinctly distal to that of the media, or r-m ; subalar knob bale . . . 14. fork absent; hind tibiae generally with distinct apical comb; 11. Sc, nrcll beyond base of R8; macrotrichia of wings erect postnotum hairy . . 10. or polnting slightly towards base of wing; anepisternite 3. Poetnotum hairy or bristly, at least toaardu the sides at bare . . MEGALOPEW End. the tip; pleurotergites hairy . . . . 4. Sc, just befom, above, or immediately beyond baue of Hs . 15. Postnotum quite bale . . 8. 16. Cu forked ; anepisternite with small haiw M, . SCIOPHIWMg. 4. complete or almost so . . 5. Ctc simple; anepi&ernite bare . . . . 16. 556 Mr. F. W. Edwards m BriLieh Fu?u~4ls-G,na.is. With a rezGd Gewl-k Chsijisdiora of the Family. 557 16. Macmtrichia decumbent as in Sciophila . Ar~~maRinn. placed subcostal cross-vein. Besides this, the imcb are Mecrotrichia reflexed 8s in Megaloplrna MONOC~ONAMlk. generally much smaUer than the species of Leptammphus 17. SC very short, not rraching costa; anepistemite hairy, but and hsve a rather different ornamentation. Besidea the subalar knob bare . . Az\~aWalk. single European species, one is known from North America Sc distinctly reaching costa . . 18. and several from New Zealand. It is a curious coincidence 18. Anepiaternite and subalar knob hairy . [TRIZYGIASkuue]. that the genus was described independently by Dziedzicki Anepiaternite and bubalar knob bare [APHEWMERASkuse]. in Europe as Eurycera and by Marshall in New Zealand as Euryceras. The early stages are unknown. I have no doubt that all these genera form one natural A. pulchella (Curt.) (Java Dz. ; Bohina silacee v.d. W.) . group, with the possible exception of Ettdicrrtnn, which is (fig. 19:). Apparently not common, but widely distributed unknown to me, and Syttenzna, which on account of its in Britain. The material in the National collection is much reduced seventh abdominal segnlcnt may be more from the Yew Forest (Adam); Felden, Herts. (Paffard), nearly related to the Gnoristini (cf. ZJzieclrickin). and Kolkcr Moss, Lancs. (F.W.E.).

Genus LEPTOMORPRUSCurt. Genus POLYLEPTAWim. Since there is no essential difference between Diortlonus A sruall genus including only two or three European and Leptmzorph.zu I would propose to unite the two, the species and about as many in North America. It appears North American species described as Uiomonlts being to me to be closely allied to ZRptonurrphw, the principal evidently nothing more than species of Lepto~norphzts structural difference being in the wavy vein R&. The which have retained the vein R,. All otlier details of hypopygium is also peculiar in that the apparent claspers structure and even of colour are very similar, and it is are formed by the produced ends of the side-pieces, the remarkable that a similar aing-pattern occurs in the true claspers being rudimentary. The males of at least Indian species described by Brunetti. I have also seen a two species (including the one known from Britain) have West African species. a very peculiar secondary sexual adornment of the middle The larvae (of L. walkeri) have similar habits to those tibiae, the base of X\-hichis swollen and provided on the of Sciophila and illycontyia, spinning webs on bark-growing Battened dorsal surface with a dense covering of fine pale fungi and forming tubes of nlncilage within which they setae. glide, but they spin no cocoon; the larval shin remains P. guttiventris (Zett.) (U?&& Winn.) (fig. 194). Appar- attached to the tail of the pupa, which hangs free heat1 ently a rare species in Britain, occurring chiefly in moun- downwards like a Yanessid botterfly, the analogy being tsinous districts of the north and west. heightened by the angular projections of the head and thorax, and the derelopment of n special colour-pattern quite different from that of the 1arr:l or adult. Genus NEURATELIARond. L. walkeri Curt. (fig. 193). Though this large and showy In my former paper I objected to the use of Rondani's species is a reputed rarity, and fe\v adults hare been name h'eurrctelia in place of Anuclinia, on the ground that captured on the wing,. it is really \\-idelp distributed and Rondnni's diagnosis was inconsistent with the characters fairly commoii in Britain in all suitablr plnces. The larvae of nemoralis Mg., which he cites as the type of his genus. feed chiefly on Poria ~rryornrin.and 1 ha~erarely failed to IIowever, there can be little doubt that Rondani simply find them on fallen branches well col-crcd with this fungus. overlooked the vein Sc, on account of its position much nearer the base of the wing than usual, and it may be as Genus ALLOC~T~CERAJIik. well to adopt his name, especially as it is in general use. This genus is a very close ally of Lc~pro,,~orphzts,the only Cquillett's Odontoyodn I regard as synonymous. The very obvious structural difference being in the more basally genus seems to me to be very closely allied to the last With a revised Generic Classaficalion of the Family. 558 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fuyus-Gtluts. i 559 two ; it includes species from Europe (2), North America (7) Additional localities : Seger Hill, Herefordshire (Wood); and India (l). The early stages are unknown. Logie, Elgin (Kiy). I. nomoralis (Mg.) (fig. 196). A large black species with yellow legs; widely distributed and not uncommon. l! S. nitidula sp. n. Differs from S. hungaricn &S follow8 :-Palpi dark. Mesonotum Genus PARASEUROTELIALandr. rather brightly shining black; bristles dark brown, none on front margin in middle. insect which might easily be passed over as Boletinn scinrina. On this account it may be commoner in Britain than is supposed; the Genus PARATINIAMik. only records are Kethy Bridge (Sharp) and Arran (F.W.E.). I A small genus containing only two European and one The subcostal cross-vein may be present or absent. North American species; life-history unknown. It does l not seem to be very closely related to the other genera of Genus SYSTEMNA Kinn. the Sciophilini, but I include it here on account of the presence of macrotrichia on the apical half of the wing and I , This genus was founded by 'MTinnertz for one species, the elongate abdomen with large seventh segment. S. murosa, some additional species with a similar venation It ll may perhaps be related to Phthinia, and in some respects being referred here later bp other authors. I am indebted 1 to 11, E. Seuy for the lom of specimens of S. morosa appears intermediate between that genus and Speolepta. from the Paris Xuseum, named by Rinnertz himself. In , P. seiarina Xik (fig. 197). A dark-coloured insect, variable in size, with the general appearance of a Bobina. these the wing is quite densely covered with macrotrichia I It has been found singly in widely separated localities in as well as microtrichia, while in the two other species I Britain. Some new records are : Shefford, Beds., and have examined (S. nlpicola Strobl and S. $am Edw.) there are no macrotrichia; I would therefore exclude the Knebworth, Herts. (F.W.E.). I have examined Rlik's two last from this genus. On the other hand, the species type and found it to agree with our specimens. of Loezcielln described by Lundstrom possess n~acrotrichia t and resemble S. nlorosn in most respects, apart from Genus PHTHIXIAWim. possessing the vein R,. Loelc*icllclma!. therefore be treated A small genus containing a few European and North as a synonym of Syntonna. American species, and one from New Zealand. Some of S. morosa It-inn. This has not been found in Britain. the species originally referred here are now transferred but for comparison with the two British species I give a elsewhere; thus P. thorncica Winn. and P. curta Joh. figure of the hypopygium (fig. 23) which in general is not belong to Coelosia, while P. fraudulenh Will. is a Megalo- unlike that of S. htingclriccl, but lacks the anal comb. peltnu. The most striking characteristic of the genus is the great length and slenderness of the tarsi. The early S. hungarica (Lundst.). stages are little known ; U'innertz records rearing P. hu~nilis A small, dark-colourvd spcirs. Palpi yc~llo\vish. Mesonotu~n from a rotten hornbeam log, and Sharp obtained the same scarcely shining; greyish when ricn-cd from in front; bristles species in the New Forest from a cocoon resembling that yellowish, numerous small ones on the front margin in the middle. of Sciophila hirta. ,Second and third abdominal segments pide ~msteriorly. Base of P. winnertzi Nik. Body very elongate; abdomen with cubital fork only a little bcfo~rr-))L. ill-defined pale bands ; hypopygium small and pale ; anal 560 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Br4i.sh Funguy-Gnats. With n revised Generic Classifiation of the Fam,ily. 561 vein straight. Widely distribut,ed but rather rare. Addi- Body all ochreous or reddish, flagellum ochmous at the tional locality : Sherwood Forest (F.W.E.). baae...... 3. P. humilis Winn. (fig: 198). Smaller and rather less 3. Large mddish species; segments of antenna1 fla~Uumabout elongate than the last; abdomen all dark; hypopygium twice es long as broad; front tibiae with an antero-domd larger and dark; anal vein curved down at tip. South of row of small bristles . . . . tufa Mg. England. Srnallcr ochreous species; segments of flogellurn hardly longer than broad ; front tibiee without antero-dorsal bristles Genus SCIOFRILAXg. dracea Walk. 4. C'u, rat her widely interrupted at the base inlerrupta Winn. (Lasiosoma Winn.) CIL,not interrupted at the haw . . . . 5. This genus is distinguished from those of the Lepto- 5. Hind femora all S-ellow. . . 6. mmphz~sgroup by the very short stem of the median fork Hind femora more or less dark at the tip; body all black 10. and the more distally placed cubital fork, but the presence 6. Abdomen blacliish, the posterior margins of the segments of bristly hairs on the postnotum, the macrotrichia on the conspicuously J-ellow . . zaria Winn. wings, the tendency to disappearance of the microtrichia, BWomen more or less unicolorous . . 7. the long oblique humeral cross-vein, and the ell-developed 7. Segments of male flageuum about as long aa broad; Sc, seventh abdominal segment are all characters suggesting just before base of Rs . . pluri8dosa Edw. a rather close relationship between the two groups, which Segments of male flagellurn about twice as long aa broad . 8. is confirmed by resemblances in the eggs and larvae. The 8. Sc, above base of Ra; body largely or all ochreous llcfeo Bfacq. genus is chiefly of holarctic distribution, according to the Sr, distinctly beyond baae of Rs . . 9. present state of our knowledge, but species occur in Africa 9. Flagellum ochreous at the base . . fenesfella Curt. and India. The adults have the habit of resting with the Flagellurn all black ' . . . cliflai sp. n. wings only partially overlapping, and may often be recog- 10. Hind fernora narrowly dark at the tip and scarcely at all nised on this account. at the base . , hirfa Mg. ; llcfea rar. amlis Winn. The larvae live within delicate tubes of mucilage on the Hind femora broadly black at the tip aud also at the base under surfaces of various fungi, and spin webs of silk beneath . . 11. which, unlike those of ~Wyconzyin,are always quite dry and 11. Hind tibiae distinctly dark at the tip . . adamsi sp. n. not covered with droplets of moisture. Pupation takrs Hind tibiae not distinctly dark at the tip . . 12. place in a slight dry silken cocoon placed in a crevice in 12. Hind coxae dark outwardly . . rtigra Landr. the fungus or bark. Hind coxae dark at thr tip only . . genic~tlafaZctt. The different species are very sitnilar in external struc- tural characters, and some of them are also variable in S. limbatella Zett. (sharpi Edw.). This is still only colour, so that their identification is not easy. After ~~~~~n in Britain from the type of S. sharpi from the New transferring S. nigrwln~ntato the genus Mcc~aloycln~nvie Forest, but it has been found in Sweden and Finland. have thirteen species in Britain, for the determination of S. rufa Mg. h'o fresh nlaterial has been obtained of which the following table is offered as a rough guide. this species, which has only been obtained at Rannoch With the exception of S. hirta and S. llctcn all the species from larvae feeding on a Polyporus on birch. The cocoons are more or less rare. preserved by Jlr. Donisthorpe are much stronger and of a more papery texture than those of the species I have 1. Micmtrichia of wings absent, unless at the extreme base . 2. reared. Microtrichia of wings distinctly discernible a11 ovrr the S. ochraoea Walk. (figs. 25-26, 199). I have now suc- membrane under a magnificatic~n of 100, tho~jgh some- ceeded in tracing Walker's t-ype of this species in the times very minute and dot-like . . 4. Stephens collection in t,he British Museum. It is much 2. Body and antenna1 flagcllam all black . . li~ribafellaZett. smaller than S. rrtfa and has shorter antennae, but agrees &er a magnition of lW. I therefore prefer now to in the complete abaenoe of microtriohia on the wing- regard it as a diatinct species. As in the related forms, membrane, a feature which together with the shorter the fernore are entirely yellow. antennae will distinguish it from S. lutea, the pale form of Type in the British Museum, from the Clifton collection, which it much resembles. There is a male in the Cambridge without data, but probably from the London district; Museum taken by Jenkimon at Cambridge, from which I most of the specimens in the collection are believed to have have prepared the figure of the hypopygium (figs. 29-26). been taken in Coombe Wood, Wimbledon. 1 have reared a fair number of specimens from brown S. Mg. This common species is usually distin- larvae found feeding on a fungus (Fomes?)growing on an old plum tree at Wood MTalton Fen, Hunts. The habits guishable by the black thorax and abdomen and the narrow blackish tip to the hind femora, but the shoulders of the larvae were similar to those of S. ltirta. and front of the mesonotum are sometimes more or less S. interrupts (Winn.). Distinguished from all the other No ochreous, and the dark tip to the femora indistinct. There members of the genus by the interrupted vein Cul. appears to be no absolutely constant difference except in fresh records are available, only two British specimens being known. the hppygium between this and S. lutecl. The larvae Previously recorded only from Logie. occur on various fungi and vary greatly in colour according S. varia (WM.). to their food-plant. I have reared them from Lkedalia A female, probably of this apecies, has been taken at qwrcima, Pmia uapwaria, Polydictus vemicolor, Herniolu T~ichNToods. Bristol. by Mr. H. Audcent, and presented aunkuEcl-judae, hlariw W~W(eggs deposited on speci- by Xim to the Britih 31beum. Known only from the type from men lying on my table in the museum), and also from a S. plurisetosa Edw. green algal growth on a rotting stump. han. The dining black abdomen and dark pleurae, in S. nigra Landrock. The British specimens of this species contrast with the largely ochreous mesonotum, may help which I have examined all have the hind femora broadly to distinguish it from the next species. black at the tip and with a large but ill-defined blackish 3. An exceedingly variable species as to lutea Macq. mark at the base beneath; there is, however, a male colour, but recognisable by the hypopygium which is (under a manuscript name) in Meigen's collection in Paris constant and characteristic. The pale form (typical lutea) in which the tips of the hind femora are not darkened; has the body uniformly ochreous, also the first few segments the colour of the legs therefore cannot be relied on to dis- of the antenna1 flagellum; the dark form (var. analis tingwsh the species. The name S. nipa had been used Winn.) has the body all black, also the flagellurn, the hypopygium, however, usually remaining ochreous. Inter- previously by Macquart, but as his description is unde- mediates between the two forms are frequent. I have cipherable and may possibly have applied to this species I do not think it necessary to alter Landrock's name. reared the species from larvae found on Polyporus giganteus. Additional locality : Knebworth, Herts. (P.W.E.). S. fenestella Curt. I would restrict this name to the S. geniadata (Zett.) Edw. I still only know this from species of which the hypopygium is shown in figs. 48 and the male previously recorded from Arran. 49 of my previous paper. In the only two males I have S. rdamsi sp. n. A small black species closely resembling seen the flagellurn is ochreous at the base; the macro- the lmt two, but perhaps distinguishable by the dark tip trichia of the wings are dense and the microtrichia minute to the hind tibia; hypo ygium (figs. 27-28) also quite and dot-like. different, and more like t t of S. clqtoni, but the ninth S. sliftoni sp. n. I propose this name for the foru L Apart tergite very narrow apically. figured by me in 1913 as a variety of S. fendla. Type 6 in the British Museum fro111 the New Forest, from the quite well-marked differences in the hypopygium 28 viii. 1W (P. C. Adunw). shown in the figure, the specimen differs from those now regarded as S. fewstelb in the entirely dark flagellum, in the less dense macrotrichia on the wings, and the larger microtrichia, which are just distinguishable as heSirs 564 Mr. F. W. Edwards on B7itiah Buw-. Wdh a rd Claw$mZkm of the Family. 665 which points are of fundsmentel importance. Tbe adulb Genus ME~ALOPELMAEnd. resemble Sciophalu in their habit, d resting with the wings This genus was founded by Enderlein (1911 b) for a partly divaricate, not completely overlapping as is the supposedly new South American speciea which M very general rule in the family. possibly identical with Phthinzic fraudulerda Will. from the The larvae are unknown, but I have reared A. nitidicdlis Weat Indies. Williston's type in the British Museum shows from a pupa found in a slight cocoon under a piece of la peculiar arrangement of the setulae of the wing, the rotten wood. macrotrichia being rather scanty and pointing slightly AU three European species occur in Britain. backwards towards the base of the wing. Exactly the A. amoena Winn. Differs from the other two species in same condition is seen in the European Scio hila jenkinsoni its entirely yellow colour, including the knob of the halteres, Edw. (Lmiosoma nigrocluvatum Strobl), anB as this species and in the presence of microtrichia as well as decumbent also agrees with M. fraudulenta in the position of Sc, far rnacrotrichia all over the wing-membrane. The British beyond the base of Rs, I propose to refer it to the genus bluseum possesses three females from the New Forest Megalopeltnu. The presence of R, in the European species (Adam). is not a character of any importance and is not even A. nitidicollis (dig.) (fig. 201). Entirely black, including constant. the knob of the halteres. Microtrichia of wings absent, M. nismelavatum (Strobl) (ienkimoni Edw.). Apart except at the extreme base. Ocelli in a flattened triangle, from the generic chaiacters asdefined above this diifers the middle one placed a little forwards. A common species from all the British species of Sciophilu in having the knob and generally distributed. of the halteres black. Additional localities : Sutton Park, A. longipes JVim. Larger than A. nilidicollis; the ocelli Worcs. (Bradley), 1 in Birmingham Museum, R, absent arranged in a perfectly straight line and the hypopygium on both wings. Llangollen (F.W.E.). quite differently constructed (see Landrock, 1923 b). A rare species, only a few British examples being known, Genus MONOCLONAMik. from Crowborough, Susses. Although the presence of a short vein R, is in my opinion insufficient to distinguish this genus from Acnemia, it may Genus AZANAWalk. perhaps be retained on the basis of the trichiation of the This genus also seems to me to belong to the Sciop?tila wing, the macrotrichia being reflexed as in Megabpelma group, the venation having undergone a further stage of (in M. 9.ufilatera; I have not ascertained whether this reduction from that of Acnemia by the loss of one of the holds good also for the genotype, M. RaBe7ata). branches of M. Besides the single European species, one I have reared the British species from rotten wood has been described from Assam. The Australian Trizygia attacked by fungus (Poria?). The larval habita are just and Aphelonlera appear to be related. The early stages the same as in Sciophih. are unknown. M. rufilatera (Walk.) (unicorunta Dz.) (fig. 200). This A. anomala (Staeg.) (fig. 202). A small black species, species is very variable in colour. The female is lighter in general appearance resembling Acnemia nitidicollis. The than the male, sometimes entirely yellow; the male has a few known British examples have mostly been taken on variable amount of dark marking on the meaonotum. The windows : Cambridge (Jenkinson) ; Letchworth (F.I+'.E.) ; species is not uncommon in the south and east of England. Nethy Bridge (Sharp). Verrall's record of M. halterda was based on females probably belonging to this species. Tribe Gnoristini. Genus ACNEMIAWinn. In this tribe may be included a few genera in which the This genus is structurally similar to SciopRila, except as wing-membrane is devoid of macrotrichia and the post- notum is quite bare, but all of which have R, quite long; regards the loss of R, and the simple cubitus, neither of \. M6 Mr. F. W. Edwards on &dish Fulagars-Gnde. With a r&ed Generic: Clumjicatkon of the family. W7 they cannot therefore be included either in the Sciophilini trichia on the membrane. Sc abbreviated, ending free; Sc, far or in the Leiini. With the possible exception of SpeobeF before baae of R8. Cubital fork rather shorter and more widely these genera appear to form a natural group; in fact open, the lower branch rather more curved. some of them are so close that it is difficult b find satis- factory characters for their separation. I would define Genotype : PoEykpta kptogaster Winn. The larvae are found on the walls of dark caves. hTo them as follows :- cocoon is formed, the pupae hanging free head downwards as in Leptmmphus (Cheetham, 1920 a). l. Seventh abdominal wgment quite large (G Q) and even the S. eighth visible externally; Sc not reaching the costa leptogaster (Winn.) (fig. 203). A dark-coloured species SPEOLEPTAgen. n. without ornamentation, recorded from caves in Yorkshire and Scotland. I have also seen a female in Haliday's Seventh abdominal segment small and usually entirely retracted, collection, without data, but probably from Ireland. at lenst in the $. . . 2. 2. Base of cubital fork well beyond that of the media COELOSIAWinn. Genus COELOSIAWinn. Base of cubital fork before, below, or scnrcely beyond that I regard the absence of macrotrichia and the small size of the media . . . 3. of the retracted seventh abdominal segment as of more importance than the presence or absence of Sc,, and hence 3, Sc ending in R . . 4. Sc ending in the costa . . 5. would include here Phthinia thmacica Wim. and P. curta 4. Proboscis slightly produced, about as long as the head Joh., m-hich possess Sc,, as well as C. jluva and other *[HADROKEURALundst.]. species which lack this vein. The genus seems to be allied Proboscis not at all produced . . DZIEDZICKLQJoh. to Boletina, but is easily separated by the short cubital . fork, the base of which is far beyond that of the median 5. Proboscis very elongate . . . GXORISTEMg. Pruboscis shorter than the head . . 6. fork. Some authors have compared it with Phronia, ~ith . which it appears to me to have no connection at all. 6. Sc, present and well beyond middle of Sr . 7. Besides European and North American species, one has Sr, near middle of Sc or absent . . 8. 7. Bese of cubital fork beyond base of stem of mcdian fork; been described from India bp Brunetti (as Euryschalis). wrenth abdominal ~egrnentsmall and retracted Four species have so far been found in Britain, all being SYNAPH.~big. distinctly rare. Rase of cubital fork below or before base of stem of median; C. thoraeica (Winn.). seventh abdominal segment fairly large PALAEOE~ALWhIeun. Thorax with three separate dull black stripes; bristles black. 8. R, present; Sc, absent; ninth tergite of male with terminal row of strong spines . . APOLIPHTHISAGneg. Middle tibiae of male with a basal swelling, the upper surface of R, absent; Sc, usually present; ninth tcrgite af male without which is flattened and covered with fine palc pubescence, much as terminal row of spines . . .BOLETI?BASt,neg. in the genus Polykpla. Tibial spurs yelloffish. Costa extending one-third of the distance from R, to M,. Sc, prcscnt. Base of Rs as as Pleurotergal hairs are present in Dziedzickia, Apobiphihisn oblique and about long ?-m. Branches of cubitus widely and in some species of Boleiina but absent in the other divergent, Cu, rather curved. genera of the tribe. Recorded by Mr. C. A. Cheetham from N.-W. Yorkshire and by Mr. A. E. J. Carter from Scotland. Genus SPEOLEPTAnov. Differs from Polykpta U7inn. as follows :-Body still mom slender C. bnella (Zett.) (jlavicauda Wim.) (fig. 204). and elongate. Postnotum and pleurotergites bsre. Middle tibiae Thom dark, shoulders more or less pale ; bristles longer than in of male simple, without swelling at base. Wings without macro- C. tkieo and pale in colour. Middle tibiae of male simple; TR.4NS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 19'24.-PARTS 111, IV. (FEB. '28.) P P With a raiddnnie Cfu.sriMlb. of the Acadj. Y.9 tibial spurs black. C'oste extending one-third of the die- from D. marginafa (Dz.) (fig. 205). An uncommon apecied in MI. &oh ; %tab, only me new record being available: Wyre R. L, abcnt. Baae of R8 and vertical r-B loo& almost in a line with R,, and about two-thirds as long as the stalk Forest (F.W.E.). The species is variable in size, in abdo- 31 and Cu pale. minal markings, and in the position of the cubital fork, of ,U. Cubital fork ss In C. thacica. which may be either under or well before the base of the Recorded from Sussex: Elgin and Inverness. stem of the median fork. D. slpieoka (Strobl). The British Museum possesfes a female of this species from the h'ew Forest (Adam)and a C. flava (Staeg.). male from Holker Moss, Lancs. (F.W.E.). The hypo- Larger than the last two. Thorax all yrllon,; bristles black. Costa extending pygium (fig. 29) is of a similar type to that of D. ma~ginata, Middle tibiae of male simple ; tibial spurs black. the ninth tergite in both being large, truncate apically, one-third of the distancc from K, to M,. Sc, absent. Base of with the small comb-less anal segment hidden under its Rs and 1.-nb as in C. tenella. Cubital fork rather longer than in base. Diffem from the preceding species in the shorter Sc, C. tenella and more pointed at the base, the branches king less M and Cu pale. as well as in the absence of R, and the colour of the thorax, divergent and Cu, almost straight. the mesonotum being yellowish with a pair of large blackish Isle of Wight (Frrrall). No other recent captures. patches. D. flava (Edw.). Thorax coloured somewhat as in the C. silvatica Lnndr. (1918 b). last, but abdomen largely yellow and hypopygium of a quite different type of structure (figs. 30, 31). The figure Head black, including palpi and antennse, only the base of the is taken from a specimen from Chippenham, Cambs. first flagellar scgment yellowish. Tho3: blsckish, the shoulders and aides of rnesonotum greyish; bristles dark. Abdom?l rather (Nurse), in the British Museum collection. This and the type from Herefordshire are the only examples 1 have dark brown. Leg brownish-ochreous, tibial spun Mack; mid tibiae seen. of male silnple. Wings slightly ,myish, all the veins dcuk; M and Ctc slightly seamed with dark brown, especially the end of the stem of Ca. Venation as in C. flaw, except that the costa is much Genus GSORISTE JIg. longer, extending almost three-quartcrs of the distance from R, The elongate proboscis will readily separate this genus to M,. Halteres yeUowish, tip of knob darkened. from other members of the tribe, though its length varies in different species. In the British form it is more than There is a (! in the Britivh JIuseum from Felden, Herts , half ns long as the wings. The venation is the same as in 9 iii. 1899 (A. Piff(~rd),and a d from Oxford (liamm). Boktina. G. bilineata Zett. A large species, known as British Gcnus DZIEDZICKIAJob. only from one female in the Cambridge Museum from Nethy Bridge (Lamb). The type of this genus, D. marginnta (Dz.), posseses the vein R,, but otherwise hns a venation similar to that of Syntenota. It differs, however, from the typ of Genus SYNAPHAMg. Syntemaa in having no rnncrotrichia on the wing-membrane. Although founded on an abnormality, this old generic I believe this to be a more important character than the name has to be used to replace Winnertz's Empalin. now presence or absence of R,, and would use it for distln- that hleigen's type has been identified. The chief differ- guishing the two genera, referring to Diirdrickia nu species ence from Boletina is in the position of Sc, well beyond described as Syntemna which lack mcrotrichia on the the middle of Sc; the hypopygium is also of a rather wing-membrane. On this basis the European S-na different type, though agreeing in having a very large alpcola and S. fits should be refened here, and probbly ninth tergite. The presence of R, is not diagnostic. Buth some or all of the Aluerican species of Syntemna. the European species occur with us. Wzih a revised Generic GEassificaliorr of the Family. 570 Mr. F. IT. Edwards on British Fungus-Gh. l 571 Sc ending bristly, while in Boktinu it is bare. Also the hppopygium S. fasciata Mg. (paradorn Edw.) (fig. 206). is quite unlike that of Boletinca, the rather small ninth just before base of Ils, Sc, at about two-thirds its length; tergite having a wries of spines on the margin. R, never present; first few abdominal segments vith The larvae live under bark or on bark-growing fungi, yellow markings basally. The position of the base of the and resemble those of Mycomyia in habits; no definite cubital fork is somewhat variable, either just before, below, or even just beyond the base of the median fork. Since cocoon is formed. A. subincana (Curt.) (Teli-agoneura mela.noceras Ha]., describing this I have seen specimens from Wonersh, Surrey according to description) (fig. 208). A medium-sized (Dr. F. M. Turner); Sidmouth, S. Devon and Welwyn, shining black species, widely distributed and not un- Herts. (F.W.E.). Sc reaching just common. I have reared it from larvae feeding on Pmia S. vitripennis (lig.) (Jinalis Walk.). eaporarin and under oak bark. beyond bsse of RA,Sc2 bevond 'three-quarters of its length ; R, usually present, though examples are rather fr~quently Genus BOLETINAStaeg. seen in which it is lacking on one or both wings; when it This genus includes a rather large number of species is present the smzll cell is always small, though variable I First few abdominal segments with yellow mark- rnany of which are very similar and can be distinguished in shape. b ing.~apically. f idely distributed and rather comInon. only by mounting the male hypopygium ; others, however, j are quite easily identified without reference to this organ. A very useful character for distinguishing certain spcies is Genus PAL~EOEJ~P-ILIAMeun. f the presence of pleurotergal hairs. ,'In some other cases Though rith a very similar venation to Synaphn this (p.9. Ceroplatinae) I have treated the presence or absence genus seems distinct on account of the widely different of these hairs as of generic importance, but in this case hypopygium and the fairly large seventh abdominal seg- of Boletinu such a course viould not seem to be justified, ment. Besides the species mentioned below, MTakcr's as the species are otherlvise so similar, and the hypopygial Sciophilrc dicersa from S~tzerlandseems to belong to this structure is of a fairly uniform type, with characteristic genus. combs on the anal segment. In a few species the vein Sc, P. collaris (Mg.)( ? stylifera Grz.) (fig. 207). A rare is lost (the name Ptrlaeoanaclina having been applied to species of which I have seen three British examples; a these), but even in these species specimens are sometimes female taken by the late Nr. F. Jenkinson on the steps of found n-hich possess this vein, so that this character also the University Library, Cambridge, 1 ix. 1902; another cannot be used for generic subdivision. A few show from Blaise Castle, Glos., 9 vii. 1922 (H. Wometsley), and a interesting secondary sexual structures. mile frorn the New Forest, 16 ix. 1896 (P. C. Adams). Very little is known concerning the early stages, but The thoras is shining black; prothorax light yellow; some species have been recorded as feeding in the larval pleurae partly yellow ; U-ingswith the tip slightly darkened state on rotten wood, W-hileNr. C. A. Cheetham (1920 6) and a dark cloud on the smsll cell, much as in Mycornyin has reared B. dubia from liver~vorts. In view of the mrgindu. Grzegorzek's P. stylifera is extremely similar, localities where the adults are most frequently found but rnap be distinct as it is described as having black (banks of mountain streams, etc.) it seems quite likely instead of yellow scutellar bristles, and dark tips to the that many of the larger species are liverwort feeders. coxae and hind femora. I have been able to distinguish 19 British species, at least 10 of which are distinguishable by external characters, Genus APOLIPHTHISACurt. as show.n in the following key :- This seems to me to be nearly allied to Boletim, differ- ing most obviously by the absence of Sc, and the resence l. Costa scarcely ~achingbeyond Rs; r-m long and almost in a line with Rs; beso of cubital fork far brxond base of stem of R,, though neither of these characters is of fun amental B of fork; pleurotcrgites . rririrtalo importance. Another difference is that Sc is unifornlly median bare . Mg. a 572 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fungus-G&. With revid Grmk Ckrssiiiora of the Family. 573

Costs reaching well beyond He; r-m shorter, oblique, and not fairly common in damp woo& everywhere. The striped approaching alignment wit,h Re; base of cubitel fork not thorax ie rather distinctive, but 1- M) than the venation. much beyond base of stem of median fork . . 2. B. renbrl Lundut. This h a hypopygium of a rather 2. Sc ending distinctly before base of Rs; Sr2 normally absent; diiferent type from that of moet of the other speciea, and shoulders and large lateral triangles on each of fergites 24 the coloration is also distinctive. The female has a long of the abdomen yellow; pleurotergites bare reuteri Lundst. tapering abdomen similar to that of Apo2iphthrPa. It is Sc ending about opposite base of Rs . . 3. widely distributed but local. Additional locality : Kneb- 3. Pleurotergites hairy, at least near the ridge . . 4. worth, Herts. (F.W.E.). Pleurotergitcs absolutely bare . . 9. B. dubia llg. (analis Mg. nec Landr. ; inermis Lundst.). 4. Antennae all black, or at most the base of the first flagellar Generally common in damp places where the liverworts segment yellow . . 5. on which the larva feeds are abundant. I have previously Antenna. with the whole of the first two flagellar segments described the interesting sexual difference in the front yrllow . . 8. claws. 6. Tibial spurs black; petiole of median fork hardly longer than B. villosa Lrlndr. Seems to be a purely Scottish insect r-l?&. . 6. so far as the British islands are concerned. Additional Tibial spurs yellow; petiole of median fork distinctly longer localities : Nethy Bridge and Aviemore (King). than r-m; thorax uniformly shining black . dispctn Dz. B. plans Walk. (duh Staeg. nec Mg. ; grzegorzeki Dz.). A fairly common species in damp woods in most districts, Sc, normally absent . . 7. also found with B. d& along the banks of small mountain Sc, present . . plana Walk. moorland streams. In my previous paper I recorded some 7. Shoulders and plcurae more or less dull ; Rs rather wavy dubia >I&. specimens of this species by mistake as B. lundbecki, £rom Fhoulden and pleurae more or less shining; Rs nearly straight Polton (Carter) and St. Kilda (Waterston). B. dispecta Dz. One of our rarer species, but one which , rillosa Lundst. should be easily recognisable. The females with thickened 8. Tibial spurs and all thoracic bristles rellon; thorax all black; front tarsi mentioned in my previous paper evidently hind femora all yellow . lttndbccki Lundst. . belong to this species, as they agree with the males in Tibial spurs and many of t,he thoracic bristles black; thorax having hairy pleurotergites, uniformly shining thorax, . ~all;d~flasp. n. largely yellow; hind femora dark at tip black antennae and yellow tibial spurs. The males as 9. Fint two flagvllar segnlents all yellow . 10. . usual show no sign of tarsal thickening. Additional Bntennae a11 black, or at most the first flagellar segmerlt partly locality : Ardentinny, 13 vi. 1903 (King). yellow; r-m shortcr than the stem of the median fork . 11. B. lundbecki Lundst. The male of this well-defmed 10. Fhouldem and posterior margins of abdominal tergites ycllo\~ich species is remarkable in possessing a conspicuous project- (very slightly so in 2); r-~nabout, as long as stem of median ing horn on the face below the antemae, of which there is fork . basalis Mg. no trace in the female. As a secondary sexual character Thorax and abdomen all blark; r-m distinctly shorter than the this is unique in the family. The species is not common, stem of the median fork . . digitda Lundst. the onlg records being Crowborough, Susses, and Logie, 11. Tibial spurs dark Elgin (Jenkinson). nigricn11.sDz. ; moraricn Lundst. ; trispinosa Edw. Tibial spun yellow . . 12. B. pallidula sp. n. 12. Posterior coxae dark at least on basal half . gripha Dz. B small species ; wing-lmgt h ahnt 3 mm. Posterior coxae nornlally clear yellow Heal blackish grey. .4ntcnnae with the first four segments aciarina Staeg. ; brez.icornis Zctt. ; Zrtndstroemi Landr. ; ochreous, the rest black; flagrllar segments not much longer than nigrofuxa Dz. ; griphoides sp. n. broad. Palpi brownish ochreo~~s.Tbrax ochwous, mesonotum B. trivittata Ng. The largest species of the genus, and with three quite erperate dark brown stripes, ~ostnotumand lower 574 W. F. W. Edwards on &dish Fuw-GR&. With a r&d Generic Clasei)lcution of the Family. 575 pad of sfernopleurite and pleurotergite dark brown. MeaonoW though diilerent in detail, especially in the structure of brietles hlack, the four on the scutellurn strong end nearly equi- the aedoeagus (figs. 32, 33). clirbnt; smd yeltowieh hairs on the epaces between the meeonotal Type and one other male in the British Museum from stripes. Pleurotergitcs distinctly hairy. Abdomen yellowish, the Wyre Formt (P.W.E.), taken in company with B. yripha; tergiterr with broad bleckish bands occupying the besol three- also 2 3 from Beaconsfield, Bucks., vii. 1922 (P.W.E.). fourths of the tergitccs. Ovipositor ochreous; it beans two pain B. nigofmca Dz. A male which seems to be this species of rather strong black spinee beneath. Leg8 oc ous; tibiee and was taken by Mr. J. J. F.-X. King at Dinpall, Cromarty, tarsi darkened; trochmters and tips of hind"F emore blackish; 22 vii. 1909. The hypopygium (figs. 34, 35) does not quite tibid spurs dark. Finga clcsr; venation as in B. '%urina Stwg. ; agree with Dziedzicki's figures, but the differences seem hdteres yellow. hardly sufficient for the establishment of a new species. Externally the specimen resembles the last four. Type in the British Museum from Baldock, Herts., ix. 1917 (F.W.E.). I have also seen another female Tribe Leiini. collected by Hr. A. H. Hamm at Oxford. Although this This tribe occupies an intermediate position between the may rblyhare been described from the male sex, I Sciophilinae and the Mycetophilinae, as shown by the fact have n unable to find a description which will fit it, that in several genera the lateral ocelli are almost in con- and it ia certainly quite distinct from any of the other tact with the eye-margins, while in some others Sc is British species dealt with in this paper. The presence of reduced; also, the vein R, is nearly always absent. The plenrotergal hairs should assist in associating the male sex laced here, however, seem to form a natural when discovered. group,genera t1 e chief characteristics of which are the shortness B. beJalis Mg. A fairly distinct species by the characters of R,, which is usually little if any longer than r-m, and given in the key. It ia not uncommon in damp woods. the nearly horizontal position of this cross-vein, approach- l& Wbb Lundet. Nearly allied to the last; the colour ing alignment with h. These points are not well shown distinction given may not be constant. A male was taken in RondanieUu, which, however, is evidently allied to the at Aviemore, Inverness, 24 vi. 1903, by Mr. J. J. F.-X.King, genera of the L& group and so is included here; nor in and pmiented by him to the British Museum. Douwia, which, however. seems to fit better here than in B. nigrIcrns Dz., B. moravioa Lundst. and B. trispinosa the Mycetophilinae, and is probably related to Tetragoneura. Edw. These three seem to difier from the other members Some of the genera, e.g. Novakia, show an approximation of the &rim group by the dark tibial spurs, but I can to the Sciara type of venation, the resemblance being find no other external distinctions. All three are rarc, heightened by the small size and dark coloration, but the no fresh records are available. eyes are always rounded as in other Sciophilinae. B. gripha DE. This is much the commonest species of The habits of the larvae, so far as Imoan, are mostly the &ri?wr group, and is usually recognisable by the more similar to those of the Sciophilini, but some at least of the or less darkened posterior coxae, but this may not be species show a tendency to saprophagous feeding. Pnyxin absolutely constant. is a hot-house wst. - I B. Staeg., B. bmvicornts (Zett.) Dz. and B. The recent genera so far described may be distinguished lundstroemi Landr. seem to bc indistin,aulshable externally, as follows :- though the hy pygia are very different and distinctivc. I have taken I;? brevkornis in Wyre Forcat and Holker l. Sc distinctly ending in the emta (faint apically in some epecirs Jloss, and B. lundslmmi at Knebworth. B. sciarinu is of Leiu); tibial bristles long and strong . . 2. rather common. Sc short, ending free or in R . 9. B. griphoibes Bp. n. A small species, closely resembling 2. R, over twice as long as r-m, which is rather oblique; XI often the last three and like them with yellow coxae, but differing detached et bme ; Sc, abeent . . RONDAXIELUJoh. in the hypopygium, which is more like that of B. gripha, R, hsrdly longer than r-m, often shortcr . . . 3. 576 air. F. W. Edwards m Britieh Fungus-G&. With a revised G& CbreiJEcotion of tkc Famdy. 677 3. Lateral oeelli far removed from the egemargine . . 4. of median fork short; phlaotergitea hairy; eo hiad tibial Lateral ocelli touching the eye-margins, or not more than their oomb . . . . Docasu Winn. own diameter distent . 6. LPterPl ocelli nmot. from tbe ep-mqbn; B, nhrter . 16. 4. Cu, md M,both distinct et base . [GREEXOMYIABm.]. 15. Pleurotergitea hairy; hind tibial comb present; Sc very CU; detached at b~ . . . 6. short . . ME~OFHTBAIXIDIADz. 5. Costa ending at tip of R, . . [CLASTOBASISSkuse]. Pleurotergites bare; no hind tibial comb; R, often present, Costa produced beyond tip of R, ; M, detached at base forming e narrow cell . . 10. [ATELELAEkuee]. 10. Sc rather long amd ending in R; Cd forking near base of 6. An strong and distinct; Sc, present . . 7. wing . . ECTREPESTHONEURAEnd. An faint ; Sc, absent . . 8. Sc very short and ending free; Cu forking near middle of 7. Costa ending at tip of R, . LEIAMg. wing . . TE~'~L~GONEUR~Winn. Costa much produced beyond R, . [ACRODICR.IKIASkuse]. 8. Base of Rs present ; 31, not detatched at base Schiner's Pseudosciara from Colombia may belong to [ANOX~ALOMYIAHutton]. this tribe; it is said to have only 12-segmented antennae, Base of Rs wanting; Y1and Cu, detached at base which if correct .mould sdce to distinguish it from the *[LEIELLAEnd.]. ot,her genera. 9. Palpi well developed; female with normal wings; Cu, not Genus RONDANIELLAJoh. arising from M . . 10. Palpi minute, composed of a single rounded segment; female (Leak Winn.). wingless; in male wing Cu, arises from M . ~YSWJoh. -4s stated under the genus Leia, I now accept Johann- 10. Cu, detached at base; Cu, with a rather sharp double curve scn's name for this genus, in place of L&' as used by into which An runs, forming (I closed cell; tibial bristles Winnertz. In spite of the much longer R,, the general rather long . . 11. appearance is very similar to Leia and the two genera are Cu, not detached at base; Cu, not strongly curved; An ending no doubt related. The broken vein M, is characteristic free; tibial bristles not longer than the diameter of the of the European species, but is not shown by some oriental tibiae . . 12. forms which are otherwise similar. 11. Bledia forked; latcral ocelli remote from eye-margins The early stages have not been described. [PARADoXA Marshall]. R. dimidiab (3fg.) (tminalis Mg. ; ekgans Winn.) Bledia sin~ple; lateral ocelli touching eyc-margins (fig. 210). I am still of opinion that there is only one [CYCLOSEUR.IJlsrshall]. species of this genus in Britain and probably in Europe, 12. Ocelli wanting; a chitiniged fold ktween R, and M, but consider that IIeigen's earlier name dimidiata should *[SYKD~COSIAspeiser]. be used for it. The markings of the thorax are variable, Ocelli present; no chitinised fold bctneen R, and M, . 13. but the species is easily known by the black tip of the 13. R, very short; r-mseveral times longer than R,; lateral occlli wing. It is rare but widely distributed. moderately removcd from eye-margins [KOVAKI.~Strobl1.t R, not shorter than r-m, sometimes 2-3 times as long . . 14. Genus LEIA Mg. 14. Lateral ocelli touching thc ej-e-margins; R, rather long; stem (Glaphyroptera Winn. ; Naoglaphyroptera 0.-S. ; L&o?nyiu t Synonym, Kerlesrina End. I have examined the tjpe of Rond., Edw.). K. tunesieo End.; it answors so well to Strobl's description of In my previous paper I argued in favour of the use of Norakio scdopsiformis that there can be no doubt the two are the name Lewm.yia for this genus, on the ground that the congeneric even if the two species are not idelltical. As Strobl points out, the species of ,lrankia resemble Doc&ia in habitus, and mere designation of a type species by Curtis was insufficient I should consider them related to that genus. Stmbl wlrs mis- to prevent the acceptance of Winnertz's later restriction of taken in referring his pnw to the Scierinae. Jleigen's Leia, I find, however, that my interpretation of 578 Mr. P. W. Edwarda m Bdish Facw-M. With a revised Generic Cbssdwdon of the Pamily. 579 the rules of nomenclature is not upheld by the members First abdomid tergite with a black spot at the tip; male of the British committee on Entomological nomenclature, clwpm deeply bifid . crucigem Zett. and in deference to their views I now accept Johannsen's 4. km-vein r-ra more than twice aa long .a R, cylindrim Winn. use of the names L& and Roradaniella. Crowvein r-m leas than twice as long ss R, . . 6. The members of this genus are at once distinguished 6. Black abdominal triangles not reeching the sidea of the segments, from other British fungus-gnab by the very short vein R,, but tending to form a continuous longitudinal stripe; male which is horter than the very long and horizontally placed claspem trifid . . aubjasciala Mg. r-m. It is possible that this condition may have come Black abdominal triangles reaching the sides of the segments; about through the loss of the base of Rs, and that the not tending to form 8 stripe ; male clespem not trifid . 6. short vein connecting R, with R, is really R,. If this is 6. Male claaper aimple, curved and tapering; colour very variable, so the ancestor of hicl must have possessed a small radial orange to black bimuculda Mg. cell shaped like that of Teiragonevra. The venation of the Male clesper stout, with'a projecting arm . pijjardi sp. n. South American Leielkz, where R, is a continuation of r-m and has lost all connection with R,, may perhaps be L. winthemi Lehm. This conspicuously marked species regarded as tending to confirm this view. However, this is apparently rare in Britain, but has probably been over- is a matter of conjecture, and in default of further evidence looked, especially as it might easily be confused with the usual view that the short transverse vein is the base Anisopw fenestralis. I have seen it from Hartland, of R8 may be accepted. N. Devon (Austen) ; New Forest (Adam) ; Hitchin, Herts., The species of LeiQ are generally showy insects with and Shefford, Beds. (F.W.E.) ; Delamere, Cheshire (Britten). distinct wing-markings, and in this respect as well as in It also has a remarkably wide distribution outside Britain, the possession of strong tibial spines they reaemble Myceto- being known from Europe, North America, India, Java phikz, a genus to which they care certainly not closely and Sumatra. I have examined specimens from all these related. Many of the species are very variable in colour, countries and find them practically identical. ally in the thoracic markings. L fawipennis Mg. (fig. 211). This, the type of the OST=he addb occur mainly during the summer and are genus, is the only one which can be considered at all most easily obtained by beating the branches of trees at a common in Britain ; it is easily recognised by the uniformly height of 6 ft. or so from the ground; they do not often reddish colour of the body in life, though after death the rest among bracken or low herbage as do most of the abdomen of the female is very liable to turn black. other members of the family. L erucigera Zett. Formerly considered synonymous The habita of the larvae are similar to those of with L. fast5 nt3, this is quite distinct in the structure Mymyia ; they spin a slimy web on the under surface of of the male g-ypopygium, and may be identified also by fungi and form no definite cocoon, the motionless pupa the black spot at the tip of the hst abdominal tergite. being merely suspended in an irregular network of threads. As in L. fwt5pennds the win -fascia varies in distinctness, Seven British species have so far been discovered, and in fact in the only two %ritish examples I have seen distinguishable thus :- it is absent altogether. These are a male and female from Monk's Soham, Suffolk (C. Mmley), captured respectively I. Cu, not disconnected at be; a dark cloud over r-m and some 15 vi. 1919 and 30 vi. 1916. separate dark spot8 no= the tip of the sing winthenri Irhm. L oylindrierr (Winn.) (2 bilin& M-inn.). The species Cu, disconnected et bme; no dark cloud ovcr r-na; usually which I have thus identified is very distinct by the structure > a distinct dark feacia before the wing-tip . . d. of the hppygium, which is large and has the side pieces 2. Abdomen mainly or all orange-ycllow; femora all yellow . 3. roduced Into rather long divergent points. The unusually Abdomen with black bends ; hind tnlora black at the tip . 4. Pang m, distinctly over trice as long as R,, will also 3. First abdominal tergite all oranp ; n~alcclaaprs not bifid distinguish both sexes from the following three species. jaaipennis Ng. British localities: Logie, Elgin (JenXlinson); Sherwood 580 Mr. F. W. Edwrrde m British BunquaAs. of a few nwxotrichi on the rnal lobe of the wing, such as Forest (Caw, F. W.E.) ; Staverton, Buffollr (Biarley); King's are often found in Mymtaphilinse. suupect that Lynn (Atwe). the I L. RYtrophora Schnuse is synonymoue, and perhaps also soblasciata MR. (tkatspidata Strobl). I have been Nsqpcrrc~temmcrS. Abreu. unable to discover iny very ktiafactory distinction between The early stages are unknown. the females of this and the next two, but the male hypo- M. orami60rnb (Curt.) (hb-ia Zett. ; L. helztola pygium is very with its trifid claspers. I have distinctive Hal. ; ferruginea v. d. Wulp ; Cordyla Walk. ; seen males only from Nethy Bridge (Lamb); Rannoch L. valida M. zugmcryeriae Dz.; ? Rutrqphora nlJina Schnuse) (fig. ( Verrall) ; and Teesdale (P.W.E.). 214). The thick orange antennae and general ochreous L. bimacalab Mg. ( ? f&oh Mg., ? octo?nanclata Curt.). colouring render this species very distinct. There is little In the typical form this species has the thorax nearly all doubt that all the above names apply to the same insect. black, with the shoulders more or leas yellow ; the abdomen It is rare in Britain. Some fresh records are : New Forest mainly black, with larger or srnaner yellow lateral basal (Adam) ; Rocester, Staffs. triangles on each segment. What I regard as merely a (P.W.E.). variety (which may be called var. fasn'ola Mg.) has the Genus TETRAGONEURAWinn. thorax mainly orange yellow, sometimes almost entirely so, but usually with the acutellum and postnotum black If we disregard the presence of R, as a generic character and with more or less obvious traces of two or three black there is little or nothing to separate Paravtemma from stripes on the posterior half of the mesonotum ; abdomen Tetragmteacra, and the two may perhaps be united. The largely orange-yellow, with black a ical bands on the genus Neqpar~stmm,recently proposed by Santos Abreu tergites. In the dark form the wing-P awia is always very may either be 8 Tetragoneerra or perhaps more probably a distinct; in the light form it is fainter, and in the lightest -~lgophtLlnidia. Besides two or three European species specimens sometimes even absent altogether. Intermediates there are a fair number in New Zealand. between the two forms occur, and the hypopygium has an I have obtained the larvae of T. sylzvltica on mouldy identical structure in both ; the claapers are simple, curved branches; they form a slight slimy web and for pupation and tapering to the rather blunt ti , and the parameres 3 very slight dry meshvork cocoon. end in long points. Both fmere airlg common. T. sytvatim (Curt.) (compressa Walk.) (fig. 213). A I have reared numerous specimens of the dark form, with small shining black species generally common in woods. one or two showing transitioml colouring, from larvae feeding on a decaying specimen of Russztla nigricans at Genus ECTREPESTHOXEURAEnd. Shefford, Beds. None could be found on fresh examples The differences in venation seem quite sufficient to of the fungus in the locality, these containing only L+lyceto- sepirate this as a genus distinct from Tetragonetrra, though phila gzrttnta. the two are doubtless closely allied. The forking of the L. piflardi sp. n. Closely resembles L. bimaculata var. cubitus close to the base of the wing is of interest as fnsciola, no external differences being observable, but supporting the conclusion that this group of genera are hypopygium of a very different structure (figs. 36-38). more or less related to the Sciarinae. There is one Type 3, in the British Museum from Felden, Herts., European species. 20 viii. l895 (A. Piffard). E. hirta \\'inn. (aliotn Walk.) (fig. 212). A small black insect occasionally found on windows. British Museum specimens are from Sussex, Middleses, Herts., Hereford Genus MEGOPHTHALMIDIADz. and Lancs. Though with a venation similar to Parastanma and Cenus DOCOSIA\Vinn. Tetragoneurn, this genus appears distinct, at least from the The species of this genus are small black insects, in life latter, by the possession of a strong comb on the hind tibiae and hairs on the pleurotergittes; also by the presence much resembling species of Sciara. They also resemble 582 Mr. F. W. Edwards on &dish Fungm-Gn&. Wdh a revisd Generic Chsikation of the Family. 583 pbsrseraoe pde. Hpppgium, W.C0x.e aU odmolu, Tdragmeuw in appearance and habits, but are aharply .o are bbe lopr anterior femora and tibhe. Hind faamm, tibke differentiated by the position of the ladd h to tbe eye-margins, es well ss by the longer vein RI. They and hni eddydeep black, the tibial opa~a,km, prle peflon; tihiea ahorter md ahuter than usd. Wisp(fig. 216) with 4 mtmng might easily be confused with the genus TTiclraRta of the smoky tinge dl over, deepeat towards the costa oa the posterior Mycetophilinae, which has a rather Bi&r venation, but half of the wing; less pronod in the male then in the fede. the microtrichia of the wings and tibiae ore quite irregularly Venation ea in D. sciarina (rdida). arranged, and on this account I have included Docosh in Holteres yellow. the fiophilinae. There are no anepistemsl bristles, another clear point of distinction from Tnkhontcr. I Type in the British Museum from Hogley, Oxford is to (A. H. Hamm). believe the genus not distantly related Tetrtzgoneura. I first recognised this as a new species from two females The larvae differ from those of the other Sciophilinae collected by the late Mr. F. Jenkinson at Crowborough, in living inside fungi, generally those in a more or less advanced state of decay. One species has the remarkable Sussex, 17 viji. 1907 and 21 iv. 1914. Subsequently Mr. A. Hamm sent me specimens of both sexes which habit of living in birds' nests, and this has not been found H. elsewhere. This tendency to saprophagism is another he had reared from larvae found feeding in old decaying point of aimilsrity with the Sciarmae, and may indicate birds' nests in the Oxford di~trict. His notes are as follows :- that that ~ubfamilyhad its origin from the aame stock as the Doc& and Tdncgoneura group. The pupae are " Hogley Bog, Oxford, 3 iii. 1963. An old thrush's nest, filled mlth old leaves and hawthorn seeds, most of which enclosed in a rather tough cocoon fonned partly of silk had been eaten by mice and probably stored by them; and partly of the food matrix, within which it is situated. the whole was very wet and decsymg. A few larvae Four of the species described in Landrock's recent were found, white, of a slight leaden tint. revision have been found in Britain, and aoone other Thirteen were These differ as bred, emerging from April 2nd to 17th. No parasites.- which appears to be new to science. Old hedge-sparrow's nest, the Parks, Oxford, 27 iii. 23. follows :- Two larvae were found; only one reached maturity and l. ~VCsetoae and ending free ; wings practically alear gikvipes Hd. emerged 14 iv. 23." rSc bare or almoat so, and ending in R . . 2. Since Mr. Hamm made this interesting discovery I have 2. Hind femora and tibiae all black; all t,he larger bristles of myself reared the species from several thrushea' and hedge- mesonoturn and scutcllum black . . fumw sp. n. sparrows' nests at Letchworth and Weston, Herts.; most Hind femora and tibiae at least partly ochreous; thoracic bristles of the specimens were obtained, like those reared by Mr. all pale yellowish . . 3. Hsmm, from nests which had been filled by mice. It 3. Posterior coxae all yellow ; wings quite clear awrat.ica Landr. seems likely that the species will be found to be common Posterior coxae blackened on at least the bed half; win@ and widely distributed, although it has but rarely been seen more or less darkened at the tip, at lesst in the female on the wing. aeiariua Mg.,fuecipes v. .Roe. D. momviea Landr. Apparently uncommon in Britain, but very likely overlooked owing to confusion with D. gilvipes (Hal.) (sciarina \Vim. nec Mg.). Quite D. scian'm. There are sometimes, but not always, a distinct from the other species by venation. It seems to few macrotrichia on Sc. I have seen males from Aviemore be fairly common throughout the country. I have reared ( Y erbury) and Logie (Jenkinson), also females with yellow specimens from Auriculariu mesentmica, Hypkdomci fasei- coxae, probably belonging to this species, from Grange, czllure and Polyporus beiulinus. N. Lancs.; Ffrith, N. Wales; and ShefFord, Beds. (F.W.&.). D. fumosa sp. n. D. fllsoipss (v. Ros.) (pseudmalida Landr.). The British Museum possesses three males of this species from the New Head, tRomL. and abdonten black, somewhat shining. Thoracic Forest (Ahm). briatlea moatly black, but some of the smaller on= pale. Abdominal According to Landrock it didera from TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOSD. PARTS 111, IV. (FEB.'23.) Q Q 584 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Pung~ra-W. With a r&ed Cha6waOtr of th Family. 685 D. schrincr (caliuh) in the more erect brietles of the mew- dieposed in a more or lem linear manner. As hae been notum, but I cannot detect any obvious difference in this shown above (p. 545), many of the genera of the first group respect, or in any feature other than the hypopygium. are closely related to Sciophiline genera, and I therefore D. wins (Mg.) (basalis Walk., pubesm Walk., valzda propose to restrict the subfamily Mycetophilinae to Johann- V.). This species, in the restricted sense of Landrock, sen's second group, which is evidently a natural assemblage, is fairly common in most districts. the members of which show a number of characters in common besides the one indicated by Johannsen, although these other characters are all to be found in one or more Sciophiline genera. The linear arrangement of the micro- A genus of somewhat uncertain relationships, which trichia is not very well marked in Trich~and Phronia, has usually, and perhaps correctly, been referred to the but in these as well as all the other genera the hetibial Sciarinae. I include it now in the Sciophilinae on account setae are placed in regular rows, a character which will of the round eym, which are destitute of a dorsal bridge, distinguish the Mycetophilinae from all Sciophilinae and the more or less oblique r-m, which are the main except nfymyia and Nempheria. We may then define points of dktinction between the two subfamilies. Per- the Mycetophilinae as follows :- haps, however, it would be more correct to regard the genus as a reduced Sciarine form. Apart from the eye- Lateral ocelli alwap in contact with the eye-margins; median structure, the male sex is readily distinguished from other ocellns small and often absent. Seventh and eighth abdominal Sciophiline and Sciarine genera by the venation, Cul segments of male always small end retracted, visible only on dis- arising from the stem of LV quite separately from Cu,. section. Wing-membrane mscrotrichia, except sometimes -4 similar venation is found in the fossil genus Heterotrichn a few on the anal lobe; microtrichia arranged in fairly definite (which also has a living representative in South Africa), lines, as are also the fine setae of the tibiae. Sc reduced, never but this has hairy wings and norm1 Sciarine eyes. The reaching costa. Larvae not spinning a web; usually feeding wingless and haltere-less female of Pnyxia is not easily internally on the substance of fungi, or if feeding externally, then distinmished from other degenerate- forms (compare genus usually bearing some sort of cmformed of excrement. E+~Y~S,p. 54.7). p. saabisi (Hoplrim) (suhmanaa Schmitz) (fig. 216). The genera fall into two groups, which seem to me to Originally described from North America, this was first be best distinguished by the absence or presence of anepis- recorded as British by Mr. 11. J. Charbonnier from Somerset ternal bristles. The two groups are equally well separated material: Mr. E. R. Speyer has aince found it at Cheshunt in the larvae, the fht (ss already pointed out by Johann- and elsekhere, the le;& attach potatoes and tomato sen) having no black ambulacral setae, while in the second seedlings, and also feeding in manure. h in America, these are always more or Iem cons icuous. two forms of the male (long-winged and short-winged) are Most of the species of this sui family are particularly found. Our specimens agree with Johannsen's description, abundant in the late autumn, many breeding continuously and also with Schmitz's description and figures of his throughout the winter whenever food is available, so that P. subterranea reared from ants' nests; the distinctions adults may be captured nearly all the year round, whereas between P. scabiei and P. strbtermrwu which Sch~nitzpoints the adults of the Sciophilinae and Ceroplatinae are on the out are probably due either to individual variation or to wing chiefly during the summer months. inaccuracy in Hopkins' original description. Nearly all the known recent genera are well represented in Britain and are thus distinguished :- Subfamily Myaetophillnse. l. Anepistemal and pteropled bristles absent; hind coxa with Johannson in 1912 divided this subfamily into two a fairly strong bristle at k; em@a abmnt or rudinlentary ; sections, the first with the microtrichia of the wing-mem- hind tibial comb usodly indefinite or absent; tibial bristles hrane irregularly arranged, the second with the microtrichia short (Trih E'mhini) . 2. I 586 Xr. F. W. Edwards m Brittkh Fuw-Gnu&.

Anepietemal bristles present; hind coxa usually without bad bristle; empodia and hlnd tibial comb nearly always dietinct (Tribe Xyelophalcni) . . 6. 2. Costo produced well beyond tip of R, . ~ATELLAWinn. Costa ending at R, . . . . 3. 3. Base of cubital fork beyond that of the media EXECHIAKinn. Base of cubital fork below or before that of the media . 4. 4. An strong and distinct . . RHYMOS.~Winn. An short and weak or absent . 5. 5. The vein below Cu (Cu, of Tillyald) ve~yl~ng and distinct, reaching nearly to the middle of the cubital fork BRACIIYPEZAWinn. Fro. 1. This vein shorter and less distinct . . ALto~raWinn. 6. Pteropleurd bristles absent . . 7. Pteropleurd bristles present; tibial briatles long and strong 10. 7 Tibial bristles long and strong; Sc ending in R DYNATOSOMAWinn. Tibial bristles emall, at most 8 little longer than the diameter of the tibia . . 8. 8. Second wgment of palpi greatly enlarged CORDYLIWinn. Second segment of pdpi not enlarged . . 9. 9. I3ase of cuhital fork below or before that of the media; Sc rather long and nornlally ending in R . TRICHONTAbyinn. 1 A Base of ctlbital fork beyotd that of the media; Sc ending free . P~RO~TAWinn. 10. Cubitus forked . . 11. FIG. 3. 4. Cubitus simple . . 14. FIO. 11. Cu, slightly diwrgent from M, apically, but parallel w~thor TEXT-nos. 14. slightly convergent towards Cu,; pleurotergites and ptero- Side-view of thorax of (1) Symmnau annulatw, showing mepi- pleurites generally quite large (somewliat as in text-figs. eternal and postnatal hairs, and bristles on posterior division of 2 3) and ; costa ending at tip of R, . &ITCETOPHIL\Mg. pronotum; (2) -4llodia lugens, showing ple~lrotergalhairs and two Cu, parallel with Af3 throughout, but slightly divergent fmnl propleural bristles ; (3) Trichonto venom, showing anepivternal and Cu,; plelirotergites and pteropleurites small (text-fig. 4); pleumtergal bristles ; (4) Delopsis atm'nur, showing propleural, head usually fitting very closely into the front of the anepistemal and pteropled bristla, absence of strong pronotal thorax . 12...... bristles, small pleurotergites, etc. Lettering the same in each : apn 12. Pronotal lobes distinctly rwparated from the propleura, and and ppn, anterior and posterior divisions of pronotum; ppl, provided with distinct long bristles; base of cubital fork propieurn ; &p, stemopleurite ; am, anepistemite ; ptp, ptero- hardly if at all befom r-m ; costa distinctly prodttced beyond pleurite; hp, hypopleudte ; p&, pleurotergite; p,postnotum ; m, tip of H, . . . . . EPICTPTAWinn. ecutellum. Pronotsl lobes only indistinctly separated f~omthe propleura The dotted line in fig. 1 represents the position of the sutum and without long bristlee; base of cubital fork well before between tho sternopleuritm and the pteropleurite in Cenhocnemh, r-nb . . l.?. which is mare normal in its pleural structure than Symmerua or second atxlomillal segment 13. Costa produced beyond tip of R, ; Ditonoyio. without ventral bristles . . [~~TUROCYPT.~End.]. 588 Mr. F. W. Edwards olc British Fungw-Gnals. With a revised Genaric Chaficalion of tAe J'amily. 589

Co%to ending at tip of R,; second abdominal segment with a Jn all seven species the memnotum ie uniformly dark; pair of ventral bristles . . DELOPSISSkuse. the base of the cubital fork ody a short distance beyond 14. M, and Cu slightly divergent ; pleurotergitea and pteropleurites that of the median, and the halteres are yellow. large; middle tibiae with ventral bristles ZYOOMYIAWinn. A. setigera Edw. (fig. 217). Apparently distinct by the dd, and CZLparallel; pleurotergites and pteropleurites small; black abdomen, grey-dusted mmonotum, and short outer middlc tibiae without ventral bristles; R, and R, often spur of the mid tibiae. Lower clasper with a long bristle rather cloaely approximabd . . 15. at the tip. Since deacribing the epecies from Brodick, 15. Coata hardly produced beyond tip of R, . SCEITOSIAW'inn. Arran, I have baken specimenr, in Wyre Forest. Costa produced farbryond tip of X, [PLATV~ROSTHIOGYSEEnd.]. A. unguigera Edw. As the spurs of the mid tibiae are nearly equal in length 1 smpect this may be Winnertz's Genus ANATELLAWinn. ,4. jiawicuuda, although the hypopygium does not agree The members of this genus are readily distinguished very exactly with his description. The lower clasper has The ven~tion most a strong tooth at the tip. Besides the type from Arran by the strongly produced costa. there is a male in the British Museum from the New Forest resembles that of Phronia, in which the costa is also some- (Adams). what produced, but the absence of anepisternal bristles A. incisurata sp. n. (Verrall XS.) (figs. 43-45). Very and of empodium, as well as the structure of the hypo- similar to the last, but the abdomen generally more exten- pygium, indicates that the genus is more nearly allied to sively yellow on the sides of the first few segments, towards Ezechia or AZEodia. The species are all of small size and the apical margins, and the outer spur of the middle tibiae more or less rare; the life-history is unknown. shorter, not more than two-thirds as long as the inner. The seven species which have so far been found in Hypopygium resembling the last two, but the inner Britain may be distinguished as follows :- appendage of the upper clasper strongly forked; other 1. Prothoracic lobes and palpi more or less darkened . 2. differences in detail as shown in the figures; the lower Prothormic lobes and palpi yellow (the former slightly darkened clasper has neither a long bristle nor a stout tooth at the tip. in ciliate, othemise strongly contrasting with the dark meso- Type in the British Museum from Hitchin, Herts., ix. notum) . . 1. 1915 (P.W.E.); others from Crowborough, Sussex (J~nkin- 2. Abdomen a11 dark; mesonotum mow or less dusted nith grey, son) and Stockenchnrch, Oxford (Verrall) ; others in the outer spur of mid tibiae about half the length of the inner Cambridge Museum. ~etigeraEdn. Although this may possibly be Winnertz's A. j?im&uda First three abdominal segments yellowish apicallp . . 3. it seems best to treat it as new, since the agreement with 3. Yid-tibial spurs subequal in length . . tc~lgttigcraEdw. the description is not very close, particularly in regard to Outer spur of mid tibiae about two-thirds the length of the the rather short outer spur of the middle tibiae. inner . . i~zciswrnlasp. n. A. ciliata Winn. (figs. 46, 47). In my experience this 4. Media and cubitus almost as dark as the radnle; middle femora and not the last is the species most frequently met with, of male with a row of long cilia bencath . . D. though it cannot be called common. Of the two species Media and cubitus pale; middle femora of male not ciliate which have the middle femon of the male strongly ciliate beneath . . 6. beneath, I use the name ciliata for the one which appears 5. Male claspers nith a group of small spines at the tip to agree best with Winnertz's description in regard to ciliata Winn. the hypopygium. In this the male claspers are as shown Male clsspers without spines but with very long hairs in figs. 46. The prothoracic lobes and pnlpi are yellowish, piliqera sp. n. not dark as in the last three species nor yet quite so con- 6. Abdominal segments 1-3 largely yellowish at the sides spicuously pale as in the following three. The British pat~omcceulutasp. n. Museum possesses examples from numerous localities in Abdomen all dark . . minuta Stacg. England and Wales. 590 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Brdish Furup-Gnads. With a revised G'& Classi,jimdiole of the Family. 591 A. pitigera sp. n. (figs. 48-50). Closely resembles smaller apciea, and moat frequently in the stalk. pey A. cildda md like it with ciliate mid femora in the male, spin a slight silky cocoon before pupation, generally just but the prothoracic lobes more distinctly yellow and tlie underground. male hypopygium quite different, the upper claspers clothed We hsve about 36 British species which fall very readily with very long bristles. into two group^, though many of the species in these Type S in the British Museum from Llangammarch groups are only distinguishable by characters of the hypo- Wells, Brecknock, 12 viii. 1913 (Yerbury); a second male pygium or ovipositor; in this genus the females as well from Burnham Beeches, Rucks., 15 iv. 1913 (F.W.E.). as the males nearly always how good genitalic distinc- A. tl.voomaeutots sp. n. (figs. 51-53). A very small tions, but the characters can only be appreciated by species, somewhat am~llerthan any of the preceding. reference to figures, and I have therefore not referred to Prothorax and palpi conspicuously yellow. Mesonotum them in the key below. As in other genera of this group all dark, without greyish reflections. Abdomen with a the number of propleural bristles seems to be very im- yellowish patch extending along the sides of the first portant for clamification, and some other chaetotactic three segments. Spurs of mid tibiae subequal. Venation characters are also useful. as in the other British species. Hypopygium as figured. Type S in the Britisb Museum from Sheviock, Cornwall, 1. Rs almost or quite straight; fork of Cu short, Cu, quite 10 ix. 1912 (Yerbury); there is also a male in the Cambridge straight; r-m very long, more tban twice m long as the Nuseum from the New Forest (Slbatp), and another in stem of the median fork; Sc ending free; pale mrrking~ Nr. Collin's collection, also from the New Forest, this last of abdomen when present nearly always situated towards being the specimen on which Verrall based his record of the bases of the segments; two or three propleural bristles, A. g*. placed aide by ride; ninth abdominal sternite of male A. mtnnh Staeg. (figs. 54-56). This much resembles small (Group I) . . . 2. the last, except that the abdomen is entirely dark, and Rs uually distinctly curved downwards at the tip; fork of the hypopygium is quite different, the strongly produced Cu often rather long, Cu, more or less curved; r-m not corners of the ninth tergite and the square-ended anal more than twice ea long as the stem of the median fork; cerci being very characteristic. The figures are taken Sc more or less distinctly ending in R; hind margins of from a male in the British Museum from Wj~eForest, abdominal tergitee pale; one long propleural bristle, with 14 ix. 1922 (F.W.E.) ; others are from Hay, Glamorgan sometimes a second shorter one above or below it; ninth ( Yerbuy) and Cambridge (Jenkinson). abdominal sternite of male often quite,large, occupying the underside of the byppj-gium (Group 11) . . 17. 2. Two propleural bristlea . . 3. Genus EXECEIAWinn. Three or four pmpleural bristl~s; rather large species with This genus is fairly well defined by the p~sit~ionof the yellow shoulders . . 16. base of the cubital fork distinctly, often much beyond 3. Hind tibiae on the inner aide with 12-15 fine brist,les; a similar that of the median, but apart from this there is no im- number in the outer row; thorax rather light ochreous; portant difference between it and Rhymosia or AUodia. posterior margins of abdominal tcrgites pale, m well as the Some writers have confused the genus with Phronia, to bases of the segments . . pollidu Stan. which, however, it is not at all closely related, as shown Hind tibiae on the inner side with 4-8 fine bristles near the by the presence of a strong basal bristle on the hind coxn tip; thorax mainly dark; posterior margins of most abdo- and the absence of anepisternal bristles and empodium, minal tergites dark . . 4. ns well as by the structure and habits of the larvae. There 4. Hind f~morawith a dark mark at the basc beneath, sometimes are rather numerous species in nearly all parts of the faint . . 5. world. Hind femora without any tracp of a dark mark at the base The larvae live in various ground-fungi, especially the Lneath . . . . . 11. 592 Mr. P. W. Edwards on Bdish Fu~-G7bats. With a revlsd Generic Classa&dien oj the Pamiy. 593

5. Mesonotum all blackish-grey; abdomen of d mostly or all Only one propleural bristle ; meacmutw wi6B diedbristlea 24. black . . 6. 18. Rs straight; cubital fork -W, ito h& pdlel; Cu, Bfesonotum distinctly yellowish on t.he ehoulders; abdomen not reaching margirl; memonoturn without discd bristle8 of 5 conspicuously yellow at the base of segment 3 or 3 plrrl2elo sp. n. and 4 . . 8. Ra more or lees curved down at tip; branches of cubital fork 6. Abdomen of 9 practically all black like that of the divergent ; Cu, reaching the mugin . . . 19. apinqera Winn. ; frigida Holmgr. 19. Mesonotum greyish, with three bkstripae, end without Abdomen of 9 with large yellow lateral spots . . 7. discal bristles; wings smoky with 8 amall nearly clear patch 7. Abdomen of $ all black . . fusca Mg. in the middle below barn of h Abdomen of with s, small yellow lateral spot on segment 2 frimtlata Staeg. ; lrisignakr Edw. continis Winn. 3Iesonotum otherwise coloured ; discal brintlee present ; wings 8. Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 pale posteriorly ; 4 all dark in d otherwise . . 20. dorsalis Staeg. 20. Mesonotum all dark; r-m little if any longer than the stem Abdominal tergites 1 and 2 with the posterior edge dark D. of the median fork ; abdomen very slender, yellow markings 9. The yellow marks on the abdomen not united dorsally conspicuous . . . kgdura Mg. l?i.&roemi Landr. hlesonotum distinctly yellow on the ehoulders; r-m about The fourth abdominal Brgite with a complete yellow band twice as long apl the stem of the median fork . . 21. (d 9) - . 10. 21. A slight cloud on the wing below Cu,; first front tarsal wg- 10. Hind tibiae with 10-12 bristles in the outer row bicincfa Staeg. ment hardly longer than the tibia . unguicu2ala Lundst. Hind tibiae with about 7 bristles in the outer row dima Edw. No cloud below Cu, . . . 22. 11. Hind tibiae with about 12 bristles in the dorsal row; 3 hypo- 22. First front tarsal segment fully one-third longer than the tibia pygium very large; abdominal tergites 2-5 broadly yellow dulola Winn. ; fimbriuta Lundst. at base (3 9) . . featica Winn. First front tarsal segment barely one-fourth longer than the Hind tibiae nith 4-8 bristles in the dorsal row; 3 hppopygium tibia . . 23. small; 8 abdomen mainly black . . 12. 23. Segments of male flagellum about twice crs long apl broad 12. Mesonotum considerably shining, all-blackish l~icid~cfuZett. indeeiaa Walk. Mesonotum quite dull . . 13. Segments of male flagellum hardly longer than broad 13. Scape of antennae black; abdomen all black in both sexes lt@alola Lundst. ; hmmi sp. n. nipsp. n. 24. Rs scarcely curved; cubital fork rather short, the distance of Scape of antennae more or less yelloni~h;abdomen of female its base from that of the median fork equal to nearly three with yellow markings . . 14. times the length of the stem of the median fork; abdomen 14. Abdominal tergites 3 ($) or 3 and 4 (Q) with complete yellow largely yellow . . crucyera Lundst. hands . . erig~taLundst. Rs strongly curved ; cubital fork longer . . 25. Abdomen all black (G) or with lateral pcllov spots which are 25. Mesonotum uniformly dark grey . . . pollicda sp. n. not united dorally (9) . . 15. Mesonotum more or leas distinctly yellow on the shoulders 26. 13. Hind tibiao with &S bristles irl the dorsal row 26. Mesonotum with three separate brown stripes; a faint dark sepnmfa Lundst. cloud below Cu, . . ilderseda Mg. ; magnicauda Lundst. Hind tibiae with 4-5 bristlcs in the dorsal row me so no tun^ not striped or with the stripes fused; no cloud nnna Stwg. ; prza Lundst. below Cu, clypeda Lundst. ;pulchella Winn. ;jenlfr. F. W. Edwards on British Pungw-Gnats. the Famdy. 597 dark brown, the poaterior margins oi ths mgmente ochreous, more E. parvs Lundst. This also seems to be rather com- broadly so at the aides. Ovipoeitor, bg. &&. LW yellowish, mon and widely spread. The male hypopygium varies tibiae and tarsi darkened; 6nt segment of front tnrsi verp little somewhat in structure, some specimens (perhaps repre- longer thaa the tibir Winpr clear. & ending rather indistinctly senting a distinct variety) having the upper clanpers much in R; Re quite straight; v-m equal in length to the stem of the more elongate than others; the ventral bristle-bearing median fork, the brenchea of which are fairly evenly divergent; projections are also much longer in some specimens than cubital fork short, ib bese far beyond that of the median fork, is indicated in Lundstrom's figures. it8 branches practically parallel; upper bmch rather faint, reach- E. exigua Lundst. I have captured a fair number of ing margin, though indistinctly; lower bnrach stronger but not specimens of this species in the neighbourhood of Hitehin, reaching margin. An fairly distinct, but ending before base of Baldock and Letchworth, Herts., and at Shefford, Beds. median fork. Halteres yellow. &. wparata Lundst. A small species similar to the last three, but apparently distinguishable by the more numerous hind tibial bristles. It is fairly common. I Type 9 in the British Museum from Newmarket, Cambs., have-. - reared- it from Boletus bminus, B. $avidus and Gem- 23 ix. 1888 (G. H. VerraEI). Although only known from pfrddius viscidus. one female this species appears so distinct by the com- E. festiva Winn. A rather large species, well distin- bination of charactem indicated in the key, that the male guished from others in this group by the very extensively should be recognised easily when it is discovered; it yellow abdomen of the male. It is widely distributed cannot be any one of those hitherto described from Europe. and common in some districts, but no fresh localities have The absence of discal bristles on the meaonotum and the been recorded. structure of the ovipositor suggest a relationship with E. contaminata IVinn. A large and not uncommon E. trivittala. species. I have reared it from lar\-ae found in a large E. tririttata (Staeg.). Although I have not succeeded undetermined agaric at Stanmore, Herts. Additional in rearing this common species, I once found a small records are Burnham Beeches, Sherlvood Forest, and swarm of males hovering over old horse-dung in a field, Arran. and this may possibly be their breeding-place. The wing- E. pseudoeincta Strobl. .Apparently less comnlon than No fresh records nlarking is rather distinct when fresh, but not very obvious the Inst. which it closely resembles. in dry specimens. available. This seems to differ con- E. trlsignsta Edw. I cannot discover any external E. nigroseutellata Landr. difference between this and the last, unless the second stantly from the last two in the presence of the black spot beneath the base of the hind femora. -4 fresh record is propleural bristle is more strongly developed. The hypo- pygial difference is of course easily seen even in dry s ci- Leatherhead, Surrey (E. Coddi~lyton). mem. The species is widely distributed, but per aps more frequent in the north, where it may partially replace Group 11. E. tritrittafa. E. paralbla sp. n. E. leptura (Ng.) (mcmbranacea Lundst.). A specimen of this species from the New Forest which I sent to Lund- -4 small species, len@ll of body or wing, 3 mm. fled blaclish, face dark bron.11; palpi yellow. Antennae with strom in 1912 was returned as E. leplura, but his later description of E. membranocen evidently applies to the the scape yellowish. flagellurn dark, segments about half as long Thorax with dark brown ground-colour; mcso- same insect. I see no reason why Meigen's name should again as broad. as notum with three confluent blackish strips; shoulders rather not be uaed, especially Winnertz also identified the same gpecies as E. leptura, as shown by the figures in conspicuously greyish. liesonotum without discal bristles. h- thorax ochreous; two propleural bristles, placed one above the DziedLicki'a Atlas. The s cies is rather a distinct one, but far from common. other, the upper one more than half ay long as tlie lower. -4bch1 P" have taken it at Burnham W58 a ravised Generic CInssificdhn of the Rami1.y. 599 Beeches, Bucks., Tilberthwaite, N. hoe., and Barnox, windows at Hitchin, Hcrt~.; these and the Cambridge- Aman. shire and Suffolk examples previously recorded are the only g. unguieubts Lundst. The dark cloud on the wing British specimens known to me. is quite distinct in fresh specimens, but won fades, and in old examples is not very noticeable. The wing tip is E. polllcato sp. n. also faintly darkened, but apart from this the species irs A rather nmnall, dark specieer. very much like several othe~members of the group. A Head blackish; palpi and Nape of antennae ochreous, the flagel- local species ; additional records are Tuckenhay, S. Devon lum black, segments almost twice as long as broad, slightly shorter and Wyre Forest (F.1V.E .) ;Leigb Woods, Bristol (Adcent). in the female than in the male. Tbrax almost uniformly dull B. snbulata Winn. One of the largest species of the blackish-grey, eren the prothorax dark in colour; only a minute genus, and fairly common in mo~tdistricts. Some fresh ochreor~s dot on the shoulders. Discal bristles of mesonotum records are : Oxhey and Knebworth, Herts. ; Strelley and short but distinct. One proplrural bristle. Aldomen blackish, Shemood, Notts. (F.W.E.). with rather ill-defined ochreous apical lateral triangles on each E. Bmbriats Lundst. A rare species, the only record of tcrgites 24 (,j)or 2-5 (Q). Hypopygium, figs. 60, 61; ori- additional to the four Scottish localities mentioned in my pitor, fig. 67. Leg8 ochn=ous, tibiae and tarsi darkened; first previous paper being Pateley Bridge. Yorh. (F.W.E.). front torsal segment about one-third longer than the tibia. Wangs E. indetisa Walk. (tmuimmtis v. d. Wulp). I have slightly and uniformly smoky. Sc ending distinctly in R; Rs now traced Walker's type of B. i*a, hence this change rather strongly curved; r-tn not much over twice as long m the of name. The species seem to be rather common. I basa! section of R8, and not much longer than the stem of the have reared it from Bdetzcs bvint~sand B. jladw, the median fork; distance of batle of cubital from hse of median larvae in both cases being in aaaociation with those of fork equal to barely twice the length of the stem of the latter; E. separatct Lundst. An strong, reaching base of cubital fork. Kalteres ochreous. E. hgu~aLundst. I have seen only the three British male examples of this species recorded by me in 1915 Type and S P in the British Museum fro111 Hitchin. from Cornwall, Hants. and Sussex, but there is a female Herts., 2P28 ix. 1915, on window (P.W.E.): also Hitchin, in the British 116~8eum from the New Forest, which I ix. 1916. 1 3 and Baldock, ix. 1917, 1 $ (F.W.E.); Oxford, believe to belong to tbis species; I give a figure of its 28 X. 1920, 1 J (,4. H. Hanun), Logie, Elgin. 7 is. 1910 ovipositor (fig. 66) for compmtrkon with that of the following (Jmkinson ; Cambridge 31useum). From E. lapturn Mg., new species. the only other British species of the second group with a P ham& sp. D. (wing, fig. 218). Closely ahed to uniformly dark mesonorum, the new specie-s dlffers in E. ligukala, differing only in the somewhat shorter abdomen the much longer nnal vein. The Ilypnpygium is also very and the details of structure of the hypopygium (figs. 57- distinct. 59) and ovipoGtor (fig. 65). E. intersects Jlg. (gracilicornis Landr.). Meigen's Tv~eX in the British Museum from Oxford, 19 X. 1916 original type being apparently lost, it will be well to (A.'H. gamm) ; also other specimens taken by the *me Shefford, follon~ Winnertz's and Dzi-,dzickils interpretation of collector in the Oxford Nwum on various dates. E. kntersccta, which is the same as E. g~acilicornisLandr. Beds., l (F.W.E.). Under the name -11. iritersccta in the Winthem collection E, true-ra Lundst. The almost straight vein Rs might in the Vienna AIuseum there are specimens of this species occasion doubt as to whether this species ahould be in- and also of E. nmagnicauda. Additional records for this cluded in the first or the secolld group of the genus, but species are Oxhey, Herts., and Sher~t-oodForest (F W.E.). the preamce of large apdLateral yehr triangles on the E. uugnieauda Lundst. I have still only seen the one first four abdominal tergites aeem to pdae it definitely in British example of this species recorded from Oxfordshire the second. It is a very distinct species both by venation in my previous paper. and hypopygium. I have taken a few epecimens on TRAM. EXT. SOC. LOXD. ~S"~.-P?LRTS111, If. (FEB. '25.) R R 600 Mr. F. R. Edwarh m British Fungus-G.Rcsts. l With n revised Generic Clapsificrrlwn of the FaQmdy. 601 grey; E. elypeata Lundst. The only fresh record for this 4. Shoulders not conspicnouely discal bristles distinct species, previously recorded from Scotland, ia Llangam- macnbarr hfg. . march Wells, Brecknock (Yerhy). Shoulders conepicnously grey; cliscd bristles very minute E. pulehella Winn. Apparently a rare species, but odd domcslica Mg. specimens have been t3ken in widely separated localities. .S. Shoulders grey; diucal bristles absent; hind tibiae with only Ovipositor, fig. 69. The following are new records : 34fine bristles in a row on the inner side near the tip Logie, Elgin (Jenkinson) ; Burnham Beeches, Bucks. : macrura Winn. Baldock, Herts. ; Shefford, Beds. ; Wyre Forest (F.W.E.). Shoulders not conspicuously grey; discal bristles small but E. jenkinsoni sp. n. Closely allied to E. pulche!ln, distinct; hind tibiae on the inner side with a subapicai differing miinly if not solely in details of structure of patch of about a dozen fine bristles . . 6. the h~po~ygium(figs. 62, 62a, 62b), the upper clasper being G. Nesonotum with three distinctly separate stripes; only one much more slender, and the lower one aith the margin strong propleural bristle (sometimes one or two weak ones entire, without sub-basal projection. Ovipositor (fig. 6s) in addition) . . fexeslralis Jlg. much as in E. pulchella. Mesonotum not distinctly striped; two strong propleural Type $ in the Cambridge Museum from Logie. Elgin, bristles . tananii Dz. 19 viii. 1903 (F. Jenkinson); also 1 $ 1 9 in the British 7. Three strong propleural bristles ; hind tibiae with 11-18 bristles lluseum from Wyre Forest, 14 ix. 22 (F.1V.E.). in the dorsal row; Sc ending in R; discal bristles of meso- 6 notum absent. . . fovea Dz. Genus RHPWOSIAWinn.* One or two strong propleural bristles; hind tibiae with 4-6 bristles in the dorsal row; Sc very short and ending free This genus is very closely allied to Alldin and Execlticc, I 8. 8. A distinct brown cloud on the wing below Cu,; hind femora differing from the former chiefly in the longer and stronger with a broad brown ring near the base ; mesonoturn without anal vein, and from the latter in the position of the base discal bristles . . placidn Winn. of the cubital fork U-ell before that of the base of the So cloud below Cu, ; hind femora all yellowish median fork. : . . 9. The larvae, like those of Ezechiu, seem often to prefer 9. TWOstrong propleurd bristles; discal bristles of me so no tun^ the stalk of the fungus to the cap, but are mow gregarious, i wry small; front tarsi of male simple . . cirens Dz. One strong prvplei~ralbristle. aith sometimps a second weaker and at least in the larger species the cocoon has a different one . . , 10. texture, being much stronger and more gummv. 10. Front tarsi of male sinlplc 11. The sixtee11 British species now known may be distin- . . Front tarsi of male with segments 3 and 1 spinose beneath 13. guished as follows :- 11. Pale markings of abdomen lnrge but not sharply definctl; r-nx not much longer than the stem of thc median fork l. Abdominal tergites with the apical margins pale; Sc always ending distinctly in R . . 2. con~aexa\Vinn. Pale markings of abdomen sha~lydefined; r-m nearly twice Pale markings of abdooien situated mainly or cntimly towards F as long aa the stem of the median fork . . l?. bases of tergites . . 1. 12. Yellow abdominal bands usually complete dorsally, but not 2. Scutellum with four strong brisLlca ; propleurae with 31strong reaching the posterior lateral corners of the tergites bristles . . 3. Scutellurn with only two strong brist.les . . 5. faaciala Mg. Yellow aMomi~lalbands incomplete dorsally, but reaching the 3. Discal bristles of nwsonotun~very stout and blunt cridnta Staeg. posterior lateral corners of t,he tergites . brdteni sp. n. 13. of cubitd fork urell before the base of r-m, which is not Diwal bristles small and thin or even ahnt . , 4. much longer than the stem of the median fork; abdomen * Winnertz wrote Rymo~ia,but I have followed Verrdl's emen- extensirely yellow; hind tibiae with a large patch of fine dation. bristles on the inner side near the tip . signdips v. d. W. a of 602 Mr. P. W. Edwards on Brit&& Fungus-&.&. l Wzih revised Gaetic GlimzJEcalbn the Family. 603 &we of cubitd fork little if any before the bres of r-m, which B. loves Dz. This very dktinct species has cmly betn is almost or quite twice ea long os the stem of tbe median found by the late Mr. F. Jenkinson at Logre, Elgzn. A fork; hind tibiae with a row of 3-6 b brirtler on the inner.. aecond male collected by him is now in the British Mmm. side near the tip . 14. B. placida Winn. . . . . I Another very distinct species of which 14. Abdomen with distinct yellow bands, which extend narmwly the only known British example is the male previously on to the posterior margins of tergitee 14 g~aeilipeaDz. recorded from Mr. Collin's collection. - Abdominal markings lesa conspicuous ; posterior margins of all.- R. virens Uz. A rather small species of slender build, tergites dark . . . . . 10 which though not common is widely distributed. The 15. Lateral margins of tergites 2 and 3 entirely yellowish female has the ovipositor unus.ually long. bifida sp. n. R. connexa JYinn. A rather large species with some Lateral margins of tergites 2 and 3 dark except at base superficial resemblance to R. fen~ralis. Some fresh clpinips Winn. records are : Hitchin, Herts. (F.1Y.E.); Oxford (A. H. Hamm). R. crbtab (Staeg.). This species is very well char- R. fkiata (AIg.) (discoidea Dz.). Tbis is everywhere the acterised by the remarkably thick though short discal commonest species of the genus, especially in winter; it bristles on the mesonotnm. Though not common it is is also rather easily distinguished from most of the others widely distributed. by the conspicuous yellow abdominal bands. It is re- R. maculou (Ig.). I have seen only two British markably variable in size. Considering its abundance it specimens of this fairly distinct species, a malene-over- from is rather surprising that the larvae have hot been more C~rnbridge- .- -.. - (Jenkinsot~), and another from Gran, frequently met ~ith.Meigen indeed states that he had Sands (X E: J17rigk). found them abundantly, but as he mentions a brown head R. domestiu (31g.). Another speci.8 which is quite it seems most probable that he had confused this species easily identified by the chnetotaxy, though it nught per- with filyceiophila fungorum. I have only reared two hap be confused with dllalia crassicmnv. It seems to specimens, one from Tricholoma aureorubens and one from be fairly common everywhere. I hare found the larvae Clacarzu inaequal.is ; the cocoon of the latter Was alight and on ~KOoccasions in Tricholo?nnwudt(?n, and also in Clytocybe silky, not gummy as in the other species of the genus. i,~tr)t~lib~llifomisand ~Varasmiusorcudes. R. britteni sp. n. A small species much resembling R. maerura JYinn. Though superficially similar to the R. fasn'ata, but with darker mesonotum, and somewhat last, this is always easily distinguished by having only different abdominal markings; the yellow bands are two scutellar bristles. It is widely distributed and not narrowly interrupted in the mid-dorsal line, but are en- uncomn~on,though rarer than R. dov~esticn. larged laterally to reach the posterior corners of the tergites. R. fenestralis (Jlg.). Fairly easily recognised by the Chaetotaxy as in R. fasclcrtn. Hypopygium of the same stripes of the mesonotum, which are nearly always dis- type as in R. fasciatn, but differing conspicuously by the tinct, all other British species having theln fused, or the very small upper claspers which are of an entirely different mesonotum unicolorous. It is rather common every- shape (fgs. 70, 71). where. I have reared specimens from a smll Bolettrs; Type ;f in the British Museum from Oxford, 30 ix. 1915 from Cortinarius fulgens, PhoIida aurea, Pleztrottts ostrecltzts (H. Britfa). (on a fallen log), Entolom j~hrt~irn,and Cl$+ inft~ndi- R. signatipes v. d. W. In this and the remaining three bttliformis. In the last instance the larvae were in company species the third and fourth segments of the front tarsi with those of R. domestic&. are finely spinose beneath, the exact form and arrange- R. tarnanii Dz. A rare species of which I have only ment of the apines varying with the species; the fourth seen two British examples, the one ~reviouslyrecorded segment in dry specimens is nearly always bent upon from Logie, and another (non in the British Museom) the third 80 that t,he spines interlock, and it seems evident from Nethy Bridge (C. G. Lamb). that the structure is used for holding the front legs of W Mr. P. W. Edwa.rda on BritisA Fwqw-Ms. With a rdGeneric Ch8ajka4ion of the Family. 605 The larvae of the few epeciea which I have reared are the female during copulation, though this hanot actually ta Ex&&. been obmed. So far aa I have notid the front tarsi similar in structure and habite those of as We have at least 27 species of AWiO in Britein, but of thase species are normally held straight in life, is many of them are so extremely similar that I have been always the csse even in dry specimens with the non-spiny to apecies. R. sigmtipes is readily distinguished from R. unable find any eatiefactary characters for separating gracilapes by the much more extensively yellow abdomen, them except in the male hypopygium. The di5culty of especially of the female. Originally recorded as British determination is incrcmed by the great variability in colour from one male from the Xew Forest, I have since seen a exhibited by many of the species. Several species have a number of specimens from thence, and have aho taken light form in which the base of the antennae and the it at Hitchin and Knebworth, Herts., and in Wyre Forest. shoulders are yellow, the first four abdominal segments g. -flips Dz. A rather large species, quite distinct of the male mainly yellow, and the femora entirely yellow; from the last alike by the genital structure of both sexes and a dark form in which the antennae, thorax, and and the chaetotexy of the hind tibiae. Additional records abdomen are almost entirely black, and the femora with a are Baldock and Royston, Herts.; Babraham, Cambs. black mark at the base beneath and at the tip; the dark (F.W.E.); New Forest (Adam). I have reared it from specimens are often those bred in winter. In the key Rers~ulasp. and from Amanita sp. I .below I have arranged the species in groups, chiefly on R. spipinipes Winn. This is much smaller than the last ? characters of chaetotaxy, which does not seem to be two, and with less yellow on the abdomen. It is appar- subject to much variation, though okcasional excep- ently rare, as no fresh material has been obtained. tions may be found to the usual number of propleural P. biilda sp. n. (wing, fig. 219). A small species, closely bristles. resembling R. spinipes, and nith exactly the same arma- l. Posterior coxae with small black spots at the tip on the outer ture of the front tarsi, but the pale markings of the abdo- side ; four strong scutellar bristles ; mesonoturn without men more extensive, the whole of the lateral margim of discad bristles; claws toothed . . . . ctawicornia Stan. tergites 2 and 3 ochreous; hypopygium also quite different Posterior coxm without black spot8 at the tip; if four scutellar (figs. 72, 73), the upper claspers being forked. Ovipositor briatlcs are present, the outer pair is shorter than the inner 2. (fig. 74) constructed almost as in R. spinipes. 2. Two propleural bristles; hind tibiae without bristles on the Type in the British' Museum, taken on window at Other speci- inner side; scutellurn with two bristles; claws simple 3. Hitchin, Herts., 25-28 ix. 1915 (F.M7.E.). Three or more propleural bristles; hind tibiae nith small mens from Letchworth and Baldock, Herts. ;Holker Moss, N. bristles on the inner side, at least near the tip . ; ; ; . 5. Lancs. Wryre Forest (P.W.E.) Oxford (Hamnz) Lelant, 3. Mesonotum without bristles on the disc; base of cubit& fork Cornwall (Ymbury; previously identified as R. spinipcs). bc~ondbase of r-m . . . - 4. l lugens Wicd., wnadriollis Mg. ;lrt~uLdroemi Edw. ;atrgkqennica Genus BLLODIAIvinn. Edw. ; truncala Edm. No very sharp division can be drawn between this Mesonotum with distinct discal bristles; base of' cubital fork genus and Rhyrnosia or Brmhypeza, but it will be uscful before base of r-m . . 4. to maintain it for those species in which the anal vein is 4. Fourth abdominal segment of male, or fourth and sixth of female, either absent or quite ~hortand faint, and t,he vein immedi- largely yellow, especially towards the base ately below Cu, is not unusually long. In this sense it @a Mg. ; aUernans Zett. ; c-ernyi Lsndr. will include Brachycampta, as proposed by Johannsen. Fourth abdominal segment with no more yellow than the third The Australian SynplaJta * and the New Zealand Brerirornz~ ailzatica Lsndr., barbala Lundst., pistillada Lundjt., triangu- I would also regard as synonymous. laris Strobl, negleclo sp. n. The -in in Synphda w?,ich Johanntwn takes to be An seems 5. Three propleural bristles ; claws aimple or toothed . . 6. to be rather Tillysrd'e " Cu, ; if it is not so thia genus mould be Four or fin, propleural bristles; clam aimple eynonymous with Rhymosin. . . 11. 606 Mr. F. W. Edwards on BritGh Fungus-Gnats. With a revid Gaeric f2hsiI;ddh of the Family. 607 6. Claws rather large and with a conspicuous tooth; no distinct the shoulders and the absence of discal bristles on the empodium ; only two scutellor bridles . . griaeoh Zett. mesonoturn. I have reared it from Rauwarla sp., and Dr. Claws small, simple or with small tooth; small empodium often F. M. Turner has shown me examples bred from ArmiUaria distinguishable . . . . 5. mk. 7. Scutellurn with four brist!es, the ~uterpair more than half as long A. ornatieollis (hlg.) (nigricollis Zett., longicornh Walk.). M the inner . . borealia Lundst. ; fuscipennis Staeg. This is even more abundant than A. lugens. There are two Scutellurn with two bristles, or the outer pair hardly half as long varieties, one nearly all black, the other with the integument es the inner . . 8. of the shoulden yellow, and the abdomen more extensively 8. Beee of cubital fork before base of r-m; segments of malo so. I have figured these (1920) under the names A. grata flagellurn broader than long . . proxinra Staeg. and A. lolagicornis, but they are certainly not distinct Base of cubital fork klow or beyond baoc of r-m; segments of species, and moreover hleigen's grata proves on examination male flagellurn longer tlisn broad. . . 9. of the type to be another species, which Lundstrom and I 9. Hind tibiae with about 12 fine bristles in a row on the inner had wrongly identified as A. nigricollis Zett. I think there- side . rufirornia Mg. fore that it will be best to revive Neigen's name ornatiwllis Hind tibiae with 24fine bristles on the inner side near the tip, for this species instead of treating it as a synonym of A. and sometimefi two or three others nearer the base . 10. lugens in the sense to which I have restricted it. There 10. Mesonoturn conspicuously ash-grey at the sides; scutellurn with appears to be no constant difference, even in the structure only two bristle8 ; male clmpers large . foliala sp. n. of the ovipositor, between the females of this and -4. Mesonoturn broaniah-gmy to ochreous-grey; scutellurn aith lz~gens. four bristles, the outcr pair very short; male claspers small I have reared A. ornaticollis from 1-arious ground-fungi, fiaJica~ida Lundst. ; cewalli sp. n. ; nuric~tldasp. 11. including Russula sardonia, Parcallus involutus and Znocybe 11. Outer pair of scutellar bristles rudimentary; four propleural incarnata; Mr. H. Audcent has also sent me some reared bristles . . gri.wicollis Staeg. : ,rigrof~raraLundst. from Hygrophorus coccinew. Outer pair of scutellar bristles more than half as lor~gas the A. lundstroemi Edw., 1921. Besides the type from inner ; generally five propleural bristles . . 18. Burnham Beeches, I have seen males of this species from l?. Base of cubital fork well before baw of r-m . Ai119isp. n. the New Forest (Sharp, Lnmnb); Strelley and Sherwood, Baae of cubital fork below or beyond base of r-m scricor~ln3fg. Sotts., and Brodick and Sannos, Arran (F.W.E.); C'rolv- borough (Jenkimon). A. erassioorais (Stan.). This species. though very A. anglofenniea Edw., 1921. Apparently rare, as apart variable in size and colour, is always easily disti~iguished from the type from Logie, Elgin, I have seen males only from the rest by the characters mentioned in the key, from Pateley Bridge, Yorks (Chedhm). though confusion might easily be possible with somc species A. truneata Edw., 1921. This differs from the above of Rhynzosia. The antennrle of the fcmalc (but not of the four species not only in the very small upper claspers of the male) have thefi:~gellummuch thickened at the base, but this msle. but also in the distinctly shorter antennae. Although is also true of A. griseicollis and perh~psone or two other I have so far been unable to separate the females, I have species. A. crassicornis is fairly comnion cveryi~here,but no doubt it is a distinct species and it appears to be widely I have not succeeded in finding the early stages; thrrc are. distributed if not common. I have seen males from however, some specimens in thc British JIuscum labelled Bonhill, Dumbarton and Ardentinn? (King) ; Logie, Elgin '' truffles." and Cro~vborough,Sussex (Jenkinson); Wyre Forest and A. lagsns (Wied). Everywhere one of the most abun- Arrnn (F.W.E.). dant species of the family. Together with the following A. grab (Mg.)(nigrtkollis Edw. WE Zett., nkernans h.). four species, which differ almwt solely in the form of the This is o. common species, quite distinct from the last five male claspers, it forms a natural group of species which by the characters mentioned in the key. Together with are characterised by the conspicuously grey pubescence on the nest seven it forms a group which hare many characten wbh a rekd cf~&Chsiwion oj the Family. 609 in common, including the presence of one very long, blunt- sigce 1913. The figures of B. btcrchycera in Dziedzicki's tipped brietle on each lobe of the ninth tergite of the male. Atlas apparently represent this species. Male clasper, I have reared A. g7do from yellowish larvae found in fig. 81. P~zallwi~volzctus and Hebeloma crustuliniformis. A. fwipeinnb (Staeg.). This was described by Stseger A. akm(Zett.) Edw. (nec Dz.). This differs from from females only, but I propose to adopt the name for a A. gr& solely in the structure of the male claspers. The species which ia not uncommon in Britain and has a hypopy- two am often found together though A. allernam is perhaps gium as shown in figs. 78-80. Apart from the possession less common. of only three propleural bristles it is very similar to A. seri- A. azemyi (Landr.). This is also very similar to the last m. The outer pair of scutellar bristles is very little two, &fferini in the male claspers, R-hich are herewith shorter than the inner, and there is in some specimens a figured (fig. 75) for comparison with its allies (figured by small additional pair external to these. I have not definitely me in 1920). I have seen only one British specimen, from distin,@hed the female, but in Staeger's specimens the Logie, Elgin, 19 ix. 1910 (Jenkinson). antenna1 flagellurn is distinctly swollen at the base, as in A. silvatica (Landr.). The very distinct hypopygium A. g7iseicdlis. I have seen males from the following of this species renders it easily distinguishable even with a localities : Knebmorth, Herts. ; Holker Noss, N. Lancs., and hand lens, the long fringe on the lower claspers being very Wyre Forest (F.W.E.) ; Sheviock, Cornwall (Yerbury) ; conspicuous. The only fresh record is Letchwcjrth, Herts. New Forest (Sharp) ; Patelev Bridge, Yorlis. (Cheetham); (F.W.E.). Dingwall (King); Lamport (Jenkinson). A. bsrbata (Lundst.). Evidently allied to the preceding, A. borealis (Lundst.). A male of this species was taken but the hypopygium is smaller and simpler in structure, the by Mr. C. A. Cheetham at Austwick, Yorks., 23 vi. 1923, lower claspers, however, having a rather similar fnnge. and presented by him to the British JIuseum. Male Apart from the two specimens previously recorded, I have clasper, fig. 82. seen only two others, taken by myself on a window at A. rnfiwrnis (JIg.) (hastata Winn.; cinerea Lundst.). Hitchin. This change of name is due to the identification of Neigen's A. @srillata (Lundst.) find A. triangularis (Strobl). So type. The name is rather unfortupab as the antennae are additional examples of these rare species have been found. not more extensively reddish than in most other species. Male claspers of A. pistillatn, fig. 77. Some fresh records are Cro~vborough,Sussex (Jenkinson) ; A. neglecta sp. n. Closely resembles the last four in Llangarnmarch Wells, Brecknock (I'erbury). The species colour, chaetotaxy, and venation, but male claspers of very seems well distinguished by the numerous bristles in the different form (fig. 76) ; hypopygium other\\ ise somewhat inner row on the hind tibiae, no other species known to resembling that of A.czernyi, the ninth tergite with two long me having so many. The scutellum usually has a small blunt-tipped bristles as iu other species of this group. . outer pair of bristles, but these are sometimes lacking. I Type in the British Aluseum from Baldock, IIcrt.?., v. 1918 have not distin,pished the female. (F.W.E.). A. foliata sp. n. Closely resembles A. rufiornis, but the A. griseola (Zett.) (yriseicollis Lundst. net St.~cg.). This mesonotum is even more conspicuously ashy-grey, especially species is quite distinct by the conspicuouslv toothed claws ; at the sides, the middle being darker; scutellum with only it is also distinctly larger than most of the other species, two bristles; hind tibia on the inner side with only 3-4 almost as large as A. crassicol-)?M,from wluch it differs most fine bristles near the tip and two or three more towards the obviously in having only two scutellar bristles. Some of middle. Hypopygium with large claspers as in A. r?~fiornis, the specimens I previously identified ns this species \\-ere but the details of structure different (figs. 53-85). incorrectly named, but I have seen males from Aviemore Type 6 in the British Museum from Logie, Elgin, 29 ix. ( Yerbu y) and Nethy Bridge (King). 1913 (Jenkinson), also a second 6 from the New Forest A. prorlma (Staeg.) (bmclt!/cera Lundst. nee Zett.). A (Sharp); another 6 from Logie in the Cambridge AIuseum. rare species of which no British captures have been made In most reapects the h-vpopygium is very much like that 610 Mr. F. W. Edwards on British Fuwgus-G&. or threa b&ka near th. tip. Bsse of cubid fork below or only jut wedby Lundstrom for A. ardctzcca, but the ninth sternite bpd bese of r-m. iLdifferently shaped. A. Ussierrada (Lundst.). I recorded this as British from Type in the British Museum from Oxford, 17 X. 1922, on one specimen taken by the late Yr. F. Jenkinson at Crow- museum window (A. H. Hamm) ; also ld from Letchworth, borough, but subsequent experience has shown that it is a Herts., 14 vi. 1923 (F.W.E.). rather common and widely-spread species, for which the A. grlssladis (Staeg.) (caudata Winn.). Staeger's series following additional records may be given : Cambridge in the Copenhagen Museum contains specimens of A. cau- (Jenkim) ; Newmarket ( VermU) ; Felden, Ilerts. (Piffard) ; dda, A. jissicauda and another species, but none of Lunds- Letchworth (F.IV.E.) ; Oxford (Hnmm) ; Llangammarch strom's A. griseicouis. Since the specimens in the Verrall

Wells Yerbuw)", ; Dartmouth and Tipton St. John, S. Devon collection determined as A. griseicoUis are A. caudata the (F.w.E.). name may perhaps be restricted to this species rather than A. vmm sp. n. (wing, fig. 220). Closely allied to A. to A. fisicaacda. It is fairly common everywhere. Male fisiccmzrda, but differing slightly in the hypopygium (figs. 86 clasper, fig. 94. 88), especially in the upper claspers, which instead of being A. nigmflrsca (Lundst.). Of this species, which is not densely and aoifomdy bristly all over the inner side, have very easily distinguished from the last, there is a male in a small dense patch of bristles at the base. The eighth the Cambridge Museum from Logie, 19 viii. 1903 (Jenkinson). sternite is also rather differently shaped, but as in A. fissi- The slight difference in stiucture between the claspers of the cad(fig. 89) it is emarginate apically, not rounded as in two species is shorn in figs. 93-94. all the'oher species. A. Ungi sp. n. Distinguished from all the British species Type d in the British Museum from Llangollen, l7 vii. except A. sericoma by the presence of five distinct propleural 1888 (Vetrall); additional fipecimens from Logie, Elgin bristles in a regular row. Chaetotaxy and most other (Jeskinsm); Snailbeach, Salop (F.W. E.) ; Knebworth, characters as in A. senbnm, but cubital fork longer, ita kerts. (F.*.E.). base well before the base of r-m, and hypopygial structure This and A.jissicuttda were both determined by Terrall as different, the claspers being much longer (figs. 96-98). d. bi& Mcq., but Lundstrom has figured a different Type d in the British Museum from Loch Alsh, 23 viii. species (which I have not fomd in Britain) as A. tnrdm, 1909 (J.J. F.-X. King). and I therefore describe this as new. In inany respects it A. sericam (Xg.) (amnu IVim.). JIeigen's name is seems to be very close to A. radinta Lundst., but the ninth substituted for Winnertz's amcwna as his type appears to sternita is diffeicntly shaped. agree with our material. Dziedzicki's figures do not corre- spond well with our specimens, and may represent another species, though I have seen specimens of our species in the A. sartealata sp. n. Paris museum determined by Winnertz himself as A. arnoena. A very small dark species closely resembling the dark forms of The species is common everywhere, and as already noted is A. ,&&&id or A. seruw, but with only three propleural bristles. subject to extreme variation in colour, though specimens Flagellar segments about half as long agrrin as bd. h1emnotum taken at the same time and place do not usually show a great (in tha two apeaimens examined) entirely blackish, with pale pubes- deal of difference. The black form may perhaps be partly cence and small ~cetteredderk deciimbent bristles as in the other seasonal, as a long series was collected by Jehon in specia of this pup. &utellum with the outer pair of bristles winter, whilst thme captured in the summer are usually of distinct, dmmt haae long ss the inner. Abdomen blackish, epicd the yellow form. The same remarks apply to the similar lateral mugin% of the first few tergitee psle. Hypopygium (fig.00- variation of A.fisicauda. Male clasper, fig. 95. 92) vith ad&pen, somarrbt renembling that of A. Mm, but remarkable for the curious ear-like appendage eppsrantly Genus BRACHYPEWWinn. sttrrebed to the i~erside of the upper claeper; ninth tergite an- This is evidently related to Rh+ and Allodia, the divided snd quite bue. Hind tibiee on the inner aide with only two 612 Rir. F. W. Edwards on British Fungus-h. With a re&& Qene7ic Cheiwh of the Family. 613 venation and chaetotaxy being Bimilar to those genera, the linae, but it should be noted that the awelling is much windistinction being in the strong vein or fold immediately greater in the male than in the female, which perhaps below Cu (and above the vestigial An) extending uite half explaina why two generic names (Cordyh and Pwhypalv) the length of the cubital fork. This difference, 1owever, were propoeed by the older authors. Another point which is only one of degree as the vein is present throughout the seems to be peculiar to the genus is the slight break in the family and in some species of Allodia (e.g. A. alternam) is r-m crw-vein. The venation otherwise much resembles almost as long though not as strong as in Brmhypeza. The that of Allah, but the presence of distinct anepierternal species are all large, with strongly toothed claws. bristles shows that the genus belongs to the Mycdophih and The larvae of the species I have reared resemble Rhymosia not to the Emhia group of genera. in their habits and form a very tough gummy cocoon. A peculiarity of the genus is the variation in the number The three British species are readily separable by wing of segments of the antennae in the different species and in markings and chaetotaxy. the two sexes. According to Winnertz the species he B. radiata Jenk. Wings (fig. 221) with a dark spot in the described had either 2+ 14, 2+ 12 or 2+ 10 segments in the middle and a dark transverse shade near the tip. Six or male antennae. Most of those I have seen, however, have seven propleural and six scutellar bristles. Front tarsi of either 2+13, 2+12 or 2+11, and it seems probable that male with longish spines on the underside of the second Winnertz was in error in some cases, indeed this certainly segment beneath. The insects are of stouter build than the was so at least with two s cies. Rfistakes are easily made nest two species. as the segments are smalP" , transverse, and clothed with a Although the adults of this species are seldom met with, short dense pubescence which obscures the joints. the larvae are ~bundantin a fungus (Pleurotw sp.) which The species breed in various ground fungi, especially of grows on old but standing elm trunks. I have never failed the genus Russula, and in my experience usually attack the to find them in this fungus, nor on the other hand hare I base of the stem rather than the cap. A small and usually ever found them elsewhere. Mr. A. H. Hamm tells me very dense cocoon is formed of white silk, and pupation that he has found them in the same fungus. The species takes place underground. has not yet been found in the north of England or in Scot- Instead of the four species recognised in my previous land, the most northerly record being King's Lynn (Atmore). paper I can now distinguish eleven, as follows :- B. =nab Winn. Wings with a dark spot in the middle and another of about the same size on the costa l. M, distinctly reaching the margin; body and palpi dull blnckish; towards the tip. Five propleural and four scutellar male antennae with 2+ 12 aegments . crassiccrmia Mg. bristles. Front tarsi of male simple. bi, not maching the margin of the wing . . . 2. B. helvetica (Walk.) (spuria Edw. ; ? bnrbipes Winn.). 2. Large segment of palpi black or dark brown . . 3. Wings unmarked. Three propleural ~ndfour scutellar Lnrg aegment of palpi ycllow . . 9. bristles. Front tarsi of male with longish hair beneath, 3. Mesonoturn quite dull . . 4. eepecially on the second segment ; third segment with s row Mesonotum distinctly ahining, black . . . 8. of minute blunt spines on the inncr side at the base. 4. Base of cubital fork below middle of stem of median fork; thorax Walker's type of Mycetophila helvetica is fragmentary, but and abdomen often largely yellow; male antennae with 2+13 retains a front leg which shows ercactly this structure. In wgments . . semiflazb Stag. most respects Winnertz's description of A. barbipes applies Base of cubitel fork beyond middle of stem of median fork . 5. to this species. It is widely distributed but not common. 6. Male antennae with f+12 segments . . murim Winn. Male antennae with 2+11 or 2+ 10 segments . . . 6. 6. Second aegment of male plpi only slightly enlarged, Like thnt oi Genus CORDYLABIg. the fede, and partly yellowish . . pnroipalpis up. n. The remarkably s\vollen second segment of the palpi Second aegment of male pnlpi much enlarged (norm* and all distinguishes this genus from all others of the BIycetophi- black . . . . 7. tinged, SIII:~'~~c".irrrc>:.~; ~JI(>\v~II!:thrl ~~in~l(!-~]~-,~)~i~hInrk ~[~ot~:illll)itt.(l I :I ii 1111. liy1l1~,~.-~o!ciurrtl m~nl},!,~s of the ~~:IIUS.'The f~.,11i t,ll.si arc ,sligh~l~tIiic.j;c.nrd ilk t~ot!l s~:A~.G.Hriti.& >I~IA(!~IIIIn~;itt-ri;~l is frnx, Corn\vall, ~IA~~S., S.S. I I S. The fera:tle ovipositor j,? f~ig!lrt?d(fig. 'IK3) fro1.11a .ijjcf~i~u~.ljill (",imbri(jgcJ[~13~~~~111 t:~kt~liin CO~.iti tl118 Forljst (L,rt,~/i). C. parvipalpis S!!. R. JJIITILr~~t*~~i!bl~s t11~; l;>>t, l~ut ~III! ~t'~t,:ldS~?ptll*.?~t of t)lo ni:ijc j~:~jj)ii.5 ]i;u!.j1 smaller. being 110 iurpcr th?l? i: irs!i: lli is in tile l~*i~liil?\i,f h;,ljl.ti, '['YI)? in t hr Brit is11 .llu ill l!a~,-ilIg11al.\- 2j-]1 >?n?ue I* 1o:lqt.r l.I:;111 C'. ,:i:;rirr,a pvidrntl>- re;lr:.sents a i'l:~i~i~lf ty,15-c.;. FI,IU:~l? :~c:t ~~rt,li:~l!- Ilirilti5c~c?..' 7'> pc -j ILI ?!II~H~iti>h ~IU-.<.II 111 fr~ili, Sllt,fi,.~r~i.Bpds., X. 191 7 (E.I17.E. I : i11~11nill!ltxraru:s ot li6.r 2:; from lIitc.hin. ~,~T~~\voI.~~Ii111:l F,*lti!~~i. Jf1i1.t:. B:l!lr;ih.31:;, c;1111b,3, , [)>:ford: 1jo1~11J-rr1-.('~~rri\~::ll. ()t!it'r sp:q>ip~e!~~in tile cn~ul~ridge~1:1-?:111~ frol~i ('tiir~l)ri,,lgc. C. brevicornis $1 1r.g. l'ili; is ,S, ,rr!c\\-h:~t thou ally of tllt).q*~~l)ov,: i~it~~;tio~lt!~l, ti;,, l~otlY-t~~~loi~ris :I ppilr~!ntl~ r. illL\;>!-S li!~ilor~i~!?-f lI:~:~iii,~l;. l ~1;iJeanrc>nr~,lt% l\;\vt~ 2i-10 st.glllra!q. IIO~:! i- 1515 st;~t~dhy \\-inncrtz, but our sjv,ciulcns :c~\pi~r~~ilt l!- J~I.(-.I> 11-ill; St;1rpt>r's t.yi!e. The . , I 1 t tr.I ll:ir. ~~1.'1))),~1, -1. ,)/l 11.~~11~~~1~.l ,n(t,i ilopsis ?lOgi~~ltO, Russttln c.hlor~itl,-s:I ~(1l?. ~!~crt~or~lrtthri.Hypopygitlm, fig. l?! : o\;iposito~. figs. l[)S-l 10. C. pusilla $1). n. :l very :i111:1!l hl;~c>l;spc~cies (wing-length S.X. I S.l!:!. - R X X.(F. 5. S S ~:f tho two s~c~it'sc.mi.rged at ~liqllti~difi:'~.t:~l! t.ilrlrss. C'. f/~s(~Gei~lc. a ft\w tii~~s1iitt.r in .Ip!)ear~xr,ce. I have 3150 rei~r(,dit frolri Ri~s.~iilac!/uvo.r.i~nfIrtr. a~lrl SIr. A. 11. Il~ilr~~n hae sllilt m(: 5pt:cin:f~ns rt:;lreri from It. ~~i!~ric~nr,.sat \\70c~l- h:~rni)s~ead.B~?rks., in com1t:laq- with AIIycc.lriphilagtiil!~tu. G. fasciata \I#. 1ri niy previou~l~;ll,er 1 sllgg!.stcbd th:lr ?his ;I tld (.'..fi~?-ic,,j;.s\yore :,J.~~I~I.II;OI~-.hiit I JIO\V fi~ldtl~:~t l I !lad co~if:~-~it\vo dis!i:~ct +l~t:ri~.s,iitlcl tll~r~iores11gge.i r' il..iiug the t.n-o a\-siini)!e 1iarnc.r for t11,:ln. FJ!jt!l l~ave2-~- I l t segments in tllc ~ualt:antc~ln:le, nt~t 2:- l2 ;:R I ~~reviousiy i i st:rtc~l, Iior 2 ji.i a statl!ci by IYinllertz: Tile i~r~llto ~vhicli1 n.l)til:l restrict .\Ic:igc:n'.~tniln!! 11t1.q tilt, 11vpopvgialn i :in(] (,~i;;(j~itt~rcon.strict I~is j n:lt;:cb 10 tht: olie ;,:ith 1k.c i~>.l~.ll>!.giu~:!:is in 5gs. !:{.'-~13t. r , . . 1 ~IIYoL-l;wsi;or i11>1>differ< 1rt11;l~!13t oi C.'. f(c

l (.~~.-i~:!sT:<~~:LIOX r.1 \Yir111. 13~the ivl?nli dtlvrlop:~ic~~~t,of tbc~ t;!,:ll !)rist,].?::. tl:e pr~-.~t.~~rcjf :~l~t,l)ihtt.rnnl I,rist!c..q. I!I~. frcclilt!~lt:iii;c:~;-th of s ?rns:ll l~ri~tlt~011 ~llt: hilid ros:le, aiid l!? t11,' pr.pserv:~tit!t~cif n distil~ct$roll!) of c~q~rri~:~crot~~irI~~:i (111 tilt, i!l~:ll Iti!-~? ot tll~ n.il1.g. tl~isgi.1111~ is nllic.tl ~,CJ I'hro~c:tr, frorll \r liit.11 it !i!A~lrs I ! IL[:I~I~I,~ill tlic 11~1~gtlr(%~O)it:~l fork. t11<*II:ISC# oi ~\~I~ir!lis pl;lcxcd belo\\- or bcr'ori. tlie b;~st?of tlie tx~cdi:tt~fc!rl<. 1~:tIso i ditt'ers frr:m I'Arotcicz and from all other rl~e~~l!!tlrs,)i tlir llycc.topliilin;~ci:) tilr r:~tllt~loiip S(,, \vhicli nor~nalf-vnds ill R at or bryond the illiddlr. Thth vt~o;~tion is \-c,ry similar to that of L)ncosi~z,which clifft~rsin the irrl.gulari\. arr:lllgetl ~llicrotrichiitof tlie wings and til!iac, as IVCII as ill the longer :~nduort, !iorizo~ltnl T-IH cross-vcsi11. Tl~eprcsc?llcc of U-i1.h nbi,ut 15-20 c.l,!st.lv-s~~thristlril ; liirrd fvmora dark at, thr, ba.w Ipnc.at!l . . !b. 8. Iut tllr* ~riitf(ilc.of rlir. inr1t.r .tic!(. of thl. hind tibia long, XI.%, c.:*ly clir-~~?~~r:!lax t II*~>I, of :t;e ~lcir..ai :lni1 outrr ~.o\vs; rl~,>rllitntI:cirae i:, aI!iirt~.rli*ti::<.:l;. PCR' il!rr t!~c.front ninrgin 7:r n0.w ,St,at.,g.

I:riitir,.; nl~~lrliIII~. II~II!~~!<,c:f ir1111-i. siilc ilf 11i1::l tibia rllio:.t,; m*y,!i,I] t,hr~r:r,,jcstt.l!n. rrl'.(,!rt~ iii fl.ort( I~irr~lorI'Aa~~elr. 3. T\v~I.:r..)ny I~:'mI~'tIII.:I~ ';i.i-;!('s . v!rirrr III~J~Zs,tt,

'rl:rc,l or i 111: ,+:I,,III: ;I~IP~;I:~!:~;IIIII.~.:!,,. . IJ,~-/,~II!I~~I.Sta1~, 10. Jilr:ti 'i bi;lcs ..ic>rlclrr.on th13 I ,sal i:r-1,-:hi:.il.<.

c:>>:n ~irr~(l;!ccil.;li-'if !y 11~~\<1r1il!!:C. tip c~f /!c ~.rri?c~l;.s1,andr. fti:!(i tib;i:~,~.ratl1r.r ;!i,:;t. .li,c:h:?;,- a~iti~*;-cnl,v I rllargrrl frcjn: l~aso tr.1 tip: an ~,i;ti>rron :if X!)I'I~\ l(1stroi~; I~iistlcq..trid a dnrlnl ro,,~of ,,t-p:tk~.rI~riq~r.~. !):it !-,c, l,ri<~lt,<(,:I ?h, !1111t.r,c::lc . i 1. 1. r I!I! li,)~!!. ic.:\:r:,{h c,:-rr (:,I t!:~ aplr,~lt!ljl.c!; l. 'rips (4!:l~i,i fexr:lori~ I!:I.!,. . -.> .% vrt:iin:: iri ~ii~lcl!~~;.f 1,'. . vif/n 115. . . \i'i:;c. :,i,,t,:.; ,c ,Y~,,];I.C[c2jy :>~,i~l:!]~r!f [l LiL~+of k,i:~dic;:i*~::i ::~!:I,,I, !,~.<,:i.i!:. #:,l.': . . 10, . . . . 2, .\I~:~I~I;~,:II~!s8.~n-.,.:!:s 2 4 W;:II !j;..u;!l CIV!I:~,IV:I.i,.~.l~tlr:a :<:l ~II~\I,+..:~t 11:<>:.t 3s IOII,L c\ :i!)izl cii:?~:~~~t~.:

,\,!I:I~!:,- \v~?!I tilt, pc~s!::ric~r ~ilarzinsc!~!i~. )!:ox. I]? ;L,SS l~~~lr;t:l!i;t' ?1ri.t11.<1~1igrr~ SOTII:~ ili-:i~lctiy lu::p;~~, tl:,:;! thc. ti!iiai t!~a;i:i,~ci. . . 3. ::. !:ac,:,, orzt Ls?ast thr f:~~;~:~-t.!~,~,+.~~,... , <~II;<&!,c,\- 8.1: l;:~~.~,~,;.;!I~,>I~Lx :~!ainl~-:I~I!< . . 4.

!+';:<,c* ::i:if~1:1:11~,;,,L:?{ a.,.:..; I.I:O!,\ pt!~!i;. u,~];v~~II~~I~. 1;. 4. ~;I,AI:CIIL>S(of ~:i~,~li;: :i11.,.i v~:l>it~l!h,!i~rk: !1ir111~i!!i;l~, ~.\-I~.!: :111,tt;t

S- 12 I~:is?!?.$;!I l!:<, ;I!I?~.I1i>1~ i1111i ;+?11-~7jt ?i in ~111t~ar;l.,rgiqti ciy<:c':' . , 81.

isL! I I!1 I l l l a~i!!~abvlit 4-f; i)ri.s?!tas11, :.hc i~!!~t,t.ro-,,.. tir~tlaitc)!~t in tl~{111:12r; SII!~~! spe~t.it5 . ~:i!fi.aca L!:lic!.t.

%;. %;. ..l 87 L!,$slti;c.i,1. t &i,'lv~:a l,!~r!; ,;;,,l ;#;I c*! c,~:bitu.!f,:);l<. \~~!li,>l~is hi litif 1:; i)~%l'ola*11:l-C. ~,-~ia~,IP;~~:I;J 31ik ; ;1c11,im icit'c~ 1,1::1[1.-t .

I-it: ~,ra:l~ii~s~P>-,~II~I 11:t.c. t,f v,,:! I~II! fo:'l<.iv111c11 is ~IOIVtlr i::s~iaily)b(.!.c~:l:i !~aw8.f I..?IL . . ,. 7. tIi11d c,oyn with s~:lailt~ut (i~>ti:~~: ililii. I1asa1 bristlc*; iiirl.d til~iaix on tht. ir~l~crsiclc* nit11 al,tuut 11' IIII~vt,rJ- clo.:e-:.rt tiristi~.~; ili11

nil!l P,L'.. The imr,-l.:~:uc~i~,4y-.n.ullt~r~ fro!~t tar..i (;f t!t~f!>:n:111: 7~:ill ~Iih~i~~;:it~~,li;III:>J)?c~~~s frcjrn l ail c~tht>i. lit^^,\\-^ tr! rnr-. c,\:~.c!jit~~~c~rliil/,st/~cfolln\villg ccn eiri+.. -irc.o:.riiiig ?c, ].:I I:(!: cl(: ii S kt.;\i tht: fr.~>?nle f~.o~it i ti~rsi :~l-,~i~ir1~!1:11~1!~ .<-+VOI!~,~I ~IIT. t.,/rk:u11d~1: 7'. ~~,,;o.v:an11 2'. 7.iltt1, I);:: ;II tl!,, .:~~ear:irli~,r,sof t,l~,>?r: FI.IV(,~IS \-.-ltirt~J ~I~VC

~~sa~nincrlt!1t3 si~t~I1i11g IS !i;ir(i!:~ !~(.ti(hc:~ij!c. T. nigritu!a 511. 11. ~'lo~~~l\~~I~II!~III>A. . :!U ~21,~t~c,~~cli~ig. :~~:f~t~!lti!, ?!I#. ti!;~~.i,I!~:~~c~~~\-!:IIII~~, V.~);PI! I. ;;!-o rt~tll,,~ III~Y~,!.~I:!!$; I.~I~!~..~~I~(~~I~I~I tl,~~.1 Jil 1 i2). 'I'~]!I > il-L tlti' I~!~iti.-ltJ~I,.I.LJ~:I 01~: ,S';iajTl~r({.I).I~({'<,~ S. l!il7 (J'.lV,lC.). ,l ~(,IIL:!~I~r;!!i~,l>, in tiro C.:I~I~I.III.I(C

7-0 ;~i)~.'~~ff*~(!r ((1 il-!~!?;l?7. TI,;~II;.~I.iiit(.r . !?l::;,~-~i:~o:lg ~II;< T. ~I'cY',~\~~ii,,Il i~ .L!~I;.,\:: :I!; i~l,\i<%li\I!~~~~~~I~I!~:s.

T. icenica :p. 1;

rth'.~it l0 ?tr,>~:~l>ii,.:~c< ill -,hc.,,~:i!~,r~c;\J.: :I~>C>T.,~ ii >h

~III~Yi:' the ~<:~r,.tll r~,ls. hti IIOIII- :>c a!] ( !I ?11i* i:i~x~r?ilk. Frill>:

t nrsi sf fr.malc u itli !I:!- t i? 2f !lie ti:..: ul,i! I]!(, tr 11(1;c, c~f(IIC ril.st

Type ,3.parntylws 1 J 1 i:l thc I

4. ('la9prr.n a-ith lul~gfrinjic uf )i!u.k hri-;t!cs /;(~ri,trL \I'i~ili. (?ix>lw~rswaithsllorlrr. Frinzl, cf l,in\v~l11.lir . t~.r;q!1<1Zt,tt, 5. \?'irl,os with rlist~~lctniarliillllj. . . ii.- Kings qaitr: unn~a:k~.d . . l. 6. 7'11~nlm!c wing tip dark; a!,<(>;I h:lr:d ar.i.os.; T~IPnliclcllr. ( :i 01;L ;) ;) cl~~:~dhclow I',I, ; . . /,,.:1(IAI~c11(\i,l lt:.!,:tv f 'I! ,. !)I:: till ~,f 111; s!.r,lc,,[;; iia:.kc~~lt:il . f ,rr;,ut,l/l, lVi1!;1. 7, ('o~ta.Ycry cliitiscl~yj~rcri!.~cc,,-~,.t ,,~rlc-tJ~i,-~( ,,f tjj,,

tlistnr~c;,front ill- rip of H, tcr that. of .l/, . ~(/.FI!;.,, Ii'n~cr~. ('act.? usllaii:: only s!i;htly ancl ind!.tin~:tly !t:c,,iuc~t.tl.rt~ac.llI1~;. at I IIf I It 11 I, , . . . b. 3. T!IPfo~r p1!-8t~r1tlr coxx ill! t,l;~~~!;i.i~-f~r~~\~.:~;: 111ali>;~i,~ I,.<. i.ocl-; alrnost !~niforri!iyhla!.k~t IT:^ jr~:,:. ..YI,I!,I\\ i .!I ].,::I ill LIJIII!II!.I tli.obd5) . , !r 9. Hil:~lcnxai: nln~o-tc!:t i!-i 11-ilali1;rolvr: c>utvn~.,i'y: o11tc.l- c.l~,..l~.r.; ~!fnlalv fc.,rl;,,d . 10. kIir1.3 cnxac dark or!k: riii:-:irll< ;llc. tit' if a. all !l. 10. ..\t~ci:?nw~IISO~!~~ y.i-itl! (tisf;t!~,t~,-I.!I~-u ll;~~al I~!II!, 1ti1 at i1,a.t !!!I-

first ft.1~tcr,gifr,s . ~'IJ,/.!I.,,, ,)., \Vi!:t;. .\k~:, ; t,i,,c./(,,r i).,,; 1, !,II,,.\l IJ;:I. 1 l. 1fypp~:i!1111 )b,il~>\v : al11:~~:l.t!:,~ a;~ic.a,! t!lir~iof 11i1:lI ~~~JI;I~Y:I

i~!:i:>ki>!!; hinrl (.PX:II, ~vitll;I ,:ro,.l:i f:i?:l, (l:: t!),, spiral 1;alf . . ~,:/.J,I,/II~.Y\l.;~!i,. 1fJ-j~iI~>:i~:~:l.t:~~i< i,<:~\~l, c): !,!Liti,.: ill\, l, of i-i~:,! f~.n:n!-;t ns~lail).Ir,e-. r..:ti.::si~.t. . I:'. 12, o[~t<~rcl:,s!,,T !-l?:~i!:llc, ll9iIi\i,l~.~!.a:,,ll *Ti.,.,, , : l:,.- 7<>?1,:<1:,<{(%y o\-al . . l :;. (!:~t~rc!a.s~~rr (~t!tc.r\(.i,-~l .-l~dt~~:l . . 14. 1:;. !)~ltcicl:~;.pr:s inrgc aiid \-pry t!ri$tly . . ..;LI;,!I!,: \V~I:II, ()i.~tcrPI.LSTIV~$ s~!l.~llc*ran11 bri,,tl>- I;!J~I*~!. \Vinn. : rft,q(711.~oz. ; :~~C:C??~~II*~~!<~;J).:. : l!.;!~~!!;,tl<~;.ic ll.i:!i:.

14. t.jt~tfi~rla=pt,rs 111111i\iclc~l. ~>:IL sl!i;~Il :CIICI~i~.l-gi11111larg~ ; oittt,r ,,l:~syr-wir11 tv.,~O~~~ti~t~ii~:~. tit\>I,,I\I.? T-[ind frmora \tit11 tli~tiip cl;..ti~,i~~IyII;;~I.!;I.~: . . .>. of n.!licl~ is 1-1.1.>. llairy . j~rc;j~~;ir\V~IIII.; II,I;;/I,'!I!(I \V~:III. 2. <-ll(lil,Kill J(; II;I..~, of c~~hit;~lfe1t.k or~l!. a liltl!. hyork~i111ilL !l~.l~'!~y~i;irnquit. sru:~ll of tilt. Il!c.dian, the, clisr:l~lc,,x'will;: sl-a1iTl\. a- pl.rirL a:; tlu \/re~~f:trlYi!l~l.; ;il':~).,~j~: I)%,; rl'!;,),..,~\\'II!II. Icllpth oi thc st~i~l,:f t!lc ~llt>,tl;tnfork I~II?,(III~ l)).. LVr ~III~~II,~frt.~~11~~11~1all; c~.~,l~itirl ft>1.1, : I:~II~C,!' . . :{. P. vulcani 1')):. 'l'lris is \-tl~,y,l!iti~!ct ft'1111i ;ili tl;~,otl~ilr 3. Otltrr cln.+lu,:.: of ~lutlrt.nt11v . -1 . ~r~(~~iil~crsof i111.5 ~PI?IIS i:i \-tb~i;~tio:;. It ~~ii;:!~ta!rr!ost (~~11;1ljy 01itchr ~I~S~KTSof ~i~alc-fli\-i~l~,~l. 1%it11 VCII~I.;L\:II,III ;I,'I<4,'ri, (I! l)!., \v~~IIbe pliirrd ill TricAv,/t::, nlltl 11;ls ic hut b!>crl ci(acr.ibch

.~: \-;XI;~~II,,;II:,~ t!~ltil.(:l~l~~a~~kisl~ ~~LT~I~I~JI.~ :I~Pl!ot L~~~~JI!I!IIo~~. . . Thr. s[)i.(:ic.s 14 ~'(!ry:lb:~~!d;inr in tllc. ~~i.l~!l!~oi~rl!olil!of' ~?~l~!l~li;~i~lS~~!:illlI.:. P. tarsata jS~~;!c!n.1 (~'i.i:s,>ii~r.y in^^ .). This i?, ~lo~:.!~; :Ito if 1. U l I!I o11 It j.5 vcininlol:

IJA~Ch:i!~l, G? tt~(s:I!II~O!III~~> ~!~i~l~raci~lp t!;cx ;~l;iv;ti ss \\-v11 :I$ t I I I I t.It wrlll.- lo Lc cc11llllif~E I. . I IIIJIISI.. >l:- rt.rC)rdc;: P. p~fti!,711?~:.ORI .\rri111 I,I>;!~IJ- rt,f(~~r5Ttl :l L;:~!(,~:II~JIIof tl~i~, .spt:rit,<: tlic il lfi:tzrc:::.c. 111.1 .I.IY>II i t\l;t) ;:S ii!r~!rca~ibi. I !zic.(lzil.l;i art, 111;t\.er\. \~yilnt;irk lC:qt ~t.l;~t.l]~i;,~l~:i~;:l~t~:~.~~ 1 ll:~~,~~;lk:*~ll 171:i11,< l!( bilt~r\\;)c~rlI.'c,:.c~~t. L.IS. I!IS~. P. c:~~ansl)z ;11:11 l'. taezanowskii Dz. Ot TII~~SI:!l11 +'rt..-h l;riri1;11it,:C or1!\v;;!! l.~/.?),(j:/):!I!:! .l .:.I~!:,~IL~ILI~-. S. l)~~l.t>~\ (F.li-.J<.). P. notars I)z. \-drv ~!i~tinc'ts:~t~c.i:~.s l)\. til,? x~ll:i!l sicl;l~.-si;:ip"~lout t.1. (.IL1b1x~r:~litl tl:c io1;p I~ypol>ygiur:in.l:icli is l I l ,,I t ,I:,!; n nic~leat I\vii:.!i~, l 1i.l.t. ..., ,3 l!,.).) -d. P. strenun \\-i::~. -in clhs~~irc~spi.c.i~ls 11-itl; r,i) vor>- iii: I:. 0rigicnll.v rt.c~):.deci flc111~ lAo~i it. :lr, J<:I~II,:I~~;I.~II. I ' I.l 01,It. Tilt. sl~$.cinlt>nsfroln th~ Iattltr Io~iilit~\\-t,rt2 r~s~r~'d fro111 l;~rvat! bearing rt>pltl;ir allcl f:lirly Iiarll c~ll:ict;l l~ltlck ca,ces rcselnbiing tiny lilupcts. \\71ieli rc~~ll>vt.t?frt~ln their casc5stllc: I;ir\-aa almost :~t&cr. i)c,g.ln to co~istruct ~ic!~ones fro111their excrernvut, thougil t Ilc-c 11;iti 11ot ~iivsiililc rcsgu!:lr :cppe;~~.nucc.1 Ilavc fw- I~I~~~J,:I\~oII:~~~ :~I;III::I. (,c~,,~,, i,~I-~!I.,t. of ,,~ili~:h1 llil.v-a~stxn 1~1:ly . 1 !::,I !~~s~~L~i~>~e~:,s of \-ti~: c!:>,. \ViiIl~.s s]>vciw I.~os(L!~ .. . . ~*2>c;lji,l!~IJ. i.~/i~.:(:. \s,l;:c!l is v1.r~,lj~t!u~~t In ;I:III:;I~ ,tr;1(*?11r?, istit ~iji;il::,t ,.\,!I,: (~!,:I~,~):II~~OI~., C;III !.)I. IIL~~~ClVi~~~i(,rtz..~ I I . ini. 1!1e Ec-~ualt.has tht. fror~ttar.-] ~~:t:(.ii . . ?11j,-1.+.!i! 1; :!111iI< i.!sl,y >:1111!>i? to tl121t Of 1'. cL,t;!/,rjri (-'~i*t'i)t ;!I,!: (!it, i,~~)\-~:i,L!!I: 01i T!I~., 11i:ilI (3uxa(, is i+w(~i.:iy:c,?. 5. Cuhital fork ~~)itn~n!el?-hliort,; 1-rrrtrnl hri~tlt,oil middle tit~iae Iorig; \-~*rvsmall s~,r~~.ir.s . 71!7~ll.*cl~lr):. ('1:bilal folk IOllg, it?: [cast. littic. if 7.n~t~cyon:i tilat of tt~cl1nrtii:lrl

f(31.k; ~ciltralLri.?tl(. of mill l il,inr s1,or t , . 6. 6. lying tip (lark. c.s!r.cially to\r~rtlsco5ta. ?r~tlir:,-lu,iilig an o\.nl

pnlt: spijt ; <~. ri.\i-aril. c,,;tx I!:I api(.nl lialf ; IIII~~!I?t i!,iLi \\-itl: 11111)-<)lit, >ra:~!Il:i i~t!,,*!I, I 11,. ~:IIII.I.si11,. o~YI,/~,I.II'/;\Iik. \Tin:.-. ~tli~ll.\~iht. ; n~idcll~~*;Liar, \\.it 11 at I1.:1+t IV;I! Il~r~~is:l i hrist1~:i on 1111' inner sitlr,. ~r:d;t~r.~~raily :C~I:I(. rmn!i ,JI:~..:in atldi! ion 8. 1 . S. \Vir~p\s-iti~ a CVI;:I~L~ pot ilr~!v.or t~!!it(~1~11,:ir . !). \Vir?zs s~it;~~!.krk n~:it.kig:s ~I(-J-OIII~till, n~i!l(Iit, . . i?. !a. 3~(~~ctit~t11:11::l~i;~it~~ ~,(>(f,iihii \~:itli tl;!~.?(!:II'~,.I, :t I~I~.: I S 1111 ;jli~~l~-!illl;11:. ~~~JS

,511I1a~1ival\i-i11g.f:!51,i:1 (11, SJ!IJ~ ..~~~~i,ii~ar.L:it :ISII~IIJ. tillitr; thei111 of cl,ll R, . 1.5. 15. T~II,fascia or <~,L>I(Ii>ti11~.:1>- I.I,~CII~IIC I,:i(.k to t11e tip ~>fl?, 16, 'l'lw fasri:~II~ t i~,rl>-lli.*tal to tlrt- tip of I?, . . L).) --. 113. I:nst~of c~lbitslf(!rk T\~.I! !~sfot~.bnw of r-IIL;sub.~picni n-ing-sl~ot . -. \lys,jr!c:t~illl 11101.1- ti!. !\'d-i siii::i:!:: . .,.;. ,l clc)!,L? tit:> tl!!;$l <.:.l! l.,tlL,,,\ , :II!,~ !:i2;att 11 it,!t ?.\\,l .I - . _.I. \~pntl.,il !!ri:;tlt.+ ., -. . _/. y 1 tra] .t!.il ,,y ,,,,,! l{ih!i~:~.~ly . ,,;,,. ,rr,:l,,j': - I\.~II!I \l('.(-,ll,,t,l! h;l.;l,(.i 1;I:>! (. ()I. L1)II1;~I..t<.'>.t,l...li: :l?::!t~:!.~~!l ,>i;. l~,511t,ll) all ,!?l.\< . . - .I{;-. i,lll!i ill :ll);lL (,,..!l .P,,-,,'S. !,I l.~u'~l~t. ,;,(:,!,!'!r::(ci\\'ici~t. ('!Q::,( ,I: :i11;1l L~c,ll\c3r> fk1i11t /'/,/(I r!,ll \\ il\fi. )l!1! titjiiic \.;it11 t~5.1) \ r~1itr:ti I!l'i~lI<. . llit\ t,\)ia,- .b\-iti, tl;~,~.~,.<,~itr.il Ia~i~tlt~~ ;; I~II,~~~~~~Il<(I\v. t,hinr \r \-c.l,trn\ h~.ist!t.-: . . 31. M. semifusea s,:\,al,ica\ \yillq.sl,llt slnci[l, failit il111! I\! (bsfill~cI;\'~nil)fii.:' nl>o \I-. 'i'hii is ill! J'I,I...~ i:~;: :,,< ;, j)'!>l.,]illg tll,, t-o~~nc~ctillp11t11~ i11~t~v(,:fit~ .~~,I,(Y,I,~~)/(;~I~ :II!,! X!,!,. .,I,!,;,,* t X.,~ioli(l(r \Ydl<. . . s'~,!;!z/IL,C;':,.I~.F. i~itI I I I l I:t, lll ,, 1, \L: :~l~:ill<~stS~~>C~I:S :!f tlil:, ~L:I!II,. y\-c~l~lll~~~lt~r tJ], t 116. ll,ln,r. .ii;p.r/oj~h;irr Jitt, zditrtn was used by YIeigcr! in l*lll it i; innrlmisc:itil~.f1;r this sp~~cies,P\-cn tlloutrh J1~igi.n'~ (llit~,'il;o;cl t)c.ii,rlgs to t!!c genus Ei'o!trl~t~iclltr.I tbcrcfrire adol-~t.l!. or.cll/~.i.;is t!rv :lt.xt oltlrat name. The spccies i:,

\!,~:,:!!y ~b:~>il\- r!~cogr:;~;il,lcby I he clear spot in the dark i ;~,)ir-nltl:i:.c),ih ,r:lt~v!. , . M. formosa Td;insl-t. Il!i; rilth~rcoe;ru~;n specie? is l.'lJ!.\- tl;;ti!lc.? i.i\. \l illg-~~l~lrliil?~'.i.hut th'! colour of the to:! I v:l Si)rln:ill? the :horns ii ochrenl:~ \\-:i11 : 'IT,,,' i)r(:n-~~stri71:q. a1111 the :31)d3rnen li:~:;:I, tg~t~~tl:c~rfrc:;:; ]'/I!~/J~(I?i~:~ri.cit~(~idc.:. '1'1:(~ c~~ro;.il;:i;Irr of ;! !ight tc:xturc- .(S ill the l:i~t 9~1t'l'lP:;. M. adumbr3:a ?Ilk. IJI tllii spri*i:'.s the p!c~urotrr.gitea a~t>r.it l18xr .-:11,i1;. ;:::l! ?ICI;N\ of I 111; th(!rx: :~p;)r(~xii~:;iies I ! t I l t : I t !! ~1.The

\\;~1=-il!~:!.i;ir;;r-;ir(: \.or!- ~~1'~~rt.-ti\-eL.?- G:' Epic!!p/a f!',sta:n (~.~tl!c~i:!i-1:1 E. l,,ir:~./v~~~.a> I sr~,cgcstec! l)c.fore), The l . . I ,-1it.v1( .< 17 RI?, : ,211,l:.i fr~i:ltl!:~ SCO~I-11 rcc~,rclcti l i) ~~3~~!l,\l:l~o1itx. fu~n:SILI ~il.>~-acll, S'11op (F', it-,I;.), M. unip:inc:nta ?!,c. l !l,~-,.la t;i!i:111 tbiq fxirl? dik:inct rl.!,yii>-i:~ .l I,~,;:I.I . Sl,~~.r\vo,xi I?ox!st ; Rl~rilhxraBt,cchc> : :I::I: t!l.'rt> 1s 21-(: ;: -:~~~ri~r!~~r:in t!i~ n~tjonalco!!t.ctior? frn:~! ~!II.Y tl\:. Fl)rt'-i ltl;rr~l.\.).Li:li~lg ~ll~'Sol~~~~lLIli. 1, toI, 31.1!1\: t'~.l~:ll)l~ic.~f t1:i.s sl~c'cicsh:ivi. I I i I l I I L I.Such speci- JI!~,II~~:l~,l:l-,t IN, r(.,z;~rt1t.d ;I s L111i11g 11 it11 -l[. ,qt;.i:gc~/(~in tllc k,,y7troll1 ->~11!!*11tht)y ~ditTe~:ol~\-ioi~s!>- irL thc 1:1rsc y~llo~v sl~c~ttltltar.-;~c,ts. JI(l.st of t!lrl nj)t~cirn(~r:a1 h.>\-? seen arc iron1 tl1c3 Sl~n-For, qt. tl~nil,zllt!~' \IUS~>LII~ :IISI) li;!~ cx3n1plt~s i'ro1:l \VOII~I~I<>-I':~rl.:. Oxfor(1:~llirt~(1-crroll) t~ncl S11ey l-t,l:i(:k. r.I he cv:ltrai \\*ing-spot, i.; q11lqlii.r i~nd 1li.t iiifrt.ql:rntl:- ahserit (\-;IT. 1)osti~lis). Thf: pie~!~rr~t~.r~it~;?[lii st,!r:lti- pl~~l~riteare: also u~lil.iually sm;~ll.,so thqi tiidr SPC~P.~ a l>r~rc~~irhes[:it iicr clocly to Eplr:/;,!.r or Ili~~~~p.s~.~i:-I appe"rmul. Gut the vt:n.itici~! is t!i:;t of n iy;>icnl ?.l!;r~,!,!- philtr. nricl tlir icc'ond al:clo~~ii:i~llsc~:mc?lb !:~cl;sthl: !ouz 7.-t-,ntrnl Ii iirs ill 1)oth sews. Ti i.q mrcs in Rritai:i : t l!,. f(,llo.,vinq loc2liti-!s \~-li~rcode! ~~~~C;I~II,ILS!?;i\:i, l)(,:.n ot~t ?i:~t*,l m3y l)? n:c.nt.ion<;d : Cri1\vi~i)ro1i;!i. Pu5st.v jJz~:ki!,wr!): B]:lise P:?S:LL?.(:]II,<. ( lf7:jt;?pr,:it.(:r l~s~s~-l~sill t11e liar,. 11 roll- of t!!~? kLi!id t,ibiae estre~~ic:lyI(.III~ tiic ~s.t>~itrali)ri:t!~,? oj th,. ri:ill tibilt: are a!:.o \.rr;- !I,!:.<. 01717: !.:I~

M. cziieki I.:~n!ir. \-cry sixii1:ir t:> A\!, ,~:~i!;i.:,hut til~ nli:{ til)i3&!:ilx.v:iys !l?%-e t~;-1:1 ?.?rCirig?!ri.~tic< IV~IIP :tk, :1~i11 . . S. th!: \~-!~lg-~~~'lrkings:ire i~i~~it~r ::ri,i ~s1..iibn!Lt 111'~:,!(>,lr ,-lvtti I.T!:i:; nlso hiis on!!. l-1yi.11 frl\!ltl i!l Sk,ntla!id. M. caudata stn(,r. As sr.lt+:l .~\,c,.:i~. ! (:;a ::D!- c:.,: s!ir- fi,'!t:ilt ry;l:.g,~::~ for ret:iini~lgthe, g;:lll;< Oi;;::/i!.~/(./i,r. \\.]~i,,$. . \r,ts it:i:n!!tc.l for this ~pt.c.i.:q, :l \c?- (;il.iir:rt ctiit' I:I ~t., I,-lV, ;A,k-r:i.~rkir~gs> T thoi~gll ili \-:3rl;! t io:~ n :I<] :-l! :I,; st:!:\:\- :>

CV~,~P:I~. ~ .LI!p?t!~!~l;ii~. X..) fr~~;~rq.(<8~,!~ ;-I\-,IL~ t5!,.,. - ." ~<:IIOIVI~13ritisIl b;)~.A~i!iltx~s!>t.~!:~ ti:r~v t, III,I~,,:- 11-f ~;IIS,~t~ii ,gt!. M. magnieauda Struhl. 'I'l~is]::IS ;\!.,,-I I:+cl; rvferrt:!i 1.) t;11: ~III:SO~>Z,T:~,/>/~!I~I, t l~o1,~~h it 1.- I~II: jl:-cr; !cv~!::~rli.ut~:!rir I:I t I.I 11!1\-e sccii tc-11 i5riti.il .iicc,i!~lc~:.i~,.1 r' ti~ql,~t:~k~ll at l)iri;:\\;~il. (.yr~::~~,-~~~;i-. iJ: )IF. .I. J F.-X. !iix?. 1 :ill(i !~Fc~~~~~I;PI-I1):: 11im to tile J3r1b!$jl !Iti~c>ilj~l: :-i~i:I ;I f(l~ll!~is, i in the C.~a~hrid;c,?Ic,cc~~~n i~~m T,c~gic.. !L' is. 1!1111 (Jc.~ll.i,i- 1. P,)I~). ;\part: froin tht. ch.ir:\ctcr:; !iit:lltio~lc~iiir! thr k~'y 1 the liglit-c-01ourt.d t hor:~~71-1th t!~rc.cIl-!rron- c';.;rl; .tritlc.s is r:~tlit.rdistilicti\..c. M. edwardsi I,1111:!st. ()r(-i)ulo..: F:d\v.). Xtlc!itivn:~l lrtc.;~i- frc,rn I'r)lilporr!.s ~II,~~I~;,.I,.C.::nd t11i.rt. nlay j)r%ri:::j,.; rni114~1agilric* on an ~lmtrunk, in thf; 1attc.r case in comp;iny- lie a c] f:,;ilr\ (:(jnlli.!,tion \\-ith t1:is ?p!:c.ies nf hnt. \\.it h M. rvcur9i,itrtn. Pupation in the groul~rl; cc~c.oon M. ornata Sreph. (i~lf,,src~,is;ruc.t,. ,,c,* Zett.). 1 11 i ve slight. elsc\rl:ers s1:on rj th.:rt altl:ouch Z1.i ttjrqtcdt inc.l:~flt.ll our l M. occaltans I,i~nds~.According to T,ui!k'.st.riin;'s t!t.scri!~- -11. ~,Lf~~.~cc~~.~ill hi? st,rit,:. \-et his origir;:~l ty!),: i? a b!t)jr!- tion illis species has only a small :1:1(1 ir!distinc.t ct.ntr::l tosn,,:n. ]lt.lc.+l $!tepllpns1 rlanlc S~~XIII!~~l)? usr.cl for 111;~ spot on the wirlps; hut I have seen xvc~rnl:.~)c.cirnc.ns \\-it21 ,~nt~,,i,.s.It i-; I.ir~~.cr:niml,n. tint1 cj:~ir+,unn;i>t-al;;il)l~: n hypop;;giurrl as fipurcd bv hiiil. and ngrezinq for the i ' . . fornl. thor~ghvirryii~g il gor~ritie;ll in .YI,!~.. 1 ii:l-,.s: rl;rr(-cl it rnoct prt 11-irh his c!c.acription, thouch rli Rt>ring in h~\-ill,~ f~or,.\-;I~~I>II> I><~rk-yro\~-i~zf:~nzi, i~~cl~:(~i:igT'i!/!/,~Iirvt~~.~~ liuitt' a Inrg', ce~jtr:llspot and a illore nr !c.s (,on?pic.!~o:i.j ly-rc lt?iiil 1hlhf11:l;)l.i; speciiticns nltnns~reaching the tip of R,. thoui.11 in others the coconns ;lr:! of ratilcr ro:iy,r)l rt.b:t;rrc: \-.it11 ;I !:1!1r.1~or !cc< I if is imciller and Icass c!i,tJnlprol~nhlr: o!)tAii11(bI ivc!rli c? t thtt hc,nci 1:!1c1. .. . tlr:it the \:-ing-nrsirki~ig! are variable. and thnt L~~nd~:ri;i-n M. spec!ab:li; \Yi:111. .\ \\-!!ic;v r!i-? ribi.~!clc! >l)cbc.it.<. (lib.qcri1,c.d ;III nciisu~~ll\-pa!e-ivingt.tl slwc,in!lxn. :rile s11t.cic.s r 7 tllo~~gli~?r~\vhrr~. \cr.,- c~~:n;mon. lt-)~..:~!~i>r1,viti: ?h;. ot.st \vc~ulrlsreiii to nl!icbrl to -11. plr~itilnnnci &11.;rt;irolor. all t\v~it lw]oi~;g~10 :l ~mni1proz;-, (-sf sl)crics \~:i+11\-I7r\- c(:r;- t!~rwillrrerinz in I~svirigon!!- two pteropieura! bristles, ~;-;i!>,lq:ls\vi~ig-nl;ir]ii~gs. tbf! <.ent::;! ,-1~,:tl)tli!;s !.,ic!iti~:~i11 1c<.;;l;tic.5 f(;r t11:- from M. irnicolor by t:hc: less shilning thoras. Besidr.~thc a~.-,;~::rc~llt!y ,sl!c.,cie.< ;::: OxF,~:rci(!il/!l,t.: j :t!iI~,!II,,:> c\-,,rvl.\ jL!>rc. Tiit> l~it7<:1e ... Hlaisi. (':rstlr, Glos. (:l)r(ic~trt): a!so n ff:n~;llefrorn Oxford f:.tii! i:~l.):~r];-jiron-lng ?UL.FI : 1 ii !l:c I',\I!I;(~ T!I? 11:. ::I l',~;;,- i ifir/itc~,,)\\.Iiich pr~>l),~l)l!-hi.ll)cgs here : this last li 3 tI:ll . 1 : f',,~.;~; ,.~:~ir~~,r;.;,r: F,.sI!,!/I~,: /i,'/,,>/;,',,! : trol~ttnrs! tl:ic.k(.i:r:~cc'il: lA~~:rri.;!rii!i!'s ,<~(.~~III)IS,>.; an({ ir. ;ri~, l~~;i,lc~tt~;~~~~i~~t~~!:ICons r~~sf~]ll~~!~~1 li~!.~, CI! 31. ~>,;fr cf'~,,t<, \\-1t!1 M. signata JIp. I (,an cli.;c.ovt.r r,o c.i:ar,irtt.r.; otllcr i~ in \v!lj('il T!~?;; \\-ere 5f)1!it~t~1!~cs~;:S<:?, i:7tl,f]1 1)Ilp iti:,ll t,-I,>k tt~o.s(~of tli~Ir~-l~nj)y;riuru by n-1lic.h tl~f~mr i~rr~lrih,~r~ of . , i~l:it>c:pit]l,.r ill tllc, ~ro::~~rlI $1 it1 :11t~ f:!!l;:~.:~. it l liis V).::!; t lri5 grolil) 111~1,~1)t~ tl:.;ti~:g:i~s]".c!. -11. .~;~71~r:I,ri~; ! )~ic,ri ;I .uf:ic.ic111tl!7 firm tctst~:i.::. zirki'; qcnw nj)l)r;?rato 1)e. onp of tllc r:~rcbt !)f tli~ft::ir. M. fraterna \\-irli~. l\-idt~iy di..?~ii~~~tc~~!::711i IIO~ i,i:t>, tl~~only frr.r;h rr~corr!ti\-ail;~l)li~ i~cii~q 1Y,v1.1\ Fortvf ( I.'. Il-.j;.). . . J,i,pl:t~:r in tj1.~:!:]lt, l;:-t l!]:t~~~,:!lit? ~,:!il!bh.-- rx,jt.~r,i\.:, M. signatoides Dz. *l r:rtIwr c1)111n~oi1 111 r11os: 11 i~!::-~n:rrl. districts, Dr. C. L. 1Yithyc*oml:c h:ls poiilt1.11;>ut t a 111,).

M. flnlandica Et/!\.. JIiic,!~ re.qt.n~l)!c~.-.tl:!. 1.1,~. b!it \;-h.rt 1 11 \\-c ;~lsoo?>scr\-ed ril~-::cIF >i:!c-cl. I 1:,1t tile ;ltli~ltL: :jp!)ta:rr5to ~1iiTp~x)~l,t:rnti,v in ?l;~vi~~gt?~~rc> v~~~tr:il i~ri~t1vq h~\-tbthe peculi~ir11;ll:it of holdin: ?I:cit \vi~rp\-c.i.tic,rl!y ::L (!!i t\~tt~iiicl tilbi:~(>$ it$ cntir(>lyt111Il thor;i-i ,ils:i:ig:~~-hi!~.ri: il~esides of the ak~domcn\\-hen runui~?~,t11~ :rr!,tl :irc:t ,f froin otli~nrspwi~~ \\-it11 ~i~rl~lt~rcl::~t*tot~:~!-. tllc \vii;g npl) c!;:- ;I lr~l~it11.1s 11rit I)(.I>II i~ottdill nny othtsr s~wicxs of .1/!/(.1;o- tiljcrli~i~t~dfro111 ;rll t~sc~,~pttlrL> foll~)n-i~~g I)y it.: .,o~r~c\\l~;lt 1)/1ilu.111o1igh I li.~vcfrc~cl:it~ntly oLscr\-tvl it ill Sr'cpti),~i/r sllinilr,y :lr~dnei!l*ly :l11 t)l*ir*l; thorns i~ntit\\-I) 1-cntr:rl 1)ristlt.s ~~i!/r(/. Jlr. 11. 1Vo1nt~slc.v11;rs sent lrrc: sl)(>ci~:x$tlqrc2;11.(d on thcs n~illtil)i:~r.. .\plrnrtmtly rartl ; ;11i ntl:litior:,rl rc~cc;i~l frl,n~I;r r\-;~c.feeding i;l n strec,icns of Fo!(,~us ; p~ip:ttio~r\\.as i? Phislford. Beds. (F.IIv.E.). undt.rgror~nd. M. luctuosr IIg. ('losc.ly rt~scn~hlt~::the 1;1.-t. ~.,s~tptir: M. sigiilata llz. So frcsh rcacc~rdsarc a\-ail;~l>!efcor this the hypop!-gin~n : conunon and gc,~rcr;~ll\-(1istril)r~t c~l. 1 r:lrt: spccic>s. linvc fnr111cl l:~r\-:)cin Posil11c.s in?~olr~t~tsonrl in ;~II11:1~lr~tt.r- M. guttata l)z. .\ltl!(~~~ghtl!~:1d11lt .i sccln n~or!~l~~)logfcnl~~ rrlillt7tlagilrit: cm an elm trunk, in the iatt~:r casc in company ~ith.l/. nar,ginrrtn. Pupation in the grclurirl; cot,oorl I sli~ht. M. occnltans Lundst. According tr! J,l~nc?st.r~in;'i:;'sdt.sc.ri!,- l tion this species hw only a small n11d indistinct ct>ntr::l sj~oton the wings: hiit I have seen zcvrrnl :.l~~cin~r,ns\\-it11 ;I hy~)(li)~gi~:nas figi~red by IIlilll. nnrl n,oreving for the rnost part n-irli his tlcscription, tl~~;upli:li Ph>rinxill hn\-il?g 1ji11tl' a Iargr: ceutrnl spot and n Illore or !i.is ('o~l.s~)i(n!~o:~i thoui.11 ili-defined suL;lpical mark alsc.. this rn:lr!; in .;:)rllc +[wcirncns tllrnost reachill? the. tip of R,. thougll in others it is smaller and Itass c!istinct. It \i-:ldd qetJm j)rohat)lr: tllat t1~9c-ing-nl,~rkin,ns are 1-ari:~ble.auti that L11nd~:riiln (l~~.srribcda11 u~~i.ru.~ll~pa!e-n-ingcd spec.iuii.n. Tile sj,c.cit.s wc~uldset:rn tcl !W al!icd to -11. p~iii~ilt/:mtl AII. ;l~;irolor.a11 t!~rw il~rcrinzin 11sv111gon!. two ptcroplenra! bristles, anil t:vo r~ntr:il1,ri:tlt.s rIn the mi(l tibi;:r,, as \\yell :is in tile srnsll l~~p;~p\-gi~i~il.Pl:li!i-n-ingeti esalnples mny 1)e kr.~\i-n Iron1 -11. uni(.olor by ~ht:less shning tlioras. B(3sidcs th:. csnrulllt. rctrl1rdc.d irom Arran. 1 1171-c rci.11 r~l:il~..-fronl C:i~:~bridg~(,I( 11kitl.s~t1) : Au~ptuu.Suf01k (-\-JI~.sP) : Hlaisr. ('ttstlc, Glos. (A-l~~Jcr~r!): also n f!.nlillt. froru Uslord j i f{r/i/i))c)\\-l~ir,h prc?ii.~h!>- l>rl,)~gs here : this I;i>t 11.1- tl:,. front tarhi tIii~k~.neti.\\-hirli \Yai ~otthv t.:i.r.;ot1:c.r ;ir.ln :11~~~.st~of th~ l~!-l,opy;riurn h!- \rl~ic.htlip Iol~rr~icbr~lhi~ri. of .. . , this group i11~1yi~ta (~:<~:II~IIIs~:~.(!. J[. .qi!g!i~:t,r i!~ !)xi(,(i zirlii'.: ~CI~SC:1i)I)C:?r.., tn he, onr of the r:rrc,qt of :li~f,;r~r. t1~~.only frtzsh rccorc! avail;lljlc i)cilrg \Yyw Fc,~.c>s~(6'. 11-.1i.).

M. signatoides Uz. X r:~thrrcollllnoli ;;)r3c.ir>, it, r~~ost dis!i.icts, Ur. C. L. \Vithycombe has jloint1.11,III~ to 111t~. 1vh.1t 1 l1 ~rc;~lso ohsc'rvcd m!-sclf >i~~c*c,.t ]:;I t file ;iclirlt.s II,I\-(% the pecl~litlr11;lbit of holdin,? tl~cir\\.i~~.rs \-t.rtit.:~ll!- :it,

tlic sidcs of thc 1111,lomrn \rheri r\i;lni~q.t 111. n ri,il :;I.~.:I t if tlic \vi~>gap1)rlrrntIy foldin? t!c.~ce:lrh tht~:1l)(11in11 rl. SII(.?~ 3 i1111ith.1~ 111it 1)(~1'11n~te'd ill any other s!lt,c-it'sof .Il//c~to- I)~I/~I.tl~o~lgll I I~:l\-cfrrcluc;l~tly olscr\-fivl it, it! Sc~l)totiic I.Mr. 14. \Yornc~rslcy h41s sent mo sjlc*cir:~c.~~.;rt1:lrt.d fro111 1;lrv:lc. frctling i;l n st~ccicnsclf P~!,,t~rs;pl~l);rtion \\-as undc.,rpround. M. sigiilata 1)z. SIIfresh rcrords art. a\-ail;~l,lcfor tllis r:lrc: s1wr1t's. M. guftata I)z. .\It Iioli~hthc~ l1d~11t.i secln n~or!)l~olo~icnll\- in,li,~ting~~i.~l~:~t)lr:fro111 -IT. .sJ~JII~I~~JI'ssurncc! .l/. ~i!ir~ctv~ric~.~,ancl tile Irirviie nppeitr to he dt.finitcly :~rociiltf~Jwith thr f~ingl:i: liic.~srrl:! .i~l>ricnl?.c. I h J l I Itt incs i!i fnrt iltis fungus st-fJns to 1~11. i~;l:.dl\-t.\-c.r frv from i!lf;'st$ltioil 1):- this sr!ec'ic.s. Tli~!loc.cotir arc of t011c;l; t~it!irtc,sc,,~l~t 7. for CL v(,?\- tieat p:tl~cryr.111 111 frm~:I~~(.JT ark p1;ici.c~12 ;h(: fung11s a l:i?l~\vJ:- fro111 the surf,?<%:>,..11~1 t)cf{lr(> ~II~I~I- t io:~tlte 1:1:.\-.Iril t* ;I nctirly circ.!i!::r slit ifi tlw skin of thc fl~:lr_':l':;n ifi~i~~~r!sJ:I~C.i,nlcsrgctnce. M. ru&s I\-il!u. Ii~iowr: ;l,c Rrii-ich (iiil\- Srtji11 1110 :-iolis!y rc r:)l.dcd fronl ('::ral,~-dl ant1 tht! St.rr FOF,'!i.ITcrl-S.. Shetl'orii. Br.d~..aid ?trcllt.j-, S(itts. M. dentata I,:in(!:.t. sirl\,.lc m:-ile fro::: :llr JP\YFo~~s::i-. JiI . I.i t l i'i~~ri?-I It ;lc?tBcscloyr.1:; \\it!l Lll~itlhtril:?i's c!e~cril;tiol~:111<1 fini:ri', i :IS! I a I 7 ~r.( )I^ !,i.c.\.ic~i~s?>- rtv~r(!r(iE3riti:h. sr;t~(,ic>s,-l!. (I',,~J/~:!;I ~IIO:.~T~.S~TZ~!:)!~,< ,l!, ~JI~/:,T I\';I~:,,.:frr1111 tl:i> it dit'it1rs jil I:,IT:~I:: c!j.~tj:~c;>I~'I:;!,,~(>~~J \<;i~l!: f;~wii~~I:;IC!I;I~,: l]lt\ CI\<~,.I. ils \l;!*ji ,IS in ~!II:1.~i-1- rt~i~:~rli:ib~l!-~pi:i~- f~!-poi~~.git~~::. M. tarsata JVinl~. Stiil (ji:l,i. k~it~v;!~:I:- Bri:i,~!: fr,)!:~ :I ~i71::lt- 111'>i,:fro111 iIt:c~f!j:tlsj~!:,~.. M. bhnda \vin~:. 1 II:!\-~. rcnrc.:i t!ii.; .pt.( il .. Sr;t!r~ L,~:'!,i~.;i{.i t~c~/icin.c,i.:: I,ui!.!tir)t.Lt, M,:, ~?!.ic.r. \.;it l;{:, t ]:I, . .l rl!,i,:: \.ill; ~I~.I~I:Sot' tll~ ~~III~IS, ~lir>citt~oo!i.< i)1.11.,2 y~t~;;!,,? t!) t;lost~ of -11. ,q,/ffII!!I~S;II~IC 011 tlit: l~i1lc1tiiiitjtb i:; ot . . ti~iq>\~cc~it~~ oillc,r\\-icc> it is 1-tq-y s;i~i~l::~t!) JI. ,~,>~~c~,?/i~/:'.y. i.; l';~iri>(~01111110:1 atlti stl,.l:!s to be. >f;c.ci;:ll!- ;~s>ovi;ir:,cl VS it i~ Z'(J!,.:/ir~~rsz.~,:.~lwJaor. iso111 v;L;cail 1 II;IVP rr,:lrp(l:r s(.,-t~:ilO~YYI.Y~IIII.'. tittjitgi~ 1 !I 11-t- i11.1) 11,1(ii~ fr,~t;l~)I,!~~,)~~YII.~ (lc!~i.~i~~~. 111 IT,.,^ sliql~t. 1. 1:otl: \-c-tltr~lbristles of 11iiii t i!,iat. {;,:itt. .l:,,:! : r!orlnn:!j- iolir M. ccnlluens l)-. .lr;!t!~t,r rAre s]~(~cit>sOIYYIST~II~ ill d~,rsalh;.iuflt.:: . . -. S~cotI:1r111:ind t11~SC,.\. l;ort..'t. M. eingulurn 31~. :l T:rvry c-lirtinc.t ,-;!ccics \vliicbl~is f;cil.l!- PI~I~TI~Ic~vr~ryiv1i~:r~ :it111 :I)I~I>:I~Sto i~rt>t,cic~x~*I[~siv,~\>~ i~: ~'O/!/~IO~U.

<-b. I'alpi yiitvv . , r,>~t,-,.lv;,\\.i~:r~ ; !r!~u~.qell. :L. l'til[~i tltxtk l~ro~v~ictr 10!,1c,lii<11 . . j'~r.~~~.i,i,u!~~;~211. 11. S. nigra (112.). (If tllc ~!LI.I'I* Ilritisl~specirs H.~I~S~Ihay? specie I have seen 5 3 $ rollcct~~tlby t!Ie I:!tr. 1)r. l). !,Ij,.~~c!lni~l.c,(l ]~t.i.t., 1. uu111:i s+;ctrict JIc~igi.11'~llanlc to Sharp i!i thfsRca F:)rerr in 1904 and noiv in the (';:m)iri(!i.r Ilu..;ru!n. t\ie o11t. \\.lliV!l LL]III":L'.; t(~\)C i?C)li:~~l(~:it'~:. IiiL3 Il~lbO- i CI~IL- i 5. 1'18, 159 Tllo~~gIi~li~ill;. S. tenuis sp. 11. --il~p:~r~~ntl~:-diifcr? only frnrjl S. r(~l,(.1,7,,!. ;~siiiit.ntifiecl aho-,;r in tl~istrucrun of tlIr hvpoi,ygioi12, t.lltircl!- biacl; in !~o(iyculour, ti!r! ferr~;de>17 nln:*. have :t clcrtuill nrrlc#,ll!t of ~-cll(j\vUII t!ic :ct,Jc;rrlc.n. l Ilc I!ind COS? I)(liyc- I1 !:p RIP \ t:r?- (lt~rry,('o!m\\-al!: fi ix. lTl12 ( l.t:r1110,!,). more tlr,ln t 111. !,:\:al forlr1-!1. I fenlnll. i.lbrci S. fuscipalpis sp. S. ('lost.1~~T~SCTI~IC.,, A<. (,,,i,:,,/!,,.! i,llt sligl:t~y 1argt:r ; palpi ch-1, bro~v!i or I~i:icl

ix. l!j04 (D.,5'1~rpj: :A ,sct-oil(i nl:$],> fTOII1 rh(s Il;~l,-,j i.1 ~II:: ('ambridge 111;i(.~i:n,albo (,!;c. fr,lt:l xclt?!ylir;,lgr.. ~i.l !*07 (D.,T/ii~r~,;. S. flavipuneta sp. n. ~*b~sclyr~s~~fit~l~s ,v. c-t~?,fi!/,,~.. 1;~lt r2tht.r I;irgc.r; 3 .nlxll \-c~!lo~v~1:)t or, tllrh s]lolil(lc.rs: n:(ci.,,- ~c>?i?I~~lii!(',:rt>~l~e 1(1:1gt>~. ~.~ici l:!ps0;?(1tl,ln1 ?ll(.Tc.i,>7,,.:~~,11~~~~~1~,~ IV.;s s'.i:i!?;?: R5JIC'L~~I;,.~ a !Ittlc l(lngcr al;ei !lll,rc. (.,:Y\-,.~+- I~y!~~p~-~i~!~~,:I.< j1-I figs. 174. 175, T>-pt' 3 !,: thr Rriti;l! ?I!:st:~!, ir,JG~JIiltf,-.ii]:LI]l, s:lfi,l!;;, 2 L 1-1. ! :!(!:I ( J.,,ri),t,.(~\ l: / S. furnipes .S;:. :l. . .. 33o:i:- all i~!t~c:k ill ,%. (': ,,!,-,l< ?. VV3,~~t.u~lii~r~ alw si~!:;L:r. 11::: (iii?(lrsCOI,S~~C:IO;~~]~ f011(:1\. 1'alpi li~c!~,~~(1: les5 clti~k. Ai!l ft>n~(.!r:~;?it:, ;>. 'IlL~)y'2 (11 l,,.... I-(1v1,k itI!. ,l . ftll.lll.l ,cr8i!,!::lj,.- ~YOIYL ijip iiji!c.ll (In~kt,!l~~l fl~&:, so.t::;lt i!:,if rl;,l? 1. !;ILII-!<~sI:.I'i'(>~lt t i3r.i ;,f fL,l;!:!]e (!ibrillt,~]i- ,,lt.?! i!cllt.st 11. IIV~I!IJ~~~I~III~3s ilA f;?>. 1 ;(;-I 7,q. r"1,v]xL ;in t!i~ Hri;i.\l~>~II~(~~TIII. 'U0~tj11,~t~,~~. ~-ol~~l~,l~. l '6.. 1 2 )!l ( 1-(7;r(il!) : :I w(%t>~;ii ,; 11-1 r ]:(L ('<: ;~ll~~~i~~J[llh:,Illll f~~i!!ii~~!:~~ll( t1ir11(,Jc!~~~I,,~!I~I !. 1 ll;\l p ;l]..t) >to,,l! [t.!:lLl!,,s. ])r(~'l:!!:lJ- Of the ::ii~ilt~>pv?i~?s. irc~!~~ J.

T11i.s clmilc ri-i(lt,ntly reprrsrntr a dt~vrlopl~l.~:~tof .llp(~. tol)lt kin. tt, v:l~icli it is closely allied in nll cnr<>rlti:llrriiperts. difft~rin~in II;IV~I;~tht\ cost~xdibti~~ctl~ pro(l~~c~(l l~c~y~~n,j l.RA?iJ. EST. 50C. Li)?;P. PARTS IIT, I\.. (FI:~:. .L'>,) I. I- r;.-,(I )l r. F'. !V. I:ci\{ ;ird.: on .Rr'ti.~hl'~it~~;~/..s-C'rlais. iil.11. T!lw: 11ai.r. tiro :~k~+l~nir:tie:ctc:ii.-ii-ely orany ;lt the >.,i!l.i>s3i1.h 111,sl.ri;I(,! l IIV l1t:rri<. D. aterrima (%l.tt.) (,?(z~z~,J,I?Lo,.~I1. ~\-I:III. ; .~~~lc~~lolj/~~/:~ P!',.. 1 I I %*.tt~lr~tv(if,'sctli(l \~,-:ik,c:,.s t,\-~)v.q of :in ;~ll-t~l<~c/: IJ~/O]IC~.<~,i-iijitt .-::I;I\! I:j.l~:i)~~;il~?:l~~{V~~II! di?f,~r!!lit fr(,::l ~!JLI: (ii. io;. 11. .;..irtr,/,hari~. \\'!;~~~vrtz.s l i11'~1?r~~)t:i)i1\\.ll;l!(j !:;I.%: !:(.]l (!:illligll for tli~''~.+j't'i.ill:l.il>, ;I!I~ ~;~-.,>t: IIrn[;;it~l>-rr*Svri~!< to !!L;.< ,s~~(~cit~.~:i~i~iI:O? TO FI 3 *l[!lc~;?:l~,!,;! l I!?,.v;r,!l!t p(>5.<1:<.< t lip ](,!\g \-,:r;tral 11.iii.i oi l!~!~hc,cs.::rl irl>!lc~?l~innlsc~.rnlollt iii clill:,r P cty. .Ip:trt. fr!IT;-! \V:ll!~:d,r's t\-pc oi' -11. ,~oli,ct,~I /:;I V,, >ttp!~ Macroc:rin~e. 11 \c I:J;.I liriti*?! t~x:l!!iplt~.sof /). /ifrt.,';;:i{i fri):;l (;itj,4(11,, I~II.~~;LI;I t >r,:. l. a'glii a b;,il.:;. (Fj~!~i:,[!/).;~:lil ~'~c,-~-;~)~IY~!I.I,:~.S!i,-s+~:< (.J~?II!,;II.~~~~~). '['l;tb . . ..- . L'. vit:at~~-\f,c. ,l;,2l?.,,, .. ui t9t. r:::!it~ !~:.(!o~,~il.im[fig. 1.21) !S I.:!kt:ll from ttr~: 2. lurc.& .\I< l );:l]:;: !?l >:~lP(.i;IIf.!l. 4. par^-a 1:1t;t!:r.. \. f%~,wia!a)I:. G. cr:i>ll~s.l1 2, 10. a~i;~l&ta\f:, !1. izic,il.~t711r!is:~t.:~~~. 12. ~nacuint.!!~li.. I;<. ~.,!IO!~~Y:~I;IXIJ, 14 sticma f.'.,;~:. l ;. L1 i;:tl

Cercpla tinae. .?\isl~rl.t.~![,at:. t. II~;.:TII:~II,;! i I 2. !la\-lll!l \\';!Ill. r .~i?(,,,(/?, ,>;,

Ditomyiinae. Bolitophilinae. ,Q\ >!,.l: 31.5 \f'.3l!<. l:lll.~~~l~~l~ll~.\)!g. 1. ;I!~IIIII;I~\~S11~. 1. I:~-c~us,~I.:d\\-. :,)i,iy./,),:li! !!, !.

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(.ill to ,;:lrll(x .~<::l( .'l Psyche or bgtlerfly, v;ritten prni:atly ;I~)UU: r:.c , 11a; a!..(, been cnr?sicizre~iby Prof. I)'.4rcy Tiro~r:~)sqrn,E'.K S.,to ir,l:,r to Pieris br~wszcmor an a!iit:ci s!:t.cita.q. Fro~:i11i~ fra~,-lati,j!;. fploted below, it w:is clparr tlL;ct t!lt: f,to,l-j~la~lt~:~l,;~!~cct t1.r cvidc:llce o!i r:hich this ron:lnsior~ 11,itI i~:.rn rts;:c.hl~J.

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~)iilsir\r11ict1 grow oa gr(v,ii I,,a~-c.i,; Ir~!~il~li;i,.t,~ c,; ra:lL!an~:.q, -?.llich son?? i:d! cra:111,r r!- ;,ai,!ia:r%. .\: F:.. r I: . , 13 le:$s than ;L pain of ti1il1f.t; it ~hc:ig.;ro\:..i ir;t(: a ,AI~IC~! ;r:~i, . nr1:i i:: ti~nii~:lays it is a !ii~': r:atc~rl.illar.. :li~~r :I L~~ll~a,,, 011 ar.11 ol:, arid tecni~~l~s1jli:czcvn: awi cl:,ap:;;rs.. 1:s >!:.:is;, anil is ~~owc.a!lr.d a r!!r>s;~]is. 'l'i!,, r7!:rLy :;!I!! i.. j'.>r,:, !!!,,i ~Lcstilr!~saIis morres if !,;U :out.!: I: 11 ttttc!::i$,> i:>,:f L\-

cobireli-like filanlc~~t.c:,311tl ;S ~::~irnii;:*-.l~vitt: nioil:.! (1:. slii ot!:t,r al;Tartsnt orpn. .ift,~a 1it:le IT:!::!^) ti., ~~.::i~~~ci~i~~ri;,g . . b:~r.:ts hs~i::citr, and OII~{?its.< t'1:3 11 ~:ig(v~c I !I:TX:[!!:it .,,;l; the l~~~~ck,~~c: k~\itt+~:f!.s, .\L fi~$,t,.XIIP.: it a (,,~r:,r:ji!~~. it feed:; ar:rl rjectq csc.rr~cel:t; t,at 1~!1,.i? it :ii~.!;-i!:!~, chrysalis it nc,itllcr fcc~i.: t.j~c.!s-:..:.r, 1,;; Irl.." {'i'!!,.\l.,,:: ...

(I! ?~~isl-(jtle,k.01. Iv, I$~sL(J:!:~.\i~!::~'i!i :I;>. L'IO:,~ I-. l!) [ij. FI:,~ .$.!; O.uforJt I!llO.) . . '' ltal~h.at~~~+.' it! s:il(t l!i I:.,, !!i!.t:~:!;.:rt1; !%:lXI ,t':;~,:~v in .ittic, but radish iri otii(,r (::c.cl; LI,::,,,.~.;. '1'11t. ' 5:: .ii!

grclj" 1)r~!jai,;~d(.sc:ii,,,ci t!,,~ i!!8!~!,~r,;r(.,L:.:,,-,7,1;,r ~.;..;i\l. .l'.,'<' .. 'c . ., t~1~~~ol.!g~>l /!c. egg c@T,-!~rll!~1 !lt, 1,. !,OIL. ;i:l~?,,.i:!: .sX, >l- c: !,l,.: -

able condt~r~scdstattx~c~c.tit oi tiir liiL.-i:i..~-ri-cl! .I ',~:r:$ I.::-. . > ii1:r: it was of the lii;?l:c-l !iitt,r.t.-: tl!?; f~c:,!;~~~:,::~:, 1; ! !a cc~(-l~i::it~nthat a ~~o~:\I~\oIIFitlri~;[s ..,;,I< (it-. :I~I<*,! -::L!

~iowhave resched uj i~nrnt11,: ril;l:,?;~ toil ~II!IO.,I 1 L1l:.i.-,.. ,I. ihe Gr~ksy~~~boli?~)! :ILI;'I~ it^, CS)!'.:: ;trv!L v):'. i~!.,,,il 7 firitisir 'oi.lit=f ill:istrstc~! 111 .;lie ui '~!,.~!~I,I:Il I;.(!:'> \\'t5*..1 . . tii!iis -"Th,. Supc.r:jt 1t1a1.i~?I,~!I':; >r:!r-- " " 1. iLl'.; :,I* .!g:

Ir~tiits," rCv:o men h:)d l)c.t*~i;~IIJ.,V~:~~ '~ !]I t!11, !,t.:lr 1:: the day t!lt.p pat dowl- ti; c,:t tt~t~irt!ir c?' ~,k:r~,.i~il!:ii:.: c1 !I:,,-,

ard r.nrpri thri: ilagu:~. .\ft~,r~\a:d. i10: 'i c;f 'I*!:: !.,.I .I>!.

as tljc,y sat. John ('!iilvs \!,:S !I!t> C:-: to \t.ak!.. ii!!ll :,< I I, loo!icd ta~var~1.iitis ft~i!v~-r~ic~\;cr!l(' .s:il\- orli. i)f tl~o.( ;?i 3:

\\-hit,%millcr's 5o:iis as \ye rail 'v111 - tli:~tis :I! sLI!., a 111i;llr- t11otIt- -c~~lnefrom kVil!i~.~~t'~IO!~~~:I :~I~.II:~~I~ \I 1;il~~ Iic s!t~llr. FRO('. EST. SOL'. l.Oxi)., ill, I\.. lLl24. F