Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

Aalburg Formation 837 Aegir Marine Band 434 North German Basin 1270–1275 aeolian sediment, Pleistocene 1310, South German Triangle 1243–1253 northern 844–845, 844 1315–1318 Western 1234–1243 852, 853 Agatharchides (181–146 bc)3 Western Carpathians 1181–1217 southeast 877 Aggetelek Nappe 804 Alpine 2 southern Germany 866, 867 Aggtelek-Rudaba´nya Unit, basin Alpine Verrucano 551 Swiss Jura 883, 884 evolution 802–805 Alpone-Chiampo Graben 1088, 1089 Massif 488, 491, 1145–1146, 1147, Agly Massif 59 1148, 1149, 1175, 1236, 1237 Agnatha, , southeastern Poland basement units Abbaye de Villiers Formation 208 395 Italy 237 Ablakosko˝vo¨lgy Formation 802 agnostoids, Middle 190 Precambrian 79–83 Acadian 599–600, 637 Agricola, Georgius (1494–1555) 4 tectonic evolution 82–83 Acceglio Zone 1157 Aiguilles d’Arves Unit 1148, 1149, 1150 Cambrian 187 accommodation curves, Basin 858– Aiguilles Rouges Massif 486, 488, 1145– Cenozoic 1051–1064 859 1146, 1147 central 1144 Achterhoek area, 837, 838, 839 Aken Formation 949, 949, 950 Middle Nappes 1156–1157 Ackerl Nappe 1165 Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280) 4 tectonics 1142, 1147 acritarchs Albian 1173–1176 Caledonides 307 basin 970 Valaisian Nappes 1155 Cambrian 190, 191–192 Lower Basin 936 964–978 158 Mid-Polish Trough 933, 934 Devonian 403–406 Brabant Massif 161 North German Basin 942, 943 eastern 1186 Brunovistulian 171, 173, 174 sea-level change 924 Jurassic 891–896 -Podlasie Basin 186 Albstadt 1250–1251 Middle Penninic Nappes 1156–1157 Cambrian– boundary 204, seismicity 1245–1246 Penninic nappes 1159–1160 220, 222 Alcsu´tdoboz 800 255 Ordovician Alderney 110 tectonics 1142, 1153, 1154 Alps 237 Alemannic landmass 881 Tertiary 1176–1180 Ardennes inliers 213–214 Alfo¨ld Phase 1215 eastern and southern 226, 227, 228 algae, coccolithophorid sedimentation 474– Brabant Massif 208–209 Cretaceous 923, 925, 937 480, 506 Condroz Inlier 210, 211, 212 see also chalk basins 550–555 Germany 215, 217, 218 Ediacaran, Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 74 Zechstein cycles 580–581 Poland 233, 234 Jurassic, Moravian Karst 890 External Massifs 187, 1145–1148 224 Alleghanian Orogeny 600–601 gold resources 1374–1375 Silurian 252 Aller cycle 572, 573, 574, 575, 580 graphite 1371 276, 279 Aller- Urstromtal 1293 1304–1310 Condroz Inlier 287 Allga¨u Formation 893, 894, 895, 1162 minerals 1361, 1363 Ireviken Event 251, 252 Alpine basins northern, Carboniferous sedimentation Montagne Noire 284 Cenozoic coal seams 1409 484–488, 506 Proto-Alps Terrane 259 Triassic tectonics 756–757 Ordovician 236–237 Triassic, German Basin 771 Alpine Foreland palaeogeography 1143–1145 Adamello Pluton 1165, 1166, 1167, 1172, coal 1408 Permian–Triassic boundary 749–751 1178, 1180 Eastern see Helvetic Units polymetallic vein-type deposits 1383– Aderklaa Formation 1062 Alpine Foreland Basin see North Alpine 1384 Adnet Formation 893, 894–895 Foreland Basin Precambrian, sedimentary sequences Adria 1035 Alpine Haselgebirge 580 80–81 Adriatic Carbonate Platform 1106–1111 14 Silurian 276–283 Adriatic coast Alps 1141–1181 siderite and magnesite deposits 1385–6 Cenozoic 1106–1111 north of Alps 1233–1277 southern Adriatic Platform 1093 Bohemian Massif 1253–1255 Palaeogene, Italy 1087–1093 Adriaticum 1093, 1094 Carpathian Foreland 1258–1270 Permian 553–554 Adula Nappe 1150, 1152, 1173 Central Germany 1255–1258 tectonics 1142, 1154, 1165–1167

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Tertiary 1180–1181 southern Germany 865, 867, 868, Archaean 21, 23 Triassic basins 790–798 869, 870–871, 872 archaeocyaths, Lower Cambrian 164, 188 stratigraphy 792–793 Ammonitico Rosso 973 Arche Member buildups 390 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826 ammonoids Arctica supercontinent 23 Zechstein cycles 581 Permian 531 Ardenne Allochthon 432, 637 subdivision 1141, 1143 Triassic, German Basin 760, 764 Ardennes inliers 158, 159, 189, 206–207, sulphide ores 1366 amphibolite 212–214, 315 tectonics 1141–1181, 1142 Erbendorf Vohenstrauss Zone 680 Ardennes Cretaceous 1170–1173 Hoher Bogen 676 Devonian, depositional environments Jurassic 1168–1170 Maria´nske´-La´zneˇ Complex 672–4 388–391, 637 Permian–Triassic 1168 Stare´Meˇsto Belt 692 Jurassic 860 Tertiary–present 1173–1181 anatexis Variscan tectonics 636–639 western 1144 Caledonian 323 Ardon Nappe 1148, 1149 Middle Penninic Nappes 1157 Saint-Malo Terrane 115 Arenig tectonics 1142, 1147 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 136, 146 Brabant Massif 208, 209 Tertiary 1181 Variscan 424 225 see also Austro-Alpine Domain; Carnic Ancepsoolith Member 866, 868 Holy Cross Mountains 233–234 Alps; Northern Calcareous Alps; Anchamps Formation 158, 159 Northern Phyllite Zone 218 Proto-Alps Andrusov Ridge 1196 Schwarzburg Anticline 223 Altdorf 1055 Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt 207, Arfon Group 44, 45, 46, 47 Altena Group 837, 838, 839, 841 256, 285, 313, 316, 325 Argentera Massif 1145, 1147 Altenberg tin deposit 1376 magnetic and gravimetric modelling Argiles de Levallois Formation 860 Altenberg-Teplice Caldera, Namurian– 348 Argovian Realm 883, 887 Westphalian magmatism 721–723 Anglo-Brabant Massif 431–433, 637 aridity, Jurassic 828 Altenfeld Formation, backarc basin 125– Angulatenton Formation 865, 866 Arietenkalk Formation 865, 866 127, 128, 129, 133 anhydrite Aristotle of Stagira (384–322 bc)1,3,4 Altenstadt Formation 545 resources 1393 Arkona Schwarzschiefer Formation 218 Alticola Limestone Formation 278, 279 Zechstein 572, 573, 574, 575, 576–577 Armorica microplate 121, 123, 218, 645 Altlengbach Formation 1054 Anhydrite Breccia 577 evolution 317–318 Altmark-Fla¨ming Basin 930, 934 Anhydritgruppe 785, 786 nomenclature 317 Cretaceous 936, 948 anoxia see also Armorican Terrane Altopiano de Asiago 1089, 1090 Cretaceous 923–924 Assemblage Alzenau Formation 162, 449, 630, 631 Helvetic basins 975 55–59 A˚ ma˚l Formation 33 Basin 936 see also North Armorican Massif A˚ ma˚l-Horred Belt 30,32–33 North German Basin 944 Armorican Terrane Assemblage 13, 157, Amaltheenton Formation 865, 866 Northern Calcareous Alps 974 206, 317, 667, 669 Amazonia 10, 11, 26, 145 Western Carpathians 970 Devonian 383–384, 385 amber Silurian 249 depositional environments 399–403 Baltic 1401 mineralization 1363–1364 Rheic suture 418, 420 Blue Earths 1040 Ocean 828, 867 Silurian 255 Amberg-Sulzbach-Rosenberg iron mining Anthering Formation 1054 subduction 645–646 district 1400 antimony see also Cadomia Amden Formation 975 resources 1348–1349 Arnager Greensand Formation 936, 938, Ammonite Zones arc-related 1402–1404 940 Cretaceous 924 granite-related 1414–1415 Arnager Limestone Formation 938, 940 Mid-Polish Trough 932 metamorphogenic 1413 Arosa Zone 1158 Jurassic 823, 830 vein-type 1373–1374 arsenic Paris Basin 859, 861 Antrona 1155, 1173 resources 1348–1349 Poland and Baltic Basin 849, 854– Antwerp Campine sub-basin 437 granite-related 1414 857 Antwerp 1041 vein-type 1373–1374 southeast France 875–880 Aptian arthropods Swiss Jura 881–888, 882, 883 Helvetic basin 970 Carboniferous 505 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826 Lower Saxony Basin 936 Devonian, eastern Rhenish Massif 393 ammonites Mid-Polish Trough 932, 933 Lower Cambrian, Paseky 176, Cretaceous sea-level change 924 188 Danish Basin 937, 940 Apulia Terrane, Silurian 255, 258, 276– Artinskian, palaeogeography 536 Mid-Polish Trough 933 283 Arvernensis Gravel 1048 Jurassic Apulian Plate 1093 Arzberg Formation 866, 870 biostratigraphy 823, 829, 830, 843 Apuseni Mountains 1033, 1035 asbestos, resources 1342, 1375, 1411 Bohemian Massif 889–890 Aquitanian, Upper Graben 1048 Ashgill Paris Basin 860, 864 Arab scientific thought 3–4 Brabant Massif 209, 210

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Holy Cross Mountains 234, 236 Avesnois sedimentation area 435–436 reconstruction 11, 12, 157, 318, 358– Schwarzburg Anticline 223 Avicenna (980–1037) 3, 4 360, 361, 363–367 Asturian 433 Axen Nappe 1148, 1149 Silurian 253, 255, 259–268 Aszo´fo˝ Dolomite 800 267–268 Atlantic, Triassic rifting 1016, 1018 BABEL seismic project 332, 337, 338, Germany 268 Atlantica supercontinent 23 340, 343, 346, 347, 351, 358 261–263 atmosphere, Precambrian 22,23 Bacon, Roger (1214–1294) 4 palaeogeography 256 attapulgite, resources, Cenozoic foreland Bad Grund lead–zinc deposit 1382–1383 Poland 263–267 basins 1402 Baden Group 1062 upside-down model 27 Auerbach-Groß-Bieberau Schist Zone Baden-Baden Zone 472, 607 - collision structures 356 631, 632 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Baltica-peri-Gondwana suture 157 Auernig cyclothems 479, 480 magmatism 711, 712 Baltica-related terranes 309–312, 364 Auernig Group 554 Variscan tectonics 606 Formation 865 Auk Formation 550, 551 Baden-Wu¨rttemberg, Jurassic 865–873 banded iron formations 23–24 Austria Badenian, Paratethys basins 1101 Bannewitz Formation 563 Cenozoic, North Alpine Foreland Basin Badenweiler-Lenzkirch Zone 216, 472– Banovic´i Basin 1106 1056–1058 473, 607 Baranov Formation 1045 Ordovician 236–237 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Bardo Basin 499 Palaeogene Helvetic Unit 1046, 1050– magmatism 711–712 Bardo Beds 266 1051 Variscan tectonics 608, 609, 610 Bardo Hills 230, 289, 290 Permian 550–551, 552, 553 Badstub Formation 476 barite, resources 1342, 1346, 1349–1351 Silurian 276–283 Baga˚ Formation 835 advanced rift-SEDEX 1394 see also Austro-Alpine Domain Bahre Series 700 type 1365–1366 Austro-Alpine basins sabka type 1391 Cretaceous 967–968, 975–978 northern Germany 844, 845 SEDEX type 1391–1392 Palaeogene 1058–1060 Poland 852, 853 vein-type 1380, 1382–1384, 1418 Austro-Alpine Domain, 81, 82, 1143 southeast France 877–878 Barmstein Formation 896 Jurassic 891–896 southern Germany 866, 867–868 Barrande, Joachim (1799–1883), Silurian nappes 893–894, 1160–1165 Swiss Jura 883, 885–886 in Central Bohemia (1852) 276 Cretaceous tectonics 1170–1172 Western Carpathian basins 898–899 Barrandian 138, 180 Jurassic tectonics 1169–1170 Bajuvaric Nappe System 1154, 1160, Cambrian–Early Ordovician Lower 1160 1161, 1162, 1170 magmatism 189, 676–679 Upper 1160–1165 Bajuvaric unit 892, 893 Devonian 399–402 Precambrian 79–80 Bakony Mountains, Palaeogene 1068, Variscan tectonics 614, 616, 617 Autun Basin 556–557 1069 see also Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 10, 25, 44, 45, 46, 123, 157, Balaton Lineament 570, 571 Barremian 316, 667, 668–669 Balatonfelvide´k Sandstone Formation Helvetic basin 970 Caledonian magmatism 324 570–572, 582 Lower Saxony Basin 935–936 East 43, 44, 45–46, 47, 123, 157 Baltic, eastern, Devonian 387–388 Mid-Polish Trough 932, 933 evolution 43–54 Baltic Basin 157, 847, 849 sea-level change 924 Far East 46–54, 144, 145, 315 Cambrian 182–184 Ba¨rschwil Formation 886 Silurian 253–254, 255, 287 biostratigraphy 182–184 Basal Anydrite 577 palaeogeography 256–257 palaeontology 192 magmatism 46 hydrocarbon deposits 1379 continental flood, Precambrian 37–38 Ordovician 205–206, 214, 218 Jurassic 847, 849, 851, 854, 857–858 Basbek Formation 1036 palaeogeography 312–313, 318, 361, Silurian 256, 260–263 Base Cretaceous Unconformity 1003 362–367 Baltic Sea BASIN seismic project 332, 340–342, reconstruction 11, 12 Precambrian 43 346 Rheic suture 418 seismic surveys 342, 346, 347 Bassano Thrust 1180 Silurian 253, 255, 284–287 Western Basse-aux-Canes Formation 212 palaeogeography 256 halokinesis 1272–1273 batholiths subduction 46, 47 tectonics 1272–1273 Variscan 425 tectonic phases 314 Baltic Shield, growth 28–32, 34 Bohemian Massif 469–470 Avalonia–Baltica suture Baltic-Belarus Granulite Belt 34 see also plutons magnetic-gravimetric modelling 348 Baltica 10, 25, 30, 34, 307–309 seismic surveys 332, 345, 351 308, 309, 311 northern Germany 844, 845 Avalonia-related terranes 157, 316–317 gravity model 347 Poland 853, 854 Avalonian Terrane Assemblage 315 magnetic-gravimetric modelling 348 southeast France 878 Avalonian–Cadomian magmatism 26 margin, Cambrian 181–187 southern Germany 866, 868 Averroes (1126–1198) 3 palaeogeography 186–187 Swiss Jura 883, 886 Avers Bu¨ndnerschiefer Nappe 1158 palaeogeography 26–28, 310, 318 Baumgarten Formation 548–549

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bauxite resources 1342, 1416 Beskydy Phase 1215 Ordovician 216 Betliar Phase 1213 Silurian, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 271 Jurassic 865–873 Betlis Formation 968, 969 Variscan batholith 425, 469–470 Palaeogene Helvetic Unit 1050–1051 Beutenaken Member 949, 951 Variscan orogeny 472–473 Bavarian Facies 220, 257, 403, 464, 465 Białago´ra Formation 183 Variscan tectonic evolution 606–611 180, 193 Biebrza Complex 35 black Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Biele Karpaty Unit 1191 Carboniferous 411, 438 magmatism 716–718 Bielsko-Biała-Andrycho´w High 49, 51–52 Cretaceous 945 Bavnodde Greensand Formation 938, 940 Biely Va´h succession 1207 Devonian 394, 403 of Kiel, tectonics and halokinesis Bierkowice Unit 691 Jurassic, Posidonia 828, 837 1272–1273 Bihain Formation 213 mineralization 1363–1364 Bayerische Wald see Bavarian Forest Bı´la´ Hora Formation 954, 958 Ordovician 227 Bayreuth Formation 865 Bilshausen interglacial 1289–1290 Silurian 271, 274–275, 279, 284 Beggingen Member 881, 882 Binic Formation 57 Zechstein 573 Belarus, Jurassic 846, 851, 854, 857 biostratigraphy Blanice Graben 473, 475 Belarus-Masurian High 260 Cambrian 172–174 Permian 562 Belarus-Podlasie Granulite Belt see Carboniferous 416–417 Blankenburg Zone 634, 635 Podlasie-Belarus Granulite Belt Cretaceous 924–925 Blanmont Formation 159, 161 Bełchato´w Basin, lignite 1407–1408 Jurassic Blanowice Formation 849 BELCORP seismic project 332, 340 northern Germany 843 Blansko Graben 890, 955 Poland 849–850, 854 Blanzy-le Creusot Basin 556 Cretaceous 924–925 Neogene 1037, 1042 Blatna´ Suite 715 Danish Basin 937, 940 Basin 1036, 1037 Blattengrat 1150 Lower Saxony Basin 936 Palaeocene, Polish Lowland Basin Bla¨tterton clays 934, 936 Jurassic 1042, 1044 Bleichenbach Formation 545 Paris Basin 861, 864 Palaeogene 1037 Blødoks Formation 937–938 southern Germany 865, 870–1 Permian 535 Blovice Formation 73, 74, 138, 139 Belgian Lorraine, Permian 549 Triassic, German Basin 760–766 Blumenau Shear Zone 129 Belgium Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826 Boda Event 205 Carboniferous, sedimentation and BIRPS seismic project 331, 332, 334, Boda Formation 571, 572 magmatism 431–438, 506 335, 356, 357 Bo´dva Nappe 804 Devonian, depositional environments Bischofalm facies 277, 279, 281–282 Bo´dvaszilas Sandstone 803 388–391 Bisˇevo Island 1111 Bohdalec Formation 228 Ordovician 206–214 bismuth, resources 1346, 1427 Bohdası´n Formation 581 Permian 549–550 Bittesch Gneiss 144, 693 Bohemia Silurian 284–287, 288 bivalves central and western transgression 1036 Cambrian 188 basins 467–469 Variscides 636–639 Carboniferous 416 Namurian–Westphalian Belice Unit 1198 Cretaceous, Danish Basin 937, 940 magmatism 721 Belledonne Massif 1145–1146, 1147 Devonian 387 Middle Cambrian, palaeontology 188, Bellerophon Formation 553–554, 581, Barrandian area 400 190 1167 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 north, Jurassic 889–890 Belleveaux Formation 158, 159 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402, 403 north and east, Tournaisian Benkovo Phase 1215 Jurassic sedimentation 473 Berga Anticline 123, 141, 165–166, 1359 Poland 850, 851 southwest Border Zone 1254 Ordovician 221, 223 southern Germany 865, 867, 868 Bohemian Basin, Western and Central, Bergleshof Formation 168 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 227, 228 coal 1388 palaeontology 188 Silurian Cretaceous 953–959, 1254–1255 Bergstra¨sser 447–449, 630, Austria 276, 277, 279, 282 Bohemian Massif 121–146, 452, 475 632 Montagne Noire 284 Cadomian basement 70, 121, 122, Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Perunica 258 123–144, 146 magmatism 708–709 Prague Basin 272, 274, 276 Cambrian 176–180 Beringen-Rauw fault system 437 Proto-Alps Terrane 259 biostratigraphy 176, 177 Berriasian Triassic 807 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Central Western Carpathians 974 Bundsandstein 775 magmatism 674–675 Helvetic basin 968 German Basin 771 Cenozoic tectonism 1253–1255 Lower Saxony Basin 935 Black Band Bed 938 Cretaceous basins 930, 931, 953–964 Mid-Polish Trough 931–932, 933 459, 607, 1238, 1239 east, Precambrian 52–54 Northern Calcareous Alps 970–971 Cambrian 180 faults 1254, 1255 sea-level change 924, 931 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Jurassic 889–890 Besanc¸on Limestone 879 magmatism 711–712 magmatism 713–720

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mineral deposits 1360–1361 Cambrian 159, 160, 161 Cretaceous, subduction 1172 northern margin, Cambrian 168–170 Ordovician 207–210, 211, 214 nappes 1156–1157, 1158 northern and western, Late Devonian– seismic surveys 340 Brianc¸onnais High 873 Early Carboniferous magmatism Silurian 284–287, 288 Brianc¸onnais terrane 1144 716–718 Brabant Parautochthon 432, 637 Brioverian Supergroup 104–121 Ordovician 206, 225–229 stratigraphy 117–118 volcanism 228–229 Caledonides 307 Brisi Member 969, 970 Permian basins 559–563 Cambrian 188, 190, 192 Bristol Channel-Bray Fault 627 Precambrian 60–79 Baltic Basin 182, 183, 184 Britain, Precambrian, East Avalonia 43, Silurian 272–276 Bohemian Massif 179 44, 45–46, 47 sulphide ores 1366 Brunovistulian Terrane 173 British Caledonides 319, 320, 321 tectonomagmatic events 126 Franconian-Thuringian seismic surveys 333–337 uranium resources 1378 Mountains 168 , Armorican Massif 58, 114–116 Variscan orogeny 121, 123, 615 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 165 Brno, Jurassic 890 granitoids 469–470 Carboniferous 416 Brno Batholith 144–145 volcanism 179–180 Cretaceous 924–925 Brno Massif 49, 54 western margin, Cambrian 180 Danish Basin 937, 940 Broad Fourteens Basin 837, 838, 839, 841 zircon dating 145 Devonian 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 Granite 47–48 Bohemian Plateau, collapse 616, 617, Barrandian area 400, 401 Brodno Formation 970, 972 646–647 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 Bro¨kelschiefer cycle 575, 580 Bohemian Shear Zone 467 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402, 403 Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847) 8 Variscan tectonics 614, 616 southeastern Poland 396, 397 Brothers of Purity 3–4 Bohemicum see Tepla´-Barrandian Unit Jurassic Brotterode Formation 449–450, 710 Bohnertze 1244 Bohemian Massif 890 Brotterode Group 629–630 Bohuslavice Formation 581 Paris Basin 864 Brtnı´ky Formation 889 Bois Grand-Pe`re Formation 286 southern Germany 865, 867, 868, Bruche Unit 633 Bolca, Palaeogene 1089 869, 870 Bru¨ggli Member 883, 884 Bolko´w Unit 688 Ordovician 308 Brunhes-Matuyama palaeomagnetic Bolland borehole 315 Bohemian Massif 226–228 boundary 1287, 1289 Bo¨llstein Odenwald 161–162, 447, 448, Condroz Inlier 212 Bruno- 311 630, 632 Holy Cross Mountains 229, 233– Brunovistulian Terrane 123 Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism 234 Avalonia-type unit 145, 157, 311 697–698 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 219, 222, Cadomian basement 143, 144–145 Bolzano Volcanic Complex 553, 554– 223, 224, 225 Cambrian 170–172 555, 555 Silurian 308 tectonostratigraphy 171–172 Bombaso Formation 479 Austria 276, 277, 279, 282 isostopic data 124 Boreal Domain see Central European Franconian Terrane 269 Peri-Gondwana 157, 258 Basin System Montagne Noire 284 Precambrian 49, 52, 53,54 Boreal Sea 573 Prague Basin 272 Silurian 255 Børglum Formation 836 Triassic 807 Brunovistulicum see Brunovistulian Borinka Unit 1202 German Basin 764 Terrane Boˆrka Nappe 569–570 bradoriids, Middle Cambrian 188 Brusno Formation 567, 581 Bormes orthogneiss 60 , Weichselian Stage 1297, Brussel Sands 1040 Bornholm 1299 Bruˆtia Formation 210, 286 Cretaceous 936, 938, 939, 940 Brandenburg-Wolsztyn-Pogorzela highs Bryne Formation 835 Jurassic 833, 835 542, 544, 562 bryozoans Silurian, Baltica 267–268 Branisko Mountains 1200 Cretaceous, Danish Basin 940 Bornival Formation 209 Branna´ Unit 501 Devonian 387 Borucice Formation 849 Braszowice Gabbro, Cambrian–Early Ordovician Borze˛ta Formation 170 Ordovician magmatism 690 Bohemian Massif 226, 228 Boskovice Graben 473, 474, 475 Braunau-Regensburg Basin, Cretaceous Saxothuringian Zone 223 Carboniferous–Permian, coal 1389 963–964 Brzeziny-Zbrza area 231, 232 Permian 562–563, 562 Bray-Bouchy Fault 858, 859 Buchenstein Formation 797, 802 Bosmoreau Basin 484 Breccia Nappe 1156–1157 Bucˇina Formation 570 Bosnia and Herzogovina, Cenozoic, Breeviertien Formation 838, 839 Bu¨ckeberg Formation 934, 935 Dinarides 1102–1106, 1111–1112 oil 841 Buda Basin 1068, 1069, 1212, 1213 Boulonnais, Carboniferous sedimentation Breitenmatt Member 882, 883 Bude˘jovice Basin, Cretaceous 959 436–437 Bresse Graben see Rhoˆne-Bresse Graben Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Compte boundaries, terrane and subterrane 357 Brˇezno Formation 954, 958 de (1707–1788) 6 Brabant Massif 313 Brianc¸onnais fragment 1143, 1145, 1155, Bug Basin 260 Caledonian magmatism 324–5 1156 Silurian 265

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Bugliv Formation 1045 Caledonides 304–369 Poland 231, 236 Bu¨kk Mountains 571, 572, 582–583, 802 Belgian and Dutch, seismic surveys Schwarzberg Anticline 223 Permian–Triassic boundary 751 340 carbon cycle, global, Silurian 251 Bu¨kk Parautochthonous Unit 1211 evolution 304–329 carbon dioxide Triassic basin evolution 802 granite 319–329 atmospheric Bu¨kk Superunit 1211 fossils 305, 307 Carboniferous 412 Bu¨kkfennsı´k Limestone 802 potential field data 346–350 Cretaceous 923 Buko´wa Sandstone Formation 233–234 see also British Caledonides; North Jurassic 827–828 Bu¨ndnerschiefer 1173 German Caledonides; Scandinavian Permian 532 Bunte Series 480 Caledonides Silurian 249 Buntsandstein Formation Ohrˇe Graben 1255 Alpine 788, 789 Bohemian Massif 889 carbon isotopes, Silurian 250, 251 784 Northern Calcareous Alps 895–896 carbonate compensation depth 1079 German Basin 751, 761–763, 769–776 northern Germany 844, 845–846 carbonate deposition basin evolution 769–776 Poland 853, 854 Carboniferous magnetostratigraphy 759 southern Germany 866, 868 Belgium and France 434–438 782 southeast France 878–879 Kohlenkalk 421, 437, 438 785 Swiss Jura 883, 886 Poland 441–442, 443, 444, 503–504 tectonism 753–754, 1013–1014 Western Carpathian basins 899 Rhenish Massif 438–441 Upper Austro-Alpine tectonic units 580 Cambrian 155–192 Cenozoic, Adriatic carbonate platform Burgenland, Silurian 283 Alpine realm 187 1106–1111 Burghorn Formation 887, 888 Baltica margin 181–187 Devonian Burgundy Gate 775, 776, 777, 1014 Black Forest 180 Ardennes 388–391 Burgundy Platform 885 Bohemian Massif 168–170, 176–180 Barrandian area 400–401 Buridan, Jean (c.1328–1358) 4 Brunovistulian Terrane 170–172 eastern Baltic 388 Bystrica subunit 1191 192, 193 eastern Rhenish Massif 393–394 Holy Cross Mountains 172–175 Mountains 393 Cabrie`res Klippes 283–284 lithostratigraphic correlation 189 399 Cadomia 25, 103, 106, 123, 145 Lublin-Podlasie Basin 185 North Sea 386 evolution 55 magmatism 669–694 387 Cadomian Mid-German Crystalline High 161–162 southeastern Poland 396–397 magmatic arc 62, 64, 65, 68, 75, 125– palaeogeography 155–158 Dolomites 1167 137, 146, 668, 674 palaeontology 187–192 Jurassic back-arc basin 125–127, 132, 133, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 162–170 Austro-Alpine unit 894–896 135, 139 sedimentation, Saxo-Thuringian Zone Poland 848–849, 857 passive margin shelf basin 131, 136–137 southeast France 876–879 132–137, 134 stratigraphic division 155 Triassic retro-arc basin 129, 132, 133, 135, tectonic evolution 155–158 German Basin 772 140 181 Hungary 800–807 Cadomian basement, Bohemian Massif West–Central Europe 158–161 Netherlands 782 70, 123–144, 132 Cambrian–Ordovician boundary 155, Northern Calcareous Alps 788–790 Cadomian Belt 55–60 203–204, 234 796–798 10, 49, 55, 58, 60, Campanian Western Carpathians 799 103–147 Danish Basin 938 Zechstein 576–583 definition 103 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 949, 951 Carboniferous 411–508 Cadomian unconformity 103, 105, 123 North German Basin 943 biostratigraphy 416–417 Cahore Group 46 inversion tectonics 946–948 cyclothems 417, 444 Calcaire a` gryphe´es Formation 860 sea-level change 924 glaciation 412, 414, 416 Calcareniti di Castelgomberto 1090 Western Carpathians 978 magmatism 703–704, 707–720 calcimicrobes, Lower Cambrian 188 Campine Basin 431–434 magnetostratigraphy 417 Caldecote volcanics 44, 45, 46 Carboniferous sedimentation 437 mineralization 1367–1371 Caledonian deformation complex 342 coal 1367 palaeoclimate 412, 414–416 Caledonian Deformation Front 28, 305, Permian 549–550 palaeocontinental reconstruction 12 316, 348, 352 Canaveilles Group 59 palaeogeography 412, 420–424 seismic surveys 338–340, 342–343 Canavese Zone 1151, 1158, 1165–1166 palaeomagnetism 420 Caledonian Orogeny 10, 13, 303–369, Canigou Massif 59 palaeontology 504–505 667, 668 Caradoc sea-level change 415–416 geodynamics 358–368 Brabant Massif 209 stratigraphic correlation 433 geophysical evidence 329–350, 332 Condroz Inlier 212 stratigraphic division 414 modelling 367–368 236 Central Europe 506, 507 phases 306 Germany 215, 217, 218 terminology 416

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tectonic setting 417–419 North Sea 937 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 Upper–Lower Permian, mineralization Outer Western Carpathians 974 southeastern Poland 397 1387–1389 sea-level change 924, 939 Jurassic, southern Germany 867, 868, volcanism 427–428 Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event 869, 870 see also Devonian–Carboniferous 956–957 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 227–228 boundary Cenozoic 1031–1114 Silurian, Prague Basin 272, 274 Carboniferous–Permian boundary 531 climate change 1031–1033 Triassic 807 glaciation 532 Dinarides 1102–1112 Bundsandstein 775 magmatism 539, 1005 mineral resources 1400–1409 ceratites, Triassic 760, 762 tectonism 1003, 1005–1011 palaeocontinental reconstruction 15 Cˇ erhov Formation 495 Cardioceratidae 825 palaeogeography 1032, 1033–1035 Cernochov Formation 581–582 Cardiola Formation 277, 278, 279 palaeomagnetism 1033, 1034, 1035 Cˇ ertovica Fault 1200, 1204 Carnic Alps see also Tertiary Cˇ ertovo brˇemeno Suite 715 alpine tectonics 1167 Central Alpine Zone, Palaeogene 1058– Cervinia terrane 1143, 1144, 1169, 1172 Carboniferous sedimentation 478–480, 1060 Cˇ eske´ Strˇedohorˇy Fault 1255 506 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, Cetic granitoids 425 Devonian 405 volcanism 826, 828 Ce´vennes High 873 Ordovician 236 Central Baltoscandian Confacies Belt 260 chalk 923 Permian 552, 553–554 Central Basic Belt 144–145 Danish Basin 937 Silurian 255, 258–259, 276, 277–282 Central Belarus Belt 34, 39 North German Basin 948–949 Zechstein cycles 581 Central Black Forest Gneiss Complex , Danish Basin 937–940, 938 Carpathian Flysch Belt 1182–1183, 1189, 472–473, 607 chancelloriids, Lower Cambrian 188 1190–1191 Variscan tectonics 606–608, 609, 610, 55–56 oil and gas 1424 611 Charnian Supergroup 44, 45, 46, 47 Carpathian Foredeep 1189–1190 Central Bohemian Batholith 70, 72, 73, charnockite, Lithuania 40 Cenozoic 1043, 1064 74, 76, 425, 469–470, 713–715 Cheb-Domazˇlice Graben 1255 Jurassic 851 Central Bohemian Shear Zone 613, 616 Chemnitz, Petrified Forest 564 Neogene Central Brittany Domain 58 Chesselbach Flysch 1053 1081–1083 Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin Chevlipont Formation 208, 210 Poland 1083–1084, 1085 1208 Chiavenna 1155, 1172 Western Ukraine 1086 Central European Basin System 999– chitinozoans Carpathian Foreland 1003 Caledonides 307 Cenozoic, Poland, tectonic evolution Carboniferous–Permian tectonics Ordovician 1258–1270 1005–1011 Alps 236 oil and gas 1424 Jurassic 825–826, 830, 831, 832–890 Bohemian Massif 226, 227, 228 Silurian 288 Late Cretaceous 1023–1024 Brabant Massif 208, 209, 210 Carpathian Orogen 1189, 1190, 1198 Central Gneiss Unit 449–450, 629, 630, Condroz Inlier 211, 212 Carpathian seaway 935 710 Germany 215, 217, 218 Carpathians Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Silurian 251, 252, 253 Cretaceous 964–967 magmatism 711, 712 Austria 276, 279 Neogene basins 1061, 1064–1078 Central Graben 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, Brabant Massif 285, 286 Outer, Poland, Palaeogene 1078–1081 1016 Condroz Inlier 287 Western Ukraine, Neogene 1084–1086 Danish, Jurassic 836 Montagne Noire 284 see also Central Carpathian Palaeogene sequence stratigraphy 829, 830, 831 Prague Basin 276 Basin; Western Carpathian Dutch Proto-Alps Terrane 259 Crystalline Zone;Western Jurassic 837, 838, 839, 841 Chmielowa Formation 970, 972 Carpathians oil and gas 841, 1420–1421 Choteˇvice Formation 559–560 Cassian Dolomite 797–798 Permian 550, 782, 784 Christianity Catastrophism 7–9 Central Lithuanian Suture Zone 39, 40, 42 age of Earth 4–5 Cejkov Formation 567 Central Moravian Block 54 early doctrine 3 CELEBRATION seismic project 331, Central Netherlands Basin 838, 839 chromium 332, 345 Central North Sea Dome 837, 840 resources 1346, 1362, 1364–1365 Cellon section 276–279, 280 Central Pangaean 538 Alpine domain ophiolite type 1399 Celtic Realm 883, 887 Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group 34 Chumava-Basˇtina Formation 177 Cenomanian Central 499, 501 Chvaletice Group 72 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 955–957 Variscan tectonics 624, 626 Ciechanow Complex 35 Danish Basin 937, 938, 940 Central Sudetic Ophiolite 499, 624, 625 849 Helvetic basins 974–975 cephalopods Cˇ ierna Hora Mountains 1200 Mid-Polish Trough 941–942 Devonian Cˇ ierny Va´h succession 1207 North German Basin 942, 943, 944– Barrandian area 401 Cimes-Blanches Nappe 1152, 1157–1159 945 eastern Rhenish Massif 393, 394 Cimmerian Orogeny 1005, 1014

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Cimmerian terranes, Permian–Triassic Wallonian Basin 1367 Northern Calcareous Alps 788, 790 1012, 1014 Western and Central Bohemian Basin continental crust, formation, Precambrian Cimmerian unconformity 433, 877 1388 21, 22 Cı´novec granite 722–723 Zone Houille`re 1388 continents, early assemblages, Proterozoic Cipit Boulders 797 -Oelsnitz district 1388 22, 23, 26 circulation, oceanic Coal Measures Group 433–434, 438 conulariids, Ordovician, Bohemian Massif Carboniferous 414 cobalt, resources 1346, 1427 227–228 Devonian 385 coccoliths, Jurassic, southern Germany COOLE seismic survey 337 North Atlantic 17 867 copper Ordovician 204 Coedana Complex 46, 47 production 1342 Silurian 251 Coevorden Formation 838, 840, 841 resources Circum-Fennosarmatian Caledonides 186 petroleum 841 Alpine domain metamorphogenic Clanzschwitz Group 62, 131, 133 Col di Foglia Formation 237 1410–1411 , , North Sea Basin 1036, 1039 Colibeau Formation 287 Alpine domain ophiolite type 1399 Clay Deep Member 838, 840, 841 collapse, orogenic 616, 617, 646–647, 721 arc-related 1402–1404 clay minerals, resources 1402, 1404–1405 Collio Basin 1166 disseminated 1375–1376 climate change Columbia supercontinent 22,23 embryonic ophiolite type 1395 anthropogenic 15–17 compression granite-related 1414 Cenozoic 1031–1033 Austro-Alpine units 1169–70 polymetallic Kupferschiefer type forecasting 17 Late Cretaceous 1024–1025 1390–1391 Jurassic 827–829 Precambrian, southern 33–34 polymetallic red-bed type 1389– Lower Pleistocene 1288 Conchodon Dolomite 798, 826 1390, 1392 Middle Pleistocene 1292–1293 conchostracans, Devonian 388 porphyry type 1366–1367, 1402– north–central Europe, Pleistocene, Condroz Group 391 1404 fluvial record 1310–1315 Condroz Inlier 207, 210–212, 214, 313, red-bed type 1390 Palaeogene 14 315 rift-related 1392, 1393–1394 Upper Pleistocene 1294–1295, 1297 Silurian 285, 287, 288 vein-type 1371–1372, 1377, 1382, coal 412 Condroz sedimentation area 434 1383 Boskovice Graben 1389 confacies belts 260 copper sulphide, resources 1346, 1349– Campine Basin 1367 Coniacian 1351, 1359, 1362 Do¨hlen Basin 563 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 958 Rammelsberg type 1365–1366 Erzgebirge Basin 466 GSSP 924–925 VMS type 1363 Intra-Sudetic Basin 499 Mid-Polish Trough 942 VMS, SMS, Kieslager type 1360 Lower Silesian Basin 1388 North German Basin 943 Lublin Basin 1371 inversion tectonics 946–948 Carboniferous 416 1388 sea-level change 924 Devonian 386, 387, 389, 390, 391 mining 1367 Western Carpathians 978 Barrandian area 400 Northwest European Cenozoic Basin conodonts eastern Rhenish Massif 393, 394 1406–1407 Caledonides 307 Moravia 399 paralic Cambrian, Baltic Basin 184 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402, 403 Mecsek Basin 1397 Cambrian–Ordovician boundary 204 southeastern Poland 396, 397 Variscan Belt 421, 429, 431, 433– Carboniferous 411, 416 Jurassic 434 Devonian 383, 387, 388, 389 Paris Basin 864 Campine Basin 437 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402, 403 Poland 857 Lublin-Lvov Basin 442 South European terranes 404 southern Germany 867, 868, 869, Basin 438–439 southeastern Poland 396, 397 871, 872 Upper Silesian Basin 503–504 Ordovician Ordovician, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 223 Wallonian Basin 437–438 Alps 236 Silurian 251 production 1342 Ardennes inliers 213 Austria 277, 282 Group 468 Bohemian Massif 226 Proto-Alps Terrane 259 resources 1358, 1367–1371 Poland 230, 231, 233–234, 236, 235 Triassic 807 Carboniferous 1387–1389 Saxothuringian Zone 219, 223 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 894 Cenozoic basins 1406–1409 Permian 531, 535 Coronaten Bench 845 Cretaceous 1400 Silurian 251, 252, 253 Corroy Formation 286 Jurassic 1397 Austria 276, 277–278, 279, 280, Corsica 60 Ruhr Basin 1367–1370 282–283 Cossato-Mergozzo-Brissago Shear Zone Saar-Lorraine Basin 1387–1388 Montagne Noire 284, 285 1166 Slany´ Formation 469 Poland 264 Costatenkalk Member 865, 866 Tr´nˇa Formation 495 Prague Basin 276 Courtemautruy Bed 881, 882 Upper Silesian Basin 1370–1371 Triassic Couvin Formation 390 Variscan Foreland 1367–1371 German Basin 760, 764 Creationism 4

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Cressim antiform 1175 Csukma Dolomite 805, 806 Dauphine´ High 873 Cretaceous 923–980, 926 Culm facies 421, 442, 473 Dauphinois Zone 1146, 1147 Alps 964–978 Moravo-Silesian -and-Thrust Belt Dava Fault 1111 Base Cretaceous Unconformity 1003 640–641, 642 Dave Formation 287 biostratigraphy 924–925 Culm Basin 500, 502, 705 Davle Formation 72, 74, 138, 139 Bohemian Massif basins 930, 931, Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832) 8 De˛bki Formation 183 953–964 cyanobacteria, Lower Cambrian 164, 188 Deckenschotter 1305–1306 Carpathians 964–967 cyclicity Deerlijk Formation 285 Danish Basin 928, 937–940 Carboniferous 416–417 DEKORP-BASIN seismic project 331, Early, tectonism 1019–1021 Cretaceous 925 332, 340, 342, 343, 347, 356, 357, Late, tectonism 1021–1025 Jurassic 823, 829, 832, 876–879 1007 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 930, 949–953 Zechstein 532, 535, 572–580 Delfland Subgroup 839 Lower Saxony Basin 929, 934–936 cyclostratigraphy Delitsch--Doberlug Syncline 162, Mid-Polish Anticlinorium 927–928 Jurassic, Western Carpathian Basins 163–165, 166 Mid-Polish Trough 927, 931–934, 898–900 Lower Cambrian, palaeontology 188 940–942 Permian 535, 554 Middle Cambrian, palaeontology 190 mineral resources 1399–1400 Triassic 752–753, 760, 766–767, 769, Delitzsch Formation 165 North German Basin 929–930, 942– 772 Deluc, Jean-Andre´ (1727–1817) 8 949 Switzerland 786–788 Denmark inversion tectonics 946–949 cyclothems 417, 433, 444 Jurassic 832–836 palaeoceanography 923–924 Auernig Group 479, 480 palaeogeography 832 palaeoclimate 923–924 Tr´nˇa Formation 495 rifting 836 palaeogeography 924, 930–931, 941 Zechstein 572–580 sea-level change 832, 833–836 sea-level change 923, 924, 935–936, Cyrtograptus Shales Formation 267–268 sequence stratigraphy 829, 830, 1022 Czech Republic 831–832 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 953, Carboniferous sedimentary basins 473 uplift 835 955–958 Carpathian Foredeep, Neogene 1081– Rotliegend 550 sequence stratigraphy 925 1083 southern, Triassic, basin evolution 784 tectonics 925–927, 1019–1025 Jurassic 889–890 see also Danish Basin Alps 1170–1173 Ordovician 225–229 1151, 1157–1159, Western Carpathians 1214–1215 Permian basins 559–563 1173 Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 1040, Zechstein 581 Dentalienton Formation 866, 868 1092 Czempin Formation 1044 Descartes, Rene´ (1596–1650) 5 Gosau Group 978 Czertezik succession 1193 Desna´ Dome 501 north Dinarides 1103 Czorsztyn Ridge 898, 970, 978, 1194, Dessau area, Late Devonian–Early Slovenian Tethys basins 1094, 1097 1195, 1198 Carboniferous 710–711 crinoids Czorsztyn Succession 898 Detfurth Sandstone 772, 782 Devonian 386, 387, 388, 391 Czorsztyn Unit 1193 Dethlingen Formation 542, 545, 546 Barrandian area 400, 402 Deutenhausen Formation 1056 eastern Rhenish Massif 393, 394 Dachsbusch volcano 1328 Deville Group 158, 159 southeastern Poland 397 Dachstein Formation 1162 Devı´n Phase 1214 Jurassic Triassic 789, 790, 798, 799 Devonian 383–406 Paris Basin 864 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826, 827, depositional environments 388–406 southern Germany 865 894 magmatism 699–720 Silurian Dachstein Nappe 1169 ocean circulation 385 Austria 277, 282 dacryoconarids, Devonian palaeocontinental reconstruction 12 Bohemia 272, 274, 276 Barrandian area 400 palaeogeography 383–384 Montagne Noire 284 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 sea-level change 384–385 Triassic 807 Moravia 398 stratigraphical subdivision 383 Bundsandstein 775 southeastern Poland 396 timescale 384 Cˇ rmel’ Formation 494, 495 Dalmatia see also Silurian–Devonian boundary Cˇ rmel’ Unit 1204 central and southern 1110–1111 Devonian–Carboniferous, mineralization Croatia, Cenozoic northern, Cenozoic 1110 1364–1367 Dinarides 1102–1106 Damasławek salt diapir 1263 Devonian–Carboniferous boundary 411– volcanism 1105–1106 Danish Basin 412, 438, 496 Cromerian Complex Stage 1289–1290 Cretaceous 928, 937–940 Diablerets Nappe 1148, 1149 mammals 1300 Jurassic 833, 835–836 diamictite, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 62 crustaceans, Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 sequence stratigraphy 829, 830, 832 diamond, Erzgebirge 121 Cserd Conglomerate Formation 571, 572, Basin, Neogene 1065–1066, 1213 Dianric Thrust 1093 583 Danube Fault 1254 diapirism, salt 572, 937, 1002, 1003, Cso˝va´r Limestone 802 Dauphine´ Basin 873, 878 1016, 1391

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diatomite Do¨hlen Formation 563 South German Triangle 1245–1246, resources Dolomia Principale see Hauptdolomit 1247, 1248 Cenozoic basins 1406 Formation Graben 1240 Quaternary 1410 Dolomit-Kieselschiefer-Komplex 282 East Antarctic Icesheet 1033 Dietfurt Formation 866, 870 dolomite East Brandenburg High 936 Dill Basin, Carboniferous magmatism Hungary 800, 802, 805 East Carpathian Gate 771, 772, 775–776, 703, 705 Keuper 766–767 777, 847, 1014 Dill Syncline, Silurian, Franconian Dolomites East Eifel volcanic field 1323–1327 Terrane 269 Permian 554–555 34–38, 34 Dimon Formation 478 Zechstein 581 gravity modelling 347 Dinant Synclinorium tectonics 1167, 1180 magnetic field data 347, 351 Carboniferous sedimentation 434 Triassic 794–798 seismic surveys 343, 345–346 Devonian 389, 390–391 Dolsk Formation 540 Silurian 256, 259 Dinantian 416, 505, 508 Do¨lzschen Formation 954, 956 East European Platform 2, 9, 1258, 1262 sedimentation Domazˇlice crystalline complex 143, 180, Cambrian 186 Belgium 431–437 614, 675 Jurassic 855, 856, 857–858 Boulonnais 437 doming, thermal, North Sea 1017 Ordovician 229, 232, 236 Dinaric Foreland, coal 1408 Do¨mnitz warm stage 1292–1293 Silurian 259, 266, 267 Dinaric Platform 1093 Donderslag Fault 437 East Karkonosze Complex, Cambrian– Dinaric Thrust 1106–1111 Donovaly Phase 1215 Early Ordovician magmatism 685–687 Dinaricum 1093, 1094 Dora-Maira Nappe 1150, 1151, 1152, East Lithuanian Domain 34, 36, 38–43, Dinarides 1157 39 Cenozoic 1093, 1102–1112 Dorog Basin 1069 East Slovak Basin Bosnia and Herzogovina 1111–1112 Doubice Formation 889–90 Neogene 1066–1068 Croatia and north Bosnia 1102– Dowsing-South Hewett Fault Zone 352 sedimentation and stratigraphy 1067 1105 as terrane boundary 357 tectonics 1066–1067 eastern Adriatic coast 1106–1111 Drahany Basin 502 volcanism 1068 Neogene, intramontane basins 1105, Drahany Uplands 500, 502 East Sudetes 496, 501–504, 624 1106, 1112 Drau Range, Permian 551, 552, 553 East Sudetic Nappe Complex 626 volcanism 1105–1106 Drauzug-Gurktal Nappe System 1161, East , Devonian 403 Inner, Cenozoic, Palaeogene 1112 1165, 1170 Eastern Avalonia Terranes 2 Outer, Cenozoic 1106–1111 Drava Basin 1072–1073 Eastern Carpathian Flysch Belt 1182– Palaeogene 1111–1112 Drenthe Formation 1293 1183 palaeomagnetism 1108 Drietoma Unit 1196, 1206 Eastern Fore-Sudetic Basin 562 sedimentation and stratigraphy Drosendorf Assemblage 470 Eastern Gneiss Region 30, 32, 33 1108–1111 mineral resources 1358, 1359, 1360 Eau Noire Formation 389–390 Dinnye´s Dolomite Formation 571, 582 Drusberg Formation 969, 970 Ebbe Anticline 214, 215, 315 dinoflagellate cysts Drzewica Formation 849 Eberstadt-Roßdorf Schist Zone 631, 632 Cretaceous 925 Dubrau Formation 224 Ebtalschiefergebirge 134 Jurassic Du¨delsheim Formation 545 Eburnian Orogeny see West Africa Craton Netherlands 841 Dukla Basin, Palaeogene 1078–1081 Paris Basin 864 Dukla Unit 1191 Cambrian Poland 849, 851, 856 Dult Formation 476 Bohemian Massif 179 footprints Du¨mpel Maar Tephra 1327–1329 Brunovistulian Zone 173 Cretaceous, Lower Saxony Basin 935 dykes Jurassic Jurassic lamprophyre, Variscan Orogeny 424 Bohemian Massif 890 Germany 846 mafic, Fennoscandia 29, 33, 34 southern Germany 865, 868, 869 Poland 850 porphyritic, Altenberg-Teplice Caldera Lower Cambrian 188 Diodorus Siculus (c.44bc)3 722 Middle Cambrian 190 Diphyoides Formation 968, 969 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 227–228 Do¨bra Formation 225 Silurian 282 Dobra orthogneiss 78, 144, 145, 693 Earth Triassic, German Basin 764 age 612 age of, early ideas 4–5 echinoids Dobrˇı´sˇ conglomerates 74–75 formation 21 Jurassic Dobromierz Unit 688 history, early ideas 5–6 Bohemian Massif 890 Dobrotiva´ Formation 227 earthquakes Paris Basin 864 Dobrudza Foredeep 852, 854 Basin 1241 Eckergneiss Complex 46–48, 49, 633 Dogger Group 842 North German Basin 1275 Do¨hlen Basin 563, 564 Ohrˇe Graben 1255 Eo-Alpine 1170–1171 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Poland 1271 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 451, 730 Rhenish Massif 1243 454, 669

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Massif Central 483 Elsterian Glacial Stage 1290–1291, 1292, Erzgebirge granitoids 454–455 Moldanubicum 75, 78 1295, 1298 Esino Formation 796, 797 Mu¨nchberg Complex 671–672 Elterhof Formation 162, 449, 630, 631 Estherienschiefer 787 Sub-Penninic nappes 1150, 1152, Ems Low 550, 782 EUGEMI seismic project 332, 337, 339, 1154 Formation 947 350, 358 Eclogite Zone 1154, 1176 Emsian EUGENO-S seismic project 332, 337, economic 1430–1431 Barrandian area 401 339, 350, 355, 358 Edegem Sands 1041 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 Euramerica see Laurussia Ediacaran Mountains 394 European Cenozoic Rift System 1262 Armorican Massif 58 Moravia 398–399 European Geotraverse, geothermal biota 24, 46, 74, 81 southeastern Poland 395 modelling 349, 354 Poland 52, 182, 184 Engadine Fault 1175, 1176 European margin, Cretaceous tectonics reconstruction 11 Engadine Window 1143, 1144, 1155, 1172–1173 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 62, 64, 65, 129, 1156, 1176 European Plate, Cenozoic 1035 131, 137 Lower 893 eurypterids Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 70–75 Engestieg Fault 450, 547 Devonian Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary 25 Entlebuch Basin 485–486 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 edrioasteroids, Middle Cambrian 190 Eo-Alpine tectonics 968, 975, 1160, 1163, southeastern Poland 395 Eemian Interglacial Stage 1294–1295, 1165, 1170–1171 evaporites 1298, 1299, 1300 Eocene Northeast German Basin 545 Effingen Formation 886 Central Alpine Zone 1060 production 1342 Eger Graben see Ohrˇe Graben climate 1031–1032 resources 1356–1357 Egerian, Paratethys basins 1100 North Sea Basin 1036, 1037, 1039– alkaline 1401–1402 Eggenburnian, Paratethys basins 1100 1040 sabkha-type 1392–1393 Eggenfeld section 282 palaeogeography 1032 Zechstein 1391 EGT seismic project 332, 340 Upper Rhine Graben 1045, 1047 Triassic Eichberg Formation 224, 866, 867 eocrinoids, Middle Cambrian 190 German Basin 775–776, 777, 778, Eifel, 1298, 1302 Epi-Palaeozoic Platform 1258 1016 Eifel Mountains, Devonian 391, 393 Epiadriaticum 1093, 1094 Hungary 805 Eifel plume 1243, 1321, 1325 epithermal mineral deposits 1402–1404 Netherlands 782–783 Eifel volcanic fields 1318–1333 Eratosthenes (c.276–194bc)3 Switzerland 786, 787 East 1323–1327 Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss Zone 180 Zechstein 572–580, 582, 999, 1001, West 1321–1323 Cambrian–Early Ordovician 1002 Eifelian magmatism 679–681 extension Barrandian area 401 Ercall Granophyre 45, 46, 47 Precambrian, southern Sweden 33–34 Belgium 389–390 Eridanos river system 1041 Tertiary, Central Alps 1173–1175 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 Erlachgraben Formation 476 Exter Formation 766 Eifel Mountains 393 Erlimoos Bed 882, 883 External Domain 482 Moravia 399 Erquy Mafic Volcanic Formation 57, 113 External Massifs 187, 1145–1148 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 Err Nappe 1166 External Thrust Belt 33 southeastern Poland 396 Erzgebirge 62, 63, 65–66, 141 Externides, Variscan 602–603, 633–636, Eisenach Basin 547, 548 Cambrian 169, 193, 331 639–644 Eisenstadt-Sopron (Sub-)Basin 1063 Cambrian–Early Ordovician extinction Ekofisk Formation 937, 938 magmatism 669–670 Devonian–Carboniferous boundary Fault Zone 131, 133, 141, 357, 496, Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous 411–412 1002, 1003 magmatism 716–718, 719 Frasnian 383 Cambrian 169–170, 193 magmatism 328–329 Permian–Triassic boundary 583, 749, Devonian magmatism 699–700 metamorphism 330, 331 751, 807 isotopic data 125 Ordovician 219, 331 –Pleistocene boundary 1287 Ordovician 219, 224 Silurian 270 Silurian 251, 289 Elbe Line 305, 316, 340, 341, 352 uranium resources 1377 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826–827 as terrane boundary 357, 343 Erzgebirge Basin see also Cretaceous–Palaeogene Elbe Subgroup 545 Carboniferous sedimentation 465–466, boundary Elbe 506 Devonian 403 Permian 564, 565 Fackelgraben Member 1051 Elsterian glaciation 1290 Erzgebirge Block Falgairas Formation 284 Elbe Valley Slate Belt 699 isotopic data 125 Falknis Nappe 1156 Elbtalschiefergebirge see Elbe Valley Variscan nappe pile 137 Fallais Formation 286 Slate Belt Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 451, 452, Fammenian elevator tectonics, Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 453–455, 621–622 Belgium 391 614, 616 Erzgebirge 718 eastern Rhenish Massif 394

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Moravia 399 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 southeast basin and Jura Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402, 403 southeastern Poland 395 Jurassic 873–880, 874, 875 southeastern Poland 396–397 Jurassic, southern Germany 867 palaeogeography 880 Farsund Formation 836 Triassic 807–808 Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary 876 Fasiswald Member 881, 882 Fjerritslev Formation 835 Franconia FAST seismic profile 337 Flammenmergel 945 Ordovician 224–225 Fatra Formation 827 Flandrian see Holocene Silurian 254, 257, 268–269 Fatric Superunit 1199 Flannan Fault, reflector 335, 336 Franconian 864, 865, 866, 870 tectonics 1204–1206 Flasergranitoid Zone 447–448 Franconian Fault 1254 Fatric Zone, Cretaceous 974 Flechtingen High 936 Franconian Fault System 547 Fatricum 568, 897, 1186 Flechtingen Horst 441 Franconian Forest faults Flechtingen Volcanic Complex 724, 726 Cambrian 167–168, 189 Bohemian Massif 1254, 1255 flint line, Elsterian 1290 Middle Cambrian, palaeontology 188, and Caledonian granite emplacement flora see plants 190 321, 323 fluorite, resources 1342, 1382–1384 Ordovician 219, 224 Eocene–, Polish Carpathian granite-related 1414 Frankenberg, Ordovician 221, 224 Foreland 1261–1265 vein-type 1418 Frankenberg nappes 457, 463 Quaternary, Poland 1267–1270 fluvial sediment, Pleistocene 1310–1315 Devonian 403 South German Triangle 1246–1249 flysch Frankenberg Zwischengebirge nappes 62, Variscan Orogeny 419 Austria 1046 66 fauna definition 1052–1053 Frankenstein Gabbro Complex 447–448, Carboniferous 505 Switzerland 1046, 1049, 1051–1053 632 Jurassic 833 Szolnok Basin 1074–1075 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Fauquez Formation 209 flysch nappes, Piedmont–Ligurian 1158 magmatism 708, 709 Fayaux Flysch 1053 Flysch Zone, Dalmatia 1111 Frankenwald see Franconian Forest Feldberg Nappe 606–608 Flyvbjerg Formation 836 Frasnian , resources, pegmatites 1342, Fo˝dolomit Formation 802 Belgium 390 1375, 1378, 1414 Foederata Unit 1203 biodiversity crisis 383 Felsenkalk Formation 866, 870–871 Fohnsdorf Basin, Neogene 1064 eastern Rhenish Massif 394 Felso˝ta´rka´ny Limestone 802 Folded Jura 880, 881, 882, 883, 886, 888, Eifel Mountains 393 FENNOLORA seismic project 337, 358 1176 Moravia 399 Fennoscandia Triassic sediments 785 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 geochronology 29–30 Folded Molasse 1178 southeastern Poland 396–397 Precambrian Frauenbach Group 220, 222 southern Carboniferous 416 Frauengrube Member 1051 Baltic Sea 43 Cretaceous 925, 935 Frederikshavn Formation 836 Lithuania 38–43 Danish Basin 940 Freiberg anticline 453 northeast Poland 34–38 Gosau Group 978 Freiberg Felsite Horizon 1362 southwestern 28–34 Helvetic basins 975 Fresnaye Shear Zone 107, 115, 116, 121 tectonic provinces 30 Devonian, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 402 Freudenstadt Graben 1248, 1249, 1250 Fennoscandian Border Zone 358 Jurassic seismicity 1246 Fernschub hypothesis 1235, 1237 Bohemian Massif 890 Frick Member 881, 882 Ferdynandovian interglacial 1290 northern Germany 843 Friese Front Formation 838, 839, 840, 841 Ferques Unit 437 Paris Basin 861 Friesland cycle 572, 575 Fichtelgebirge 63 Poland 850 Friuli Carbonate Platform 1092–1093 Cambrian 168–169 southern Germany 867, 868, 869, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Palaeogene 1092– magmatism 325, 326 870–1 1093 Cambrian–Ordovician 669- 670, 671 Middle Cambrian 190 Frohnberg Formation 127, 128, 129, 131, Devonian–Carboniferous 716–718, Neogene, Istria 1108–1109 132, 135–136 719 Silurian 276, 282 Fuchsberg Formation 548 Ordovician 219, 224 Triassic 807 Fu¨chsel, Georg Christian (1722–1773) 6 uranium resources 1377, 1378 German Basin 771, 772 Fuhne Cold Stage 1293 Fichtelgebirge Crystalline Complex 455– Forcola Fault 1175, 1176 Fur Formation 1036 456, 457 Foreland Molasse 1176, 1178 Fu¨red Limestone 802 Fil’akovo-Pe´terva´sˇa´ra Basin 1068, 1069– Fosses Formation 212 Furongian 1070 Fouge`res Unit 56, 57, 115, 117 Ardennes 158, 161 Findenig facies 277, 279 France Baltic Basin 182, 184, 192 Finefrau Nebenbank 434 northern, Carboniferous, sedimentation Brunovistulian Terrane 170 Fischschiefer 934, 936 and magmatism 431–438, 506 Holy Cross Mountains 172, 173, 174, fish Permian basins 555–557 175 Devonian 388, 389 Precambrian 55–59 palaeontology 191, 192

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Ru¨gen 186 southern see Southern Gemeric Unit evaporites 1393 volcanic complexes, Bohemian Massif sulphide ores 1366 Giudicarie Fault 1172, 1180 179–180 Gemsma¨ttli Bed 968, 969 Givetian fusilinids, Permian 531 gemstones, resources, placer deposits Belgium 390 1410 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 gabbro, corona 689 Ge´nicot Formation 212 Eifel Mountains 393 Ga¨chlingen Bed 881, 882 geochemistry, Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 Harz Mountains 394 Gackowa Formation 688 geochronology Moravia 399 Galgeløkke Member 834 Cambrian 192, 193 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 Galgenberg Formation 168 Fennoscandia 29–30 southeastern Poland 396 Ga¨nserndorf Formation 1062 Ordovician, Saxothuringian Zone 219 glaciation Gansingen Dolomite 788 geophysics Alps 1304–1310 Gardelegen Fault, seismic surveys 340– potential field data Carboniferous 412, 414, 416, 532 341 Caledonian terranes 346–350 Elsterian 1290 , Moldanubicum 75, 78 northern Variscides 603–606 Eocene–Oligocene 1032 garnierite 1417 geothermal data, Europe 348–350, 353, Gaskiers 24 gas 354 Hirnantian 249, 262, 289 Alpine Foreland Basin 1422, 1423– German Basin Last Glacial Maximum 1304–1305, 1424 Buntsandstein Formation, basin 1306, 1308–1309 Carpathian Flysch Belt 1424 evolution 769–781 Last Glaciation 1304–1305, 1308 Carpathian Foreland 1424 Zechstein 574 Marinoan 24 Netherlands 841 Germanic Basin Miocene 1033 Pannonian Basin 1426 Permian–Triassic boundary 751 Most Extensive Glaciation 1308 Po Basin 1422, 1425 Triassic Odra 1291, 1293 production 1342, 1344 palynomorphs 760, 761 Ordovician 204, 249, 599 resources 1344 stratigraphy/biostratigraphy 760–769 Plio-Pleistocene 14, 1033, 1042, 1287– Southern Permian Basin 1419–1420 tectonics 753–756 1310 Vienna Basin 1422, 1424–1425 Germany Precambrian 22,24 gas hydrate Central Proterozoic 24 Jurassic 828, 835 Pleistocene 1291–1293, 1294, 1299 Quaternary 1287–1310 Palaeogene 14 tectonics 1255–1258 Saalian 1291, 1292–1294 gas reservoirs fluorite–barite deposits 1382 Sanian 1291 Campine Basin 437 northern Sturtian 24 Zechstein 573 Jurassic 842–846 Weichselian 1295, 1297–1298 Gassum Formation 833, 835 Middle Pleistocene 1289–1294, Glarner Verrucano Basin 487 gastropods 1295, 1297 Glarus Nappe 1148, 1149 Cretaceous, Danish Basin 940 Upper Pleistocene 1295, 1297 Glarus Permo-Carboniferous Basin 491 Devonian 387 see also North German Basin 1148, 1149, 1150, 1175 Barrandian area 400 Ordovician 214–225 Glauconitsandmergel Member 866, 868, Jurassic Permian basins 563–564 869 Paris Basin 864 Silurian, Baltica 268 Tephra 1326, 1327, 1328 southern Germany 865, 867, 868, South German Triangle, Cenozoic Glemmtal Unit 282 869 tectonics 1243–1253 Devonian 403 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 228 southern, Jurassic 864–873 Glockner Nappe System 1155 Silurian, Austria 277 Zechstein 574, 575 Tauern Window 1153, 1159 Triassic 775, 807 Gesner, Conrad (1516–1565) 4 Glu¨ckstadt Graben 782, 784, 1000, 1001, gateways, marine Gfo¨hl Unit 75, 77–78, 426, 470, 480, 1003, 1009, 1013, 1016 Tethys 771, 775–776, 777, 936, 1014 612, 693, 1358 gneiss migration pathways 807 Gielnio´w Formation 849 Central Black Forest Gneiss Complex Gaudernbach Beds 634 Gieselbach Formation 449, 631 472–473 Gauss-Matuyama palaeomagnetic chron Giessen Nappes 316, 441, 704, 705 East Sudetes 501 1287, 1289 Giessen-Harz Nappe 439, 440, 441, 442, Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 451, Gehren Subgroup 547, 548 633, 635–6 453–454, 669–670 Geier Series 893, 894 Giessener Grauwacke 215, 704 Fichtelgebirge Crystalline Complex Formation 630 Gießhu¨bl Sycline 1058–1059 455–456, 669 Geiseltal Lignite District 1040 Gifhorn Trough 1256 Go´ry Sowie Complex 689 Gemer Sub-belt 1201 Jurassic 842–843, 845 granite, Icart 106, 108, 109, 112, 120 Gemeric Superunit 1201 Gigaskalk Formation 846 Massif Central 483 tectonics 1204, 1209 Gipf Bed 882, 883 Mid-German Crystalline Zone 67, 449, Gemericum 897 Gipskeuper Formation 754, 755, 778– 450, 627–630 northern see Northern Gemeric Unit 780, 787 144, 611–614

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Moldanubicum 78, 79 Caledonian 319–329 Montagne Noire 284 Tauern Window 481–482 collision-related minerals 1375–1379, Poland 263, 264, 265, 266, 289, 290 Goczałkowice Formation 170, 171 1413–1415 Proto-Alps 259 gold Dinarides 1112 Saxo-Thuringian Terrane 271 production 1342 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 454– Grauwacke Zone see Greywacke Zone resources 1348–1349, 1362, 1363 455, 718 Grauwackenschiefer, (Rahlenberger) 215 Alpine type mesothermal veins Mazury Complex 36–37 gravel 1412–1413 granitoids Elsterian 1290 arc-related 1402–1404 Cambrian, Alps 187 Saalian 1292 granite-related 1414 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 454– see also Rhine Valley, Quaternary palaeoplacer deposits 1389 455, 466, 670 sediment placer deposits 1410 Fichtelgebirge 670 gravity, map of Europe 346–347 vein-type 1373–1375, 1380 Northern Oberpfalz 455 gravity anomalies, northern Variscides Goldisthal Formation 220 Moldanubian Zone 470 604–605 Goldlauter Formation 547, 548 Odenwald Crystalline Complex 447– Graz area, Silurian 282–283 Go¨ller Nappe 1168 448 Graz Palaeozoic Gondwana 10, 14, 22, 23, 307 Periadriatic Fault 1178 Carboniferous 476 apparent polar wander path 420 Precambrian Devonian 404 Cadomian Orogeny 103, 104 Armorican Massif 55–56 Graz Thrust Complex 282 Cambrian 155–156 Brunovistulian Block 54 Great Glen Fault Carboniferous 411, 419 northeastern Poland 35–36 seismic surveys 336–337 palaeogeography 420–424 southern Sweden 32–33 strike-slip motion 337 convergence with Laurussia 412, 420– Saxo-Thuringian Zone 64–65, 131 Great Hungarian Plain 1071 424, 536, 538, 599, 600, 645 Sudetes 496–497, 498, 627 Neogene 1073–1074 Devonian 383 Variscan 424–427 palaeogeography 1073 fossils 307, 308 Bohemian Massif 469–470 Great Superficial Massif 438 northern, Silurian 254–255, 257, 258 Massif Central 484 Greeks, geological writings 1, 3 Ordovician 204–206 Tauern Window 480–482 Green-Point Formation, Cambrian– palaeogeography 11, 12, 26, 27, 30, granulite, Saxonian 456–457 Ordovician boundary 204 318 Granulite Nappe 607, 608 greenhouse climate, Cretaceous 923 separation from Laurussia 1016 Granulitengebirge see Saxonian Granulite greenhouse effect, Jurassic 828 Silurian, palaeogeography 256 Massif greenhouse gas, anthropogenic 17 goniatites, Carboniferous 416 graphite Greifenstein Formation 1054 Gorleben sequence 1292 resources 1342, 1359–1360, 1363 greisen, mineral deposits 1376, 1414 Middle Pleistocene palynology 1289– Alps 1371 Grenville metamorphism 33 1290 graptolites Grenville orogenic belts 10, 26, 358–359 Go¨rlitz Slate Belt 498, 625 Caledonides 307 Grenzdolomit Formation 755, 763–764, Go¨rlitz Syncline 162 Cambrian–Ordovician boundary 204 778 Lower Cambrian, palaeontology 188 Devonian 403 Grenzland Formation 554 Go¨rlitz-Kaczawa Unit 402 East European Platform 236 Grenzmergel 826 Go¨rlitzer Schiefergebirge 271 Ordovician Gre`s de Luxembourg 860 Go´ry Sowie Complex, Cambrian–Early Alps 236–7 Gre`s d’Hettange 860 Ordovician magmatism 689–690 Ardennes inliers 213, 214 Gressony Shear Zone 1173 Go´ry Sowie Massif 326–328, 499, 625– Bohemian Massif 226, 227–228 Gresten Klippen Zone 975 626 Brabant Massif 161, 208–209, 210, Grey Pelite 575, 579 Gorzo´w Block 854, 855, 856 214 greywacke Gosau Group Condroz Inlier 210, 212, 214 Lausitz-Leipzig Greywacke Complex Cretaceous 975–978, 979, 1162, 1171 Germany 215, 217, 218 64, 68, 129 Palaeogene 1058–1060, 1163, 1178 Poland 231, 233, 234 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 74, 75 Go¨smes Formation 225 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 219, 221, Greywacke Zone 276, 282 Gotthard Nappe 1146, 1148, 1149, 1150 222, 224 Devonian 403–404 Gozdnica Formation 1044 Silurian 252, 253 nappe System 1161, 1163, 1170 Gra¨fenthal Group 222–223 Austria 276, 278–279, 281, 282– Ordovician 206 Gra¨fenwarth Group 271 283 siderite 1385–1386 Grajcarek Succession 898 Bohemia 272, 273, 274, 276 Griffelschiefer Formation 222–223, 224 Grajcarek Unit 1191 Bornholm 267–268 Gro¨bern-Schmerz sequence 1296, 1299 Grampian Orogeny 322, 323, 324, 337, 362 Brabant Massif 285–286 Gro¨den Formation 553, 555, 580–581, Gran Paradiso Nappe 1150, 1151, 1152, Condroz Inlier 287 1167 1157 Franconian Terrane 268–269 Groningen gas field 1419 granite Germany 268 Gross Wolf Member 882, 883 Altenberg-Teplice Caldera 722–723 ludgreni Event 251, 252 Großenhain Gneiss Complex 133

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Gru¨nscholz Member 882, 883 Hardegsen Unconformity 773, 782, 1013 hematite, resources 1359, 1372, 1384 Gru¨nten Nappe 1150 Ha¨rtensdorf Formation 564 Hemmoor transgression 1041 Gryphaeensandstein 865, 866 Harz Block, Cretaceous uplift 948, 1257, Henneberg Granite 539 , Precambrian basement 106– 1261 Heppenheim Schist Zone 631, 632 109 Harz Boundary Fault, seismic surveys 341 Herchenberg Volcanic Complex 1327– Guingamp migmatites 115 Harz Mountains 635, 706 1328 Guingamp Unit 56,57 allochthonous units 633–636 Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c. 484–425 Gulf of Lorraine, Minette ironstone 1397 Carboniferous 438, 440–441 bc)1,3 Gulpen Formation 949, 950, 951 Devonian 391–392, 394 Herscheid Group 287 Gurktal Nappe 276, 552, 1165 magmatism 704 Herscheider Schichten 215, 315 Carboniferous sedimentation 477–478, Eckergneiss Complex 46–48, 49, 633 Herzegovina see Bosnia and Herzegovina 506 Lower Rotliegend magmatism 539 Herznach Formation 883, 886 Devonian 404–405 nickel-copper deposits 1375–1376 Hessen, Ordovician 215–216 Permian 551, 553 Ordovician 218 Hessian Basin Silurian 283 Silurian, Franconian Terrane 268–269 Rotliegend 545, 547 Gurnigel Nappe 1053, 1158 tectonics 1255–1258, 1259, 1260, Zechstein 575 Gutenstein Limestone 799, 803 1261, 1262 Hessian Depression 777, 1240 gypsum, resources 1393, 1393, 1397 Variscan tectonics 633–636 Leine Graben 1240, 1255, 1256 Gyu¨ru¨fu¨ Rhyolite Formation 571, 572 Harzburg Gabbro 47–48, 724 Hessian Seaway 865, 868 Harzgerod Zone 633, 634, 635 Hessische Schieferserie 634 Habay Formation 549 Harznordrand Thrust 948 Haibach Gneiss 630, 631, 698–699 Haselgebirge, evaporite resources 1391 climate 827–828 Hainaut Hasle Formation 834 northern Germany 843, 844 coal mining 438 Hauenstein Member 883, 884 Poland 849 sedimentation area 434, 436 Hauenstein-Murgtal Gneiss 607, 608 southeast France 876 Hainichen Subgroup 465 Hauptdolomit Formation 789, 790, 798, southern Germany 865, 866 Halberstadt Formation 948 799 Swiss Jura 880–881 Haldanger Formation 835, 836 Hauptmuschelkalk 785, 786–787 Western Carpathian basins 900 Haldensleben Fault, seismic surveys 341 Hauptquarzit Formation 223 Hetvehely Dolomite 805, 806 Haligovce Unit 1197 Hauptrogenstein Formation 866, 868, 883, Hidegku´t Formation 800 halite 885–886 Hidra Formation 937, 938 Dinarides 1401 Haute-Chaıˆne High 879 Hierlatz Formation 893, 894, 1162 resources 1391 Hauterivian Highland Boundary Fault, seismic surveys sabkha-type 1393 Helvetic Basin 968 336, 337 Swiss Jura 786 Lower Saxony Basin 935 Hindelang Nappe 1150 Upper Austro-Alpine tectonic units 580 Mid-Polish Trough 932, 933 Hirnantian glaciation 205, 249, 262, 289 Zechstein 572–573, 574, 575, 576, sea-level change 924 Hirnichopf Member 883, 884 577–580 Havel Subgroup 545 history, Central European geology 1–9 Halle Laccolith Complex 728–729 Havel-Mu¨ritz Basin 546 Hlbocˇ Formation 974 Halle Lignite District 1040 heat-flow, Europe 348–350, 353, 354 Hluk Formation 970, 972 Hallstatt Limestone 788, 789, 804–805, Heersum Formation 846 Ho¨chst Flysch 1053 1162 Heide Trough, oil 1421 Hochwipfel Formation 478 Hallstatt-Meliata-Ocean 892 Heidelberg Formation 948 Hod Formation 938 halokinesis Heidelberg pluton 448 Hohenems Nappe 1150 Bay of Kiel 1274–1275 Helchteren Formation 549–550 Hohenzollern Graben 1250, 1251 Cretaceous 937 helcionellids, Middle Cambrian 190 seismicity 1245–1246, 1248 Jurassic 836, 840, 842, 848 Heldburg Gips sulphate complex 778–779 Hoher Bogen, Cambrian–Early Ordovician Triassic 1016 Helgoland-Pomerania Deformation Belt magmatism 676, 677 Western Baltic Sea 1272–1273 218, 256, 387 Hoher Bogen Shear Zone 613, 616 Zechstein Salt 831, 999, 1001, 1003 Helle Formation 1036 Hohleborn Formation 450 Hamitenton Formation 866, 867 Helminthoid Flysch Nappe 1158 holmiids, Lower Cambrian 188 Ha´mor Dolomite 802 Helmstedt Formation 1040 Holocene 1298, 1302 Ha´mor Formation 495 Helvetic Domain 79, 80,81 Holsˇiny-Horˇice Formation 176 Hana´ Fault Zone 54, 144 Helvetic nappes 1146, 1148–1150 Holsteinian Interglacial Stage 1291–1292, Hangenberg Event 411 Cretaceous 965, 968–970, 973, 974– 1296, 1297 Hangenberg Schiefer 412 975 Holy Cross Fault Zone 49, 50, 158 Hangenden Bankkalk Formation 866, Helvetic Units 1143 Holy Cross Mountains 157–158, 644 871–872, 1244 Palaeogene 1036, 1049–1051 Baltica affinity 309, 311, 312 Hannover Formation 542, 545, 546 sedimentation and stratigraphy 1046, Cambrian 172–174, 175, 189, 233 Hanonet Formation 390 1049, 1050–1051 biostratigraphy 172–174, 175 Hardegsen Sandstone 772 Tertiary tectonics 1174–1176 palaeontology 188, 190

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Carboniferous 643–644 Silurian 255 inversion Devonian 395–397, 643–644 Iapetus Suture 305 Lower Rhine Basin 1241–1242 Furongian, palaeontology 191, 192 Caledonian granite 319, 323, 324 tectonic Jurassic 857–858 seismic surveys 332, 337, 354, 356 Cretaceous 926–930, 940–941, Ordovician 229, 231, 233–236 Icart granite gneiss 106, 108, 109, 112, 1024–1025 Silurian 264, 265 120 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 949 Holzweiler Formation 1313 ice age, Quaternary 1287 North German Basin 946–949, Hoogstraten Fault 437 Alps 1304–1310 1006 Hooke, Robert (1635–1703) 5 north–central Europe Vienna Basin 1060 Horn Graben 550, 782, 784, 1000, 1001, Lower Pleistocene 1288–1289 Ireland 1003, 1016 Middle Pleistocene 1289–1294 Grampian Orogeny 322 Ho¨rre-Gommern Unit 439–440, 441, Upper Pleistocene 1294–1298 Precambrian, East Avalonia 43, 45–46 633–634 ichnofossils Ireviken Event 251, 252 Horred Formation 33 Cambrian 173 iron Ho¨rstein-Huckelheim Formation 630, 631 Jurassic banded 23–24 Hosdin Formation 286 Poland 850 carbonate-hosted 1361–1362 Houthem Formation 949 southern Germany 865 production 1342 Hoxnian interglacial 1292 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 226, resources Hradisˇteˇ Formation 970, 972 227, 228 Alpine domain ophiolite type 1399 Hra´dok Formation 494 Permian 535 Black River type 1399–1400 Hronic Nappe Unit 495–496 , Jurassic, southern Germany granite-related 1414 Hronic Superunit 1199 867 hydrothermal 1427 tectonics 1206–1207 Idrija mercury deposit 1394–1395 metamorphogenic 1413 Hronicum 567, 568, 570, 582, 799, 897, Ieper Clay Formation 1039 pelosiderite type 1401 1186 Il’anovo succession 1205 rift-related 1393–1394 Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin 1103, 1104, 1105, Ilfeld Basin 547–549 SEDEX type 1395 1106 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Variscan basement 1416–1417 Huet Formation 209 729 vein-type 1384–1385, 1418 Hulsberg High 949, 951, 952 , resources, Cenozoic back-arc and iron ore humans, Pleistocene 14–15, 1300 rift basins 1404–1405 Cretaceous, Lower Saxony Basin 936 Humphriesioolith Formation 866, 867 Formation 547, 548 -Dill/SEDEX type 1365 Hun Superterrane 123, 187, 645–646 866, 869, 870 pebble 1399–1400 Hungarian Central Range 1070–1072 Inˇacˇovce-Krichevo Unit 1198 iron oxide, resources 1372 Hungary Indo-Pacific Ocean 1031 iron sulphide, resources 1349–1351, Cenozoic1068–1070 Industrial Revolution, natural resources Rammelsberg type 1365–1366 Permian 570–572 411 rift-related 1392 Triassic basin evolution 800–807 Infra-Tatric units 1202 VMS, SMS, Kieslager type 1360–1361 Zechstein 582–583 inliers VMS type 1363 Hunsru¨ck area, Late Ordovician–Silurian Cambrian, Ardennes 158, 159 iron-manganese resources 1344–1346, magmatism 696–697 Precambrian 1365, 1381 Hunsru¨ck Boundary Fault 458, 557, 727 Avalonia 43, 44,45–46 ironstone Hu¨ttenberg-Waldenstein district, iron ore Sudetes 67–68 Minette type 1397–1398 deposit 1413 see also Bohemian Massif South Germany 867–868 Hutton, James (1726–1797) 7 Inner Western Carpathian Crystalline Swiss Jura 884 Huy Formation 210–211 Zone 493 Thuringite/Wabana type1363 hydrocarbons Innsbrucker Quartzphyllit Group 237 Variscan Foreland Basin 1371 resources 1344, 1357, 1379, 1419– Inovec Nappe 1202 island arcs, Cambrian 156 1426 insects, oldest flying insect 460 Islet Zone 138 see also gas; oil; oil shale; petroleum Insubric Fault 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176 Cambrian 176 hyoliths Internides, Variscan 483–496, 507, 602– Devonian 402 Cambrian 188, 190, 192 603, 606–627 Silurian 272, 274 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 227, 228 ‘Intra-Alpine’ terrane 481–482 isotope analysis hypogene deposits 1380–1387, 1418– Intra-Sudetic Basin 499, 501, 506, 560– Ordovician 205 1419 561, 625 Silurian 250, 251 Cretaceous 959, 960 I˛srutis Formation 852, 854 Iapetus Ocean 10, 312, 445 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Istria, Cenozoic 1108–1110 British Caledonides 320, 321 730–732 Iszkahegy Limestone 800 formation 26, 28, 34 Zechstein 581 Italia Terrane see Apulia Terrane island arcs 309 Intra-Sudetic Fault 496, 497, 623, 626 Italy palaeogeographic reconstruction 11, interglacial 1287 Ordovician, Alps 237 358–359, 362–363, 364, 365 interstadial 1287 Palaeogene, Southern Alps 1087–1093

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Ittre Formation 209 Poland 846–858 Alpine 1380, 1381, 1166, 1168 palaeogeography 847 1415–1416 Izera-Karkonosze Block see Karkonosze- tectonic development 846–849 Cenozoic back-arc and rift basins Izera Massif sea-level change 829, 831–832 1404–1405 Denmark 832, 833–836 Kaplonosy Formation 184 Jakabhegy Sandstone 805, 806 Polish Basin 850–851, 854–858 Karawanken Alps 276, 277 Jalhay Formation 213 southeast France 876–879 alpine tectonics 1167 Jarczo´w Formation 857 Western Carpathian basins 898–900 Carboniferous sedimentation 478–480 Jarmuta Phase 1215 sedimentation 840–841, 848–858 Devonian 405–406 Jasov Formation 570 sequence stratigraphy 829, 830, 831– Permian 553–554 Jaszczurowa Formation 171 832, 840–841, 850–851 Zechstein cycles 581 Ja´szkunsa´g Group 1074 Paris Basin 861 Karawanken Pluton 1178 Javoriv Formation 854 southern Germany 865–873 Kardosre´t Formation 827 Jelar breccia 1110 southeast France and French Jura 873– Karelian Orogeny 36 Jelenio´w Shale Formation 234 880, 874, 875 Karkonosze Complex see East 113–114, 114, 116 southern Germany 864–873 Karkonosze Complex ; South Jerzmanowice Formation 1044 subdivision 823 Karkonosze Complex Jesenı´ky Basin 502–503 Swiss Jura Mountains 880–889 Karkonosze Granite Pluton 498, 627 Jesenı´ky Mountains, Devonian tectonics Karkonosze-Izera Massif 130, 137, 141, magmatism 704–707 Alps 1168–1170 498–499, 625, 626 jet, resources 1400 Western Carpathians 1214 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Jince Formation 177, 179 Tethyan Domain 825–826, 890–900 magmatism 683–684 palaeontology 188, 190 Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary 876, 923 Karkonosze Piedmont Basin 581 Jı´trava-Hradec Basin 616 Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous, mineral Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Jizera Formation 954, 958 resources 1397–1399 732 Jizera-Krkonose Complex see Jurensismergel Formation 866, 867 Karl Formation 550, 551 Karkonosze-Izera Massif Juvavic Nappe System 1154, 1160, 1161, Ka¨rlich interglacial 1290 Johnston Complex 44, 45, 46, 47 1162, 1168, 1169, 1170 Ka¨rlich section 1315, 1324, 1325, 1327 Jonquoi Formation 287 Juvavic unit 892, 893 Karolina Formation 857 Jospinet pluton 112 Jydega˚rd Formation 936 Karpatian, Paratethys basins 1100–1101 Julian Basin 1092, 1093 Jylland, Cretaceous 939 karst, Palaeogene Jura Mountains Italian Southern Alps 1092–1093 Cenozoic tectonics 1176, 1235–1238 Slovenia 1093, 1097 French K-bentonite 366 see also Moravian Karst; Slovak Karst Jurassic 873–880, 874, 875 Carnic Alps 281 Mountains Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary 876 Kabeliai Complex 36–37 karstification structure 1235 Kaczawa Complex 498 Devonian 399 Swiss, Jurassic 880–889 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Palaeogene 1110 Swiss Jura Molasse, Cenozoic 1056 magmatism 687–689 Visean 436, 437 Triassic sediments 785–788 Kaczawa Hills 230, 289 Kasˇov Formatioin 495 Jurassic 823–901, 824 Kaczawa Nappe Pile 625, 626, 627 Kaszuby Complex 35 biostratigraphy, northern Germany 843 Kadlubek Unit 973 Kattegat, Cretaceous 939 Bohemian Massif 889–890 Kahlenberg Nappe 970, 973 Kcynia Formation 858 Central European Basin System 825– Kaiserstuhl igneous complex, niobium , Silurian, Franconian Terrane 826, 832–889 deposit 1361 269 climate change 827–829 Kaiserstuhl volcanism 1047, 1240, 1246, Kellwasser horizon 393, 394, 399, 403 Early, tectonism 1014–1017 1249 Kempenich volcanic centre 1324 eastern Paris Basin 858–864 , Jurassic 847, 851, 852, 854 Keprnı´k Gneiss 144 GSSPs 823, 876 Kalisˇcˇo Formation 974 Keprnı´k Nappe 501 Late, tectonism 1019, 1021 Kalkbank 223 Kernzone Complex 127, 128, 129 Mid, tectonic uplift 1017–1019 Kalkknollenbank 945 Keuper Formation 756, 777–781 Milankovich cycles 823, 829 Kallo Complex 1040 Carpathians 799 Netherlands 836–842 Kamenica Phase 1215 Denmark 784 North Germany 842–846, 842 Kamieniec Formation 174 magnetostratigraphy 759–760 palaeogeography 825 Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt 501 Netherlands 782–784 Southeast France Basin 880 Kamienna Group 849 stratigraphy 765–769, 768 Swiss Jura 887 Kampinos Complex 35, 36 Switzerland 787–788 palaeontology, Poland 849–850 Kandern Formation 866, 868, 869 Kiaman Superchron 13 Paris Basin Kantava´r Calcareous 805, 806 Kiel Sands 1041 palaeogeography 861 kaolin Kielce Zone 49, 172, 173, 174, 644 palaeontology 861 resources 1342 Devonian–Carboniferous 643–644

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Ordovician 232, 233–234 Korycany Member 954, 956 Kurovice Formation 970, 972 palaeontology 190 Kos´cieliska Formation 974 Kutna´ Hora Crystalline Unit 75 Silurian 266 Kos´cielisko Beds 852 Kutno Depression 847, 848 Kieselkalk Formation 968, 969 Kosov Formation 228 Kyffha¨user Crystalline Complex 67, 628, Kieslager ore deposits 1361 Ko¨ssen Formation 789, 790, 802, 826 629 Kimmeridge Clay Formation 838, 839, Kossmat, Franz (1871–1938), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous 840–841 classification of Variscan Belt 123, 418, 710 Kimmeridgian 601–602 Kysuca succession 1196 Northern Calcareous Alps 895–896 Kostolec Unit 1196 northern Germany 844, 846 Kostrzyn´ Formation 186 southeast France 879 Koszalin-Chojnice Zone, Silurian 263 La Gleize Formation 158, 159 southern Germany 866, 868, 869, 870– Ko˝va´go´szo˝lo˝s Sandstone Formation 571, La Hague, Precambrian basement 106– 871 583, 806 109, 110 Swiss Jura 887, 888 Ko¨veska´l Dolomite 800 La Roche Derrien Formation 57 Western Carpathian basins 899 Koza´r Limestone 805 La Venne Formation 158, 159 Kiskunhalas Sub-basin 1072, 1073 Kozara Flysch 1112 Laab Nappe 975, 1054 Kitzbu¨hel Alps 282 Kozina-type limestone 1110 Laacher See volcano 1297, 1312, 1318, Formation 226 Kraichgau- Basin, Rotliegend 545– 1323, 1329–1333 Kladno Formation 468 547 Tephra 1326, 1329–1333 Klagenfurt Basin 1180 Krako´w-Lubliniec Fault Zone 49, 50, 51, Lacunosamergel Formation 866, 870 Klape Unit 1196–1197, 1206 229, 311 Ła˛czna Unit 691 Kla´tov Unit 1204 as terrane boundary 357 Lago´w Region 231, 232, 233 Klaus Formation 893, 895 Krako´w-Upper Silesia Basin 563 Lahn Syncline 440, 441 Kleszczo´w Graben 1263, 1268, 1270 Kra´lodvor Formation 228 Lahn-Dill area 393, 394, 431, 702, 703, Klikov Formation 959 Kra´l’ovohol’ske´Nı´zke Tatry mountains 705 Klingnau Formation 885, 886 1200 iron ore 1365 klippen, Saxothuringian Basin 457, 463 Kralupy-Zbraslav Group 71, 72, 73–74, Lake Pannon 1062, 1063, 1064, 1066, Klippen Nappe 1156 75, 138, 143 1072 Klitten Formation 224 Krası´n Phase 1214 Lam-Bodenmais Kies Belt, sulphide Klitzschmar Formation 460 Krefeld High 315 minerals 1361 Kłodawa salt diapir 1016 Kreideschiefer Basin 974 Lammer Basin 895 Kłodzko Metamorphic Massif 68, 138, Kremnica epithermal gold-silver deposit Lanaye Member 949, 950, 952 141, 499, 625–626 1404 Landen Group 1036 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Kressenberg Formation 1050–1051 Lanvollen Formation 57 magmatism 691 Kreuzgraben Formation 978 Lapis Limestone 805, 806 isotopic data 125 Krˇivokla´t- Volcanic Complex Lasˇko back-bulge basin 1100 Klonk, Silurian–Devonian boundary type 179–180 Lassing talc deposit 1411 section 400 Krı´zˇna Unit 1205, 1206 Last Glacial Maximum 1304–1305, 1306, Klono´wka Shale Formation 174, 234 Krk 1110 1308–1309 Kloucˇek-Cˇ enkov Formation 177 Krkonosˇe see Karkonosze Last Glaciation 1304–1305, 1308 Kluki Formation 182 Kroisbach Member 1050–1051 Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum 1036 Kniest silica concentration 1366 Krosno Basin 1081 Latemar platform 797 Knola Formation 569 Krsˇko Basin 1101, 1102 laterite 1417 Knollenmergel Member 788 Krusˇne´ Hory Fault 1255 Latinne Formation 286 Ko¨bbinghausen Formation 287 Krusˇne´ Hory Mountains 454 Latvia, Jurassic 846–847, 857, 858 Kohanivska Formation 852, 854 see also Erzgebirge Lau Event 252, 263 Kohlenkalk 421, 428, 437, 438 Krynica subunit 1191 Lauchert Graben 1248 Kohu´t Phase 1215 Kryta Turbidite Member 974 Laurentia 10, 26, 28, 34 Kok Formation 278 Kryvtche Formation 1045 fossils 307 Komagnes dyke 27 Krzywin Graben 1262 reconstruction 11, 12, 27, 28, 29, 30, Koma´rov Volcanic Complex 227, 228 Ksiaz˙ Wielkopolski Formation 540–541 318, 358–360, 361, 362–367 Komorowo Formation 849 Kuchynˇa Unit 973 Silurian 255 Konˇhora Formation 970, 972 Ku¨hberg unit 224 Laurussia 14, 26, 43 Kopanina Formation 275 Kuhfeld Beds 934, 935 Carboniferous 411, 419, 420–424 Kopienec Formation 827 Kujavian Basin, Cretaceous 931, 932, convergence with Gondwana 412, 420– Korallenkalk Formation 869 940, 942 424, 536, 538, 599, 600, 645 Korallenoolith Formation 846 Kumburk Formation 499 Devonian 383–384 Koralpe-Wo¨lz Nappe System 1161, 1163, Kupferberg mineral deposits 1359, 1363 depositional environments 388–399 1165, 1170, 1171 Kupferschiefer 573, 574, 575, 576 reconstruction 12 Korneuburg (Sub-)Basin 1062–1063 copper mineralization 1390–1391 separation from Gondwana 1016 Korpa´d Sandstone Formation 571, 572 Ku¨re Ocean 1016 Silurian 259

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Lausitz Block 62, 65, 68, 130, 141, 498, Libenˇ Formation 227 Prague Basin 272, 273, 276 625 Liburnian Formation 1111, 1112 sea-level change 250, 262 isotopic data 125 Lichtenberg Horizon 952 Llanvirn see also Lusatia Lidernen Bed 969, 970 Brabant Massif 208 Lausitz Fault 1255 Liebenstein Formation 450 Condroz Inlier 210–211 Lausitz Granitoid Complex 68, 130, 131, Liebenstein Nappe 1150, 1178 Germany 215, 217, 218 132, 136 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin Poland 231, 234 Lausitz Group 129, 130, 132, 133 Cretaceous 930, 949–953 Schwarzburg Anticline 223 Lausitz-Izera Unit, Devonian 402–403 biostratigraphy 949 Łobez Formation 849 Lausitz-Izera sub-basin, Cretaceous 954, tectonic inversion 949 Lochen Formation 866, 869 955, 957, 958 Liegende Bankkalk Formation 866, 871 Lochkovian Lausitz-Leipzig Greywacke Complex 64, Liepona Formation 854 Barrandian area 400 68, 129, 130, 133–134 Lieth, Lower Pleistocene palynology eastern Rhenish Massif 393 851 1288, 1290 Moravia 398–399 Lavanttal Basin, Neogene 1064 lignite Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 lead Cenozoic basins 1406–1409 southeastern Poland 395 production 1342 Eocene 1039, 1040 Lode`ve Basin 556, 557 resources 1349–1351, 1361, 1362, Neogene 1041 loess 1381, 1393 production 1342 Pleistocene 1310, 1315 Alpine type/MVT 1395–1396 Ligurian Cycle 829, 830, 832 Rhine Valley 1315–1318 arc-related 1402–1404 Ligurian-Penninic Ocean 899 Loibersdorf Formation 1057 carbonate-hosted 1418 Ligurian-Piedmontese Ocean 873, 878 Fault 858, 859 fault zones 1427 Limbourg Campine sub-basin 437 Lombardic-Giudicaric fold and thrust belt granite-related 1414 Lindener Mark 635 1165–1167, 1172, 1180 Late Alpine unconformity 1417 Lı´neˇ Formation 469 Longmyndian Supergroup 44, 45–46, 47 Rammelsberg type 1365–1366 lingulids, Devonian, southeastern Poland Lorraine, Jurassic 858–864 Silesian type/MVT 1395 395 Losenstein Formation 974, 1162 vein-type 1371–1372, 1377, 1380, Lion Member buildups 390 Lower Coloured Molasse 1057 1382–1384, 1418 Liplas-Tarnawa Graben 563 Lower Freshwater Molasse 1055, 1056, Łebsko Formation 182 Lippertsgru¨n Formation 168 1057 Lederschiefer Formation 223 LISPB seismic project 335, 338, 357 Lower Gneiss Unit 483 Lehmann, Johann (1719–1776) 5–6 lithium, resources 1347–1348, 1378 Lower Graben Formation 838, 839, 840 Leimitz Formation 224 lithostratigraphy Lower Marine Molasse 1053, 1055, 1056 Leine cycle 572, 574, 575, 579–580 Permian 535 Lower Pseudoschwagerina Limestone Leine Graben 1255, 1256, 1257 Triassic, German Basin 764–765 479–480 Leipzig Group 64, 129 Lithuania Lower Rhine Basin Leipzig Lignite District 1040, 1406 Jurassic 846–847, 851, 854, 857, 858 deformation 1241–1242 Leipzig Phase 1293 lithospheric structure 38–42 evolution 1241–1242 Leitha Mountains 1063 Precambrian 38–43 inversion 1241–1242 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 4, 5 tectonic evolution 42–43 lignite 1406–1407 Lepontine Dome 1150, 1152, 1155, 1173, Silurian, Baltica 261–263 Quaternary fluvial sediment 1312– 1176 Lithuanian Confacies Belt 260 1315 Les Quatre Fils Aymon Formation 158, Litija mineral deposit 1380 seismicity 1241 159 Litohlavy Formation 274–275 Lower Rhine Embayment 1040, 1041, Les Trappistes fluorite deposit 1383 Litosˇice conglomerates 72 1042, 1241 Lessini Shelf 1088, 1091 Little Hungarian Plain Basin, Neogene Quaternary sediment 1312–1315 Leszczyniec Volcanic Formation 686, 687 1070, 1071 Lower Saxony Basin Letna´ Formation 227 Livno-Duvno Basin 1105, 1106 Cretaceous 929, 934–936, 945 Letovice Complex, Cambrian–Early Lixhe Member 949, 950, 952 Jurassic 838, 840, 842–843 Ordovician magmatism 692–694 Lizard Ophiolite 356, 707 oil 1421 Letovice Formation 563 Llandovery 251, 252 Lower Saxony rift system 541, 545 Lettenkeuper 778 Austria 277–279 Lower Silesia, neotectonics 1268, 1269 Lettenkohle Formation 787 Belgium 212, 286, 287 Lower Silesian Basin, coal 1388 leucogranite, Variscan 427 Bornholm 267–268 LT seismic project 331, 332, 338, 345, leucophyllite, resources 1411–1412 Carnic Alps 281, 281 358 Leukersdorf Formation 564 Franconian Terrane 268 Lubenı´k Formation 494 Lhotka Formation 970, 972 Germany 268 Lubenı´k-Margecany Fault 1201, 1203, Lias Holy Cross Mountains 234 1207 southeast France 876–877 Lithuania 260, 261 Lublin Basin, coal 1371 Swiss Jura 881 Montagne Noire 284 Lublin Upland Lias Group, North Germany 842 Poland 263, 265–266 Jurassic 857

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neotectonics 1268–1269, 1270 central European terranes 325–329 Malme´dy Graben, Permian 549 Lublin-Lvov Basin, Cambrian–Early Ordovician 669–694 Małopolska Massif 49, 50,51–52 Carboniferous sedimentation 442, 444 Alps 81–82 Baltica affinity 310–312 Devonian 395–397 Carboniferous 703–704 Devonian 395, 396 Lublin-Podlasie Basin 37, 157 Tauern Window 480–482 Ordovician 206, 229, 231, 232 Cambrian 184, 185, 186 Devonian 699–707 Silurian 267 palaeontology 192 Fichtelgebirge Crystalline Complex Małopolska Region, Carboniferous Lu´cˇkovska´ Formation 974 455–456 sedimentation 441–442 ludgreni Event 251, 252 Jurassic, Netherlands 841–842 Małopolski Basin, Lower Cretaceous 931 Ludlow 252, 253 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Maluzˇina´ Formation 567, 569, 582 Austria 277–279, 282 707–720 Malverns Complex 44, 45, 46, 47 Belgium 286, 287 Namurian–Westphalian 720–723 Mały Bozko´w Unit 691 Carnic Alps 281, 281 Northern Oberpfalz 455 mammals Franconian Terrane 268 Ordovician 328–329 Deckenschotter 1306 Lithuania 261–263 –Late Silurian 694–699 Last Glacial Maximum 1308–1309 Montagne Noire 284 Palaeozoic 665–733 Pleistocene 1298–1300, 1303, 1304 Poland 263, 265–267 Periadriatic 1178 Rhine sediment terraces 1313 Prague Basin 272, 273, 276 Permian Mancellian Batholith 56, 57, 58, 115, 119 sea-level change 250–251 Alps 1168 Mancellian Terrane 112, 115, 118–120, Ludwigsdorf Member 162–163, 164 Saar- Basin 559 119, 121 Lugicum 496, 497 post-Cadomian 116 Manebach Formation 547 Lugodanubian Fault 52 Precambrian manganese Luhyna Formation 495 Avalonia 46 production 1342 Lulu Formation 835 northeastern Poland 36–37 resources 1344–1346, 1364, 1365 Lusatia southern Sweden 32, 33, 34 Alpine domaine 1398–1399 Cambrian 162–165, 189, 193 Stephanian–Early Permian 723–733 Late Alpine unconformity 1417 magmatism 326 Stephanian–Lower Rotliegend 539 pelosiderite type 1401 Ordovician 219, 221, 224 Basin 547 rift-related 1393–1394 see also Lausitz Block Variscan SEDEX type 1395 Lusatian Lignite District 1041 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 453 Variscan basement 1416–1417 Lusatiops Member 162–163 Massif Central 483–484 Manı´n Unit 974, 1196, 1206 Lust Formation 285 Sudetes 498 Mansfeld Group 461–462 Luzˇice Formation 1060, 1062 Variscan Belt 424–428 mantle plumes 21, 453 Lvov Depression, Jurassic 851–852, 858 magnesite Margna Nappe 1158–1159 see also Lublin-Lvov Basin amorphous 1417–1418 Maria´nske´La´zne˘ Complex 143, 614 Lydit-Kieselkalk-Komplex 282 resources 1342, 1364–1365, 1366 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Lyell, Charles (1797–1875) 8–9 replacement deposits 1385–1387 magmatism 672–674 Łyna Formation 184 magnetic field, map of Europe 347–348, Maria´nske´La´zne˘ Fault 1255 Łysogo´ry Zone 172, 173, 234, 236, 644 351 Markransta¨dt Phase 1291 Baltica affinity 310, 311–312 magnetic field anomalies, northern Marmorea Crust 895 Devonian 395–397, 643–644 Variscides 603–606 Marnheim Bay 1048 Silurian 265–266 magnetite, resources 1363, 1372 Marsberg copper deposit 1383 magnetostratigraphy Massenkalk Formation 866, 869, 870–871 maars, Eifel volcanic fields 1320, 1321– Carboniferous 417 Massif Central 59–60 1323, 1327–1329 Cretaceous 925 coal 1388 Maastricht Formation 949, 952–953 Triassic 757, 759–760 Permian basins 555–557 Maastrichtian magnetotelluric surveys, North German sulphide ores 1366 Danish Basin 938–939 Basin 352, 355 Variscan basins 484, 485 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 949, 951–953 Magura Basin 897, 898, 1194, 1195, 1198 Variscan granitoids 484 Mid-Polish Trough 942 Palaeogene 1078–1081 Variscan Internides 483–484 North German Basin 943 Magura Superunit 1183, 1191 Matrei Zone, Tauern Window 1159 inversion tectonics 946–949 Magyaru¨ro¨g Anhydrite 805 Matuyama palaeomagnetic chron 1314 sea-level change 924 Maillet, Benoit de (1656–1738) 5 see also Brunhes-Matayama Western Carpathians 978 Anhydrite 575, 580 palaeomagnetic chron; Gauss- Macrocephalenoolith Member 866, 868 Main Dolomite 577 Matayama palaeomagnetic chron Madot Formation 209–210 Mainz Basin, Neogene 1048 Maubach-Mechernich lead–zinc deposit Maggia Nappe 1150,1152 Majevica Mountains 1112 1383 magma, Eifel volcanic fields 1319–1320 Mala´ Fatra Mountains 1199, 1200 Mauges Domain 56,58 magmatism Male´ Karpaty Mountains 1199, 1200 Maures Massif 60 Caledonian Maliac Ocean 1014, 1016 Silurian 255 Avalonia 324–325 Malm Group 842–843, 879 Mazowsze Formation 184

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Mazowsze Massif 36 northeast Poland 34–36 Saint-Malo Terrane 115 Mazowsze-Lublin Graben 236 southeast Poland 49, 50,51–52 migration, faunal Mazurian High 157 Sudetes 68, 498–499, 501 Jurassic 825, 829, 832–833, 851 Mazurian way, Jurassic 847, 857 Variscan 424, 446, 602, 1167 Triassic 807 Mazury Granitoid Complex 34,35 Ardennes Brabant areas 637–638 Milankovitch cycles magmatism 36–37 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex Cretaceous 925 Mecklenburg, Weichselian Stage 1297, 451, 453–454 Jurassic 823, 829 1299 Massif Central 483–484 Triassic 753, 766, 767, 769, 772, 782 Mecsek Basin, coal 1397 Mid-German Crystalline High 627– Mı´lina Formation 226 Mecsek Mountains 571, 572, 806, 1072 633 Militz Interval 1291 Triassic basin evolution 805–807 Moldanubian Zone 611–614 mineral resources 1341–1431 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 827 Odenwald Crystalline Complex 447 Alpine cycle 1379–1427 Medianes Nappes 1053 Saxothuringian Zone 621–622 collision (granite)-related 1359, 1375– Medienicka series 851 Sudetes 625–627 1379, 1413–1415 Mediterranean Province 307 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 616–617 remobilization and igneous activity Megaerella Limestone 278, 279 Western Carpathians 491 related 1426–1427 megamonsoon, Pangaean 766 metasomatism, Lithuania 41 strata-bound 1357–1371, 1359, 1387– megaspores, Jurassic, Poland 849 methane, coal-bed 1388 1410 Meggen, sulphide ores 394, 1366 Fault 858, 859 thrust-bound 1359, 1371–1375, 1410– Megyehegy Dolomite 800 Mid-German Crystalline High 26, 48, 55, 1413 Meilleret Flysch 1053 63, 67, 122, 601 unconformity-related 1360, 1379– Meissen Formation, Cretaceous 954, 955 Cambrian 161–162 1387, 1415–1419 Meissen monzonite- 718–720 development 446–447 Variscan cycle 1357–1379 Melanien Limestone 1047 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous mineralization Meliata Ocean 799, 897, 898, 1016, 1143, magmatism 708–711 crustal specialization 1428 1167–1168, 1169 Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism element composition 1429 Western Carpathians 1185, 1187, 1206, 694–699 element recycling 1428–1429 1207, 1208 tectonic setting 418–419 Kupferschiefer-type 1360 Meliatic Superunit, tectonics 1208, 1209, Variscan tectonic evolution 627–633 structural facies variation 1430 1210 Mid-Netherlands-Krefeld High 391 vertical structure zones 1429–1430 Meliaticum 568, 570, 1167, 1168 Mid-Polish Anticlinorium, Cretaceous minerals, industrial, Menai Strait Line 44, 45, 46, 47 927–928 production 1342 Merboltice Formation 954, 958 Mid-Polish Swell 1259–1261 resources 1351–1355 mercury Mid-Polish Trough 540, 542, 543, 769, mining 1341 resources 1348–1349 778 Miocene arc-related 1402–1404 Buntsandstein 1014 climate 1032–1033 granite-related 1414 Cretaceous 927, 931–934, 940–942 Dinarides 1105 SEDEX type 1394–1395 uplift 1259–1261 freshwater basins 1112 vein type 1380–1382 Jurassic 846–848, 851, 854–855, 857– , tectonics 1178–1180 Mergelkeuper Formation, Switzerland 858 North Sea Basin 1041 787–788 Triassic 1016 palaeogeography 1032 Mergelstetten Formation 866, 871 Mid-Transdanubian Zone, Neogene basin Polish Lowland Basin 1044 1072 Transylvanian Basin 1076 development of Europe 13–14 , scientific thought 4 Vienna Basin 1060, 1062–1063 palaeocontinental reconstruction 15 Middle Graben Formation 838, 839, 840 Mirow Formation 542, 545, 546 Messel Basin, oil shale 1409 Middle Lithuanian Suture Zone 36 Misarai impact crater 41–42 Messel Formation 1048 Middle Miocene Climate Transition Misox Zone 1148, 1155, 1156 meta-anthracite 1363 1032–1033 Mississippian 416 Metabasite Belt 52, 53,54 Middle Odra Fault Zone 496, 627 Mittersill scheelite deposit 1362 metallogenesis 1341 Middle Penninic Nappes 1156–1157 Młynary Formation 184 Precambrian–Cambrian 1357–1359 Middle Pleistocene Event 1305 Mnichovo Hradi Basin 559 metamorphism Midi Fault 437 MOBIL seismic profile 332, 356, 357 Alpine 1163, 1164, 1166, 1167, 1170– Midi Thrust Zone 639 Mobschatz Formation 954 1173 Midi-Eifel faults 433 Moesia Terrane Eckergneiss Complex 47–48 Midland Microcraton 334 Silurian 255 and mineralogenesis 1371–1375 Miecho´w Depression, Cretaceous 941, palaeogeography 259 Permian, Alps 1168 942 Moho Ordovician, Alps 82 Mie˛dzygo´rz Formation 233–234 dome Precambrian migmatite Ohrˇe Graben 1255 Brunovistulian Block 52, 53,54 Lithuania 40 Upper Rhine Graben 1240 Lithuania 39–40 Massif Central 483 Lithuania 38, 40

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Moine Thrust 335–336 Silurian 255, 258, 283–284, 285 Netherlands 782 North German Caledonides 340, 342 Monte Baldo 1088–1089, 1090 Switzerland 785–787 Scandinavian Caledonides 337, 338, Monte Rosa district, gold 1412–1413 tectonism 754, 1014 340 Monte Rosa Nappe 1150, 1151, 1152, Mu¨senegg Member 882, 883 Trans-European Suture Zone 346 1155 Mykolayiv Formation 1045 Variscan basement 603 Tertiary shear 1173 Zone 30, 32, 33 Mo¨hrenbach Formation 539 Montello Thrust 1180–1181 Myszko´w area 231 Moine Thrust Zone 323 Monti Berici 1088, 1089, 1090 seismic surveys 334–336 Monti Lessini 1088–1089 Mo´jcza Limestone Formation 233, 234, Monto Grona Fault 1166 Nagoryany beds 1045 235 Moranci Formation 857 Nagygo¨rbo˝ Basin 1071 see North Alpine Foreland Moravia Nagyvisnyo´ Formation 571, 582–583 Basin Cambrian 172 Permian–Triassic boundary 751 Moldanubia Devonian 397–399 Namur sedimentation area 434 Silurian 255, 258 Moravian Gate 1014, 1290, 1291, 1293 Namur Synclinorium 390, 432 Moldanubian Plutonic Complex 715–716 Moravian Karst 890 Namur–Dinant Basin 431–432, 434–436 Moldanubian Zone 13, 52, 53, 60, 61, 68, Moravian Line 312 Namurian 508 70–79, 122, 602, 611 Moravo-Silesian Fold-Thrust Belt 500, magmatism 720–723 Cadomian basement 143, 144, 145 501–504, 642 sedimentation Cambrian 180, 181 Variscan tectonics 640–643 Belgium 434 Carboniferous sedimentation 466–467, Moravo-Silesian Zone 49, 52, 53, 54, 60, North German Basin 428–429 469–482, 507 61, 122 Naninne Formation 287 isostopic data 124 Cadomian basement 144–145 nappes Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Culm Basin 473, 500, 705 Austro-Alpine 893–894, 1160–1165, 711–713 Devonian magmatism 704–707 1171–1172 Silurian 272–276 Moray Firth, Jurassic sequence Black Forest 606, 607, 608, 610, 611 tectonic setting 419 stratigraphy 830, 831 East Sudetes 501, 626 Variscan tectonic evolution 611–617 Morcles Nappe 1148, 1149 Engadine Window 1155, 1156 western, Cambrian–Early Ordovician Mo¨rnsheim Formation 866, 872 Erzgebirge 66, 137 magmatism 180, 679 Moro, Abbe´ Anton Lazzaro (1687–1764) Helvetic 965, 966, 1148–1150 Moldanubicum see Moldanubian Zone 5 Cretaceous 968–970 Moldova, Jurassic 852, 854 fluorite deposit 1383 Inner Western Carpathian Crystalline Mo¨lln cycle 572, 575 Mosina Formation 1044 Zone 495 molluscs Most Extensive Glaciation 1308 metamorphic 457, 463, 475, 477–478 Devonian 387 Mostar Basin 1106, 1112 Middle Penninic 1156–1157 Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 Mosty Complex 36 Pre-Piedmontais 1157 Middle Cambrian 190 Mousty Formation 159, 160, 161, 208 Rehberg and Letovice complexes 693 molybdenum Mt S´le˛z˙a Complex, Cambrian–Early Saxo-Thuringian Zone 66 resources 1347 Ordovician magmatism 689, 690 Sub-Penninic 1150, 1152, 1154–1155 arc-related 1402–1404 Mulhouse High 1238 Tauern Window 481, 1152, 1154–5, granite-related 1376, 1382, 1414 Mulhouse Horst 1047 1159 porphyry type 1366–1367 Mu¨nchberg Complex 62, 67, 621–622 Ultrahelvetic, Palaeogene 1053, 1150 Mo¨mbris Formation 449, 630, 631 Cambrian 169, 193, 670–672 Upper Penninic 1157–1159, 1172 Møn, Cretaceous 939 nappes 457, 463 Valaisian 1155–1156 MONA LISA seismic project 332, 337– Devonian 403 Narayiv Formation 1045 340, 350–351, 357 Ordovician 219, 221, 224–225 Narva Group 388 Money Window 1157 Mu¨nder Formation 846 nautiloids Monian Supergroup 45,46 Mu¨nsterland Cretaceous Basin 929–930, Ordovician, Poland 234 Monian-Rosslare Terrane 44, 45, 46 945, 947 Silurian Mo´nosbe´l Unit 1211 Mu¨nstertal Nappe 607, 608 Austria 276, 277, 279, 282 Monotone Series 480 Mura-Zala Basin 1101, 1102 Montagne Noire 284 Monotonous Unit 76–77, 78, 79, 612 Mura´nˇ Formation 974 Proto-Alps Terrane 259 Møns Klint 939 Murau Nappe 1165 NEC seismic profile 332, 336, 356 monsoon Murchisonaeoolith Formation 866, 867 -Jagst Fault 1248 Permian 531–532 Mu¨ritz Subgroup 545 Neeroeteren 434 Triassic 752, 766 Mu¨rtschen Nappe 1148, 1149 Nena supercontinent 23 Mont Blanc Massif 1145–1146, 1147, Muschelkalk Formation 755, 775 Neogene 14 1148, 1149 biostratigraphy 760, 763–764 biostratigraphy 1037, 1042 Mont Terri Member 881, 882 Denmark 784 Carpathian Foredeep Montagne Noire 59 German Basin 776–777 Czech Republic 1081–1083 Carboniferous sedimentation 484 magnetostratigraphy 759 Poland 1083–1084, 1085

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Carpathians, Western Ukraine 1084– Nı´zke Tatry mountains 1199, 1200 North Sea Basin 1086 Nizky´ Jesenik Mountains 500, 502 biostratigraphy 1037 Croatia and north Bosnia 1103 Nizˇna´ Boca Formation 496 Cenozoic 1035 Danube Basin 1065–1066 Nizˇna´ succession 1196 palaeogeography 1039 Dinarides 1103, 1105–1106 Nobbin-Grauwacken Formation 218 volcanism 1042 East Slovak Basin 1066–1068 No¨rdliche Phyllitzone see Northern Eocene lithostratigraphy 1038 Phyllite Zone climate 1039 North Sea Basin 1040–1042 Nordrahmenzone 1159, 1160 sea-level change 1039–1040 Pannonian Basins System 1061, 1070– Nordsa¨chsisches Schiefergebirge see Neogene 1040–1042 1072 Northern Saxonian Slate Mountains sedimentation and stratigraphy Slovenia 1095 Noric Composite Terrane 187 1041–1042 Styrian Basin 1063–1064 Noric Nappe 475, 1162, 1163, 1168, 1170 transgression 1041–1042 Vienna Basin 1060, 1062–1063 Noric Terrane 474 Palaeogene 1036–1040 Neoproterozoic 10 Noric-Bosnian Terrane, Silurian 255, 259 sedimentation and stratigraphy Avalonian subduction 47 North Alpine Foreland Basin 1036–1040 palaeocontinental reconstruction 11 Cenozoic 1046, 1052, 1054–1058, tectonics 1036, 1040–1041 tectonics 26 1176, 1178 volcanism 1040, 1042 neotectonics sedimentation and stratigraphy 1046, North Sea Cycle 829, 830 North German Basin 1275–1277 1055–1058 North Sudetic Basin 561–562 Poland 1265–1270, 1266 Cenozoic tectonics 1237 Cretaceous 959–960, 961 Western Carpathians 1216–1217 oil and gas 1422, 1423–1424 North Swiss Permo-Carboniferous Basin Neotethys, opening 1012, 1016 North Armorican Massif 104, 106–121 484–485, 565, 566, 567 nephrite, resources 1412 palaeogeography 116–117 North Tre´gor Batholith 106, 113 Nerineenkalk 866, 869 structural evolution 115–116 North Variscan Foreland Basin, Neringa Formation 851 tectonic model 120–121 Carboniferous 428–430, 507 Netherlands tectonomagmatic events 119 Northeast German Basin, Rotliegend 545 Jurassic 836–842 terranes 118–120 Northern Calcareous Alps 1160, 1186 magmatism 841–842 North Armorican Shear Zone 56, 58, 104, Cretaceous 968, 970–971, 973, 1171 petroleum geology 841 107 Gosau Group 975–978 tectonic setting 836–837 North Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, synorogenic 974 uplift 837 Devonian basement 402 Jurassic 892–893, 894 Permian 550 North Bohemian Shear Zone 613, 616 radiolarite basin formation 895 Triassic, basin evolution 781–784 North Estonian Belt 34 Meliata Ocean 1168 Netzkater Formation 548 North German Basin 1000, 1001 Palaeogene, Gosau Group 1058–1060 Neuburg Formation 866, 872 Buntsandstein 1013 Permian 551, 552, 553, 580 Neukirchen-Kdyne˘ Massif 143, 180 Carboniferous sedimentation and Triassic 788, 789, 790, 1162 Cambrian–Early Ordovician magmatism 428–429 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826 magmatism 675–676, 677 Cretaceous 929–930, 942–949, 1007 Northern Gemeric Unit 491, 493, 494– Neunkirchen Magmatic Suite 632 inversion tectonics 946–949, 1003, 495 Neustadt Formation 548 1006, 1007 Permian 568, 569, 570, 582 Neuwied Basin 1323, 1324, 1329 Jurassic 842–846, 842 Northern German Dogger Group 842 Newer Granite 319, 321, 323–324 magmatism 539 Northern German Jurassic Supergroup nickel magnetotelluric surveys 352, 355 843 resources 1346, 1362, 1364–1365 neotectonics 1275–1277 Northern German Lias Group 842 Alpine domain ophiolite type 1399 Permian 534 Northern German Malm Group 842–843 disseminated 1375–1376 seismic surveys 340–342, 344, 345 Northern Greywacke Zone 237 embryonic ophiolite type 1395 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Northern Moravian Block 54 hydrothermal 1427 724–726 Northern Oberpfalz 455 rift-related 1392 tectonics 1270–1275 Northern Permian Basin 14, 550, 551, Niederha¨slich formation 563 North German Caledonides, seismic 1008, 1011, 1012 Niedersachsen Group 838, 840 surveys 340–343 Northern Phyllite Zone 218, 601, 636 Niederscho¨na Formation 954, 955 North Hungary Palaeogene Basin see Carboniferous 430, 442–446 Niedz´wiedz´ Amphibolite Massif 501 Buda Basin Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism Niemcza shear zone 501, 689, 690 North Mecklenburg High 936, 942 695–697 Niesen Nappe 1053 North Saxon Anticline 64, 65, 131, 141, tectonic setting 418 Nieuwerkerk Formation 838, 839 193 Northern Saxonian Slate Mountains 165, Niewachlo´w Beds 266 isotopic data 125 224 niobium North Sea Northwest European Basin resources 1347, 1361, 1378, 1427 Chalk Group 937, 938 coal 1406–1407 granite-related 1414 Devonian 385–386 petroleum 1419, 1420 Niremont Flysch 1053 thermal dome, Jurassic 1017 Northwest Saxony 162

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Northwest Saxony Volcanic Complex 729 Lower Saxony Basin 1421 palaeoceanography 204, 205 , North Sea, Chalk Group 938 Netherlands 841 palaeoclimate 204–205 Nossen-Wilsdruff Slate Belt 699, 700 Pannonian Basin 1426 palaeocontinental reconstruction 11 No¨tsch, Carboniferous sedimentation Paris Basin 1421 palaeogeography 205–206, 362 475–476 Po Basin 1422, 1425 palaeomagnetism 205 Nove´Meˇsto Belt 501, 625–626 production 1342 Pyrenees 59 Novohrad-No´gra´d Basin 1068, 1070 resources 1344 sea-level change 205 Novoveska´ Huta U–Mo deposit 1382 Upper Rhine Graben 1421, 1422, 1423 stratigraphical correlation 221, 226 Nowa Ruda Complex 689 Vienna Basin 1422, 1424–1425 stratigraphical subdivisions 203, 204, Nowe˛cin Formation 182 see also petroleum 211, 214 Nowolesie Gneiss 68 oil shale tectonic setting 205 NSDP seismic profile 332, 336, 356 Cenozoic basins 1409 see also Cambrian–Ordovician Numismalismergel Formation 865, 866 Cretaceous 1400 boundary Ny´rˇany Member 468 Jurassic 841, 1397 Ordovician–Silurian, mineralization Nysa Graben, Cretaceous 958, 959, 960 Messel Basin 1409 1362–1364 production 1342 Ordovician–Silurian boundary 249, 278 Oberalm Formation 896, 970–971, 1162 Triassic 1396 Ore-bearing Clay Formation 852 Oberer Graptolithenschiefer Formation see also Formation Origen (c.185-c.254ad)3 271 Oisquercq Formation 159, 161 Orla-Gołogłowy Unit 691 Oberer (Solinger) Tonschiefer 215 Olching Formation 1050 Orlica-S´niez˙nik Massif 142, 501, 625– Oberha¨slich Formation 954, 956 Old Red Sandstone 385–386, 393 626 Oberhof Basin 547, 548 Older Granite 319, 716–718 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Oberhof Formation 547, 548 Older Halite 577–579 magmatism 691–692 Oberpfalz, Late Devonian–Early olenids, Furongian 191 Orlice Graben, Permian 562, 563 Carboniferous magmatism 716–718 Oligocene Orlice-Sneznik Complex see Orlica- Oberpfalz Batholith 425, 469–470 climate 1032 S´niez˙nik Massif Oberpfa¨lzer Wald 180 Eastern Alps, tectonics 1178, 1179 Orlice-Zˇ d’a´r sub-basin 954, 955, 956, 958 Obtususton Formation 865, 866 North Sea Basin 1037, 1040 845–846, 866, 868, ocean closures 366–367 palaeogeography 1032 869 oceanography, see palaeoceanography Polish Lowland Basin 1044 Orobic Basement 1166 Ochtina´ Unit 1204 Upper Rhine Graben 1045 orogenic collapse 616, 617, 646–647, 721 Ociese˛ki Formation 174 Veneto 1090 Orsha-Volhyn aulacogen 37, 184 Lower Cambrian, palaeontology 188 Ølst Formation 1036 Osie˛ki Formation 183 Ockerkalk Formation 271, 276 Olsztyn Formation 849, 851 Oskarshamn-Jo¨nko¨ping Belt 32 Odenwald Crystalline Complex 67, 161– Ombret Formation 212 Oslo Graben, Carboniferous magmatism 162, 447–449, 448, 631 oncolites, Jurassic 428 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous southern Germany 868 Osning Sandstone 934, 935 magmatism 708–709 Swiss Jura 885, 886–887 Osnitsk-Mikashevichi Igneous Belt 34, 39 Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism oolites Osterholz interglacial 1289 697–698 German Basin 772, 777 O¨ stfold-Marstrand Belt 30,32–33 Variscan metamorphism 630, 632 Hungary 802 see also Bergstra¨sser Odenwald; Jurassic, northern Germany 846 Caledonides 307 Bo¨llstein Odenwald Swiss Jura 884–887 Carboniferous 416 Odenwald granitoids 425 Opalinuston Formation 866, 867, 883, 884 Devonian 386, 387 Odolov Formation 499 ophiolites eastern Rhenish Massif 393 Odra Fault Zone 52 Grampian Orogeny 362 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 Odra Formation 1042 mineralization 1395, 1399 Jurassic Odra glaciation 1291, 1293 Mt S´le˛z˙a Complex 690 Bohemian Massif 890 Oehrli Formation 968, 969 Piedmont-Ligurian nappes 1158 northern Germany 843 Oelsnitz subbasin 465–466 1155 Paris Basin 860 Ohrazenice Formation 178 Variscan suture zones 417, 445 Ordovician Ohrˇe cycle 572, 575, 580 ophiurids, Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 Bohemian Massif 227–228 Ohrˇe Graben 1255 Opole Basin, Cretaceous 960–962 Holy Cross Mountains 235 lignite 1408 Orava succession 1196 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 223 Ohrˇe ramp 955, 958 Oravic Superunit 1185, 1193, 1196 Silurian oil Oravice Event 974 Austria 282 Alpine Foreland Basin 1422, 1423– Oravicum 897 Franconian Terrane 269 1424 Ordovician 203–238 Montagne Noire 284 Carpathian Flysch Belt 1424 glaciation 204 Prague Basin 276 Carpathian Foreland 1424 magmatism 324, 328–329, 669–699 Triassic 807 Central Graben 1420–1421 Massif Central 59 ostracods, Cretaceous 925, 935

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Ostreenkalk Formation 866, 867 Palaeogene 14 Cambrian 187–192 Ostrong Unit 1357–1358 Alps 1051 Carboniferous 504–505 Ostrowiec Formation 849 biostratigraphy 1037, 1042, 1044 Jurassic 849–850, 854 Ottre´ Formation 213 Croatia and north Bosnia 1103 Paris Basin 861 Otzberg Shear Zone 447, 448, 449, 630 Helvetic Units 1049–1051 Permian 535, 583 O¨ tztal-Bundschuh Nappe System 1161, Inner Dinarides 1112 Triassic 807–808 1165, 1170 North Sea Basin 1036–1040 Palaeoproterozoic 22,23 O¨ tztal-Stubai Crystalline Basement 187 Outer Carpathians, Poland 1078–1081 Palaeotethys 12 Outer Carpathians, Polish, Palaeogene Outer Dinarides 1111–1112 subduction 1012, 1014 palaeogeography 1078 Slovenia 1095, 1096 Palaeozoic palaeomagnetism 1078 Paratethys 1098–1100 Late, development of Europe 13–14 sedimentation and stratigraphy 1078– Tethys 1098 magmatism 665–733 1081 Southern Alps, Italy 1087–1093 palaeocontinental reconstruction 12 Overturned Thrust Sheets 637, 639 palaeogeography Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Ovid (43 bc-ad 17) 1 Alps 1143–1145 Europe see PACE Cambrian 155–158, 186–187 Palaeozoic Platform Bohemian Massif 889–890 Caledonian terranes 358–368 gravity modelling 347 Northern Calcareous Alps 895–896 Carboniferous 412, 420–424 magnetic field data 347 northern Germany 844, 846 Cenozoic 1032, 1033–1035 seismic surveys 345 Polish Basin 857–858 Dinarides, Bosnia and Herzogovina Palatinate-Stockstadt Ridge 1048 southeast France 878–879 1111 Palfris Formation 968, 969 southern Germany 866, 869–870 North Alpine Foreland Basin 1054– Pałuki Formation 858 Swiss Jura 886–888, 887 1055 palynomorphs Western Carpathian basins 899, 900 North Sea Basin 1039 Carboniferous 416 Oxhe Formation 212 Upper Rhine Graben 1045, 1047 Cretaceous 925, 935 oxygen Cretaceous 924, 930–931, 941 Devonian 386 atmospheric Devonian 383–384 Ordovician Jurassic 829 Jurassic 825, 847 Black Forest 216 Silurian 249 Denmark 832 Bohemian Massif 227 isotopes, Silurian 250, 251 Paris Basin 861 Brabant Massif 208 oysters Southeast France Basin 880 Saxothuringian Zone 219, 220, 223 Cretaceous, Danish Basin 940 Swiss Jura 887 Permian 535 Jurassic, southern Germany 865, 867 Neogene Triassic, German Basin 760, 761, 762– Great Hungarian Plain 1073 763, 764, 766 PACE (Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Polish Carpathian Foredeep 1083 Pangaea 12, 13, 14, 26 Central Europe) 205 Ordovician 205–206 assemblage 415, 416, 420, 536, 599 Paczyn Gneisses 686–687 Palaeogene, Polish Outer Carpathians megamonsoon 766 Pag 1110 1078 palaeomagnetic reconstruction 538 Paimpol Formation 56–57 Permian 536, 537, 538 Permian 531–532 Palaeo-Pacific Ocean 10 Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone 1054 Triassic 1014 palaeoceanography Silurian 256 Pangaean Rim 538 Cretaceous 923–924 Slovenian Paratethys basins 1098 Pannonian Basin 571, 800, 801, 1101– Ordovician 204 Triassic 751, 752, 757–760, 768 1102, 1113 Palaeocene Variscan Orogeny 420–424 Cenozoic coal seams 1409 climate 1031–1032 Western Carpathians 1185, 1187, 1188, Miocene 1189 North Sea Basin 1036, 1037 1189 Neogene 1061, 1070–1072, 1103, sea-level change 1036 palaeohydrothermal activity 880 1104, 1212–1213 Palaeocene–Eocene boundary, Slovenian palaeomagnetic poles, Baltica 355 oil and gas 1426 Tethys basins 1094, 1098 palaeomagnetism south, Bosnia and Herzogovina 1111– Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum 14, Carboniferous 420 1112 1031, 1098 Cenozoic 1033, 1034, 1035 Pannotia see Vendia Supercontinent palaeoclimate Outer Dinarides 1108 Panthalassa Ocean 531, 532, 536, 538 Carboniferous 412, 414–416 Ordovician 205 Paratethys basins Cretaceous 923–924 Palaeogene, Polish Outer Carpathians Slovenia 1098–1102 Ordovician 204–205 1078 palaeogeography and tectonics Permian 531–533 Permian 538 1098 Silurian 249 Precambrian 26, 27 sedimentation and stratigraphy Triassic, Tethys Ocean 751–752, 766– Silurian 255–256 1098–1102 767 Tethys basins, Slovenia 1094 volcanism 1102 palaeoclimatology 16–17 Triassic 757–760 Paratethys Sea 1031 palaeocontinents, Silurian 253–255 palaeontology Parchim Formation 542, 545, 546

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Paris Basin Early–Middle, basins 539–572, 1008 Pindos Ocean 1014, 1016 Jurassic 858–864 intramontane basins 550–572, 1008 Pinerolo Unit 1152, 1157 geochemistry 864 Late, basins 572–583 Pingarten Porphyry 1383 palaeogeography 861 Late–Mid Triassic, tectonics 1012– Pisznice Formation 827 palaeontology 861 1013 Planˇava Formation 970, 972 sequence stratigraphy 861 mineralization 1387–1392 Planitz Formation 564 Magnetic Anomaly 606 palaeoclimate 531–533 Plankogel Complex 1163, 1165 oil 1421 palaeocontinental reconstruction 12 plants Triassic 1016–1017 palaeogeography 536, 537, 538 Carboniferous 504–505 Paseky Shales 176 palaeomagnetism 538 Devonian Lower Cambrian, palaeontology 188 palaeontology 583 eastern Rhenish Massif 393 Passwang Formation 883, 884 sea-level change 532–533 southeastern Poland 395, 396 Patacs Siltstone 805, 806 stratigraphy 533–536, 533, 584–585 forest Pavlovsko Formation 178 tectonics 536–538, 1005, 1008 Eemian Interglacial Stage 1294– peat 1410 Alps 1168 1295 Pebidian Supergroup 44, 45, 46, 47 Permian–Triassic boundary 749–751 Holsteinian interglacial 1292, 1296 Pechelbronn beds 1047, 1048 extinctions 583, 749, 751, 807 Weichselian Cold Stage 1301 pegmatites stratotype section 759 halophytic, Cenomanian 956 feldspar– 1375, 1378 Peruc Member 954, 955 Holocene 1298, 1302 LTC 1414 Perunica microcontinent 206 Jurassic Precambrian, southern Sweden 34 Silurian 254–255, 257, 258 Denmark 833 Pelso Megaunit 1185, 1187, 1210 biostratigraphy 276 Poland 850 Pelvoux Massif 1145–1146, 1147 Moldanubian Zone 272–276 Permian 583 Penninic Basins, Cretaceous 966–967, Petit Commune Formation 158, 159 Plassen Formation 896 970, 975 Petit-Mont Member, stromatactis mounds plate tectonics, Precambrian 21, 23 Penninic Domain 79, 80, 81–82, 891– 390 platinum group elements, resources 1362, 896, 1143 Petites Tailles Formation 213 1364–5, 1389, 1392 Palaeogene 1051–1053, 1173 petroleum, resources 1379, 1419–1426 Plato (c.428-c.348bc)3 nappes 1155–1160, 1172 see also oil Platta Nappe 1158–1159 Central Alps, Tertiary shear 1173– petroleum geology, Netherlands 841 Plattenkalk 786–787 1174 Petrova gora Mountain, mineral deposit Platy Dolomite 579–580 eastern Alps 1159–1160 1385 playa deposits see also Sub-Penninic Nappes Petrova´ Hora Formation 569 Buntsandstein 772, 782 Permian 551, 552, 553 Pfahl Fault 1254 Jurassic, Poland and Ukraine 857 Penninic Ocean 891–892, 895, 967, 975 Phanerozoic Keuper 766–767, 768, 778 Alpine tectonics 1143–1145, 1171, collision and rift history 13 Pleising Nappe 693 1176, 1178 tectonic units 2 Pleistocene Pennsylvanian 416 phosphate, resources, Variscan basement GSSP, Vrica section 1287 Penthie`vre Complex 109, 113, 120 1416–1417 Lower, ice age 1288–1289 Peri-Gondwana 25, 30, 104, 123, 667– phosphorus, resources 1400 mammals 1298–1300, 1303, 1304 668 Phycodes Group 220, 221, 222 Middle, north–central Europe, ice age fragments 319 phyllite 1289–1294 palaeogeography 145, 157 Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 451, Middle Pleistocene Event 1305 Silurian 254–255, 257, 258–259, 268– 669 north–central Europe 283 see also Northern Phyllite Zone aeolian sediments 1310, 1315–1318 Peri-Gondwana-Baltica suture 157 Phylloceratidae 825 fluvial record 1310–1315 Peri-Klippen Zone 1193, 1196 Pias´nica Formation 184 subdivision 1287–1288, 1289 Peri-Pieniny Zone 49 Piedmont-Ligurian Ocean 1143, 1144, Upper, north–central Europe, ice age Peri-Pieniny Lineament 1192 1145, 1156, 1168–1169 1294–1298 Peri-Tethys Upper Penninic nappes 1157–1159 Plenus Marl Formation 938 Triassic, tectonic setting 753–756 Pieniny Basin 897, 898 Plettenberger Ba¨nderschiefer 215 Triassic palaeoclimate 751–752 Pieniny Klippen Belt 896–897, 1185, Periadriatic Fault 276, 277, 1166 1191–1193, 1195, 1196–1198 northern Germany 843, 844 magmatism 1178 Cretaceous 970, 978 Poland 849 peridotite, Mt S´le˛z˙a Complex 690 tectonic evolution 1194, 1195, 1198 southeast France 876–877 Peripatetic philosophy 3 Pieniny Limestone Formation 970, 972 southern Germany 865, 866 Perkupa Formation 582 Pieniny succession 1196 Swiss Jura 881, 883 perlite, resources 1405 Pieniny Unit 1196 Pliny the Elder (ad 23–79) 3 Permian 531–586 Pieprzowe Formation 174 Pliocene basin modelling 537–538 Piesenkopf Formation 975 climate 1033, 1042 Early, magmatism 723–733 Pilbara Craton 22,23 Dinarides 1105

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North Sea Basin 1042 neotectonics 1265–1270, 1266 Western Paratethys basins 1102 north and northeastern, Cambrian 184 Carboniferous sedimentation 429– Polish Lowland Basin 1044 northeast, Precambrian 34–38 430 Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary 1287 northwestern, Cambrian 182–184 Cretaceous 948–949 north–central Europe, drainage patterns Ordovician 229–236 Pomerania Formation 1044 1291 Outer Carpathians, Palaeogene 1078– Pomeranian Basin, Lower Cretaceous 931 pollen, Rhine sediment terraces 1313 1081 Pomeranian-Ru¨gen Caledonides 186, Pliocene-Pleistocene, glaciation 14 Permian basins 563 315–316 Plo¨cken facies 277, 278–279 Pomerania, Ordovician 218 Pomorska Formation 772 Plo¨cken Formation 278, 279 Precambrian Pompeckj High 935, 936, 942, 944, 946, Plouer-Cancale Shear Zone 107, 115, 116 northeastern 34–38 947 plutonism southeastern 48–52 Ponikev Formation 502 North Armorican Massif 106, 109, 112, Quaternary Ponikla´/Czarno´w Formation 686, 687 115 glaciation 1291, 1293, 1297, 1299 Ponte Gardena Conglomerate 554–555 Stephanian–Early Permian 723–724 tectonism 1265–1270 poriferids, Lower Cambrian 188 plutons southeastern, Devonian 394–397 porphyry mineral deposits 1402–1404 Bohemian Massif 179–180, 716 southwest, Variscan tectonics 622–627, Port Morvan pluton 112 Caledonian granite 321, 323 639–640 Poruba Formation 1205, 1206 Cambrian, Bohemian Massif 179–180 Sudetes magmatism 326–328, 622– Posidonia Shale Formation 828, 837, 838, Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex 627, 1264–1265 841, 865, 866, 867 713–715 Zechstein 574, 575 Post Collisional Deposits, Massif Central Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex 453, Polesie Formation 38 484 454, 716–718 Polish Basin 999, 1000, 1001, 1004 potash Fichtelgebirge Crystalline Complex Buntsandstein 1013 evaporite resources 1391, 1401 456, 716–718 Jurassic 846–858, 1004 Zechstein 573, 574, 1391 Lithuania 40–41 Permian 540–543, 544 Potro´jna Formation 171 Moldanubian Plutonic Complex 715– sequence stratigraphy 535 Po¨tschen Limestone 804–805 716 Jurassic 829, 830, 831, 850 Pouzdrˇany Unit 1190 Odenwald Crystalline Complex 447– Zechstein 574, 1004 Povazˇsky Inovec Mountains 1199 448 Polish Jura Chain 851, 852, 854, 855 Pozˇa´ry Formation 275 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 64, 136 Polish Lowlands Basin Poznan´ Basin 562 Variscan granitoid 424–427 Cenozoic 1042–1044, 1264 Poznan´ Formation 1044 Po Basin faulting and graben development PQ2 seismic project 332, 340, 342 formation 14 1261–1263 Prabuty Formation 184 oil and gas 1422, 1425 palaeogeography and tectonics 1042 Praetiglian, climate change 1288 Podgo´rki Volcanic Complex 688 sedimentation and stratigraphy Pragian Podlasie Basin 260 1042–1044 Barrandian area 400 Podlasie Basin Silurian 265 volcanism 1044 Moravia 398–399 Podlasie Complex 35 Polish Trough 784 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 Podlasie-Belarus Granulite Belt 36, 38, 39 pollen southeastern Poland 395 Podmiedznik Formation 970, 972 Holocene 1298, 1302 Pragowiec Beds 266 Podolecka series 851 Jurassic Prague Basin, Silurian 255, 258, 272–276 Pogallo Shear Zone 1166 Paris Basin 860 Prague Basin facies 257, 272 Pohorje Pluton 1178 Poland 849–850 Prasinite-Phyllite Series 671 Pohorje Trough, Devonian 405 Last Glacial Maximum 1309 Pre-Piedmontais nappes 1157 Poland Lower Pleistocene 1288 Pre´alpes Me´dianes Nappe see Klippen Baltic Basin, Cambrian 182–184 Middle Pleistocene 1289–1290, 1292, Nappe Baltica, Silurian 263–267 1293 Precambrian 21–84, 23 Bundsandstein Formation, basin Plio-Pleistocene, Rhine sediment atmosphere 22,23 evolution 769–781 terraces 1313 continental crust formation 21, 22 Carboniferous sedimentation 441–442, Upper Pleistocene 1294, 1296, 1299, life 24 443 1301 palaeogeography 26–28, 29, 30 Carpathian Foredeep, Neogene 1083– POLONAISE seismic project 331, 332, subdivision 21, 23 1084, 1085 340, 345, 348, 357–358 tectonic units 2 Carpathian Foreland, tectonic evolution polymeroids, Middle Cambrian 190 Precambrian–Cambrian, metallogenesis 1258–1270 Pomerania 1357–1359 Cretaceous 927–928 Devonian 387 Predajna´ Formation 581 Jurassic 846–858 Jurassic 849, 850, 853, 854 Preisselberg granite 722–723 sequence stratigraphy 829, 830, 831, Ordovician 218 Preremarton Supergroup 1072, 1073 850–851 Silurian 263 Presumed Autochthonous Complexes, tectonic development 846–849 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 827 Massif Central 483–484

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Pretzsch-Prettin area, Late Devonian- Jurassic, southern Germany 870 Oligocene, Polish Lowland Basin 1044 Early Carboniferous 710–711 Silurian 282 see also transgression–regression Prˇı´bram-Jince Basin 176–178, 179, 677 Radko´w Bluff Sandstone 959 Rehberg Complex, Cambrian–Early palaeontology 188, 190 Radnice Group coal 468 Ordovician magmatism 692–694 Prˇı´dolı´ 252, 253 Radom region Reichenhall Formation 788, 789 Austria 277–279 Devonian 396 Reinbek transgression 1041 Belgium 286, 287 Silurian 266–267 Reiselsberg Formation 975 Franconian Terrane 269 Radzimowice Slate 230 remobilization, hydrothermal Lithuania 260, 261, 262, 263 Radzomowice Unit 688 1426–1427 Montagne Noire 284, 285 Radzyn´ Formation 186 Remscheid anticline 215, 315 Poland 263, 266–267 Rahlenberger Grauwackenschiefer 215 Renggeriton Member 866, 868, 869 Prague Basin 272, 273, 276 Raibl Formation 798 Rennertshofen Formation 866, 872 Prignitz Basin, Cretaceous 936 Rakovec Unit 1204 Rensen Pluton 1178 Pripyat-Dneper Basin, Jurassic 856 Rammelsberg, sulphide ores 1365–1366 Re´pa´shuta Limestone 802 Proman antiform 1166 Ran Ocean 364 reptiles Promina Beds 1110, 1111, 1112 Rand Granite 473 Jurassic, southern Germany 867 Promise lead–zinc mine 1410–1411 Variscan tectonics 607, 608, 609, 610, Triassic 760, 808 Prosecˇne´ Formation 559 611 reservoirs, oil and gas, Zechstein 573 Proterozoic 21, 23 Randamonys Complex 40 Reuchenette Formation 887, 888 Proto-Alps Terrane 645 Randamphibolit Unit 671 Reuver Clay 1313 palaeogeography 258–259 Randschiefer Formation see Go¨smes Reuverian Stage 1291 Protogine Zone 30, 31,32 Formation Revin Group 158, 159 dolerites 34 Rannach Nappe 276, 282 Rˇ evnice Quartzite 227 Provence Platform 877, 878, 879 Ransko Complex, mineral deposits 1362 Rhaetian 781, 790 Provence White Limestone 879 rapakivi rhax, Jurassic, Bohemian Massif 890 Pruske´ succession 1193 Mazury Complex 34, 35, 36–37 Rheic Ocean 10, 11, 12, 25–26, 205, 313, Przysucha Ore-bearing Formation 849 Ryga Batholith 41 445 Pseudoschwagerina Limestone 554 Rastenberg Pluton 716 closure 363, 418, 420, 474 Psilonotenton Formation 865, 866 Rastrites Shales Formation 267, 268 suture 55, 121, 123, 305, 317, Purpurberg Quartzite 131, 132, 134 Rattendorf Group 553–554 356–357, 418, 420, 599, 600, 602, Puzzle Hole Formation 838, 839 Rauchkofel Boden 277–278, 279 645 Pyrenees, Precambrian 59 Rawa Ruska Formation 857 see also Mid-German Crystalline pyrite 1361, 1362, 1363 Ra´zdiel Unit 1205 High pyrrhotite 1361, 1363 Recent Rhein Graben, Late Devonian–Early North German Basin, stresses and Carboniferous magmatism 708 quartz, resources 1375, 1378 seismicity 1273–1275 Rheinisches Schiefergebirge see Rhenish pegmatites 1414 Poland, stress fields 1269–1270, 1271 Massif sand, Cenozoic basins 1406 Rechnitz Window Group 893, 894, 1180 Rheinsberg Lineament 1010 vein-type 1412 Penninic nappes 1159 Rheinsberg Trough 1000, 1001, 1003, Quartzdiorite--Complex 630, Reckner Complex 1159 1009, 1016 631 reconstruction, palaeocontinental Rhenish Massif 315 quartzophyllades 213 Cenozoic 15 Carboniferous sedimentation 438–441, Quaternary 1287–1333 Mesozoic 15 636 faults, Poland 1267–1270 Neoproterozoic 11, 358–359 Cenozoic tectonics 1242–1243 ice-ages 1287–1310 Palaeozoic 12 Devonian 391–394 see also Pleistocene Precambrian 27–30 magmatism 701–704, 705 mineral resources 1409–1410 redwitzite 716–717 seismicity 1243 stratigraphic subdivision 1289, 1307 reefs Silurian 287 volcanism, Eifel volcanic fields 1318– Devonian uplift 1243 1333 Barrandian area 400 Variscan tectonics 633–636 Quinten Formation 968, 969 eastern Rhenish Massif 393–394 Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone Moravia 399 Cretaceous 967, 970, 973, 975 Raabs Unit 693 Jurassic, southern Germany 866, 869– Palaeogene 1046, 1050, 1053–1054 Raabs-Meisling Unit 612 871 Penninic nappes 1150, 1159 Rab 1110 Triassic 807, 826 Rhenohercynian Basin 418, 419, 420–421 Rabenwald talc deposit 1411 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 894 Carboniferous 430–431 Racˇa subunit 1191 Zechstein 576 Rhenohercynian Ocean 13, 384, 420, 646, radiolarians regression 700 basin formation, Northern Calcareous Devonian 389–391, 396 closure 418, 707 Alps 895 Neogene, North Alpine Foreland Basin Rhenohercynian Zone 13, 46–48, 61, 63, Devonian, Moravia 399 1056 122, 601

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Carboniferous Roitzsch Formation 461 coal 1367–1370 sedimentation and magmatism 430– Ro´kahegy Dolomite 805, 806 Rumunic Ridge 1170, 1171 442, 507, 636 Rokytna´ Conglomerate 562–563 Rupelian, Upper Rhine Graben 1048 Belgium and France 431–438 Romans, geological writings 1, 3 Ru¨sselsheim Basin 1048 Devonian 388–399 Rønne Formation 833–834 Ru¨ssingen Formation 1048 magmatism 700–701 Rønne Graben 833–834 Rya Formation 835 Germany 316 subsidence 936 Ryga Batholith 40–41 tectonic setting 418 Rønne-Hasle Fault 834 Rzepin Beds 266, 267 Rhine Valley Ronquie`res Formation 286 Rzeszotary Horst 49, 51 Quaternary sediment 1310–1315 Roquemaille`re Black Shale 284 Rzeszo´wek-Jakuszowa Unit 688 Rhineland-Palatinate, Variscan evolution Rossfeld Basin, Cretaceous 971 632 Rosslare Complex 46, 47 Saale Basin 460–462, 506 Rhodanian Basin 880–881 Rostotchya Formation 1045 Rotliegend 546–547 Rhoˆne 1308 Ro¨t Formation 763–764, 774–776, 782 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Rhoˆne-Bresse Graben 1235, 1236, 1240 Denmark 784 728–729 Rhume interglacial 1289–1290 Hungary 805 Saalian, mammals 1300 Rˇ ´cıˇany Suite 715 Rote Wand-Modereck Nappe 1154 Saalian Complex Stage 1291, 1292–1294, Rickenbach Member 882, 883 Rotgneiss Complex 449, 630, 631, 698– 1298 Rieden volcanic complex 1323, 1325– 699 Saalian Unconformity 535 1326 Rothenfluh Member 883, 884 Saar-Lorraine Basin, coal resources Ries meteorite impact crater 865, 1246, Rothstein Formation, backarc basin 125– 1387–1388 1248, 1056 127, 132, 133 Saar-Nahe Basin 458–460, 461, 506, 632 Rieserferner Pluton 1178 Rotliegend 533–535, 583, 586 Rotliegend 545, 547, 557–559 Rietheim Member 882, 883 Bohemian Massif 559–563 Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Rifgronden Member 840 Denmark 550 726–727 rifting Do¨hlen Basin 563 Sa¨chsisches Granulitgebirge see Saxonian Cretaceous 1019, 1020 Hessian Basin 545 Granulite Massif Jurassic 1017, 1018, 1019 Kraichgau-Saale Basin 545–547 Sa´dek Formation 176 Alps 1168–1169 magmatism 539 St Bernard Nappe 1157 Denmark 836 Netherlands 550 St Brieuc Unit 55, 56 Lower Saxony rift system 541, 545 Northeast German Basin 545 St Helens gabbro 46 Permian, Early 1005, 1008 Polish Basin 540–543, 544 St Malo Unit 56,57 Triassic 1016 Saale Basin 546–547 St Marein-Freischling Formation 1056, Triassic–Jurassic, southern Alps 1167 southeastern Variscides 563 1057 Upper Rhine Graben 1240–1241 tectonics 1005, 1008–1009, 1011 St Martin de Bossenay Fault 858, 859 Variscan 614 Thuringian Forest Basin 547, 548 Saint-Brieuc Terrane 109, 111, 112–114, Rigene´e Formation 208–209 rottenstone see tripoli 116, 118–119, 119, 120, 121 Rijeka hinterland 1110 Rotterode Formation 547, 548 Saint-Malo Terrane 111–112, 114–115, Ringkøbing-Fyn High 551, 928, 1000, Rozˇnˇava Formation 569 116, 118–120, 119, 121 1001 Rozˇnˇava Suture 1210 Sakmarian, palaeogeography 536 Jurassic 832, 835, 836 Ruda Lubycka Formation 857 salt see diapirism; evaporites; halokinesis Zechstein 1013 Rude mineral deposit 1384, 1385 Salvan-Dore´naz Basin 486–487, 488, 489, Rissian Glaciation see Most Extensive Rudawy Janowickie Complex see East 490 Glaciation Karkonosze Complex Salzberg Formation 948 rivers Rudina Formation 970, 972 San Giovanni Bianco Formation 798 Quaternary sediment terraces 1288, Rudnˇany Formation 495 San Salvatore Formation 796 1290, 1292, 1310–1315 Ru¨gen 315–316 Sana-Una Palaeozoic mineral deposit see also individual river names affinity 309, 317 1385 Robbedale Formation 936 boreholes 216–217 Sandersdorf Formation 460 Roches a` Sept Heures Formation 158, 159 Cambrian 186 Sa´ndorhegy Formation 802 Rocroi Massif 158, 159, 189, 213, 315 Devonian 386–387 Sandsteinkeuper subgroup 766 Variscan tectonics 637 Ordovician 214, 216–218, 365–366 Sanian glaciation 1291 Rodinia 10, 22, 23, 358, 359, 360 Precambrian 43 Sankt Pankraz Member 1051 reconstruction 11, 26, 27 Tournaisian sedimentation 428, 506 Sa¨ntis-Drusberg Nappe 1148, 1149, 1150 Roer Valley Graben 433, 437, 782, 784, Ru¨gen-, Cretaceous 948–949 Santonian 1241, 1242 Ruhla Crystalline Complex 67, 162, 449– Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 958 Cretaceous inversion 949, 950, 952, 450, 462, 547, 628–630 Danish Basin 938, 340 1241 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Gosau Group 978 Jurassic 837, 838, 839, 841 magmatism 709–710 Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 949 Ro¨gling Formation 866, 871, 872 Ruhla Group 628, 629 Mid-Polish Trough 942 Rohatce Member 954, 958 Ruhr Basin 438–439, 506 North German Basin 943

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inversion tectonics 947–948 Schambelen Member 881, 882 southeast France 876–879 Western Carpathians 978 Schams Nappe 1148, 1156 Western Carpathian basins 898–900 Sanzenkogel Formation 476 Sandstone 845 Miocene, North Sea Basin 1041 Sarajevo-Zenica Basin 1105, 1106, 1112 Schellenbru¨cke Bed 886 Neogene Sarbsko Formation 183 Schellerhau granite 722–723 Croatia 1105 Sardona Flysch 1150 Schieferhu¨lle 630, 631, 632 Styrian Basin 1064 Sark, Precambrian basement 106–109 Schieferzu¨ge, Odenwald Crystalline Vienna Basin 1062 Sˇa´rka Formation 227 Complex 447 Ordovician 205 Sarmatia 34,37 Schieland Group, Jurassic 838, 839 Palaeocene 1036 Sarmatian, Paratethys basins 1101 Schilfsandstein 754, 756, 778, 779, 787 Palaeogene, Helvetic Units 1051 Sarn Complex 44, 45, 46, 47 Schill Grund Member 838, 840, 841 Permian 532–533 Sart-Bernard Formation 212 Schin op Geul Fault 951, 952 Silurian 249–251, 277–278, 279, 284 Saualpe-Koralpe-Pohorje Complex 1163, Schiste carton 864 Triassic 752–753, 1014 1171 Schleitheim Bed 881 see also transgression–regression Sava Fault 1111 Schleswig-Holstein, Ordovician 218 seaways see gateways, marine Saxo-Thuringian Basin 462–465 Schlieren Flysch 1053 Sebesvı´z Conglomerate 802 Saxo-Thuringian Terrane, Silurian 270– Nappe 1158 SEDEX mineralization 1365, 1384, 1385, 271 Schmalwasserstein-Rennweg gneiss 450 1394–1395 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 13, 60, 61, 601, Schmiedefeld Erzhorizont 223 sediment 618 Schmiedefeld Formation 223 aeolian see loess allochthonous domain 621–622 Schneeberg Nappe 1168 fluvial see rivers, Pleistocene sediment autochthonous domain 619, 620 Schno¨ll Formation 893, 895 terraces back-arc basin 125–127, 132, 133, Scho¨neck Formation 545 sedimentation 135, 139, 146 Scho¨nfeld Unit 721, 722 Cambrian Cadomian basement 122, 123–137, Scho¨ningen Interglacial 1293 Baltic Basin 182–184 141, 145, 146 Schoonebeek oil field 841 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 136–137 Cambrian 157, 162–170, 620, 669 Schrattenkalk Formation 969, 970 Carboniferous, and magmatism 428– Carboniferous sedimentation 446–466, Schwarzburg Anticline 330, 621 482 507 Cambrian 166–167 Cenozoic Devonian depositional environments Cambrian–Early Ordovician Polish Lowlands 1042–1044 402–403, 619, 620 magmatism 681–682 Upper Rhine Graben 1047–1049 isotopic data 125 Ordovician 219, 220–223, 221 Cretaceous 925–930 Ordovician 218–225, 620 Schwarzburg Unit 62, 64, 123, 128, 141 Early, epicontinental basins 931–936 passive margin shelf basin 131, 132– backarc basin 125–127 Late, epicontinental basins 937–953 137, 134, 146 Cadomian retro-arc basin 129, 131 Lower Jurassic 849–851, 861, 864, plutons 64, 136 isotopic data 125 876–877, 880–881, 883 Precambrian 66–67 Kernzone Complex 127, 129 Western Carpathian basins 898–899, retro-arc basin 129, 132, 133, 135, 140, passive margin basin 135–136 900 146 Schwarzeck Formation 893, 894 Middle Jurassic 851–857, 864, 877– Silurian 254, 257–258, 620 Schwarzwald see Black Forest 878, 883–886 tectonic setting 419 Schweinheim Formation 449, 630, 631 Western Carpathian basins 899, 900 uranium resources 1377 Schlern Formation 796, 797 Neogene, North Sea 1041–1042 Variscan tectonic evolution 617–622 Sciliar Formation see Schlern Formation Ordovician, Brabant Massif 207–210 wrench-and-thrust zone 619, 620, 621 S´cinawka Unit 691 Palaeogene, Helvetic Units 1049 Saxonian Granulite Massif 63, 66–67, scoria cones, Eifel volcanic fields 1320, post-Cadomian 116 456–457, 459, 621–622 1324 Quaternary 1310–1318 Cambrian 169 Scotland, Grampian Orogeny 322 Upper Jurassic 840–841, 857–858, Ordovician 219 Scruff Greensand Formation 838, 840, 841 864, 878–879, 886–889 Saxony Scruff Group 838, 839–840 Western Carpathian basins 899, 900 northern, Ordovician 224 sea-level change Seewen Formation 975 Northwest 162 Cenozoic, Transylvanian Basin 1076, Seidlwinkl Nappe 1154 Saxony-Anhalt 1078 seismic data Cretaceous 945 Cretaceous 923, 924, 935–936, 1021, Caledonian Orogeny 329, 331, 332 Mid-German Crystalline Zone 628 1022 British Caledonides 333–337 Sa´zava Pluton 714–715 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 953, seismicity see earthquakes Scaglia rossa 1089 955–958 Selb Granitic Gneiss 456 Scaliger, Joseph (1540–1609) 4 Devonian 384–385, 399 Selec Phase 1215 309 Eocene, North Sea Basin 1039–1040 selenium, resources 1372 Scandinavian Caledonides 309 Jurassic 829, 831–832 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, the younger (c. seismic surveys 332, 337–340 Denmark 832, 833–836 3 bc–ad 65) 3 Scanian Confacies Belt 260, 268 Polish Basin 850–851, 854–858 Sengenthal Formation 866, 868

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Senice Shales 179 Solnhofen Formation 866, 872 Sennely Fault 858, 859 northern Germany 843, 844 Somogy-Mecsek-Kiskunhalas Basin 1072 Senovo Basin 1101 Poland 849 Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone 28, 343, 352, Sequanian platform 879 southeast France 876 357–8, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1005 sequence stratigraphy, Jurassic, Paris southern Germany 865, 866 Cretaceous 928, 940 Basin 861 Swiss Jura 881, 883 Jurassic 832, 835, 836 serpulids, Triassic 807 Western Carpathian basins 898–900 Sorthat Formation 834, 835 Sesia Nappe 1151, 1157–1159, 1173 Sissach Member 883, 884 Sose Bugt Member 833–834 shale, black see black shale; oil shale Sjaelland, Cretaceous 939 Sosnowiec Formation 170–171 shear, Tertiary, Central Alps 1173–1174 Skagerrak-Kattegat Platform, Jurassic South Alpine Domain 79, 80, 81, 1143 shelly fauna facies 257, 272, 274, 275 835, 836 tectonics 1165–1167, 1172 Shetland Group 937 Skalka Quartzite 227 South Armorican Shear Zone 104, 107 siderite Skalniak-Szczeliniec Sandstone 959 South Bohemian Basins, Cretaceous 959 resources 1361–1362, 1363, 1364, Ska˚ne, Cretaceous 940 South Bohemian Main Thrust 612 1365 skarn mineral deposits 1376, 1402–1404, South Brandenburg, Mid-German replacement 1385–1387 1414 Crystalline Zone 628 vein-type 1372 Skłoby Formation 849 South European terranes 383 Siegen Thrust 1323 Skole Basin, Palaeogene 1078–1081 Devonian, depositional environments Siemien´ Formation 1044 Skole Unit 1190 403–406 Silbersberg Nappe 1163 Skryje Shale, palaeontology 190 South German Triangle 1243–1253 Silesian 416 Skryje-Ty´rˇovice Basin 178–179, 677 Cenozoic tectonics 1245–1253 sedimentation 433–434 palaeontology 190 faults and stresses 1246–1249, 1252, Silesian Basin Skrznka shear zone 501 1253 Carboniferous, coal 1388 Slany´ Formation 468–469 seismicity 1245–1246, 1247, 1248 Jurassic 898 Slatvina´ Formation 495 South Hunsru¨ck Unit 443, 444 Palaeogene 1078–1081 Slavkov Terrane 52, 53, 54, 144–145 South Karkonosze Complex, Cambrian– Silesian Unit 1190 Slavkov Unit, isostopic data 124 Early Ordovician magmatism 684–685 Silesian-Krosno units 1190 Slawatycze series 37–38 South Slovak basins 1068–1070 Silesian-Moravian Gate 775–776, 777, Sleen Formation 837 South Unit 443, 444, 445 782 Slovak Basin, south Cenozoic 1068–1070 Southern Alpine basins, Cretaceous 968 Silesicum see East Sudetes Slovak Karst Mountains 1208, 1209, 1210 Southern Black Forest Gneiss Complex silica, resources, Cenozoic back-arc and Slovak 1200, 1201 473, 607 rift basins 1404–1405 Slovakia Variscan tectonics 608, 609, 610, 611 Silica Nappe 495, 1201 Permian 567, 568, 569–570 Southern Bohemian Batholith 425, 426, Silicic Superunit 1201 Western Carpathians Carboniferous 469–470 tectonics 1207–1208, 1209 basins 488, 490–496, 506 Southern Gemeric Unit 568, 569–570, 582 Silicicum 568, 570, 582, 897 Slovako-Carpathian tectonic system Southern Gneiss Unit, Late Devonian– Sillenkopf Basin 895 1201–1208 Early Carboniferous magmatism 712 Silurian 249–291 Slovenia Southern Palaeozoic Nappe Complexes, magmatism 694–699 Neogene 1095 Massif Central 484 palaeoclimate 249 Palaeogene 1095, 1096 Southern Permian Basin 14, 532, 535, palaeocontinents 253–255, 12 Paratethys basins 1098–1102 538, 539–550, 1008, 1011, 1012 palaeogeography 256 Tethys basins 1093–1098 gas 1419–1420 palaeomagnetism 255–256 Słowiec Formation 174 grabens 540, 541 sea-level change 249–251 Słowin´ska Formation 183 modelling 537 stratigraphical subdivisions 249, 250, Sma˚land-Va¨rmland Granite-Porphyry Belt Southern Phyllite Zone, Cambrian–Early 251, 252, 253 see Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt Ordovician magmatism 681–682 tectonic setting 253 smectite, resources Southern Steep Belt 1175 volcanism, Prague Basin 272 Cenozoic back-arc and rift basins Southern Veporic Unit 495 see also Ordovician–Silurian boundary 1404–1405 Southern Vosges Basin 470–472, 713 Silurian–Devonian boundary 400 Cenozoic foreland basins 1402 Søvind 1040 silver Smolnik Formation, sulphide ores 1366 Sovolusky Group 72 production 1342 Smrekovica Unit 1205 Crystalline Complex 67, 449, resources S´niez˙nik Massif 68, 691–692 630, 631 arc-related 1402–1404 Snowball Earth hypothesis 24 Cambrian 162 vein-type 1371–1372, 1377 sodium, evaporite resources 1391, 1392– Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Silvretta Nappe 187 1393, 1397 magmatism 709 Silvretta-Seckau Nappe System 1161, Sokal Formation 857 Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism 1163, 1170 Solingen Shale Formation 287 698–699 Simplon Fault 1175–1176 Solı´rov Phase 1214 Silurian, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 271 Sindelfingen Graben 1248, 1249–1250 Formation 782 Spießna¨gel section 282

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spilites 138 Barrandian area 400 Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous 1019, Spitz Gneiss 693 stromatolites 1397 1021 Buntsandstein 772 Neogene, Great Hungarian Plain 1073 Cretaceous, Danish Basin 940 and gypsum precipitation 1397 North German Basin 1007, 1008 Jurassic Hungary 802, 803 Paris Basin 858–859, 1013 Bohemian Massif 890 Jurassic, Polish Basin 854 Su¨ddeutsche Großscholle see South southern Germany 869, 870–1, 872 Precambrian 22,24 German Triangle Triassic 807 Triassic 807 Sudetes 60, 61, 63, 67–68, 69, 70, 122, spores stromatoporoids 496, 497, 623 Devonian 389 Devonian 387, 390, 391 Cadomian basement 137–138, 142 Jurassic, Poland 849–850, 857, 858 Barrandian area 400 Carboniferous volcanosedimentation Silurian 251, 252 eastern Rhenish Massif 393, 394 496–504 Sprendlinger Horst 545 Moravia 399 Cenozoic St-Julien High 873, 878 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403 faulting and graben development Stacho´w Complex 501, 689 southeastern Poland 396, 397 1263–1265 Staffelegg Formation 881, 882 Strona-Ceneri Zone 1166 volcanism 1264–1265 Stangnock Formation 477–478, 551 Stronie Formation 692 isotopic data 125 Stanner-Hanter Complex 44, 45, 46, 47 strontium, resources 1400 lithostratigraphy 624–625 Stare´ Hlavy Formation 974 strontium isotopes magmatism 326–328 Stare´ Hory Unit 1205 Cretaceous 925 Ordovician 229, 230–231 Stare´Meˇsto Belt 501, 626 Silurian 250, 251 Permian basins 559–560 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Strzelin Complex 68, 142, 501, 689 Silurian 288–289 magmatism 692 Strzelin Gneiss 68, 145 Variscan tectonic evolution 622–627 Starlera Nappe 1156 Stubensandstein Member 788 SUDETES seismic project 345 Stassfurt cycle 572, 574, 575, 577 Stuttgart Formation 766 Sudetic Boundary Fault 622 Stavelot-Venn Anticline 214 Styrian Basin, Neogene 1063–1064 Sudetic Marginal Fault 1263–1264, 1268 Stavelot-Venn Massif 158, 159, 211, 213, Styrian Unconformity 1101 Sudetic Ophiolite, Devonian 402 315, 1243 Sub-Alpine Molasse 1053, 1055, 1176 Sudmerberg Formation 948 Sˇteˇchovice Group 71, 73, 74, 75, 138–139 Sub-Penninic Nappes 1150, 1152 Sˇugov Phase 1214 Steige Unit 258, 633 Tauern Window 1152, 1154–1155 Su´l’ov Phase 1215 Steinach Nappe 478, 1165 Sub-Silesian Unit 1190 sulphate, Zechstein 572–573 Steinalm Limestone 788, 789, 803 Palaeogene 1078–1081 sulphide minerals 1360–1361, 1363–1364 Steinmergelkeuper 756, 766, 780–781 subduction sulphur, resources, Cenozoic foreland Steinplatte reef 826, 894 Avalonia 46, 47 basins 1402 Steno, Nicolaus (1638–1686) 5 Cadomian 121, 136, 146 Sulzfluh Limestone 893, 894 Stephanian Cambrian 156 Sulzfluh Nappe 1156 sedimentation 508 Cretaceous Su¨lzhayn Formation 549 North German Basin 429 Brianc¸onnais fragment 1172–1173 Sundgau Gravel 1048 Stephanian–Early Permian, magmatism Penninic oceans 1145, 1171, 1176, Su¨ntel Formation 846 723–733 1178 supergene deposits 1380, 1415–1418 Stephanian–Lower Rotliegend, Valais Ocean 1172–1173 superposition 6, 8 magmatism 539 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous, Suretta Nappe 1156 Stevns Klint 939–940, 1040 Rhenohercynian Ocean 707 sutures Sˇtı´tnik Formation 582 Magura Ocean 1189 Caledonian 331, 341, 342, 343, 345– Stod Granite 616 Meliata Ocean 1187 346, 350–352, 354–358 Stoic philosophy 3 Neoproterozoic, Metabasite Belt 54 Variscan 417, 419, 445 Stolzalpen Nappe 1165 Palaeotethys 1012, 1014 Suwałki Anorthosite Massif 34, 35, 36, Sˇto´s Unit 1204 Pangaean Rim 538 37, 1362 Strabo (c.63 bc–after ad 21) 3 Tertiary, Penninic Ocean 1176, Suwałki Formation 184 Strasˇice Complex 179 1178 Svaty´ Jan Volcanic Centre 272 stratigraphy, early ideas 5–6 Variscan 424, 645–646 Svecofennian crust 29, 31–32 Stra´zˇ orthogneiss 78 Massif Central 483 36 Stra´zˇovske´ vrchy mountains 1199 Rhenohercynian Basin 421 Svecofenno-Karelian domain 35 Strehlen Formation 954, 958 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 447, 622 Svecokarelian 29 strike-slip tectonics Sudetes 626 Sveconorwegian Deformation Front 30, British Caledonides 337 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 614 32, 33, 34 Oligocene, Dinarides 1111 Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin 930, 945, 32, 33, 34, 342 Variscan Orogen 647 947–948 Sveconorwegian Province 32–33 stromatactis mounds coal 1406 Sveˇtlı´k orthogneiss 78, 144, 145, 612 Devonian subsidence age 612 Ardennes 390, 391 Early Triassic 1013 Crystalline Unit 75

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Swabian Alb 864–873, 1244 Tauern Window 79, 80,81 see also Cenozoic; Neogene; Swabian Basin 880, 881 Cambrian 187 Palaeogene Swabian Lineament 1248 Carboniferous 480–482 Teˇsˇsı´n Formation 970, 972 Swabian Marl Basin 869 Glockner Nappe System 1159 Teˆte des Econduits fluorite deposit 1384 Swabian Realm 887 Jurassic 893, 894 Tethyan Domain, Jurassic 825–826, 830, SWAT seismic profile 356 Matrei Zone 1159 890–900 Sweden, southern, Precambrian 28–34 Miocene 1180 Tethyan realm S´wiebodzice Basin 402, 499, 625 Penninic nappes 1159 faunal migration, Triassic 807 S´wierzawa Unit 688 Sub-Penninic nappes 1152, 1154–1155 Triassic, stratigraphy and basin Swiss Jura Molasse, Cenozoic 1056 Tauglboden Basin 895 development 788–807 Swiss Molasse Basin 1235, 1236, 1237 Taunus Tethys basins Swiss Plateau Molasse 1055–1056 Devonian 392, 393 Slovenia 1093–1098 Switzerland Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism Palaeogene 1098 Cenozoic, North Alpine Foreland Basin 695–697 palaeomagnetism 1094 1055 see also South Taunus Unit sedimentation and stratigraphy Cretaceous 965, 966, 967, 968–970, Tavetsch Massif 1148, 1149 1094–1097 971, 975 Taveyannaz Formation 1053, 1055, 1146 Tethys Ocean 14, 531, 536 flysch 1046, 1049, 1051–1053 tectonics, salt see halokinesis Cretaceous 926 Jura Mountains, Jurassic 880–889 tectonism Triassic Permian 564–567 Alpine climate evolution 751–752 Triassic, basin evolution 785–788 Alps 1141–1181 sea-level change 752–753 Syrenov Formation 499 north of Alps 1233–1277 tectonic setting 756–757 Szarvasko˝ ophiolites 1187 Western Carpathians 1182–1217 tetrapods, Triassic 808 Szarvasko˝ Unit 1211 Cretaceous, Alps 1170–1173 Thales of Miletus (c. 624–548/ Szczecin Depression, Palaeocene 1042 Jurassic 545 bc)1 Szczecin Formation 1044 Alps 1168–1170 Thanetian transgression 1036 Szczecin Trough 855, 856 Poland 846–849 Tharandt Volcanic Complex 730 Szentle´lek Formation 571, 572, 582 North Armorican Massif 120–121 Thaya Nappe 693 Szinpetri Limestone 803 North German Basin 1270–1275 Thaya Terrane 52, 53, 144–145 Szolnok Flysch Basin 1074–1075 Permian, Alps 1168 isostopic data 124 Permian–Cretaceous 999–1026 Theophilus of Antioch (ad 115–181) 4 Tabajd Anhydrite Formation 571, 582 Precambrian, Lithuania 42–43 Therasburg Formation 52 Tabular Jura 880, 881, 882, 883, 886, 888 Quaternary, Poland 1265–1270 Thimensart Formation 287 Triassic sediments 785, 788 Tertiary–present, Alps 1173–1181 tholeiite Tagyon Formation 800 Triassic, Alps 1168 Cambrian, Bohemian Massif 179 talc Variscan 599–649 Precambrian, Slawatycze series 38 production 1342 Western Baltic Sea 1272–1273 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 74 resources 1375, 1378–1379, 1411– Tegelen Formation 1313 Thor-Tornquist Suture 25 1412 tentaculitids, Devonian 388, 403 Thule landbridge 1036, 1041 Tambach Formation 547, 548 tephra, Eifel Volcanic Fields 1318–1333 Thule volcanism 1036, 1040 Tambo Nappe 1156 Tepla´ Crystalline Complex 614, 675, 676 Thuringia, Saxo-Thuringian Terrane, Tanne Zone 634, 635 Tepla´ Unit 674 Silurian 270–271 Tannheim Formation 974 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 60, 61, 68, 70–75, Thuringian Basin, Cretaceous 946 Tannheim-Losenstein Basin 974, 1162, 122, 613 Thuringian Facies 220, 257, 274, 464– 1170 Cadomian basement 138–140, 142–144 465 Tanowo Formation 1044 Cambrian 176–180, 189, 193 Thuringian Forest Basin 460–462, 506, tantalum Cambrian–Early Ordovician 545, 547 resources 1347, 1378 magmatism 674–675 Rotliegend 547, 548 granite-related 1414 Carboniferous sedimentation 466–469, Stephanian–Early Permian magmatism Tarntal Formation 893, 894 507 727–728 Tartarian, palaeogeography 537 Devonian 399–402, 614 Thuringian Main Granite 450, 710 Tarvis Breccia 553, 554, 581 isostopic data 124 Thuringian Trough 1256 Tasna Nappe 1156, 1172, 1173 Ordovician 225–229 Thuringian–Franconian Slate Mountains Tatra mountains 1199 Variscan tectonics 612–617 165–168, 959 Tatra-Fatra Belt 1185, 1199–1200, 1206 Teplice Formation 954, 958 Tiefenbach Formation 167–168 Tatric High, Cretaceous 973–974 Teplice Rhyolites 721–722 Tier d’Olne Formation 212 Tatric Superunit 1199 Ternopil beds 1045 Tiglian Stage 1291 tectonics 1201–1202 Terres Noires Formation 878, 880 climate change 1288 Tatricum 567, 568, 570, 581, 799, 897, Terschelling Basin 837, 839, 840, 841 tin, resources 1347, 1362 1186 Tertiary granite-related 1376 Tauern district, gold 1412 tectonics, Alps 1173–1181 placer deposits 1381, 1389, 1410

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Tine´e High 873, 878 Traischbachschiefer Formation 216 Jurassic 829, 831 Tirolic Nappe System 1154, 1160, 1161, Trans-European Suture Zone 9, 34, 37, southeast France 876–879 1162–1163, 1169 48, 265, 306, 1258 Namurian and Westphalian 429 Tirolic unit 892, 893 seismic surveys 332, 343, 345–346, Neogene, Vienna Basin 1060, 1062 Tisza Mega-unit 571, 572, 583, 805–807 357–358 Silurian, Lithuania 262–263 Triassic basin evolution 805–807 see also Tornquist Suture; Tornquist- Triassic, Swiss Jura 786–787 titanium, resources 1346, 1362 Teisseyre Lineament Transitional Beds, Dalmatia 1109, 1110, placer deposits 1401, 1410 Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt 30, 31, 1111 Tithonian 32, 34 Transylvanian Basin 1075–1078 northern Germany 844, 846 Transcarpathian Basin palaeogeography and tectonics 1075– southeast France 879 Neogene 1066, 1067, 1084–1085, 1213 1076 southern Germany 866, 871–872 volcanism 1086, 1213 sedimentation and stratigraphy 1076, Swiss Jura 887, 888–889 Transcarpathian Depression, Cenozoic 1077, 1078 Western Carpathian basins 899, 900 1043 volcanism 1078 Tlumacˇov Formation 970, 972 Transdanubian Range 1186 Trasadingen Bed 882, 883 Toarcian Cretaceous 976–977 Travenazes Formation see Raibl northern Germany 843–844, 844 Permian 570–572, 582 Formation Poland 849 Triassic 800–802 Trˇebonˇ Basin, Cretaceous 959 southeast France 877 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 827 Trebovac Mountains 1112 southern Germany 865, 866, 867 Transdanubian Superunit 1211–1212 Tregiovo Basin 555 Swiss Jura 881, 882, 883 transgression Tre´gor-La Hague Terrane 106, 108–109, Western Carpathian basins 900 Cenozoic 111, 116, 118–119, 119, 120, 121 Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event 828, 831, Harz Mountains 1257 Tre´gor-North Cotentin Domain 55, 56, 57 849, 850 Transylvanian Basin 1076, 1078 Tremadocian Gneiss 607, 608 Cretaceous Alps 237 Tommarp Formation 267 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 955, Ardennes Inliers 213 Tor Formation 938–939 956 Bohemian Massif 228 TOR seismic project 332, 340, 343 North German Basin 947 Brabant Massif 208 Torgau-Doberlug Basin 466 Jurassic Condroz Inlier 210 Torgau-Doberlug Syncline 62, 64, 129, Denmark 833–835 East European Platform 236 141, 625 Netherlands 840–841 Franconia 224 backarc basin 125–127 Polish Basin 850, 854–857 Holy Cross Mountains 233, 234 Cambrian–Early Ordovician Western Carpathian basins 898–900 northern Germany 217 magmatism 682–683 Neogene Trˇenice Formation 226 see also Delitsch-Torgau-Doberlug Danube Basin 1065 Trento Platform 1087–1088 Syncline Little Hungarian Plain 1070 Tressenstein Formation 896 Tornaic Superunit 1210 North Sea Basin 1041–1042 Treutlingen Formation 866, 870 Tornquist Fan 358 Swiss Plateau Molasse 1056 Triassic 749–808 Tornquist Ocean 10, 155, 229, 305, 326– Palaeogene basin evolution 328, 352, 445 North Sea Basin 1036, 1039 Denmark 784 closure 365, 366–367 Polish Lowland Basin 1042, 1044 Germany and Poland 769–781 Ordovician 365 Upper Rhine Graben 1045, 1047, Hungary 800–807 reconstruction 11 1048 Netherlands 781–784 Silurian 256 Venetia 1089–1090 Northern Calcareous Alps 788, 789, Tornquist Suture, geophysical Permian–Triassic, Alps 1168 790 identification 350–352, 354 Silurian, Alps 277 Southern Alps 790–798 Tornquist Zone Thanetian 1036 Switzerland 785–788 heat-flow 350 Triassic Western Carpathians 798–799 seismic surveys 332, 340, 342, 343, Alps 1168 biostratigraphy 760–766 358 German Basin 771–772, 775–776, mineralization 1392–1396 Tornquist-Teisseyre Fault Zone 28, 309, 777 palaeoclimate, Tethys Ocean 751–752, 352, 357, 537, 1001, 1008, 1016 Netherlands 782 766–767 seismic surveys 346 Zechstein 573–580, 1013–1014 palaeogeography 757–760 Tornquist-Teisseyre Lineament 25, 229, transgression–regression palaeomagnetism 757–760 537 Carboniferous, Auernig cyclothems palaeontology 807–808 Tournaisian 479, 480 sea-level change 752–753 sedimentation Cretaceous 924, 931–932, 935–937 sequence stratigraphy 749, 767 Namur-Dinant Basin 435–436 Devonian 384–385, 387, 388, 389– tectonism 1012–1017 north and east Bohemia 473 391, 393, 396 Alps 1168 North German Basin 428 Eocene–Oligocene, North Sea Basin Tethyan realm, stratigraphy and basin Western Pomerania 429, 430 1040 development 788–807

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Triassic–Jurassic boundary 826–827 Turba Normal Fault 1148, 1156, 1158, Upper Marine Molasse 1055, 1056, 1057, platform drowning 894 1173–1174 1176 Tribecˇ Mountains 1199, 1200 turbidites, Carboniferous, Rhenish Massif Upper Penninic nappes 1157–1159 Tribotte Formation 208 438, 439, 440 Upper Rhine Graben 1235 Triebenreuth Formation 168 Tu¨rkenkogel Formation 893, 894 Cenozoic 1045–1049 Trigonodusdolomit 786–787 Turnaic Unit 495, 568, 570, 582 palaeogeography and tectonics 1045, trilobites Turnaicum see Turnaic Unit 1047 Caledonides 307 Turonian sedimentation and stratigraphy 1046, Cambrian 155 Austro-Alpine domain 975 1047–1049 Baltic Basin 182, 183, 184, 192 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin 957–958 tectonics 1238–1241 Bohemia 176, 178–179, 188, 190 Danish Basin 937–938, 938 deformation 1240–1241 Brunovistulian Terrane 170 Gosau Group 978 graben formation 1240–1241 Franconian Forest 168, 188, 190 Helvetic basins 975 Jurassic 866, 869 Holy Cross Mountains 172–173, Mid-Polish Trough 942 oil 1421, 1422, 1423 174, 188, 190, 191, 192 North German Basin 943, 944–945 Quaternary sediment 1311, 1318 Lower 188 Turonian–Coniacian boundary 925 seismicity 1240 Lublin-Podlaise Basin 185, 186, Tuzla Basin, Neogene 1105, 1112–1113 structure 1238 192 Twannback Formation 887, 889 volcanism 1240 Lusatia 163–165, 188 Ty´nec Formation 468 Upper Silesian Basin 473, 503–504, 852– Carboniferous 411 Ty´rˇovice Conglomerate 178 854 Devonian 388 Tyszowce Formation 857 coal 1370–1371 Barrandian area 400, 401 Upper Silesian Massif 48–49, 50, 51–52, Moravia 398 311 Ordovician 308 Uebernthal-Gommern Unit 634, 635 Devonian 395–397 Alps 236 Uggwakalk Formation 236 Silurian 267 Bohemian Massif 226, 227–228 Uggwaschiefer Formation 236 Upper Silesian zinc–lead mining district Brabant Massif 210 Ukraine 1395 Condroz Inlier 212 Jurassic 846, 851, 852, 854, 855, 857– Ur supercontinent 22,23 Holy Cross Mountains 233, 234 858 uranium Saxothuringian Zone 221, 222, 223, Western, Carpathians, Neogene 1084– production 1342 224 1086 resources 1347–1348, 1359, 1381 western Germany 215 Ulmen Maar volcano 1323 black shale type 1363–1364 Silurian Tephra 1298, 1302 intermontane basins 1389 Austria 276, 277, 279, 282 Ultra-Helvetic Nappes 1150, 1178 red-bed type deposits 1390, 1392 Montagne Noire 284 Cretaceous 966, 968, 970, 975 unconformity-related 1418–1419 Poland 265 Palaeogene 1036, 1049, 1050, 1053 vein-like 1380 Proto-Alps Terrane 259 Uniformitarianism 8–9 vein-type 1377–1378, 1382–1383 tripoli, resources, Late Alpine Unkersdorf Formation 563 Urgonian 974 unconformities 1416 Unterer Graptolithenschiefer Formation Uriconian Group 44, 45, 46, 47 Tr´nˇa Formation 495 271 urstromtal 1293, 1297, 1310 Tro¨bitz Formation 165 Unterer (Kiesberter) Tonschiefer 215 Usarzo´w Formation 174 Trochitenkalk 786 uplift Usseltal Formation 866, 872 Trogkofel Group 553–554 Cenozoic, Rhenish Massif 1242–1243 Ussher, Archbishop James (1581–1656) 4 Tromm pluton 448 Cretaceous trondhjemite Harz Block 948, 1257 Vaals Formation 949, 950, 951 Rand Granite 609 Mid-Polish Trough 1259–1261 Vahic Ocean 1198 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 675 Jurassic Vahic Superunit 1186, 1197–1198 Truse Formation 450, 710 Denmark 835 Vahicum see Vahic Superunit Trusetal Group 628–629 Netherlands 837 Val Colla Zone 1166 Tsate´ Nappe 1151, 1157–1159, 1173 Mid-Jurassic 1017–1019 Val d’Illiez Formation 1053, 1055 TTZ seismic project 345 Upohlav conglomerates 1196 Val Visdende Formation 237 Tubize Formation 159, 160, 161 Upper Austro-Alpine tectonic units Valais Ocean 1143, 1145, 1155, 1156, Tuha´r Phase 1214 Permian 551–553 1172–1173 Tu¨llinger Kalk 1048 Zechstein 580–581 Valaisian Nappes 1155 tundra, Weichselian Cold Stage 1295 Upper Brioverian Group 57, 58 Valanginian tungsten Upper Coloured Molasse 1057 Helvetic Basin 968 production 1342 Upper Elbe fault zone 626 Lower Saxony Basin 935 resources 1347–1348, 1362 Upper Epizonal Units 483 Mid-Polish Trough 932, 933 granite-related 1376, 1414 Upper Freshwater Molasse 1055, 1056 sea-level change 924 porphyry type 1366 Upper Gneiss Unit 483 Valsugana Thrust 1180 vein-type 1374–1375 Upper Graben Formation 838, 839 Vanzone antiform 1175

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Vardar Ocean 1143 sedimentation and stratigraphy Vlieland Sandstone Formation 841 Varesˇ metallogenic province 1393 1087–1091, 1094 , volcanism 1047, 1255, 1256 Variansmergel Formation 866, 868 tectonics 1087 Vogtendorf Formation 224 Varied Unit 77, 78, 79, 612 volcanism 1091–1092 Variscan basement 330 Veneto Volcanic Province 1092 Cambrian 169, 189 geophysics 603 Veneto, western, Cenozoic 1087–1090 Devonian 403 seismic surveys 332 Vepor Sub-belt 1201 Ordovician 221, 223 Variscan Deformation Front 417, 858, 859 Vepor-Gemer Belt 1200–1201 Voirons Flysch 1053 Variscan Foreland Basin 639–640, 641, Veporic Superunit 567, 568, 570, 581, volcanic field analysis 1320–1321 720 897, 1186, 1201, 1206 volcanism coal 1367–1371 tectonics 1202–1204 Caledonian 324–325 ironstone 1371 Veporicum see Veporic Superunit Cambrian Permian basins 539–550 Vermenton Fault 858, 859 Bohemian Massif 179–180 sedimentation and magmatism 430 Verona Hills 1088 Mid-German Crystalline High 161 442, 720 Verˇovice Formation 970, 972 Carboniferous 427–428 Variscan Gondwana Terranes 2 Versoyen Complex 1155 Cenozoic Variscan Orogen 75, 412, 413, 417–419, Croatia and north Bosnia 1105– 666, 667–669 Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 1106 architecture 601 Silurian 251, 252 North Sea Basin 1040, 1042 basin evolution 417, 420, 484 Triassic 760, 807–808 Polish Lowlands Basin 1044 evolution 422 Vesser Complex, Cambrian–Early Slovenian Paratethys basins 1102 Externides 602–603, 633–636, 639– Ordovician magmatism 681–682 Sudetes 1264–1265 644 Vesser Zone 162 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Internides 483–496, 507, 602–603, Vestervik-Gotland block 38, 39 826, 828 606–627 Veszpre´m Marl 802 Devonian intramontane Permian basins 550–572 Veverska´Bı´tisˇka Formation 563 Moravia 399 Kossmat’s classification 418, 601–602 Vichenet Formation 286 Rhenish Massif 702–703 magmatism 424–428 Vienna Basin 1212–1213 Eastern, 393–394 orogenic collapse 616, 617, 646–647 Neogene 1060, 1062–1063 Saxo-Thuringian Zone 403, 619 strike-slip tectonics 647 oil and gas 1422, 1424–1425 Devonian-Carboniferous, Rheno- Variscan Orogeny 13, 60, 66, 70, 411, Vieux-Moulins de Thilay Formation 213– hercynian 431, 703–704 420, 599, 600 214 Jurassic Bohemian Massif 121, 123, 469–470 Viganva´r Limestone 805, 806 Denmark 832, 835 Moldanubian Zone 469–482 Vijlen Member 949, 950, 951 Netherlands 840, 842 palaeogeography 420–424 Viking Graben 1017 Kaiserstuhl, Upper Rhine Graben 1240, Variscan tectonics 599–649 Ville´ Unit 633 1244 generic model 648–649 Villingen Formation 887, 888 Late Precambrian, eastern Poland 37– lithospheric plates 645 Vindelician landmass 865, 867 38 orogenic collapse 616, 617, 646–647 Vinice Formation 227–228 Neogene subduction 645–646 Vinodol 1110 East Slovak Basin 1068 see also subduction, Variscan Virgloria Formation 788, 789 metallogenesis 1402–1405 Variscides 46, 48, 53 Vise´-Maastricht sedimentation area 434– Pannonian Basin System 1213 geodynamic model 648–649 435 Transcarpathian Basin 1086 southeastern, Permian basins 563 Visean Transylvanian Basin 1078 see also Variscan Orogen; Variscan Black Forest, tectonic evolution 610, Neoproterozoic, Saxo-Thuringian Zone tectonics 611 64 VARNET seismic project 332, 337 cyclothems 417 Ordovician, Bohemian Massif 228–229 Varnkevitz-Sandstein Formation 217 magmatism 428 Palaeogene, Venetian Pre-Alps 1091– Va´rpalota Basin 1071 palaeogeography 421 1092 Va´szoly Formation 802 sedimentation Polish Basin 540, 1044 Vaulruz Formation 1055 Campine Basin 437 Precambrian, Armorican Massif 56–57, Vbrno Group 706 Namur-Dinant Basin 435–436 58 Veitsch Nappe 475, 1163 North German Basin 428 Quaternary, Eifel volcanic fields 1318– Vel’ka´ Fatra mountains 1199, 1200 Rhenish Massif 438 1333 Velke´ Vbrno Nappe 501 Western Pomerania 429 Rotliegend Vel’ky´ Bok Unit 1202, 1206 Vissoul Formation 286 Northern Germany 539 Vendia supercontinent 10, 11, 22, 23, 26 Vitebsk Granulite Domain 34 Thuringian Forest Basin 547 Venediger Nappe System 1154–1155 Vitrival-Bruye`re Formation 212 Saint-Brieuc Terrane 113–114 Venetian Pre-Alps Vittel Fault 858, 859 Silurian Palaeogene 1087–1092, 1094 Vitznau Formation 968, 969 Graz area 282–283 palaeogeography 1087 Vlieland Basin 839, 840 Prague Basin 272

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South German Triangle 1246, 1249 Weichselian Cold Stage 1295, 1297– tectonic evolution 1208–1210 Stephanian–Early Permian 723–732 1298, 1299, 1301 crust 1216 Tepla´-Barrandian Unit 74–75 mammals 1300 evolution 1185–1189 Thule 1036, 1040 Weichselian icesheet 14 External 1182–1183, 1184 Triassic 752 Weinheim-Waldmichelbach Schist Zone Internal 1184, 1185, 1210–1212 Hungary 802 631, 632 tectonic evolution 1212 Southern Alps 797 Weinsberg Pluton 716 Jurassic 897–900 Upper Rhine Graben 1240 Weissenstein Member 881, 882 lithosphere 1215–1216 Variscan, northern Alps 484 Weissliegend 573, 575 neotectonics 1216 Vogelsberg 1255, 1256 Weiteveen Formation 838, 840, 841 Outer Vosges Basin 471–472 Weitwies Member 1051 Cretaceous 966, 970, 972, 978 Westphalian, Altenberg-Teplice Caldera Wellengebirge 785–786 Jurassic 896–897 721–722 Wenlock 252, 253 palaeogeography 1185, 1187, 1188, Volhynian Series 37, 38 Austria 277–279 1189 Volhyno-Podolian Plate, Cenozoic 1043, Bornholm 267–268 Permian 581 1044–1045 Brabant Massif 286 siderite and magnesite deposits 1386– Volovec Unit 1204 Carnic Alps 281 1387 Volpriehausen Sandstone 772, 782 Franconian Terrane 268, 269 subdivision 1181–1185 Vosges Mountains 216, 459, 631, 1238, Lithuania 261–263 tectonics 1142, 1182–1217 1239 Montagne Noire 284 Cretaceous 1214–1215 Cambrian 181, 182 Poland 263, 266–267 Jurassic 1214 Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Prague Basin 272, 273, 276 Permian–Triassic 1213–1214 magmatism 712–713 sea-level change 250 Tertiary–present 1215 Northern, Carboniferous sedimentation Werfen Formation 581, 788, 789, 791, Triassic 798–799, 800 457 794, 1167 Triassic–Jurassic boundary 827 southern 470–472 Werkendam Formation 837, 838 Western Gate see Burgundy Gate Variscan evolution 633 Werna Formation 549 Western Moldanubian Terrane, Cambrian– Vosnı´k Conglomerate 179 Werner, Abraham Gottlieb (1749–1817) Early Ordovician magmatism 679 Vo¨stenhof-Kaintaleck Nappe 1163 6–7 Westphalian 508 Vrchlabı´ Formation 559 Werra Anhydrite 574, 576–577 magmatism 720–723 Vrica section, Pleistocene GSSP 1287 Werra cycle 572, 573, 574, 575, 576 sedimentation Vysoka´ succession 1205–1206 Pluton 448 Belgium 434 Weschnitz-Heidelberg-Tromm Intrusive Erzgebirge Basin 466 Wacken-Do¨mnitz warm stage 1292–1293 Complex 632 North German Basin 429 Wa¨gital Flysch Nappe 1053, 1158 West African Craton 103, 117, 120, 133, Poland 442 Waldenburg Member 883, 884 145 Saale Basin 461 Waldershof Gneiss 456 West Bohemian Shear Zone 613, 616 Sudetes 499, 503 Walentowa Phase 1214 West Eifel volcanic field 1321–1323 Western Pomerania 429 Wallonian Basin 437–438 West Lithuanian Granulite Domain 38– Wetterstein Complex 799, 803 coal 1367 43, 39 Wetzldorf Group 271 Wang Formation 975 West Mecklenburg Basin 545, 546 Wielkopolska Ridge 848, 855 Wanne Formation 158, 159 West Netherlands Basin, Jurassic 837, Wielkopolska Subgroup 540 Warren House Formation 46, 47 838, 839, 841 Wiesbachtal Mylonite 443 Warsaw- Urstromtal 1297 West Orkney Basin, seismic survey 335– Wiesbaden Formation 1048 Warsaw-Torun-Eberswalde Urstromtal 336 -Wehra diatexites 607, 608 1297 West Pomerania, Cretaceous 948–949 Wiese-Wehra Nappe, Late Devonian– Wartanian Glaciation 1293 West Sudetes 498–499, 624 Early Carboniferous magmatism 712 Wartenstein Gneiss 443, 633 West Sudetic Island 956, 957 Wildenfels Complex 457, 463 Warthe substage 1293–1294 West Thuringian Fault 450, 547 Devonian 403 Waschberg-Zˇ da´nice Zone 1190 Western Asian Mountain Range 538 Ordovician 221, 224 Cretaceous 964, 973 Western Bohemian Basin, coal 1388 Wildenstein Formation 168 Wasserburg Basin, Cretaceous 963–964 Western Carpathian Crystalline Zone wildflysch 1053, 1196 Waulsortian reefs 431, 435, 436, 637 central 490–491, 567, 581–582 Wildhorn nappe 1148, 1149 Wealden facies Inner 569–570, 582 Wildseeloder Unit 282 Lower Saxony Basin 935 Western Carpathians WINCH seismic profile 332, 336, 356 Prignitz and Altmark-Fla¨ming basins Carboniferous basins 488, 490–496 Wippra Unit 443–444 936 Central 1183, 1184, 1198–1201 Late Ordovician–Silurian magmatism Wedelsandstein Formation 866, 867 Cretaceous 973–974 696, 697 Weesenstein Group 62, 131, 132, 133, Gosau Group 978, 979 WIRE seismic profile 332, 336, 356 134, 700 synorogenic 974 Wis´nio´wka Formation 174 Wehr volcanic complex 1323, 1326–1327 Jurassic 897–898 Wissenbach Shale 393, 394

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Włodawa Formation 184 Zˇ da´nice Unit 1190 resources 1346, 1349–1351, Wohlgeschichtete Kalk Formation 866, Zechstein 535, 538, 586 Alpine type/MVT 1395–1396 870 Belgium 549 arc-related 1402–1404 Wojcieszo´w Limestone 230 evaporite 999, 1001, 1002 carbonate-hosted 1418 Wolayer facies 277–278 cyclicity 532, 572–580, 1013 fault zones 1427 Wolayerkalk Formation 236, 277 resources 1391 granite-related 1414 Wolfendorn Nappe 1154 seismic survey 340–341 Rammelsberg type 1365–1366 wood, halokinesis 831, 832, 999, 1001 Silesian type/MVT 1395 Cretaceous, Lie`ge-Limburg Basin 923 Netherlands 550 vein-type, 1371–1372, 1377, 1382– Jurassic, Paris Basin 864 Polish Basin 1004 1384, 1418 Wordian, palaeogeography 537 sequence stratigraphy 573–575, 574, VMS, SMS, Kieslager type 1360– Wronine Formation 970, 972 575 1361 Wuerttemburgica Sandstone 845 southeastern Variscides 563 VMS type 1363 Wunsiedel Gneiss 456 transgression 573–580 Zinnwald Granite 722–723 Formation 866, 868 Variscan intermontane basins 580–583 Zinnwald tin deposit 1376 Wydryszo´w Beds 266 Zechstein Basin 572–580, 1013 zirconium, resources, placer deposits Wyrzeka Formation 540 Zechstein Limestone 573, 574, 576 1401 Zechstein Sea 572, 573, 1013 Zˇ itec-Hlubosˇ Formation 176 Xanthus of Lydia (c. 480 bc)1 Zechstein–Buntsandstein boundary 751 Zlambach Marl Formation 827 Xenophanes of Colophon Zeitz Phase 1293 Zlatna Unit 898 (540–510 bc)1 Zˇ elezne´ Hory Mountains 72 Zlatno porphyry-skarn copper deposit Cambrian 179 1404 Ybbsitz Klippen Zone 970, 973, 1159 Devonian 402 Zliechov Basin 974, 1206 Younger Clay Halite 575, 580 Zellerndorf Formation 1057 Zliechov Phase 1214 Younger Dryas Stadial 1298 Zementmergel Formation 866, 871, 975 Zliechov succession 1205 Younger Granites 717, 718 Zementstein Formation 968, 969 Zone Houille`re 1157 Younger Halite 575, 580 Zemplı´n Unit 1212 coal 1388 Younger Intrusive Complex 722 Zemplinic Unit 495, 567, 568, 570, 581– Zu Limestone 798, 826 , Belgium 1038, 1039–1040 582 Zuha´nya Limestone 805, 806 Zemplinicum see Zemplinic Unit Zuidwal volcanic dome 840, 842, 864 Zˇ acle´rˇ Formation 499 Zeno (c. 336–264 bc)3 Zulova´ granite 706 Zagaje Formation 849 zeolite 1405 Zurich Formation 838, 839 Zahorˇany Formation 228 Zermatt-Saas Zone 1151, 1157–1159, Zurich Stadial 1308 Zala Basin 1068, 1069, 1072–1073 1173 Zwethau Formation 164, 166 Zalesie Formation 233, 234, 235 Zeven Wegen Member 949, 950, 951 palaeontology 188 Zˇ arnov Phase 1214 Zˇ iar mountains 1199 Zwickau Phase 1291 Z˙ arnowiec Formation 182 zinc Zwickau subbasin 465–466 Zbrza Anticline 266 production 1342 Zwickau-Oelsnitz, coal mining 1388

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