Étude De L'activité Cosméceutique De L'achillea Millefolium L. Et De La

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Étude De L'activité Cosméceutique De L'achillea Millefolium L. Et De La Étude de l’activité cosméceutique de l’Achillea millefolium L. et de la Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. par Jessica Fortin-Mimeault Mémoire présenté à l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître (M. Sc.) en Ressources renouvelables – Biologie Québec, Canada © Jessica Fortin-Mimeault, 2021 RÉSUMÉ Depuis quelques décennies, les consommateurs sont à la recherche de produits cosmétiques écoresponsables, d’origine naturelle et ayant prouvé leur efficacité. Ceci pousse l’industrie cosmétique à chercher de nouveaux ingrédients dans le règne végétal. Les végétaux sont riches en composés chimiques de structures variées ayant des propriétés biologiques diverses. La forêt boréale québécoise est un réservoir riche en végétaux qui se retrouvent dans la médecine traditionnelle de peuples à travers le monde. L’Achillée millefeuille (Achillea millefolium L.) et la Brasénie de Schreber (Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel) font partie des plantes retrouvées dans les médecines traditionnelles autochtone et chinoise, respectivement. Dans le cadre de ce projet, le potentiel cosméceutique de ces deux plantes a été étudié. Premièrement, l’activité biologique des extraits et des huiles essentielles de l’Achillée millefeuille sauvage et cultivée ont été comparées. Il s’avère que l’Achillée millefeuille cultivée possède un rendement très faible en huile essentielle, tandis que celle sauvage a un rendement de 0,0918%. L’huile essentielle de l’Achillée millefeuille sauvage possède des propriétés antioxydantes (IC50 de 0,19 ± 0,03 % (v/v)), anti-inflammatoires (IC50 de 0,010 ± 0,001 % (v/v)) et antibactériennes contre Staphylococcus aureus (MIC90 de 2,9 ± 0,5 % (v/v)). Quant aux extraits d’Achillée millefeuille, l’extrait éthanolique obtenu à partir de feuilles de la plante cultivée présente des propriétés anti- inflammatoires (IC50 de 29 ± 7 µg/mL) et antioxydantes (IC50 de 0,22 ± 0,01 µg/mL) supérieures à celles de l’extrait éthanolique de feuilles provenant de la plante sauvage. Cette différence d’activité pourrait être due à une différence au niveau de la teneur en acide chlorogénique, un composé ayant des propriétés anti- inflammatoires et antioxydantes ; l’extrait éthanolique de feuilles cultivées contient 1,4 fois plus d’acide chlorogénique que celui de feuilles sauvages. L’extrait éthanolique obtenu à partir de feuilles de la plante cultivée pourrait être intéressant pour développer un produit anti-âge. Lors du deuxième volet du projet, les effets protéiques et transcriptomiques d’un extrait hydroalcoolique de Brasénie de Schreber ont été étudiés sur un substitut de peau humaine et sur des fibroblastes dermiques humains (WS-1), respectivement. L’extrait de Brasénie de Schreber augmente le niveau d’expression protéique de l’involucrine (3,8 fois), la loricrine (3,1 fois), la filaggrine (2,9 fois), l’aquaporine-3 (5 fois) et du collagène-1 (2,7 fois) par rapport au substitut de peau humaine non traité. Cet extrait présente également des propriétés antioxydantes (IC50 de 0,28 ± 0,02 µg/mL) et anti-inflammatoires (inhibe à 100 ± 6 % la production d’oxyde nitrique avec une concentration de 160 µg/mL). Les résultats obtenus avec l’extrait de Brasénie de Schreber sur les cellules humaines suggèrent que cet extrait pourrait prévenir le vieillissement de la peau en stimulant le renouvellement de l’épiderme, en améliorant l’hydratation de la peau ainsi que sa fonction barrière et en diminuant les altérations à la structure dermique. Pour ce qui est de l’étude de l’effet transcriptomique de la Brasénie de Schreber, elle permet de donner quelques pistes sur les mécanismes d’action de l’extrait qui devront être explorées plus en profondeurs. En fait, puisque l’extrait affecte l’expression génique de EGR1, EGR3 et DDIT4, il serait intéressant lors de prochaines études de vérifier comment l’extrait de Brasénie de Schreber affecte la synthèse du collagène, le cycle circadien, la différenciation des kératinocytes ainsi que comment l’extrait protège les cellules du stress oxydatif. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que l’Achillée millefeuille et la Brasénie de Schreber possèdent tous les deux des propriétés anti-âge intéressantes. TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .............................................................................................................................................................. ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES ......................................................................................................................................... iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX .......................................................................................................................................... vi LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ vii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................viii REMERCIEMENTS ...............................................................................................................................................xii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Problématique................................................................................................................................. 1 Objectif principal ............................................................................................................................. 4 Objectifs secondaires ...................................................................................................................... 4 Structure du mémoire ..................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPITRE 1 REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE .................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Achillée millefeuille ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 Description de la plante .............................................................................................. 7 1.1.2 Usages traditionnels .................................................................................................... 8 1.1.3 Propriétés pharmacologiques ................................................................................... 10 1.2 Brasénie de Schreber ........................................................................................................ 12 1.2.1 Description de la plante ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.2 Usages traditionnels .................................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Propriétés pharmacologiques ................................................................................... 13 CHAPITRE 2 COMPARAISON DU POTENTIEL COSMÉCEUTIQUE DE L’ACHILLÉE MILLEFEUILLE CULTIVÉE À CELLE SAUVAGE DU SAGUENAY-LAC-SAINT-JEAN, QUÉBEC, CANADA ....................................................................... 15 2.1 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 15 COMPARISON OF WILD AND CULTIVATED ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM FROM THE SAGUENAY-LAC-ST-JEAN REGION (QUEBEC, CANADA) FOR COSMETIC USE ............................................................................................ 17 2.2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Plant material ............................................................................................................ 20 2.4.2 Preparation of essential oils and solvent extracts .................................................... 20 2.4.3 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) conditions ............................................................ 21 2.4.4 High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (HPLC- MS) conditions .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.5 Gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) conditions ........ 21 2.4.6 Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) conditions . 22 2.4.7 Cell culture ................................................................................................................ 22 2.4.8 Preparation of the tested samples ............................................................................ 22 2.4.9 Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay ................................................... 23 2.4.10 Cellular antioxidant assay ......................................................................................... 23 2.4.11 Anti-inflammatory assay ........................................................................................... 24 2.4.12 Cytotoxic assay .........................................................................................................
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