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Varian Fry, L'ami Américain L’Écho des Carrières N°74 2014 Varian Fry, l’ami américain Par Alain PAIRE Dans la plupart des films réalisés à propos du Trois mille dollars sont cachés dans ses vête- séjour à Marseille de Varian Fry, le récit com- ments. Varian Fry est le porteur d'une first list mence souvent pendant une journée que l'on de deux cents personnalités du monde scienti- suppose être celle du 13 août 1940. On aperçoit fique et artistique que ses employeurs de la silhouette d'un homme grand et élégant, on ne l' Emergency Rescue Committee ont établie à découvre pas immédiatement son visage. Il a New York. Il est missionné pour investiguer et trente-deux ans, arbore lunettes, costume et cra- réfléchir pendant un mois à propos de l'immi- vate. Un avion l'avait auparavant conduit de gration vers les États-Unis des personnes de New York jusqu'à Lisbonne. Varian Fry vient cette liste. Il va décider de rester en Europe, il se de quitter son train, il découvre la cité portuaire dotera des moyens du bord afin de se porter au pendant un jour de grand soleil, dans la moiteur secours d'une bien plus grande foule de gens, d'une après-midi d'été. Muni d'une valise, il des- connus ou inconnus. Des écrivains, hommes de cend les marches du grand escalier de la gare théâtre, artistes et militants de plusieurs nationa- Saint-Charles, emprunte le trottoir de droite du lités le sollicitent : des Allemands, des Autri- boulevard d'Athènes. Pour ses premières nuitées chiens, des Tchèques, des Italiens ou bien des dans le Midi, Varian Fry trouve une chambre au Français, des personnes réfugiées à Marseille numéro 31 du boulevard, dans un étage haut de dans les pires conditions, des gens sans res- l'Hôtel Splendide. sources ni perspectives que le régime hitlérien, Pendant un peu plus d'une année, jusqu'au 6 la Gestapo et les complaisances de Vichy mena- septembre 1941, date de sa reconduction défini- cent directement. tive à la frontière espagnole, le destin de ce per- Sa martingale n'est pas fiable. Les capacités et sonnage va fortement basculer, son statut per- les volontés d'accueil des Américains sont res- sonnel et son histoire prennent un relief inatten- treintes. Cependant, Eleanor Roosevelt est l'un du. Varian Fry suivait à Harvard des études de des principaux soutiens de l'Emergency Rescue philologie classique ; au terme de sa vie, le latin Committee. L'épouse du président des États- et le grec sont les disciplines qu'il enseignera. Il Unis peut obtenir du Département d'État qu'il est issu d'un milieu aisé. Né à New York en oc- accorde à quelques-uns de ces hommes traqués tobre 1907, Fry s'est marié en 1931. Il est deve- des visas de sauvetage qui ne seront pas comp- nu journaliste, il a voyagé en Europe ; à l'uni- tabilisés dans les quotas d'immigration. La tâche versité de Columbia, l'étude des relations inter- de Varian Fry n'est pas définie clairement : il nationales a complété sa formation personnelle. doit improviser, agir et manœuvrer dans l'ur- Ce libéral, ce défenseur convaincu des droits de gence, saisir des occasions au sein d'une situa- l'homme n'est pas un idéaliste. Lors d'un séjour tion aussi dangereuse que confuse. L'article 19 qu'il effectua en Allemagne, à Berlin le 15 juil- de l'armistice stipule que sur simple demande, let 1935, il assistait aux cruelles séquences d'un les responsables du gouvernement français ont pogrom qui l'a précisément renseigné quant à pour obligation de rechercher, d'arrêter et l'antisémitisme des sbires d'Hitler. de livrer aux autorités allemandes tel ou tel 8 L’Écho des Carrières Minuit dans le siècle N°74 2014 Très vite, la nouvelle s'est répandue, un Améri- cain providentiel vient d'arriver à Marseille. Cet citoyen. Cette mesure vise principalement des homme de bonne volonté disposerait d'appuis et personnes d'origine juive ou bien tel ou tel sus- de moyens financiers, par son entremise on ob- pect : un opposant politique, un syndicaliste, un tient des visas qui permettent de quitter l'Eu- écrivain, un artiste, des étrangers, des apatrides rope. Une situation inédite surgit immédiate- ou bien des français que les Nazis veulent éli- ment, une impressionnante file d'attente se ras- miner. semble dans le couloir de l'étage de son hôtel. Les États-Unis nourrissent des inquiétudes légi- Varian Fry comprend qu'il lui faut impérieuse- times en face de cette situation. Pour autant, ils ment trouver des fonds, recruter des secrétaires, ne sont pas en guerre. Les pouvoirs établis sont des assistants, un comptable, des personnes de foncièrement prudents, Varian Fry n'entretient confiance. Les choix qu'il va opérer pour trou- pas d'illusions à ce propos : à Marseille, le con- ver ses collaborateurs se révèleront remar- sulat des États-Unis n'a pas pour vocation de quables. Pour schématiser, ce sont soit des Eu- troubler le statu quo. En dépit des contradictions ropéens proches de l'extrême gauche, soit des qui traversent les élites et les pouvoirs publics Américains pragmatiques et généreux qui vont américains, la récupération et la fuite organisée le seconder à l'intérieur de l'organisation qu'il des cerveaux ou bien des créateurs les plus cé- crée, le CAS, Centre Américain de Secours. Du lèbres de l'Europe constituent côté des Européens, des tren- des atouts qui ne sont pas né- tenaires aguerris qui seront par gligeables : dans la liste des la suite de grands résistants deux cent personnalités avec comme Hans Sahl (1902- lesquelles Fry doit s'entretenir 1993), Paul Schmierer (1905- prioritairement, figurent par 1966) Daniel Bénédite (1912- exemple deux Pablo de pre- 1990) et Jean Gemähling mière envergure qui ne sollici- (1912-2003) apportent leurs teront pas ses services, Picasso concours. et Casals. Excepté pour ces cas Né à Berlin en avril 1915, ré- infiniment prestigieux que les fugié en France depuis 1933, États-Unis seraient ravis d'ac- engagé en Espagne contre le cueillir, personne ne lui de- franquisme, Albert O. Hir- mande de faire du zèle : tout ce schman fut pendant un tri- que Varian Fry entreprendra à mestre l'un de ses plus effi- Marseille procède de circons- caces soutiens. A la mi- tances et de décisions mûries décembre 1940, ce magnifique en compagnie de son équipe de personnage, plein d'intelli- travail. gence et de malice, sera con- traint de quitter la France. Il sera profondément regretté : il était rayonnant , Fry lui donnait Varian Fry sur la Canebière le surnom de Beamish . Daniel Marseille 1940-1941 Bénédite qui l'appréciait gran- Cliché Annette Fry dement estime qu'il joua sur le www. jspace.com . registre de l'illégalité le rôle 9 L’Écho des Carrières N°74 2014 essentiel d'une éminence grise. On mentionne Parmi les compatriotes de Varian Fry, deux qu'il conseilla vivement à Varian Fry d'inscrire, jeunes femmes, Mary Jane Gold (1909-1997) et sur la liste des personnes qu'il faut aider priori- Miriam Davenport (1915-1999) s'affirment en tairement, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) et son tant qu'interprètes et secrétaires, nous les aper- époux Heinrich Blücher (1899-1970). Il témoi- cevrons parmi les locataires de la Villa Air-Bel. gna en 1989 de son expérience des années 40 Une dizaine de personnes extrêmement moti- pendant le tournage du film documentaire de vées constituent la garde rapprochée de Fry : s'y Teri Wehn-Damisch L'état de piège ou la filière grefferont selon les circonstances et les mo- marseillaise. Décédé en décembre 2012, Albert ments, de précieux renforts comme Hans et O. Hirschman était aux États-Unis un écono- Lisa Fittko, Dina Vierny, Helen et Stéphane miste et sociologue de grand renom, Princeton Hessel. Ce dernier a raconté avoir été conquis fut son ultime poste d'universitaire. Il rédigea par la tranquille détermination de Varian Fry : ses souvenirs dans un ouvrage traduit et publié « Dès que je l'eus rencontré, Varian Fry m'ap- chez Fayard en 1995, Un certain penchant à parut comme le porteur d'une immense espé- l'autosubversion. rance à laquelle de toutes mes forces je souhai- tais m'associer ». Hans Sahl Mary Jane Gold Varian Fry et Daniel Bénédite Paul Schmierer Albert O. Hirschman www.zv.uzh.ch www. womanwarriors.wordpress.com www.culture-13.fr www.reseaugallia.org www.heymancenter.org La tâche se révèle écrasante, toutes sortes d'ur- épouse Laurette Séjourné (1911-2003) et de son gences assaillent l'équipe du CAS qui travaille fils Vlady (1920-2005) décrit une situation en couramment entre huit heures du matin et onze face de laquelle l'Emergency Rescue Committee heures du soir. Des flots grandissants de réfu- n'est bien évidemment pas dimensionné : giés déferlent dans la proximité du Vieux Port : « Notre cohue de réfugiés comprend de grands la pénurie est grande, la ville est surpeuplée, les intellectuels de toutes les classes, qui ne sont hôtels sont bondés. Ce ne sont certes pas deux plus rien puisqu'ils se sont permis de dire, la cents personnes qu'il faut aider. Depuis New plupart doucement, non à l'oppression totali- York, Alfred Barr, Jacques Maritain et Thomas taire. Nous comptons tant de médecins, de psy- Mann qui furent consultés pour rédiger the first chologues, d'ingénieurs, de pédagogues, de list ne pouvaient pas imaginer que les militants poètes, de peintres, d'écrivains, de musiciens, démocrates, les personnes d'origine juive et les d'économistes et d'hommes politiques que nous intellectuels seraient à ce point nombreux pour pourrions insuffler l'âme à un très grand pays.
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