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Biosecurity and Pathogen Control for Pig Farms

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Biosecurity and Pathogen Control for Pig Farms BIOSECURITY AND PATHOGEN CONTROL FOR PIG FARMS JOHN CARR 2 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 The major pathogens of pigs ................................................................................................. 7 Parasites of the pig ............................................................................................................... 7 Bacteria in the pig .............................................................................................................. 11 Viruses of the pig ............................................................................................................... 14 Major Disorders of the Pig by Age/Group .......................................................................... 17 How do pathogens get into your farm?............................................................................... 21 Threats to a Pig Unit .......................................................................................................... 21 Considerations in the design of the outer security perimeter ................................................ 26 Specific pathogen Free Farm Security ............................................................................. 26 Location: Pathogen Movement from a Farm ...................................................................... 28 Ensuring the incoming stock is of the correct health status ................................................. 30 Example of Routine Health Monitoring as carried out by a pig breeding company .......... 31 How many animals do we need to test? .......................................................................... 32 What may happen if there is a positive sample? ............................................................... 34 Selection of Specimens ................................................................................................... 35 Diagnostic Specimens and Tests ..................................................................................... 38 Health Alarm List ........................................................................................................... 40 Diseases of pigs which are notifiable to the OIE ............................................................. 41 Examination of Isolation Premises .................................................................................. 42 Gilt Introduction ............................................................................................................ 43 Boar Introduction........................................................................................................... 44 Use of Feed Back ........................................................................................................... 45 Isolation and Acclimatization.......................................................................................... 46 Pathogens that might be transmitted though semen ......................................................... 48 Disposal of Dead Pigs .................................................................................................... 49 Entry and Exit Procedures for Livestock ........................................................................ 50 Truck Routines .................................................................................................................. 51 Vermin Control Measures .................................................................................................. 55 Rodent Control .............................................................................................................. 55 Bird Control ................................................................................................................... 57 Fly and mosquito control ................................................................................................ 58 Reducing and controlling people risk .................................................................................. 59 Visitor Entry Procedures ................................................................................................ 59 Visitors Book ................................................................................................................. 60 Biosecurity – Visitor Dress Code ................................................................................... 61 Shower Room Protocols ................................................................................................ 62 Straw and Bedding ............................................................................................................. 66 Machine and Equipment Purchases ..................................................................................... 67 Biosecurity Checking ......................................................................................................... 68 Biosecurity Examination ................................................................................................. 71 Reducing pathogens on the farm ........................................................................................ 73 Controlling today’s number one risk – the compromised pig ............................................... 73 Hospital Pen Design ........................................................................................................... 74 Compromised pig pen from straw bales .............................................................................. 75 What to do with Compromised Pigs ................................................................................... 76 What to do with Compromised Adults ............................................................................... 79 All-in/All-out ..................................................................................................................... 81 Pig Flow ............................................................................................................................ 82 Disinfectant Management – Foot Baths .............................................................................. 83 3 Cleaning a Room between Batches ..................................................................................... 84 Fumigation ......................................................................................................................... 86 Application of Lime Wash .................................................................................................. 88 Medicine Control and Storage ............................................................................................ 89 Medicine Refrigerator set up .............................................................................................. 90 The use of Vaccines in Pigs ................................................................................................ 91 Feed Hygiene To Reduce Contamination ............................................................................ 92 Manager’s Weekly Report .................................................................................................. 94 Partial Depopulation - the Basics ....................................................................................... 95 Elimination of pathogens from farms ................................................................................. 97 Pathogen elimination through ........................................................................................... 102 Depopulation/Repopulation .......................................................................................... 102 Hysterectomy and move piglets to a new farm .............................................................. 106 Segregated Early Weaning ........................................................................................... 109 Partial Depopulation..................................................................................................... 111 Vaccination and Test and Remove ................................................................................ 113 Herd Closure and Pathogen Exposure .......................................................................... 114 Medication ................................................................................................................... 116 Index................................................................................................................................... 117 4 Introduction This guide is presented as a series of advice sheets, some of which can be used around the farm. The aim of the advice sheets is to provide rapid in formation in a format easily understood by all members of the farm team. There are sheets to aid the checking and auditing of Biosecurity standards. The notes are also presented on a CD format allowing the user to customise the advice sheets to suit their own personal situation and to take note of new advances as science provides. Biosecurity is the foundation stone to health on a pig farm. It can be difficult enough to control the effect of pathogens that are already on the farm, without the need to develop new strategies for invading pathogens. A pathogen’s effect on the pig can range from nothing to devastating. Many pathogens are under global watch through organisations like the World Organisation for Animal Health (www.oie.int). Consult with your local governmental veterinarian for a list of pathogens absent
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