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Core and Plug Preparation Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis, Mohsen Masihi Sharif University of Technology Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis 2010 Laboratory Work Book No. 26504 Mohsen Masihi Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN 1 Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis, Mohsen Masihi Table of contents Course overview ................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1-Core and plug preparation .............................................................................................................. 6 1-1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 1-2 Core Slabbing........................................................................................................................... 6 1-3 Plugging using plug drill Press machine ................................................................................... 9 1-4 Trimming Core Plugs ............................................................................................................. 12 1-5 Core gamma logger ................................................................................................................ 15 2-Cleaning and saturation determination .......................................................................................... 24 2-1 Dean Stark ............................................................................................................................. 27 2-2 Retort Oven ............................................................................................................................ 29 2-3 Core Saturator ........................................................................................................................ 32 3-Porosity ........................................................................................................................................ 42 3-1 Hg porometer ......................................................................................................................... 47 3-2 KeyPhi instrument .................................................................................................................. 50 4-Resistivity .................................................................................................................................... 54 4-1 Electrical properties system atmospheric (EPS-A) .................................................................. 55 4-2 Electrical properties system 700 (EPS-700) ............................................................................ 59 5-Surface and interfacial tension ...................................................................................................... 60 5-1 IFT 700 instrument ................................................................................................................. 66 6-Capillary pressure ......................................................................................................................... 77 6-1 CAPRI instrument .................................................................................................................. 78 7-Permeability ................................................................................................................................. 86 7-1 KeyPhi instrument .................................................................................................................. 89 7-2 Benchtop Relative Permeameter (BRP 350) ........................................................................... 89 8- Rock Mechanical Properties ........................................................................................................ 97 8-1 Acoustic Velocity System (AVS 700) ..................................................................................... 97 References and further reading ...................................................................................................... 105 Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN 2 Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis, Mohsen Masihi Course overview This course provides an introduction to reservoir rock properties determination by core analysis. Part of this course introduces the laboratory equipments as well as the procedures used for the core analysis. Moreover, the theoretical aspects of the parameters used in the core analysis are briefly described. Hence, the aim of this is to get familiar with of the main rock properties parameters, the way they can be measured and the sources of errors in the results obtained from the laboratory measurements. At the end of the course, you will learn what the main properties of rocks are and also you will learn how to measure them and how to analyze the range of the uncertainty in the results. These prepared course notes follow closely the sequence of material that will be presented. However, these are further suggested materials: 1-J. S. Archie and Wall C. G., Petroleum engineering principles and practice. Graham & Trotman, London, 1986. 2-J. W. Amyx, Bass D. M. and Whiting R. L., Petroleum reservoir engineering (physical properties). McGraw Hill, Inc., 1988. 3- X. D. Jing, Rock properties course, Imperial College London, 2003 4- M. Masihi, Reservoir Rock Properties course, Sharif University of Technology, 2007. 5-T. Ahmed, Reservoir engineering handbook, Gulf professional publishing, 2001 6- M Ala, Jing, X. D. and Worthington P., Petrophysics course, Imperial College London, 2003 7- M Araujo Fresky, Rock properties, Imperial College London, 2004 Syllabus 1. Core and plug preparation: Introduction to the machines for the various steps of core preparation including core slabbing, core pluging and trimming. Also sand/shale analysis and depth matching through the use of core gamma logger will be introduced. 2. Cleaning and saturation determination. The available instruments for core cleaning as well as saturation determination will be introduced. This includes extraction/distillation method for Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN 3 Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis, Mohsen Masihi core cleaning (Dean Stark), drying and heating for saturation determination (Retort Oven) and core saturator for saturation of core before other experiments. 3. Porosity. An introduction to core porosity and various methods of its measurements. Describing Hg porometer and KeyPhi instruments for porosity measurements. 4. Resistivity. Introduction to the EPS-A instrument for the rock conductivity measurements at surface pressure and to the EPS-700 at overburden pressure. 5. Surface and interfacial tension. An introduction to various methods of IFT measurements. Description of IFT700 instrument for measuring IFT. 6. Capillary pressure. Introduction to capillary measurement methods under drainage and imbibition processes. Description of CAPRI instrument for measuring capillary pressures. 7. Permeability. An introduction to rock permeability. Description of KeyPhi instruments for absolute permeability measurements and BRP-350 for gas/liquid absolute and relative permeabilities. 8. Rock mechanical Properties. An introduction on how to measure the rock properties like Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio using AVS-700 instrument by application of the sonic waves. Course structure The course will consist of approximately 12 sessions (each one 3 hours) of laboratory works including lectures. The course will be assessed by a final term examination and by laboratory reports. The notes in some places cover more material than can reasonably be covered during the course and in other places have deliberate gaps for more discussions. Please fell free to ask questions during the course. Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IRAN 4 Reservoir Rock Properties Analysis, Mohsen Masihi Introduction Knowledge of the physical properties of the rock and interaction between hydrocarbon system and the formation rock is crucial in understanding and evaluating the performance of a given reservoir. These data are usually obtained from two main sources: core analysis and well logging. In this course book we describe the analysis of cores. A core which is a solid cylinder of rock about 3 inches in diameter and would usually be about 30 feet long is taken by replacing the drill bit by a “core bit” which is capable of grinding out and retrieving the heavy cylinder rock. Once the cores are retrieved it is crucial to properly handle (avoid damaging) and preserve them by avoiding exposure to air. When the core arrives in the laboratory plugs are usually drilled 20-30 cm apart throughout the reservoir interval. Then the plugs are analyzed with respect to porosity, permeability, saturation, grain density and lithology. This analysis, which is performed at high sampling frequency and low cost, is called routine core analysis. The results from routine core analysis are used in interpretation and evaluation of the reservoir. Examples are prediction of gas, oil and water production, definition of fluid contacts and volume in place, definition of completion intervals.
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