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Ist Mitt 57 04 Lohmann 57, 2007 59 HANS LOHMANN Forschungen und Ausgrabungen in der Mykale 2001–2006 mit Beiträgen von Hermann Büsing, Frank Hulek, Georg Kalaitzoglou, Gundula Lüdorf, Marc Müllenhoff und Philipp Niewöhner Schlüsselwörter: Mykale, Survey, Melia, Panionion, Siedlungsarchäologie – Keywords: Mycale, Survey, Melia, Panionion, Settlement Archaeology – Anahtar sözcükler: Mykale, Yüzey araætırması, Melia, Panionion, Yerleæim arkeolojisi Vorbemerkung Die siedlungsarchäologische Erforschung des Mykale-Gebirges – heute Dilek Daþları – wurde 2001 von der türkischen Generaldirektion der Altertümer und Museen genehmigt. Sie begann Abbildungsnachweis: Abb. 1 = Google Earth. – Abb. 2–4. 6–9. 11. 13–17. 27–29. 40. 49. 50 = Foto H. Lohmann. – Abb. 5. 10. 12. 30–37. 53. 54. Faltabb. 1 = G. Kalaitzoglou. – Abb. 19 = F. Hulek. – Abb. 20–25 = Ph. Niewöhner. – Abb. 22 = nach Kleiner et al., P & M 43 Abb. 18. – Abb. 26 = Luftbild D. Gansera. – Abb. 38. 39. 41. 43–48. 52 = Foto H. Büsing. – Abb. 42 = Foto H. Marg. – Abb. 55 = G. Lüdorf. Es gelten die Abkürzungen und Siegeln nach den Richtlinien des DAI. Zusätzlich sind hier die folgenden verwendet: IPriene F. Hiller von Gaertringen, Inschriften von Priene (Berlin 1906) Kalaitzoglou, Assesos G. Kalaitzoglou, Assesos. Ein geschlossener Befund südionischer Keramik aus dem Hei- ligtum der Athena Assesia, MilForsch 6 (im Druck) Kleiner et al., P & M G. Kleiner – P. Hommel – W. Müller-Wiener, Panionion und Melie, JdI Ergh. 23 (Berlin 1967) Lohmann, Atene H. Lohmann, Atene. Forschungen zur Siedlungs- und Wirtschaftsstruktur des klassischen Attika (Köln 1993) Lohmann, HistTop H. Lohmann, Zur historischen Topographie des südlichen Ionien, Orbis Terrarum 8, 2002 [2005], 163–272 Lohmann, Melia H. Lohmann, Melia, das Panionion und der Kult des Poseidon Helikonios, in: E. Schwert- heim – E. Winter (Hrsg.), Neue Forschungen zu Ionien. Festschrift Fahri Iæık, Asia Minor Studien 54 (Bonn 2005) 57–91 Müllenhoff, Menderes M. Müllenhoff, Geoarchäologische, sedimentologische und morphodynamische Unter- suchungen im Mündungsgebiet des Büyük Menderes (Mäander), Westtürkei. Marburger Geographische Schriften 141 (Marburg 2005) Müller-Wiener, ByzBef W. Müller-Wiener, Byzantinische Befestigungen im südlichen Ionien, IstMitt 11, 1961, 5–122 Wiegand – Schrader, Priene Th. Wiegand – H. Schrader, Priene. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895–1898 (Berlin 1904) 60 hans lohmann u.a. istmitt im Südwesten mit der Umgebung von Thebai, wurde 2002 auf den gesamten Westen der Mykale erweitert1 und ab 2004 auf den gesamten östlichen Bereich der Mykale zwischen Söke und der Linie Tuzburgazı / Güzelçamlı bis Söke ausgedehnt2. Herausragendes Ereignis war die Entde- ckung des archaischen Panionion inmitten einer befestigten Höhensiedlung am Çatallar Tepe, die mit der karischen Örtlichkeit Melia zu identifi zieren ist. Das archaische Panionion wurde in zwei Grabungskampagnen in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 unter der Ägide des Museumsdirektors von Aydın, Emin Yener, freigelegt3. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt der Regierungsvertreterin Handan Özkan vom Museum Aydın für ihren unermüdlichen Einsatz und ihre tatkräftige Hilfe in allen Belangen. Der besondere Dank aller Beteiligten gilt dem Direktor des Museums Aydın, Emin Yener, der die erforderlichen Genehmigungen für diese Notgrabung in Ankara beschafft und mich mit ihrer Durchführung beauftragt hat. Obwohl die Ausgrabung des Panionion nahezu alle Kräfte band, wurde die Erforschung der Mykale auch 2005/06 weiter vorangetrieben. 2005 wurde die Nordfl anke der Mykale oberhalb Davutlar erkundet. Den Schwerpunkt der Surveyarbeiten bildete jedoch ein intensiver Rastersur- vey innerhalb des ausgedehnten Mauerringes am Çatallar Tepe. Dieser wurde 2006 parallel zur zweiten Grabungskampagne im Panionion durch einen Rastersurvey vor den Mauern von Melia auf der Ova zwischen Belen Kuyu Tepe und Çatallar Tepe ergänzt. Sämtliche Kosten des Projekts trug die Fritz-Thyssen-Stiftung Köln, wofür ihr auch an dieser Stelle der gebührende Dank ausgesprochen sei. Über seine Fortschritte wurde regelmäßig auf den Symposien der türkischen Generaldirektion berichtet4. Ziel des Mykale-Survey ist, die Siedlungsgeschichte und Siedlungsstruktur des Gebirges von den frühesten Anfängen bis in osmanische Zeit zu erforschen und offene Fragen der historischen Topographie zu klären. Es gilt, die im Laufe der Jahrhunderte wechselnden Siedlungsformen und 1 Während der ersten Kampagne vom 31.8. bis zum 3.10.2001 unterstützte uns F. Ünal vom Museum Bursa als Regierungsvertreterin in jeder Hinsicht auf das freundlichste. Mein Dank gilt ferner den Mitarbeitern Dipl. Ing. A. Dombert (Zeitz), G. Kalaitzoglou (Essen), H. Marg (Mainz) und G. Lüdorf (Remscheid), sowie K. Böhne (Wies- baden) als dem Iniator des Projektes. Mit denselben Teilnehmern wurde auch die zweite Kampagne vom 2.9. bis zum 28.9.2002 durchgeführt. Als Regierungsvertreter war uns A. Saltık vom Etnoþrafya Müze Ankara in vielfältiger Weise behilfl ich. Dem damaligen Direktor des Devlet Su Ïslerı von Aydın, Dr. Æahin Durukan, habe ich sehr für seine Unterstützung bei der Bergung wertvoller Architekturteile aus dem Kloster Hagios Antonios am Dayıoþlu Tepe zu danken. 2 Die Kampagne des Jahres 2004 dauerte vom 21.8. bis 3.10. Neben den schon genannten nahmen zeitweise auch H. Büsing und G. Tunali (beide Bochum) sowie die Geodäten Prof. Ing. L. Lenzmann und Prof. Ing. F.-J. Lohmar von der Fachhochschule Bochum teil. Als Regierungsvertreterin leistete Nihal Metin aus Ankara unschätzbare Hilfe. Doch hätte die Kampagne ebensowenig stattfi nden können wie die darauffolgende des Jahres 2005 ohne die tatkräftige Unterstützung von Yalçın Soysal (Ankara) und Prof. em. Helga Schwenk (Güzelçamlı) bei der Erlangung der erforderlichen Genehmigungen. Ihnen wie auch V. von Graeve und G. Tunay von Graeve schulde ich ganz besonderen Dank. 3 2005 waren neben G. Kalaitzoglou, G. Lüdorf, H. Marg und den Kollegen H.-S. Haase und F.-J. Lohmar von der Fachhochschule Bochum auch fünf Studierende der Ruhr-Universität beteiligt, nämlich K. Burgemeister, A. Busching, L. Kolla, Ö. Özgül und G. Tunali. Ihnen wie auch der Regierungsvertreterin Mehtap Ateæ (Ankara) danke ich sehr für ihre freundliche Hilfe. Im Jahre 2006 wurde die Mannschaft durch K. Größchen (Wiesbaden) und die Studie- renden J. Meyer und F. Hulek verstärkt. Seitens der Fachhochschule Bochum nahmen die Kollegen H.-S. Haase und A. Mischke, sowie als Diplomandin V. Lumme teil. 4 H. Lohmann, Survey in Theben an der Mykale, 1. Kampagne 2001, AST 20 (Ankara 2003) 247–260; H. Lohmann, Survey in der Mykale, 2. Kampagne 2002, AST 21 (Ankara 2004) 251–264; H. Lohmann, Survey of the Mycale, 3rd Campaign: The Discovery of the Archaic Panionium, AST 23 (Ankara 2006) 241–248 (die Legenden der Abb. 1 und 7, 3, sowie 4 und 10 wurden im Druck miteinander vertauscht). 57, 2007 mykale 2001–2006 61 die sich ablösenden Siedlungsstrukturen dieses Gebirgsraumes sowie seine jeweilige wirtschaftliche Nutzung zu beschreiben. Da sich die Erforschung der Mykale bis in die jüngste Zeit auf einige Notizen Th. Wiegands und eine unkommentierte Karte von K. Lyncker beschränkte, schien es mir trotz ihrer Ausdehnung und der Unwegsamkeit wichtig, sie nicht nur ausschnittweise zu untersuchen5. Der Mykale-Survey ergänzt sich ideal mit der siedlungsarchäologischen Erforschung der Mi- let-Halbinsel zwischen 1990 und 1999. Beide Projekte haben unsere Kenntnis der historischen Topographie Ioniens erheblich bereichert. Die Erforschung dieser Landschaft, deren herausragende Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der griechischen Kultur schon oft beschworen wurde, hatte lange nicht mit der seiner Metropolen Schritt gehalten. Nachdem man exakt ein Jahrhundert lang an der Stelle des spätklassisch-hellenistischen Panionion irrtümlich auch das archaische vermutet hatte, tritt letzteres dank seiner Entdeckung im Jahre 2004 und nach zwei Grabungskampagnen nun zum ersten Mal aus dem Dunkel der Geschichte. Nichts unterstreicht die Bedeutung systematischer Geländeforschung deutlicher als der Umstand, dass das Zentralheiligtum des ionischen Bundes erst zu Beginn des 21. Jhs. im Zuge des Mykale-Survey entdeckt wurde6. Seine Ausgrabung vermittelte nicht nur wichtige neue Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte Ioniens in archaischer Zeit, sondern löst endlich auch jene Erwartungen ein, die man in den 1950er Jahren vergeblich an die Ausgrabung des jüngeren Panionion bei Güzelçamlı gerichtet hatte7. Im Vorfeld der Geländearbeiten wurden rund 140 Fundstellen aus der Fachliteratur und aus Karten – namentlich der von K. Lyncker – ermittelt8. Die neue archäologische Karte der Mykale im Maßstab 1 : 50 000 (Faltabb. 1, hier im Maßstab 1 : 100 000), die alle bisher festgestellten Fundstellen enthält, beruht auf einer älteren türkischen Karte im Maßstab 1 : 100 000 und kann daher nicht die von modernen Karten gewohnte Genauigkeit bieten. Die Mykale – Geo-Morphogenese und naturräumliche Ausstattung eines westtürkischen Küstengebirges von Marc Müllenhoff »Der Samsun-Dagh, das Mykale-Gebirge d. A., ist eines der stolzesten Gebirge des westlichen Kleinasien; sein einheitlicher Rücken erhebt sich mit steilen Flanken auf schmaler Basis. [ . ] Steile und wilde Täler zerfurchen die Hänge. So bildet die Mykale zusammen mit dem noch wil- deren Latmosgebirge im Süden ein imposantes Tor, durch welches sich die Mäanderebene zum Meere öffnet.«9 5 Zur Methodik: H. Lohmann, Ziele, Quellen und Methoden der Siedlungsarchäologie, in: A. Vött – T. Mattern (Hrsg.), Interdisziplinäre geoarchäologische Forschungen im Mittelmeerraum
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