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H D T E C N I R A C P L X E E

R Youth Victimization S E A M I C T H C A L L V I

Young children and adolescents are victims of the same as adults (e.g., theft, ), but as an age group they are also more vulnerable to crimes like , medical neglect, and psychological . This victimization can be difficult to capture. Combined with stringent guidelines regarding data collection from minors, researchers often struggle to gather comprehensive data on childhood victimization.A While age and dependence contribute to higher levels of among youth, certain environments also pose a greater than others. Childhood exposure to victimization increases the probability of experiencing future victimization as well as multiple forms of victimization (polyvictimization), which increases risk factors over time.B For more on youth victimization, see the School Victimization and Campus Victimization fact sheets in this series.

CRIME TRENDS 200

From 1995 to 2015, the rate of violent victimization— 175 The rate of other forms of known victimization remained robbery, /, aggravated assault, and 150 fairly constant between 2009 and 2014. In 2014, about 7 simple assault—reported by adolescents age 12 to 17 125 of every 1,000 youth age 0 to 17 were victims of neglect. 100

decreased from 156 to 31 violent victimizations for every 75 Fewer than 2 of every 1,000 youth were victims of physical

1,000 adolescents. Similarly, the rate of serious violent 50 abuse, and less than 1 of every 1,000 were victims of sexual, victimization (which does not include simple assault) also 25 medical neglect, or in 2014.D 0 decreased from 43 serious violent victimizations for every 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 C D 1,000 adolescents in 1995 to 8 per 1,000 in 2015. Youth Violent Victimization, Victimization AgeSerious 0–17, Violent Victimizationby Type

rate per 1,000 youth C Adolescent Victimization, Age 12–17, by Type 10 rate per 1,000 adolescents 9 10 8 8.1 200 7 7.1 175200 6

150 Violent victimization 5 Neglect 4 125156 Serious violent victimization Psychological abuse 3 1.8 1.6 100 Medical neglect 2 1.0 0.8 75 1 0.8 0.6 43 50 31 0 0.3 0.2 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014 25 8 Neglect Physical Sexual Medical Neglect Psychological Abuse 0 19951995 19971997 19991999 20012001 20032003 20052005 20072007 20092009 20112011 20132013 20152015 Violent Victimization Serious Violent Victimization

DID YOU KNOW? 10A higher percentage (2.4%) of adolescents age 12 to 17 9 experienced at least one instance of violent victimization 8 The National Abuse and Neglect Data System 7compared to people age 25 to 34 (1.6%), and those 35 and (NCANDS) collects and analyzes data on and 6older (0.9%). Of those adolescents who do experience violent 5 neglect in the United States submitted by mandated re- 4victimization, 1.5% were victims of a single violent and porters, as well as reports by , friends, and neighbors. 3 E 20.5% were victims of repeat violent crimes. 1 In 2015, more than 683,000 children were victims of child E 0 Prevalence of Violent Crime 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 abuse or neglect, and 1,670 died as a result. NCANDS F Neglect by Physicalsingle andSexual repeat victimizationMedical Neglect andPsychological age Abuse refers to these deaths as child fatalities:

1.9 12–17 Of child fatality victims in 2015, 74.8% were younger than 0.5 F 3 years old. 1.8 18–24 0.4 31 states reported on preservation services. Of these, 1.3 25–34 0.3 12% of child fatality victims received family preservation Single violent victimization F 35+ 0.7 services within the previous 5 years. 0.2 Repeat violent victimization 2%

2018 National Crime Victims’ Rights Week Resource Guide: Crime and Victimization Fact Sheets

CURRENT DATA ON YOUTH VICTIMIZATION

Victimization by AgeF In 2015, youth less than one year of age were rate per 1,000 children the most vulnerable, accounting for 14% of 30 all known youth victimization. The average 24.2 rate of victimization for this age group (24.2 per 1,000) was more than 2.5x higher than the rate of victimization for all youth (9.2 per 1,000). The rate of victimization for youth 1 to 11.8 11.3 10.7 10.5 10.5 10 years of age was greater than the rate of 10.3 9.6 8.8 8.0 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8 victimization for youth 10 to 16. Youth age 17 6.5 5.6 F were the least vulnerable to victimization. Parent 3.5 Other Relative <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Unmarried15 16 Partner17 Multiple Other Unknown In 2015, 78% of child victimization perpetrators were At least one parent is responsible in 78% of child fatalities parents of the victim. Other perpetrators were relatives (6%), resulting from maltreatment–neglect or medical neglect, unmarried partners (4%), or multiple perpetrators (4%).F or any form of physical, psychological, or sexual abuse.

Specifically, in 27% of child fatality cases, the mother alone Child Victimization by Perpetrator’s was responsible, while in 15% of cases the father alone was Relationship to VictimF responsible. In 22% of cases, both parents were responsible.F Fatalities by Perpetrators Relationship to Victim Parent (78%) Fatalities by Perpetrator’s Relationship to VictimF Other relative (6%) Parent UnmarriedOther Relative partner (4%) Parents MultipleUnmarried relationships Partner (4%) Parents (64%) Parents and Non-Parents Multiple Other (6%) Parents and non-parentsOther Relative (14%) Other Unknown (2%) Child Daycare Provider Unknown Other relative (4%) Daycare providerOther (2%) Other (16%)

Compared to all measured races and ethnicities, African AmericanFatalities and Americanby Perpetrators Indian/Alaska Relationship to Native Victim youth are the most vulnerable to victimization (14.5 per 1,000 youth and 13.8 per 1,000 youth, respectively). In 2015, the rate of Parents victimization among African AmericanParents and and American Non-Parents Indian/ SOURCES Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth was moreOther than Relative 8x that of Asian Child Daycare Provider A “Prevalence of Child Victimization, Abuse, Crime, and Exposure,” youth and more than 1.2x greater thanOther youth of any other in J.W. White, M.P. Koss, and A.E. Kazdin (Eds.), and race or ethnicity.F Children: Mapping the Terrain, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011), 9-28 Victimization by Race and EthnicityF B David Finkelhor et al., National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence rate per 1,000 youth (2015), “Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse,” http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2344705

African American 14.5 C Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, Concatenated File, 2015, (U.S. Department of Justice) AI/AN 13.8 D Child Trends, “Child Maltreatment 2016,” (based on CDC data), www. childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/40_appendix2.pdf Multiple races 10.4 E Barbara A. Ouderkerk and Jennifer Truman, “Repeat Violent Victimization, Pacific Islander 8.8 2005-14,” (2017), www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rvv0514.pdf F Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2015, (U.S. Department of Hispanic 8.4 & Services, 2017), www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child- maltreatment-2015 White 8.1

Asian 1.7 20