Funded Studies 2015–2017 MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 1

Animal Health Studies

At Morris Animal Foundation, we work every day to improve and protect the health of animals through scientific innovation, education and inspiration. We are committed to fighting animal diseases worldwide in species ranging from cats and dogs to horses and alpacas, and amphibians and wildcats to anteaters and tigers.

Each year, our Scientific Advisory Boards review, rank and recommend for funding animal health grants submitted by scientists from around the world. At any given time, we are funding upwards of 200 studies in animal health; impacting more species in more places than any other nonprofit scientific organization. Without funding from Morris Animal Foundation, many studies simply could not be done, and critical animal health challenges would not be met.

This reference book provides details on animal health studies funded in the last three years by Morris Animal Foundation. Information includes the study’s title, start date, duration, cost, funded organization, and a study summary and description.

Annual grant submission deadlines are: • March – Small Animal Studies (feline and canine) • July – Large Animal Studies (equine, alpaca and llama) • November – Wildlife Studies Actual day of month varies by year. Visit morrisanimalfoundation.org/researchers for current open calls for proposals and deadlines.

To learn more about these studies, or apply for a grant, contact or visit morrisanimalfoundation.org: General inquiries – 303-708-3429, [email protected] Researcher inquiries – [email protected] Press inquiries – 303-708-3418, [email protected] Call toll-free – 800-243-2345

Contents

6 CATS HORSES 39 6 Cancer Cancer 39 8 Cardiovascular Dermatology 39 10 Endocrine/Metabolic Endocrine/Metabolic 40 12 Genetics Genetics 42 12 Infectious Disease Immunology 42 17 Musculoskeletal Infectious Disease 43 17 Pharmacology Musculoskeletal 48 18 Reproduction Ophthalmology 51 Pharmacology 52 18 DOGS Regenerative Medicine 53 18 Cancer Respiratory 54 26 Cardiovascular 26 Dermatology LLAMAS/ALPACAS 56 27 Endocrine/Metabolic 28 Gastroenterology WILDLIFE 57 Amphibians 57 28 Genetics Bats 57 29 Hematology Birds 58 30 Infectious Disease Elephants & Rhinoceros 62 33 Musculoskeletal Foxes & Wild Dogs 64 34 Neurology Marine Mammals 66 35 Ophthalmology Marine Life – Non-Mammals 68 36 Pathology Marsupials 69 36 Pharmacology Multiple Wildlife Species 70 37 Urinary Reptiles 73 Wild Cats 75 Hooved Animals/Ruminants 76 Cats

CANCER

D17FE-007 Evaluating a New Treatment for Oral Cancer UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 2/1/2017 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $136,300

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a new and promising treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most common oral cancer in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 75 percent of all feline oral cancers. Affected cats develop extensive bone and tissue damage, as well as ulcerations, causing pain and making eating and drinking extremely difficult. Researchers will evaluate a combination of ionizing radiation with an anticancer compound shown to have antitumor effects in vitro (under controlled laboratory conditions). Fewer than 10 percent of cats survive more than one year following diagnosis, highlighting the need for new treatments. The team hopes this new combination will improve pain management and extend survival times for cats with this highly invasive cancer.

D16FE-034 Using New Imaging Technology to Assess Surgical Margins Following Cancer Surgery UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $45,939

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate an economical, rapid-imaging method to see if cancer cells are left behind following surgical removal of sarcomas in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Feline injection-site sarcoma is a highly aggressive and locally invasive tumor. Surgical removal of tumors is the recommended treatment for this type of cancer and studies indicate that “clean” surgical margins are associated with decreased tumor recurrence rates and increased survival. Researchers will evaluate a new imaging method to detect cancer cells left behind following removal of injection-site sarcomas in client-owned cats undergoing surgery. This technology is used successfully in human breast cancer surgery, providing microscopic assessment of surgical margins within minutes. Identifying a rapid and thorough imaging method to detect any remaining cancer cells during surgery for injection-site sarcomas will support targeted treatment management decisions and improve outcomes for cats with cancer.

6 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

D15FE-001 Searching for Cancer-Causing Viruses UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,497

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate whether novel cancer-causing viruses are found in cats with compromised immune systems.

DESCRIPTION: Veterinary scientists struck a major blow against feline lymphoma in the 1960s with the discovery that feline leukemia virus was the cause of most lymphomas. Despite this success, lymphoma remains the most common cancer affecting cats, leading researchers to speculate that other, as yet unidentified, viruses might be a cause. In this study, researchers will collect cancer and blood samples from cats and screen them for unidentified cancer-causing viruses. If these viruses are found, the information will be used to develop safer, more effective treatments for cats with cancer-causing viruses.

D15FE-008 Improving Diagnostic Tools for Classifying Soft-Tissue Sarcomas NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $85,483

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop advanced DNA-based techniques for characterizing feline soft-tissue sarcomas, which may help veterinarians provide a more comprehensive diagnosis and improve their ability to choose the most appropriate clinical management strategies for these cancers.

DESCRIPTION: Injection-site sarcomas in cats are aggressive, locally invasive and prone to postsurgical recurrence. Distinguishing between injection-site sarcomas and other less aggressive sarcomas remains challenging. Researchers will expand upon their previous findings to produce a sophisticated research tool for DNA-based characterization of feline soft-tissue sarcomas. Using this tool may help veterinarians distinguish between injection-site sarcomas and other less aggressive sarcomas, thereby assisting them with diagnosis and the selection of the most appropriate treatment plan for each patient. Researchers also will identify genes that may be associated with the development of these cancers, and this information may reveal potential therapeutic targets.

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D15FE-020 Investigating a New Treatment for Oral Cancers UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $102,469

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a new treatment for feline oral cancers, using small molecular inhibitors.

DESCRIPTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common and usually fatal feline cancer. A better understanding of how these tumors progress and the identification of new therapy targets for intervention are required to improve outcomes. Researchers will determine whether small molecular inhibitors block some of the mechanisms that drive oral tumor growth and drug resistance. What they learn may provide a new approach that will improve the long-term prognosis and quality of life for cats with oral cancer.

CARDIOVASCULAR

D16FE-015 Investigating a New Anti-Clotting Drug for Cats with Heart Disease THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $179,952

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of a new anticoagulant drug to prevent abnormal and deadly blood clotting complications in cats with heart disease.

DESCRIPTION: Cats with heart disease are prone to the formation of blood clots, which can travel to the aorta and cause an interruption in blood flow to the hind legs (thromboembolism) with devastating consequences. Researchers will compare the efficacy of the novel drug rivaroxaban to the efficacy of the standard-of-care drug clopidogrel, in preventing the formation of recurrent thromboembolisms. Information gained from this study will help researchers improve treatments and clinical management strategies to delay or prevent often-fatal clotting complications in cats with heart disease.

8 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

D15FE-009 Searching for Genetic Mutations Responsible for Heart Disease NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 9/1/2104 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $118,111

SUMMARY: Researchers will search for genetic causes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the most common feline heart disease.

DESCRIPTION: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common form of heart disease diagnosed in cats. Researchers will perform genetic analysis to look for a genetic cause for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in several cat breeds, including the Sphynx, Bengal, Siberian, British shorthair and Norwegian forest cat. Identification of causative genetic mutations for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy will allow for early detection and genetic screening to reduce the prevalence of this disease. Information gained from this study also will help researchers improve treatments and clinical management strategies for cats with heart disease.

D15FE-304 Testing a Clot Buster in Cats with Severe Heart Disease Investigating a New Anti-Clotting Drug for Cats with Heart Disease THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 11/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $95,878

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of a clot buster in cats with severe heart disease.

DESCRIPTION: Blood clots are a fairly common and potentially fatal complication of heart disease in cats. In human medicine, acute blood clots can often be managed effectively with thrombolysis therapy, or “clot busting.” In this clinical trial study, researchers will investigate the effectiveness of thrombolysis therapy in client-owned cats with heart disease and a recent acute blood clot. Results from this study could reduce mortality and improve quality of life of cats with blood clots associated with severe heart disease.

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D15FE-802 Finding an Easier Way to Give Cats Heart Medications NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $8,352

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of a transdermal gel formulation of a drug used to treat cats with congestive heart failure.

DESCRIPTION: The drug pimobendan is used in cats and dogs to treat congestive heart failure caused by various types of heart disease. While it is relatively easy to give dogs the treatment orally, the large tablets can be difficult for cat owners to administer, which results in missed doses and suboptimal disease control. Researchers will investigate delivering a transdermal gel formulation of pimobendan to healthy cats. They will then compare whether transdermal and oral delivery methods are equally effective in delivering therapeutic levels of pimobendan. Use of a transdermal gel formulation for cats with heart failure would give those that are intolerant of pills the best chance for survival and optimal quality of life.

ENDOCRINE/METABOLIC

D17FE-018 Prolonging Diabetic Remission UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 1/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $131,179

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of a novel drug to maintain and extend diabetic remission in cats.

DESCRIPTION: With initial insulin and dietary treatments, approximately 30 percent of diabetic cats enter a state of remission in which they no longer require daily insulin shots. Unfortunately, in most cats, remission only lasts a few months and insulin injections are required again for disease control. Exenatide is a medication used to treat people with Type 2 diabetes. The drug stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin when blood sugar levels are high. It also has the potential to stimulate proliferation of insulin-secreting cells. Researchers will conduct a clinical trial to gauge exenatide’s effectiveness in maintaining and extending diabetic remission in client- owned cats. Current treatment for patients involves daily injections of insulin. Exenatide is given only once a month and holds promise as a more manageable at-home treatment for cats with diabetes.

10 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

D16FE-303 Exploring a Novel Dietary Supplement to Manage Obesity LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $108,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the use of a novel dietary supplement, avocado extract, to prevent and treat obesity in cats without the need for food restriction.

DESCRIPTION: Studies show that approximately 35 to 50 percent of cats are either overweight or obese, predisposing these animals to a number of medical conditions, including liver disease, osteoarthritis and diabetes. Current interventions for obese pets are limited to caloric restriction and exercise, both of which are challenging to implement in cats. Researchers will evaluate the use of an extract from unripe avocados to reduce body fat in cats without the need to restrict food intake. The avocado extract contains a unique sugar that inhibits the ability of cells to metabolize glucose. Researchers also will evaluate the ability of a diet formulated with avocado extract to help prevent obesity in cats. Identifying a more effective approach to weight control will help pet owners and veterinarians address weight management challenges in pet cats.

D15FE-303 Developing an Early Diagnostic Test for Diabetes Prolonging Diabetic Remission THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $91,909

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the development of an early detection diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Due to a lack of a reliable test for early diagnosis, diabetes mellitus in cats is usually diagnosed after clinical signs appear in the patient. Abnormalities in the secretion and action of incretin hormones, which are secreted from the intestines in response to the presence of food in the intestinal tract, precede clinic signs of diabetes in people. In this clinical trial, researchers will examine secretion of these hormones in cats and how they affect the pancreas in healthy and diabetic cats. Information gained from this study will be used to develop an early diagnostic test for cats with diabetes mellitus. Such a test would help veterinarians initiate measures to slow the progression of diabetes in cats.

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GENETICS

D16FE-011 Improving the Feline Genome Assembly TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $213,305

SUMMARY: Researchers will improve the quality of the feline genome assembly, an important tool for studying genetic causes and risks associated with diseases in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Genome sequencing – deciphering the complete genetic code that guides biological development and function – is a rapidly advancing field. However, the cat genome assembly continues to lag behind the dog genome. To close this gap and building on prior work, researchers will use state-of-the-art DNA sequence technology to substantially improve the contiguity of the feline genome sequence. A comprehensive, detailed description of the feline genome will improve the research community’s ability to identify genetic mutations associated with simple and complex diseases and traits in cats.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

D17FE-031 Accelerating Treatment Discovery for Complex Feline Viruses NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 12/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $62,714

SUMMARY: Researchers will use DNA sequencing technology to better understand biological mechanisms that help cats fight off viral infections; highly applicable for the development of the next generation of vaccines.

DESCRIPTION: Little is known about why the cat’s immune defenses fail to eliminate certain devastating and deadly viruses. Researchers will use advanced DNA technology to study specific molecules in cat blood samples collected from around the world. This new data will provide much needed insight into the cat’s immune response to infectious diseases and will help detect breaches in protection against viral infections. This new information will be shared with the broader feline scientific community, expediting development of the next generation of vaccines against some of today’s most challenging feline viruses, including feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline infectious peritonitis.

12 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

D17FE-009 Protecting Cats from a Deadly Virus COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $149,251

SUMMARY: Researchers will study cats with a protective immune response to feline enteric coronavirus (a common intestinal virus that can mutate and cause deadly feline infectious peritonitis) with the aim of identifying targets for a vaccine strategy.

DESCRIPTION: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a uniformly fatal disease of cats. Despite persistent efforts by researchers, no effective therapy or vaccine exists to treat or prevent this disease. Studies show a common intestinal virus, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), can mutate and cause FIP. Some cats develop persistent FECV infections and continuously shed and spread the virus; other cats are able to naturally eliminate FECV from their systems. Researchers will study cats with a protective immune response to FECV, and use this new data to assess the feasibility of developing an FECV vaccine as a way to prevent FIP. Vaccination would be especially useful in situations where cats have a higher incidence of FECV and risk of developing FIP, such as shelters, catteries and animal sanctuaries.

D16FE-507 Developing Diagnostic Tools for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, UNITED KINGDOM Accelerating Treatment Discovery for Complex Feline Viruses Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $48,590

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate whether viral mutations associated with feline infectious peritonitis are valuable and effective diagnostic targets.

DESCRIPTION: Feline infectious peritonitis is a fatal disease of cats that can arise following infection with feline enteric coronavirus. FIP is a distressing disease for both cat owners and veterinarians, because diagnosis often is difficult and no effective treatment exists. Using biosamples collected over many years from cats with and without FIP, researchers will investigate the presence of two mutations in a viral protein previously shown to be FIP-specific. The results will determine whether the presence of these mutations are reliable indicators of the presence of FIP in cats – valuable information for the development of accurate diagnostic tests for FIP.

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D16FE-510 Developing a Vaccine to Help Prevent Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $257,764

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a vaccine strategy against feline enteric coronavirus, a common, nonlethal virus that can mutate into feline infectious peritonitis virus.

DESCRIPTION: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a uniformly fatal disease of cats. FIP is caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus by mutation from feline enteric coronavirus. FECV is highly prevalent in cats worldwide and usually causes only mild or subclinical infection. About 5 to 10 percent of FECV-infected cats will develop FIP. Young cats, particularly those housed with large numbers of other cats, such as in catteries, shelters or rescue groups, are at increased risk for developing the disease. There is no effective treatment for FIP, and despite intensive research efforts, development of an effective FIP vaccine so far has been unsuccessful. Looking for an alternative approach, researchers will explore the efficacy of a novel, noninvasive vaccination strategy in cats against feline enteric coronavirus which, in turn, will help prevent the development of FIP in cats.

D16FE-511 Investigating Genetic Changes Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $49,796

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate genetic changes that occur in the feline enteric coronavirus that contribute to the development of feline infectious peritonitis, an incurable and fatal disease in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an incurable, fatal viral disease in cats caused by mutated feline enteric coronavirus. Although several FIP-related mutations have been identified, the role these mutations play in disease development is not well understood. Researchers will use full genome sequencing of viral strains derived from cats that naturally developed FIP, and genetic manipulation of the feline enteric coronavirus genome, to identify and study the impact of genetic changes in the viral genome on the behavior of the virus in its target cells – intestinal lining cells and white blood cells. Results will help identify major targets for FIP diagnosis and treatment to change the outcome for cats infected by this fatal virus.

14 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

D16FE-512 Finding a Safe and Effective Treatment for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 12/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $262,784

SUMMARY: Researchers will conduct a clinical trial to investigate the effectiveness of a novel antiviral drug in client-owned cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis as well as drug resistance that may occur during treatment.

DESCRIPTION: According to a recent epidemiological study, about 1 in 300 cats seen in veterinary teaching hospitals developed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a uniformly fatal disease and a leading cause of death in young cats. Despite the impact of this viral disease on cat health, no effective vaccine or treatment is currently available. Researchers will investigate if a novel antiviral drug can cure or greatly extend the lifespan and quality of life of client-owned cats with naturally occurring FIP. Potential drug resistance also will be studied.

D15FE-028 Analyzing Mutations in the Virus that Causes Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) CORNELL UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $187,655

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify mutations in the virus that causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), allowing for improved diagnosis and treatment of this fatal infectious disease in cats.

DESCRIPTION: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is fatal to domestic cats and is especially devastating to young cats in catteries or shelters. The disease is difficult to diagnose, and there are currently no effective treatments. Researchers will identify mutations in the FIP virus and determine how these mutations help the virus invade critical cells of the immune system, thus allowing it to spread throughout the cat’s body. Identification of mutations is a critical step toward the development of a diagnostic test and preventive drugs for FIP.

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D16FE-018 Reducing Upper Respiratory Disease in Shelter Cats UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $62,643

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of the antiviral drug famciclovir to treat and control infectious upper-respiratory disease associated with feline herpesvirus in shelter cats.

DESCRIPTION: Feline herpesvirus is highly contagious and one of the major causes of flu-like, upper-respiratory infections in cats. Early intervention with antiviral drugs in humans with herpesviruses reduces duration and severity of clinical signs but studies of these treatments have not been conducted in domestic cats. Researchers will investigate if administrating the antiviral drug famciclovir to cats as they arrive at shelters reduces duration and severity of clinical signs of feline herpesvirus. Finding a viable method to reduce feline herpesvirus infections as a method to control upper-respiratory disease outbreaks would greatly reduce euthanasia rates due to illness, and improve overall health and adoptability of cats in shelters.

D15FE-004 Developing a New Model to Study Respiratory Viruses MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 11/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $122,781

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a novel cell culture model that will be used to test vaccination and therapeutic approaches to protect cats from common respiratory viruses, such as feline herpesvirus.

DESCRIPTION: Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV1) causes about 50 percent of diagnosed viral respiratory tract disease in cats. It is particularly problematic in shelters, where animals are housed closely together and the virus spreads quickly. Researchers will develop a cell culture system to help study feline immune responses to common respiratory viruses, including FHV1. This cell culture system will also be used to test a novel vaccination approach that has the potential to counter the immune suppression cats often have following FHV1 infection. Such a vaccine may protect these animals from future bouts of respiratory illness.

16 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Cats

MUSCULOSKELETAL

D17FE-401 Assessing Chronic Pain in Osteoarthritic Cats to Improve Treatments NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $88,480

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate novel methods of measuring chronic pain hypersensitivity in cats with osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases to improve diagnostic and treatment strategies.

DESCRIPTION: Humans and dogs with osteoarthritis often experience central sensitization, a state of increased and enhanced pain central to driving chronic pain. Quantifying various aspects of the pain state helps clinicians and veterinarians gauge treatment successes and failures. Unlike in dogs, no approved therapies for effectively treating chronic pain exist for cats, due in part to the difficulty in measuring pain in these often stoic animals. Researchers will investigate the use of two new methods, successfully used in other species, to objectively detect and measure central sensitization associated with degenerative joint disease in cats. Being able to measure central sensitization opens up tremendous opportunities for developing better treatment strategies, ultimately improving the quality of life for thousands of cats suffering with chronic joint pain.

PHARMACOLOGY

D15FE-007 Testing an Anesthetic Technique to Control Pain UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL, CANADA Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $16,668

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a simple, safe and cost-effective anesthetic technique for reducing abdominal pain in cats that undergo spay surgery.

DESCRIPTION: Administering local anesthetics into the abdomen is known to alleviate pain in dogs and people following abdominal surgery. There are no studies, however, on the use of this technique in cats. Researchers will investigate whether administering the anesthetic bupivacaine into the abdomen will provide pain relief in cats undergoing spay surgery. If proven effective, this simple, safe and cost-effective pain-relief method would benefit millions of cats that are spayed each year.

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REPRODUCTION

D16FE-026 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Contraceptive Vaccine in Free-Roaming Cats ALLIANCE FOR CONTRACEPTION IN CATS AND DOGS Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $125,513

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of a contraceptive vaccine to manage overpopulation of free-roaming cats.

DESCRIPTION: Although an exact number is unknown, it is estimated that tens of millions of free-roaming cats live in the United States. Researchers will address this overpopulation problem by investigating the effectiveness of a contraceptive vaccine to safely curb reproduction in free- roaming female cats for up to three years. An effective contraceptive would help stabilize cat colonies, reduce impact of disease outbreaks, and improve overall health for millions of cats as well as other species living in and near their habitats.

Dogs

CANCER

D10CLP-001 Golden Retriever Lifetime Study MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION RESEARCH Study Start Date: 3/1/2010 Projected Duration: 14 years Study Cost: $31 million (Fully enrolled in 2015)

SUMMARY: Morris Animal Foundation’s Golden Retriever Lifetime Study will help identify major nutritional, genetic and environmental risk factors for cancer and other important diseases in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Morris Animal Foundation’s Golden Retriever Lifetime Study – the largest prospective, longitudinal study in veterinary medicine in the United States – is following a cohort of more than 3,000 purebred golden retrievers throughout their lifetime. The Foundation, with the help of veterinarians and dog owners, is collecting annual nutritional, environmental, genetic and behavioral data on enrolled dogs. Results will provide comprehensive data on diseases and other health challenges in dogs, including cancer. 18 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D17CA-042 Finding New Therapy Targets for Mast Cell Tumors NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Evaluating the Effectiveness of Contraceptive Vaccine Study Start Date: 11/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $110,160 in Free-Roaming Cats SUMMARY: Researchers will identify new therapy targets for malignant mast cell tumors, a common and aggressive cancer in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Mast cell tumors account for up to 20 percent of all skin cancers in dogs, but little is known about the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for tumor growth. Researchers will use recent advances in DNA technologies to catalog genetic mutations of canine mast cell tumors. This catalog will guide a broader analysis of key cancer-driving mutations and will help identify potential new therapy targets for this common canine cancer.

D17CA-059 Curbing Tumor Growth and Chemotherapy Resistance in Canine Hemangiosarcoma UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $172,431

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how metabolic processes affect tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance in dogs with hemangiosarcoma and ways to block or disrupt these processes.

DESCRIPTION: Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive and almost uniformly fatal cancer of dogs. Researchers uncovered evidence that a common cellular signaling pathway is associated with Golden Retriever Lifetime Study aggressive hemangiosarcoma tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance. Signaling pathways are coordinated chemical activities in a cell that collectively control one or more cell functions. Abnormal activation of signals often trigger or facilitate the development of diseases, including cancer. Researchers will investigate how signaling pathways contribute to hemangiosarcoma growth, and if existing drugs can interrupt the process to reduce tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance. Finding a new approach to treat canine hemangiosarcoma is a vital step in improving survival rates in dogs with this aggressive cancer.

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D16CA-003 Predicting Chemotherapy Drug Response for Dogs with Bone Cancer COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $164,723

SUMMARY: Researchers will assess how well specific chemotherapy drugs work as an adjunct therapy for dogs recovering from bone cancer surgery.

DESCRIPTION: Each year, at least 8,000 dogs in the United States are diagnosed with osteosarcoma, a painful and aggressive cancer that originates in the bone. Current treatment options include amputation of the affected limb followed by chemotherapy to curb cancer metastasis or spread. Recent studies have shown that cancer gene signatures – patterns of how genes are expressed within individual tumors – can predict whether a tumor will respond to a specific chemotherapy drug. Determining a tumor’s gene signature allows patients to be treated with drugs most likely to provide the greatest therapeutic benefit. The research team will test a newly developed, computer-based, gene-expression model’s ability to determine the best chemotherapy protocol for dogs with osteosarcoma based on the tumor’s gene signature.

D16CA-023 Determining the Prognostic Value of Identifying Genetic Mutations in Dogs with Lymphoma NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $60,209

SUMMARY: Researchers will assess the value of a genetic prognostic tool to assist with treatment decisions for dogs with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

DESCRIPTION: In human patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, evaluation of the MYC gene for genetic alterations is considered a critical component of patient management. MYC gene alterations in people are associated with shorter remission times. Identifying high- risk patients allows these individuals to receive more aggressive therapy earlier in their disease process. In this study, researchers will screen archived samples collected from dogs with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and determine if MYC gene aberrations correlate with poor prognosis. Findings will help oncologists select the most appropriate and effective treatment to extend the duration and improve quality of life for their canine cancer patients.

20 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D16CA-056 Measuring Chemotherapy Drug Resistance in Dogs with T-cell Lymphoma NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $64,464

SUMMARY: Researchers will measure changes in circulating cancerous T-cells in dogs with lymphoma to gauge chemotherapy drug resistance and tailor treatments for individual patients with this aggressive and common cancer.

DESCRIPTION: Since the use of combination chemotherapy was first reported in 1968, little progress has been made in improving the survival of dogs with T-cell lymphoma. Effectively monitoring chemosensitivity – the number of tumor cells killed by chemotherapy – of individual lymphoma cells exposed to multiple agents over many treatments remains a challenge. Following the small numbers of cells that evade chemotherapy would provide information on the effectiveness of a particular chemotherapy agent. In this clinical trial, researchers will use state- of-the-art DNA technology to measure changes in this small population of resistant cancerous T-cells in client-owned dogs with lymphoma. Data will be used to personalize treatment protocols for individual dogs in hope of improving survival and quality of life.

D16CA-071 Targeting a Genetic Mutation Associated with Canine Bladder Cancer COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $38,442

SUMMARY: Researchers will explore drug treatments that target a genetic mutation associated with bladder cancer in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Bladder cancer accounts for approximately 2 percent of all reported malignancies in dogs and treatment is challenging at best; most dogs eventually succumb to the disease. Recent studies have shown that 75 percent of dogs with bladder cancer have a specific genetic mutation associated with the disease. In humans, drugs targeting this mutation are used to treat a variety of cancers. Researchers will survey archived bladder tumor tissues to determine the prevalence of the mutation, as well as assess cancer cell survival and proliferation associated with the mutation. Researchers then will test drugs currently available in human medicine on canine cell lines with the mutation with the aim of developing new strategies to treat bladder cancer in dogs.

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D16CA-301 Finding New Treatment Targets for Canine Mammary Gland Cancer UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL, CANADA Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $102,232

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a novel therapeutic target for mammary gland cancer in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Few targeted and effective chemotherapy options are available to treat mammary gland tumors in dogs. The Hippo signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and death and, when dysregulated, is known to be involved in the development of breast cancer in women. Researchers will study this pathway in canine mammary gland cancer and correlate its presence with tumor type and grade. Researchers also will investigate a new chemotherapy drug that targets this pathway as a potential new treatment option and adjunctive therapy for dogs with mammary cancer not completely controlled by surgical excision.

D16CA-502 Evaluating Vitamin D Supplementation as an Adjunct Therapy in Dogs with Cancer UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $116,577

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of an oral vitamin D supplement to improve vitamin D levels in dogs, and explore its potential benefit as an adjunct therapy in dogs with cancer.

DESCRIPTION: Unlike humans, dogs make insignificant amounts of vitamin D from sun exposure and must acquire vitamin D from their food for optimal health. The most common oral vitamin D supplement, vitamin D3, affects vitamin D levels too slowly and unpredictably to benefit dogs with cancer. A new supplement is needed if vitamin D therapy is to be effective in dogs with cancer. One potential candidate is a form of vitamin D called calcidiol.

In this three-tiered study, researchers will: • Determine the amount of calcidiol in commercial dog food products • Investigate if calcidiol is more effective at increasing vitamin D levels in dogs than the commonly used oral vitamin D3 • Look for vitamin D receptors in cancerous canine tissue

Findings may support the use of vitamin D supplementation to help treat dogs with cancers.

22 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D16CA-518 Establishing a Standard-of-Care Control Group for Osteosarcoma Treatment Studies NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $510.440

SUMMARY: Researchers are studying a group of 80 dogs with osteosarcoma to generate comparison data for ongoing and future studies of new chemotherapeutic agents.

DESCRIPTION: Baseline data are an integral component of scientific experiments. Researchers use baseline data and control groups to eliminate and isolate variables and determine if a new treatment is truly effective. Researchers will enroll 80 client-owned dogs with osteosarcoma that will receive current standard-of-care therapy, which includes surgical removal of the tumor and chemotherapy. Data collected from these dogs ultimately will serve as a control group for future studies of osteosarcoma therapies.

D16CA-519 Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Adjunct Therapy in Dogs with Osteosarcoma UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $1,390,967

SUMMARY: Researchers are evaluating the effectiveness of oral rapamycin as an adjunct, post- surgery therapy to combat cancer spread (metastasis) in client-owned dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Rapamycin is a chemotherapeutic that showed promise in a past study for the treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma in dogs. Subsequent research helped refine the recommended dose of oral rapamycin for canine patients. Using this new information, researchers will evaluate the effectiveness of oral rapamycin as an adjunct, post-surgery therapy to combat metastatic disease in 80 client-owned dogs. Dogs will receive standard-of-care (surgical removal of tumor and carboplatin chemotherapy) followed by four months of rapamycin treatment. Data from this study will be compared to data from a concurrent standard-of-care, control study to assess the effectiveness of rapamycin in dogs with osteosarcoma. This study will be led by the National Cancer Institute and conducted through the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium, a network of 21 veterinary teaching hospitals in North America.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 23 Dogs

D15CA-015 Developing a New Tool to Study Viral Infections and Cancer in Dogs NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 9/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $45,887

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a state-of-the-art molecular tool to track and study killer T-cell populations that are responsible for fighting viral infections and cancer in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: In humans, a powerful immunologic reagent called a tetramer is standardly used to visualize changes in the body’s killer T-cells. These cells respond to immunologic challenges and are critical to the body’s immune system. Current knowledge of T-cell behavior in dogs could be significantly advanced with the development of a dog-specific tetramer. Researchers will work to construct the first canine tetramer, which would then be used in the development of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer in dogs.

D15CA-026 Searching for New Therapy Targets to Treat Dogs with B-Cell Lymphoma THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $107,902

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate targeted therapies for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: New treatment strategies for canine B-cell lymphoma are desperately needed. One promising target may be inhibition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, which is commonly activated in dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Researchers will investigate the BCR signaling pathway’s role in canine lymphoma cells and its potential as a therapeutic target. Information gained from this study may be useful in the development of a clinical trial to test new therapies in dogs with B-cell lymphoma.

24 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D15CA-047 Understanding Why and How Canine Osteosarcoma Tumors Spread UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 12/1/2104 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $324,130

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how osteosarcoma spreads, in the hopes of finding new treatment targets.

DESCRIPTION: Renegade cancer cells escape from virtually every tumor, but only rare cells from certain tumor types survive, grow and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. In the case of bone cancer, this metastasis leads to death for virtually every patient. Researchers do not fully understand how bone cancer cells spread from the primary site in the bone to the lungs, but recent work suggests that the tumors send out small bags of cargo (vesicles) and cell fragments into the bloodstream. These vesicles carry biologically active genes and proteins, and when they reach the lungs, they prepare and help make this site welcoming for the renegade tumor cells. Researchers hope to find markers in the blood circulation that will help them understand why and how the tumor spreads. Their findings may be used to develop treatments to help prevent osteosarcoma metastasis in dogs.

D15CA-316 Looking for New Targeted Therapies for Osteosarcoma COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $97,201

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the role of a signaling pathway in the progression of bone cancer in dogs and evaluate its potential as a new therapeutic target to help treat this disease.

DESCRIPTION: Signaling pathways are groups of molecules in a cell that work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death. Recent studies have shown that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway is often abnormally activated in a variety of human tumors. Researchers will explore the role of increased expression of FGF protein molecules in canine osteosarcoma cells. They will then evaluate the effect of inhibiting the FGF pathway with a targeted drug. Understanding how abnormally activated signaling pathways affect cancer’s development and how to reverse their effects on tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance will help in the development of new targeted therapies for dogs with osteosarcoma.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 25 Dogs

CARDIOVASCULAR

D16CA-509 Identifying Genetic Mutations for Mitral Valve Cardiac Disease (MVD) NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $638,098

SUMMARY: Researchers will search for genetic mutations associated with mitral valve disease, a common heart condition in small breed dogs, to improve disease management and prevention.

DESCRIPTION: Mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common heart condition in older small breed dogs and believed to comprise about 75 percent of the cardiac cases seen by veterinarians. Some patients live comfortably after diagnosis, but most dogs with MVD eventually succumb to congestive heart failure in spite of treatment. A genetic component is strongly suspected to play a role in disease development; some breeds, including Cavalier King Charles spaniels, poodles and dachshunds, have a notably higher incidence of disease. Since specific genetic mutations associated with MVD have not been identified, researchers will search for genes that contribute to the development and severity of this cardiac condition. Discovery of genetic markers would help clinicians identify at-risk individuals before they develop heart disease. It also would allow early pre-breeding screening to reduce MVD prevalence and improve clinical management of dogs with this progressive heart disease.

DERMATOLOGY

D16CA-048 Controlling Itch and Inflammation in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 9/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $25,250

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the role of a small protein released in response to inflammation as a potential new therapy target to control itch and inflammation in dogs with chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease.

DESCRIPTION: Atopic dermatitis, a chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease, affects about 10 percent of all dogs. Even with treatment, atopic dogs can suffer from lifelong itching and inflammation which can lead to self-trauma. Nearly nothing is known about the mechanisms of itch in the dog, making it difficult to develop new therapies. Researchers will investigate the itch-inducing role of a small protein released in response to inflammation. Recent studies have shown that this protein plays a central role in the initiation and maintenance of atopic dermatitis in other species and may be a valuable, new therapy target to control symptoms of itch and inflammation in atopic dogs.

26 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D16CA-406 Controlling Itch and Inflammation in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis, Fellowship NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Identifying Genetic Mutations for Mitral Valve Cardiac Disease (MVD) Study Start Date: 9/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $62,100

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the role of a small protein released in response to inflammation as a potential new therapy target to control itch and inflammation in dogs with chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease.

DESCRIPTION: Atopic dermatitis, a chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease, affects about 10 percent of all dogs. Even with treatment, atopic dogs can suffer from lifelong itching and inflammation which can lead to self-trauma. Nearly nothing is known about the mechanisms of itch in the dog, making it difficult to develop new therapies. Researchers will investigate the itch-inducing role of a small protein released in response to inflammation. Recent studies have shown that this protein plays a central role in the initiation and maintenance of atopic dermatitis in other species and may be a valuable, new therapy target to control symptoms of itch and inflammation in atopic dogs.

ENDOCRINE/METABOLIC

D15CA-052 Exploring New Medical Treatments for Cushing’s Syndrome UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $78,750

Controlling Itch and Inflammation in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate potential new medical treatments for canine Cushing’s syndrome.

DESCRIPTION: Cushing’s syndrome is a hormonal disorder that occurs when the body produces higher than normal levels of the hormone cortisol. Unhealthy levels of cortisol can be triggered by various causes, including pituitary and adrenal gland tumors. Researchers will assess how two novel compounds affect cortisol production and adrenal tumor growth. Identifying novel medical options will help improve treatment strategies for dogs with Cushing’s syndrome.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 27 Dogs

GASTROENTEROLOGY

D17CA-068 Investigating Gallbladder Disease in Dogs NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 12/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $73,870

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine what causes abnormal mucus secretion in dogs resulting in gallbladder mucoceles (congealed masses of mucus that can block or rupture the gallbladder), as well as seek ways to prevent or reverse this serious condition.

DESCRIPTION: Gallbladder mucocele formation has become one of the most common, poorly understood and deadliest biliary conditions in dogs. Gallbladder mucoceles develop when the gallbladder secretes abnormal amounts of mucus that eventually obstructs or ruptures the gallbladder. Researchers will identify biological and genetic mechanisms responsible for mucocele formation. This new information will help the team identify drugs to block processes responsible for the mucus mass formation as well as work toward developing a genetic test for assessing disease risk in individual dogs. Currently, veterinarians don’t know why dogs develop mucoceles nor how to predict, prevent or reverse their development. Discovery of new diagnostics and treatments will help veterinarians manage this serious, emerging disease in their canine patients.

GENETICS

D16CA-310 Building a Better Genome to Help Study Canine Diseases KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $45,500

SUMMARY: Researchers will create an optical map of the canine genome, an important tool to identify gaps and missing structural components in the current canine genome assembly.

DESCRIPTION: Genome models are critical tools in identifying genetic mutations associated with disease. Researchers will use new nanochannel-based technology to create an optical map of the canine genome. Nanochannel-based technology looks at long, uncoiled stretches of DNA. Current sequence technology looks at short DNA strands that are then reassembled, like a puzzle, into a full picture. Data from the new optical map will be used to validate and improve the contiguity of the current sequence-based genome assembly. Building a better canine genome will enhance the research community’s ability to identify causes of and genetic risk factors associated with simple and complex canine diseases.

28 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

HEMATOLOGY

D17CA-049 Investigating Gallbladder Disease in Dogs Evaluating a New Treatment for a Deadly Blood Disorder CORNELL UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $46,928

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate a novel drug as a potential new treatment for immune- mediated hemolytic anemia, a serious and fatal blood disorder in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a serious blood disorder with a high mortality rate in dogs. Despite years of research and advances in the diagnosis, few effective treatment options are available for IMHA. Researchers will evaluate a new drug, currently used to treat similar diseases in people, as a potential new canine IMHA treatment. While the underlying causes of IMHA and the human diseases differ, the target biological mechanisms are similar. This study will determine the drug’s safety and dosing for dogs as a precursor for future clinical trials that could help transform how we treat dogs with this deadly disease.

D15CA-305 Reducing Blood Clots in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 11/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $83,643

SUMMARY: Researchers will improve techniques for monitoring anticoagulant therapy and preventing blood clot complications in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Building a Better Genome to Help Study Canine Diseases DESCRIPTION: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) occurs when the dog’s immune system is triggered to attack its own red blood cells. Serious and often fatal blood clots are a major complication of dogs afflicted with IMHA. In the early stages of the disease, heparin is often used as an anticoagulant therapy to prevent blood clots. Researchers will evaluate which of two bedside methods of monitoring heparin therapy provides better therapeutic monitoring and prevention of devastating clotting complications.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 29 Dogs

D15CA-805 Making Blood Transfusions Safer MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 9/1/2014 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,697

SUMMARY: Researchers will test specialized filters that may reduce life-threatening transfusion reactions in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Blood transfusion reactions, which can be potentially devastating, occur in more than 10 percent of veterinary patients receiving blood products. Researchers will evaluate levels of pro-inflammatory molecules that develop during blood storage and transfusion and will then test specialized filters that may decrease levels of these molecules, thereby reducing transfusion reactions. The results of this study will be used to enhance blood banking and transfusion protocols that will allow veterinarians to minimize the frequency and severity of transfusion reactions in dogs.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

D17CA-019 Controlling the Spread of Antibiotic-Resistant Staph Infection WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $157,561

SUMMARY: Researchers will use genetic fingerprinting methods to track and help prevent serious antibiotic-resistant staph infection outbreaks in dogs and cats.

DESCRIPTION: Antibiotic-resistant infections are an increasingly common cause of illness in pets around the world. Using established genetic fingerprinting methods, researchers will compare and catalog different antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a bacteria similar to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people, commonly known as MRSA. The team will use these data to develop a new rapid, low-cost detection method for investigating infection outbreaks and establish new guidelines to help interrupt antibiotic-resistant staph infections to other animals. For the veterinary community, a valid, standardized method is key to understanding regional and global antibiotic-resistant staph transmission as well as the evolution of this rapidly emerging pathogen in dogs and cats.

30 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D17CA-404 Developing a Flu Vaccine for Dogs and Cats THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $99,900

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop an innovative and cost-effective vaccine to protect dogs and cats against infection with influenza viruses.

DESCRIPTION: Recent outbreaks of canine flu, such as the Chicago outbreak of 2015, have shown that influenza viruses are an emerging pathogen for companion animals in the United States. Dogs and cats are at-risk species for a flu epidemic as they lack background immunity to influenza viruses. A cost-effective, efficient and broadly protective vaccine would be of tremendous benefit to this susceptible population. Although a vaccine for canine flu exists, it is expensive, laborious to produce and only provides immunity to a few viral strains. Researchers recently developed a novel vaccine strategy they hope will form the basis for a more cost-effective, efficient and broadly protective vaccine for both dogs and cats. In this study, the team will evaluate the efficacy of their vaccine strategy to determine its potential for inducing a robust and durable immune response against several influenza viruses that pose a threat to pets. This is a critical step toward developing a more effective flu vaccine for reducing disease spread in dogs and cats not only in the United States, but worldwide.

D16CA-067 Investigating the Impact of a Newly Discovered Virus UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 11/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $103,426

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the prevalence and disease impact of canine circovirus in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: While some dogs infected with canine circovirus remain clinically healthy, others develop diarrhea and, occasionally, fatal disease. Factors that determine these different outcomes, as well as the geographical footprint of the virus within the United States, are unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, researchers will establish how many dogs in the United States are exposed to the virus, and whether differences in viral strains determine if infected dogs develop mild or severe disease – critical information for developing prevention and control strategies.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 31 Dogs

D16CA-517 Evaluating a Vaccine for Leishmaniasis UNIVERSITY OF IOWA Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $128,835

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease, in United States foxhounds.

DESCRIPTION: Leishmania is a blood-borne parasite that infects and kills millions of dogs and more than 20,000 people annually. The disease is mostly found in parts of the tropics, subtropics and southern Europe, but there is a surprisingly large prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis among hunting hounds in the United States and Canada. While there are no effective treatments for leishmaniasis, a vaccine (LeishTec®) is currently available in Brazil as a preventive against the disease. Researchers will evaluate the ability of this vaccine to prevent leishmania infection and/ or illness in dogs. This trial also will provide the first evaluation of any leishmania vaccine for disease prevention after natural leishmania exposure in dogs.

D15CA-802 Understanding the Transmission Risk of Bacterial Infections Between Therapy Dogs and Kids with Cancer JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine whether the fur of animal-assistance therapy dogs can become contaminated with hospital-associated infections and test whether low-cost interventions can reduce the risk of microbial transmission between therapy animals and patients with childhood cancer.

DESCRIPTION: Researchers will determine whether two common pathogens that cause hospital- associated infections, Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, can be transferred between assistance therapy dogs and children with cancer who are undergoing outpatient treatment. They also will investigate whether commercial veterinary skin products can reduce transmission rates of these pathogens. The goal of this study is to improve the health of working dogs and their “patients” by reducing bacterial infection risks.

32 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D15CA-833 Understanding How Bacteria Communicate and Promote Infections TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $10,452

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a common cause of bacterial skin and postoperative infections in dogs, forms groups of bacteria that stick to surfaces, such as catheters and orthopedic metal implants, making infections difficult to treat.

DESCRIPTION: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common opportunistic bacteria on the dog’s skin and it is a frequent cause of postoperative infections, especially those associated with medical devices such as orthopedic implants and catheters. Bacteria associated with these infections form biofilms, which are groups of bacteria that stick to each other and adhere to implanted medical devices and other surfaces. Biofilms protect the bacteria from antimicrobial drugs, making infections difficult to treat. Understanding how the signaling system of S. pseudintermedius works and prompts biofilm formation will help researchers develop novel antimicrobial therapies and/or preventive measures to reduce postoperative infections in dogs.

MUSCULOSKELETAL

D15CA-030 Testing the Effectiveness of a Pain-Relieving Drug in Dogs with Osteoarthritis THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 9/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $167,048

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the efficacy of the drug tramadol in relieving pain in dogs with osteoarthritic joints.

DESCRIPTION: Tramadol is widely prescribed to provide pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis, but there is little scientific evidence that this product is effective. In a carefully controlled clinical trial using client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis, researchers will determine whether tramadol provides adequate pain control. The data from this study should provide scientific evidence for whether tramadol works effectively and safely as a sole therapy for dogs clinically affected by osteoarthritis.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 33 Dogs

D15CA-311 Using Donated Stem Cells to Treat Osteoarthritic Dogs UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 10/1/2014 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $96,249

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the safety and efficacy of using donated stem cells to treat dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis that have limited treatment options.

DESCRIPTION: Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative joint disease that afflicts many pets. Although the disease cannot be cured, it can be managed with long-term medication to help reduce joint swelling and associated pain. Some evidence suggests that stem cell therapy may improve the quality of life for pets with osteoarthritis; however, harvesting stem cells requires the patient to undergo general anesthesia. Not all pets are good candidates for anesthesia, surgery or long-term standard medications. In this clinical trial, researchers will investigate the safety and efficacy of using stem cells donated by healthy dogs to treat dogs with osteoarthritis. If successful, this alternative therapy may improve the quality of life for many pets with limited treatment options.

NEUROLOGY

D16CA-025 Improving Seizure Monitoring in Dogs with Epilepsy NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $104,511

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the use of a commercially available, collar-mounted activity monitor to detect seizures in dogs with epilepsy.

DESCRIPTION: Epilepsy is a common problem in dogs that typically requires lifelong medical attention. However, the majority of dogs do not become seizure-free with treatment, and a consistent worry for caregivers is the risk of seizures occurring when a dog is alone. Researchers will evaluate the use of a commercially available, collar-mounted accelerometer to reliably detect seizure activity in epileptic dogs. The availability of an easily worn, inexpensive device to detect seizures will provide valuable data to help veterinarians make informed treatment adjustments, and reduce the risk of injury or death from unobserved seizures for their canine patients.

34 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D16CA-081 Improving Outcomes for Dogs with Acute Spinal Cord Injuries NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $124,173

SUMMARY: Researchers will assess the safety and benefits of intensive, postoperative rehabilitation in dogs recovering from spinal cord injuries.

DESCRIPTION: Disc herniation is a common cause of paralysis in dogs. Recommendations for the management of dogs following surgery for disc herniation vary from strict rest to intensive rehabilitation but benefits from these different approaches are unclear. In this clinical trial, researchers will compare two protocols. The first is a postoperative rehabilitation protocol designed to enhance strength and coordination in dogs with naturally occurring disc herniation. The second is a more conservative, supportive protocol using passive range of motion exercises, limited sling walking, and confinement. Findings will provide insight on whether postoperative rehabilitation increases speed and level of recovery, and which therapy approach is more effective in improving the quality of life in dogs with acute spinal cord injury following surgery.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

D17CA-073 Searching for Genetic Mutations for Prevalent Eye Disease in Cairn Terriers MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $53,492

SUMMARY: Researchers will search for genetic mutations associated with inherited ocular melanosis, an eye condition that causes glaucoma and blindness in Cairn terriers.

DESCRIPTION: Ocular melanosis is a painful, inherited eye disease that causes glaucoma and blindness in affected dogs. Cairn terriers have a high risk of developing this condition. Researchers will conduct an in-depth investigation of gene expression levels to locate causal DNA variants associated with the disease in Cairn terriers. Identification of the causal DNA variation is a critical first step toward the development of a genetic screening test to help eradicate ocular melanosis from the Cairn terrier breeding population. Other high-risk breeds that may benefit from this work include boxers and Labrador retrievers.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 35 Dogs

PATHOLOGY

D16CLP-001 Training Pathologists to Support Golden Retriever Lifetime Study COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 5 years Study Cost: $300,000

SUMMARY: This grant supports the advanced training of two aspiring veterinary pathologists who will assist with the analysis of tissue samples collected from dogs enrolled in Morris Animal Foundation’s Golden Retriever Lifetime Study.

DESCRIPTION: Highly trained investigators are vital to advancing the health and welfare of animals. Morris Animal Foundation is funding the training of two new veterinary pathologists to work with the Golden Retriever Lifetime Study research team. Under the mentorship of the study’s veterinary leadership team, the selected pathology residents will help examine submitted tissue samples from study participants in order to provide consistency in diagnosis of diseases, including cancer, as well as assist with advanced pathology diagnostics and reporting as needed.

PHARMACOLOGY

D16CA-401 Improving Pain Control WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $95,017

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine if genetic factors and co-administered drugs influence the clinical effectiveness of tramadol, a commonly used pain-relief drug in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Tramadol is an opiate medication widely used by veterinarians to treat mild to moderate pain in dogs. However, there is evidence that the drug may not work well in some patients due to genetic factors. Co-administration of other drugs also can affect how well tramadol is processed in the body. The researchers will identify which drugs interfere with the analgesic effect of tramadol (and should be avoided), and which drugs might boost the pain relief from tramadol (and could be given as a combination therapy).

36 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Dogs

D15CA-820 Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Pain Patch for Dogs Following Surgery UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Training Pathologists to Support Golden Retriever Lifetime Study Study Start Date: 9/1/2014 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $8,318

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the efficacy of a new pain relief option, the transdermal lidocaine patch, for dogs that undergo surgery.

DESCRIPTION: Researchers will evaluate whether a wound dressing containing local anesthetic provides postsurgical pain relief for dogs. The effect of this transdermal lidocaine patch will be evaluated in postoperative dogs by observing behavioral changes and measuring levels of blood cortisol, a hormone that is elevated during times of discomfort. If effective, the lidocaine patch would provide a safe and convenient pain-relief option for dogs, which would be particularly beneficial for use in low-cost veterinary settings such as shelters, teaching hospitals and clinics serving low-income communities.

URINARY

D17CA-017 Understanding Genetic Risk for Developing Calcium Oxalate Urinary Stones Improving Pain Control UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $103,704

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate genetic mutations associated with increased risk for calcium oxalate urinary stones, a painful and common health problem in dogs.

DESCRIPTION: Urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate are a common problem in dogs. They can cause significant bladder irritation and lead to life-threatening urethral obstructions. Researchers discovered two genetic mutations strongly linked to calcium oxalate urinary stone formation in some dog breeds. In this follow-up study, the team will further evaluate these mutations in multiple breeds to confirm the mutations’ role in stone formation. Understanding the genetic basis of urinary stone formation is fundamental to developing new diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies, including genetic testing. A genetic test would help inform breeding decisions and identify at-risk dogs that may benefit from regular stone screening, dietary changes or other medical interventions.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 37 Dogs

D17CA-841 Detecting and Preventing Bladder Stones in Miniature Schnauzers VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 9/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,631

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate if the calcium concentration in urine can be used as a non-invasive marker of calcium oxalate bladder stones in miniature schnauzers.

DESCRIPTION: Although bladder stones are common in all dogs, miniature schnauzers are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop a specific type of stone – calcium oxalate – than other breeds. This type of urinary stone can cause life-threatening obstruction of the urinary tract and often needs to be removed through surgery or other techniques. Even with dietary and medical preventive measures, calcium oxalate stones have a high rate of recurrence. Researchers will investigate if calcium concentrations in urine can be used as a non-invasive marker for miniature schnauzers at risk of developing calcium oxalate bladder stones. Data will be used to develop a screening test to identify at-risk dogs, and monitor the efficacy of prescribed prevention measures.

D15CA-307 Evaluating a New Treatment for Dogs with Kidney Disease THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $63,236

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the efficacy of a new treatment for dogs with abnormally high urinary protein levels associated with kidney disease.

DESCRIPTION: Abnormally high protein levels in the urine, known as proteinuria, can be an early indicator and a serious complicating condition of kidney disease in dogs. Currently, use of the standard-of-care drug enalapril can help improve outcomes, but this intervention is only partially effective at reducing proteinuria. Researchers will evaluate an alternative drug, telmisartan, and its ability to reduce urinary protein loss in dogs with proteinuria. In this clinical trial, client- owned dogs will be randomly assigned to receive either telmisartan or enalapril over a four- month period. Researchers will measure urine protein levels to gauge the effectiveness of both treatments. If telmisartan is more effective, this new drug could safely reduce proteinuria and decrease morbidity and mortality in dogs with kidney disease.

38 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

CANCER

D17EQ-817 Identifying Cancer-Causing Genes for Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCC) NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 2/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate genes associated with squamous cell carcinoma – a common cancer in horses affecting the eye area – to gauge their value as new therapeutic targets and their use in early cancer detection.

DESCRIPTION: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common eye-related cancer in horses. Even with treatment, tumor recurrence is high, with approximately one in five patients experiencing cancer relapse. Researchers will evaluate three potentially cancer-causing genes associated with SCC. The team will determine if these genes are highly expressed in SCC tumors when compared to normal horse skin. This new information will allow for large-scale investigations on the use of these genes for early cancer detection and as new therapeutic targets to help treat SCC in horses. DERMATOLOGY

D17EQ-822 Creating a New Tool to Study Wound Healing THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 2/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a novel model to study limb wound-healing and skin- healing complications in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Superficial leg wounds, especially below the knee, are common in horses and cannot be closed via suture. The healing process can be lengthy and often is complicated by the formation of exuberant granulation tissue (EGT), also known as “proud flesh.” EGT is characterized by excessive tissue growth that impedes skin healing and can lead to extensive scarring, discomfort and even chronic lameness. Although EGT is a common problem, little is known about the cellular biology of equine skin. Few models exist to study this wound healing complication. Researchers will develop an EGT model using equine skin explants grown under laboratory culture conditions. This new model will help researchers study equine wound healing and develop novel therapies to treat EGT in affected horses.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 39 Horses

ENDOCRINE/METABOLIC

D17EQ-019 Searching for Genetic Risk Factors for Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 1/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $88,612

SUMMARY: Researchers will search for genetic markers associated with an increased risk for equine metabolic syndrome, a disorder in horses characterized by insulin resistance, obesity and susceptibility to laminitis.

DESCRIPTION: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a complex disease, influenced by multiple genetic and metabolic factors. In a previously funded Morris Animal Foundation study, researchers identified more than 180 regions in the horse genome containing genes associated with EMS. In this study, the team will analyze circulating metabolites (substances essential to metabolism and metabolic processes, such as glucose) and gene expression data. Combined analyses will help the team prioritize genetic regions of interest, narrow down the search for candidate genes, and identify risk markers for EMS. Understanding genetic risk factors for EMS will help veterinarians identify animals that can benefit most from management changes and early therapeutic intervention.

D17EQ-402 Searching for Genetic Risk Factors for Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS), Fellowship UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 3/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: As part of a larger research project (D17EQ-019), the research fellow will analyze metabolic products to help prioritize genetic regions of interest in the ongoing search for markers associated with an increased risk of equine metabolic syndrome in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a complex disease, influenced by multiple genetic and metabolic factors. In a previously funded Morris Animal Foundation study, researchers identified more than 180 regions in the horse genome containing genes associated with EMS. In this study, the research fellow will help the team analyze circulating metabolites (substances essential to metabolism and metabolic processes such as glucose) and gene expression data. Combined analyses will help prioritize genetic regions of interest, narrow down the search for candidate genes, and identify risk markers for EMS. Understanding genetic risk factors for EMS will help veterinarians identify animals that can benefit most from management changes and early therapeutic intervention.

40 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D16EQ-401 Searching for Candidate Genes Responsible for Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will search for candidate genes associated with equine metabolic syndrome in five horse breeds – Arabian, Morgan, quarter horse, Tennessee walking horse, and Welsh pony.

DESCRIPTION: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a metabolic and hormonal disorder in horses characterized by insulin resistance, obesity and susceptibility to laminitis. Little is known about the genetic basis and variation of EMS within and across breeds, which limits the ability to predict disease risk and identify patients that can benefit from management changes or early intervention. Researchers will investigate breed-specific metabolic profiles in five horse breeds to help identify candidate genes associated with EMS using various genomic selection tools. These findings will provide a foundation for discovering new therapeutic targets and aid in the development of genetic tests to identify at-risk horses prior to the onset of clinical disease.

D15EQ-029 Investigating the Link Between Environmental Exposure to Chemicals and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 12/1/2014 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $116,640

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the link between persistent organic pollutants in the environment and the development of equine metabolic syndrome.

DESCRIPTION: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) refers to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that may increase a horse’s risk of laminitis. These abnormalities include high blood insulin, insulin resistance and obesity or abnormal accumulation of fat (often a “cresty neck”). In a prior study of more than 600 horses, researchers discovered a possible link between EMS and a horse’s exposure to pollutants, such as herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture. This finding correlates with recent research linking environmental pollutant exposure to metabolic syndrome in humans. In this study, researchers will determine whether pollutant concentrations in plasma are correlated to abnormal metabolic measurements and significant metabolic variation in horses with EMS. Identifying the individual and environmental factors that contribute to EMS will improve veterinarians’ ability to predict disease and provide additional opportunities for prevention, either through removal of environmental risks or development of therapeutic interventions.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 41 Horses

GENETICS

D15EQ-019 Building a Better Horse Genome to Help Researchers Study Equine Diseases UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE Study Start Date: 2/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $155,865

SUMMARY: Researchers will build a new reference genome sequence for the domestic horse, which will provide an important tool for mapping genes that cause equine diseases.

DESCRIPTION: Genome sequencing allows researchers to read and decipher genetic information found in DNA. It is especially useful for mapping genes that cause disease in animals. Morris Animal Foundation helped fund the first genome reference sequence for the domestic horse, released in 2009. Since that time, there have been dramatic improvements in sequencing technology and the computational hardware and algorithms used to analyze the data. Researchers will use this new technology to improve the reference genome for the horse and create a more complete map of the horse’s genetic code. This map will help the research community find new approaches for tackling serious equine health problems.

IMMUNOLOGY

D16EQ-039 Improving Allergy Immunotherapy UNIVERSITY OF BERNE, SWITZERLAND Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how to improve diagnosis and treatment of equine insect bite hypersensitivity, one of the most common allergic skin diseases in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a common allergic condition caused by biting midges. Allergens, the substances causing the allergy, are proteins present in the midges’ saliva. Although many of these allergens are known, researchers will identify the most relevant ones for IBH in horses for inclusion in allergen-specific immunotherapy (allergy shots). Findings will be used to develop a rapid, sensitive diagnostic test for IBH and to improve allergy vaccines for IBH and other allergic diseases in horses.

42 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

D17EQ-007 Building a Better Horse Genome to Help Researchers Study Understanding Salmonella Susceptibility in Horses Equine Diseases IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,129

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify horse breeds most susceptible to Salmonella and determine which antibiotics would provide the greatest benefit to stricken animals.

DESCRIPTION: Salmonella is a common gastrointestinal bacteria in horses, with outbreaks of salmonellosis occasionally occurring at veterinary hospitals and other settings where horses congregate. Researchers found some horses appear to be resistant to salmonellosis because their white blood cells are more efficient at killing the bacteria than those of susceptible horses. Based on this new information, the team will determine which horse breeds are more prone to infection and which antibiotics can help treat Salmonella sp. infections in these patients.

D17EQ-304 Managing the Spread of Salmonella THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 3/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $106,793

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine how long infected horses shed Salmonella in their feces Improving Allergy Immunotherapy and use this new information to improve infection prevention and control.

DESCRIPTION: Salmonella is one of the most common bacterial diseases of adult horses. Infection can occur via contamination of the environment, feed or water, or by contact with animals actively shedding the bacteria. Researchers will collect critical data on Salmonella shedding in affected horses, determine factors that may contribute to the duration of shedding, and record adverse health effects on stablemates. This critical new information will help researchers develop sound, evidence-based infection control practices to protect horses as well as their owners who also are at risk of contracting Salmonella.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 43 Horses

D16EQ-044 Tackling Antibiotic-Resistant Foal Pneumonia THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 2/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $185,891

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a new treatment strategy against antibiotic-resistant foal pneumonia.

DESCRIPTION: Rhodococcus equi, a naturally occurring bacterium in soil, is a common cause of severe and often fatal pneumonia in foals. Antibiotic-resistant R. equi is an emerging treatment challenge. A practical, long-term solution to this health concern is to decrease widespread use of commonly used antibiotics in foals with pneumonia. Researchers recently showed that gallium maltolate, a semi-metal compound with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, is highly active against R. equi. In this clinical trial, researchers will determine if gallium maltolate administered to client-owned foals with pneumonia minimizes the development of antibiotic- resistant bacteria in the gut as measured in stool and soil samples. Gallium maltolate holds promise as a new treatment to help mitigate the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of R. equi – especially important to farms endemic for this difficult-to-treat bacteria.

D16EQ-810 Developing a New Treatment Strategy and Drug-Delivery System for Foal Pneumonia TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 5/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will compare combinations of antimicrobials to identify the most effective combination for use in a novel, aerosolized, nanoparticle drug delivery system.

DESCRIPTION: Despite aggressive antibiotic therapies, the mortality rate of foals that develop Rhodococcus equi pneumonia remains high, underscoring the need for new treatment strategies. No effective preventive vaccines currently are available and the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of R. equi has further complicated disease management. Researchers will compare standard-of-care antibiotics to novel antimicrobial compounds and identify a more efficacious medication combination. Researchers also will develop an aerosolized, nanoparticle system for their new drug strategy to improve multi-drug delivery, treatment success, and survival of foals with R. equi pneumonia.

44 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D16EQ-815 Understanding Persistent Equine Herpesvirus Infections CORNELL UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $10,751

SUMMARY: Researchers will study subpopulations of immune cells in the blood of horses to discover new strategies to help horses fight off equine herpesvirus infections.

DESCRIPTION: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) causes devastating health problems in horses worldwide, including respiratory disease, fetal loss, and neurological disorders. Studies have shown the horse’s immune system has a hard time fighting off infection by the virus. Researchers suspect the problem originates with a subpopulation of white blood cells known as the monocytes. Monocytes are one of the first responders to viral invasion and help the body eliminate infectious organisms. Researchers will isolate two different types of monocytes in horse blood to study how different subpopulations of monocytes interact and respond to the virus. If researchers are able to identify a population of monocytes resistant to infection, these cells could be manipulated to help horses fight EHV1 infections more effectively.

D16EQ-403 Finding New Strategies to Combat Life-Threatening Glanders THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 5/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $61,599

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how the bacterium Burkholderia mallei which causes glanders, an infectious disease in horses, regulates immune response to persist in infected animals.

DESCRIPTION: Glanders is a contagious and life-threatening disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei which affects horses, mules and donkeys. Signs of glanders include the development of abscesses and ulcerative lesions in multiple organs, notably the respiratory tract and lungs. There are no effective vaccines to prevent the disease, and aggressive treatment with antimicrobials is largely ineffective. Using genome-wide screening technologies, researchers will study B. mallei-infected immune cells to identify host genes modulated by the bacterium that suppress immune responses and are pertinent to disease progression in infected patients. Understanding how the bacterium survives and evades the immune system will help researchers develop new therapeutic strategies to prime and enhance the immune system to mitigate disease and improve survival of infected horses.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 45 Horses

D16EQ-825 Understanding Bacterial Infections VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 1/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $9,677

SUMMARY: Using cultured cells, researchers will study how the horse’s immune system responds to endotoxins, toxic substances in bacteria responsible for many horse diseases, including gastrointestinal disease and foal sepsis.

DESCRIPTION: Endotoxins bind to bacterial cell walls and are released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates. Endotoxins stimulate the immune system, which leads to inflammation and contributes to severe illness associated with many common equine health challenges. These include diarrhea, gastrointestinal disease, and foal infections. Immune cells react to endotoxins by producing a group of small molecular particles called microRNAs that turn on and off specific genes that direct inflammation. Researchers will expose immune cells to endotoxins to study the microRNAs they produce. Findings will improve our understanding of microRNA response to bacterial endotoxins which will help researchers develop more effective methods for detecting and treating bacterial infections and associated inflammation in horses.

D15EQ-035 Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of a Vaccine Against Foal Pneumonia BRIGHAM & WOMEN’S HOSPITAL Study Start Date: 3/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $205,653

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a vaccine against foal pneumonia caused by the bacterium Rhodococcus equi.

DESCRIPTION: Foal pneumonia, caused by the bacterium Rhodococcus equi, is a devastating illness that kills young foals worldwide. As yet, there is no effective and safe vaccine. Researchers will evaluate whether mares and foals produce protective immune responses when immunized with a vaccine that elicits antibodies against a sugar polymer found on the surface of many bacteria, including R. equi. They will determine whether these antibodies are found in the milk of vaccinated mares and whether those antibodies are passed on to foals during nursing. Researchers hope these studies will provide a breakthrough approach that will lead to an effective vaccine against R. equi.

46 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D15EQ-303 Understanding Immune Response to Bacterial Infections in Young Foals THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $86,433

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how immune response cells, called dendritic cells, function and the role they play in the development of life-threatening bacterial infections in foals.

DESCRIPTION: Young foals have immature immune systems, which increases their risk of death due to bacterial infections, such as sepsis, during their first few weeks of life. Dendritic cells play a vital role in initiating and directing the immune response to bacterial infection, and they are particularly important in protecting newborn foals during their first encounter with infectious agents. Using a laboratory model of equine dendritic cells exposed to bacteria, researchers will explore key factors involved in the foal’s immune response to bacterial infections. Findings from this study could help direct the development of novel preventive and therapeutic interventions that would decrease bacterial infections and associated mortality in young foals.

D15EQ-405 Boosting the Immune System in Foals to Help Fight Infections TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $99,992

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the ability of two agents to improve immune responses against Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in young foals.

DESCRIPTION: Rhodococcus equi pneumonia is the most common and severe form of pneumonia in foals younger than 6 months of age. To date, no safe and readily available vaccine is available in the United States to protect foals from this infection. Researchers will explore the ability of two agents to stimulate the immune system of newborn foals and provide protection against R. equi infection. They will analyze how each treatment affects the immune system cells found in airways, which serve as a first line of defense against foreign invaders. Identifying new methods to improve neonatal immunity will reduce foals’ susceptibility to infections and may also improve their response to vaccination.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 47 Horses

MUSCULOSKELETAL

D17EQ-818 Filling in Gaps in the Horse Genome Related to Tendon Health UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 3/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will fill in missing information in the horse genome associated with tendon health and aging.

DESCRIPTION: Tendon diseases often result in severe lameness and debilitation for horses. Although the equine genome was released in 2007, major informational gaps still exist, slowing the discovery of new treatments and therapies. Using new sequencing technologies, researchers will identify previously unrecognized tendon-specific and tendon-associated genes. This study will provide for a more robust equine genome, will improve our understanding of tendon aging in horses, and will help advance the development of treatments for life-limiting lameness in horses.

D16EQ-004 Understanding the Role of Abnormal Calcium Regulation in Equine Muscle Diseases MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 4/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $141,620

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how equine muscle cells regulate calcium movement, and examine its role in equine muscle diseases.

DESCRIPTION: Shuttling calcium between cellular compartments is critical to normal muscle function. Abnormal movement of calcium can contribute to muscle degeneration and even failure. Researchers will explore biological mechanisms involved in equine muscle calcium regulation and “tying up,” a complex muscle disorder of horses. Researchers also will study how key equine inhibitory proteins affect the structural dynamics of the muscle calcium pump which helps control intramuscular calcium levels in the body. By discovering how horses regulate muscle calcium levels, researchers hope to identify new therapeutic targets for treating debilitating equine muscle diseases.

48 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D16EQ-016 Improving Cell Therapies to Repair Articular Cartilage Damage UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $121,547

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the ability of a unique population of cells called interzone cells to produce new cartilage in horses with joint damage.

DESCRIPTION: Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints and provides a smooth surface to facilitate pain-free movement of contacting bone surfaces, as well as biomechanical support. Once structural damage occurs to articular cartilage, it is difficult to reverse. Lesions do not completely heal, explaining the progressive nature of osteoarthritis over the lifetime of an individual. Researchers will investigate a population of cells, known as interzone cells, involved in articular cartilage formation during early joint development, and compare their effectiveness to conventional stem cells generated from bone marrow and fat tissue. Finding new ways to enhance articular cartilage repair will relieve pain and help prevent further damage from occurring in horses with arthritis and other forms of degenerative joint disease.

D16EQ-311 Assessing Orthopedic Disease Risk in Young Horses UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 4/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $81,305

SUMMARY: Researchers will study biomechanical forces in different horse gaits as well as genetic risk factors associated with the development of osteochondrosis (OC) in Standardbred horses, a breed with high prevalence of OC lesions.

DESCRIPTION: Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common developmental orthopedic disease in young horses influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Investigators recently reported differences in both the frequency and location of OC lesions in the hocks (a hind limb joint) of Standardbred pacers and trotters. It is unknown if these differences are due to genetic risk, differences in biomechanical forces related to gait, or a combination of the two. Researchers will study OC hock lesions in a group of Standardbred pacer and trotter foals from birth to 1 year of age to determine if gait preference has an impact on lesion healing. Researchers also will evaluate several previously identified candidate genetic risk variants to determine if they are associated with OC in this group of horses. Defining the roles of genetic and biomechanical factors in OC development will facilitate early intervention and help reduce the risk of clinical disease in horses.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 49 Horses

D16EQ-823 Addressing Weight Load and Welfare Concerns in Horses TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,764

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the effects of increased weight loads carried by horses to provide science-based recommendations to the equine industry and address potential welfare concerns.

DESCRIPTION: Numerous recommendations for maximum weight loads a horse can carry (including rider and tack) are used for many equine events. These recommendations often lack scientific support and vary greatly depending on the source, discipline, and even by country. Researchers will evaluate the effects of varying weight loads on horses by measuring and analyzing gait characteristics such as stride length, joint range of motion and joint angles. Results will be used to support or revise existing recommendations for horses involved in various equine events, gauge equine performance, and protect animals from carrying potentially harmful loads.

D15EQ-031 Searching for the Genetic Mutations Associated with Tying Up in Horses UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $104,900

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify the gene(s) and underlying mutations that increase risk of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, or tying up, in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses.

DESCRIPTION: Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, commonly known as tying up, is a musculoskeletal disorder that affects the health and performance of 5 to 10 percent of Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. Horses with this condition experience painful cramping and muscle cell damage after partaking in mild to moderate exercise. Researchers hope to identify genes and genetic mutations that may increase risk of tying up in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The information they learn would help identify susceptible horses and could be used to decrease the incidence of this painful muscle disorder through informed breeding practices.

50 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D15EQ-813 Confirming Genetic Mutations Responsible for an Equine Orthopedic Disease UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 1/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,768

SUMMARY: Researchers will validate genetic mutations that may increase the risk of developing osteochondrosis, a developmental orthopedic disease commonly diagnosed in young horses.

DESCRIPTION: Osteochondrosis (OC), a developmental orthopedic disease commonly diagnosed in young horses, is caused by abnormal cartilage development. OC can vary from mild to severe, and it nearly always requires surgical intevention to prevent ongoing joint damage. Researchers have identified several genetic mutations associated with OC in a population of yearling Standardbred horses from the United States. They now plan to validate these findings in a second, unrelated population from Norway. Identification and verification of genetic mutations are crucial to developing a genetic risk model of OC. This model could then be applied to individual horses to guide management changes and facilitate early intervention in high-risk horses. Knowing which horses have a high risk of developing OC would also allow for informed breeding decisions to reduce disease incidence.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

D16EQ-028 Determining Uveitis (Eye Inflammation) Risk Factors in Appaloosa Horses UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 4/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $136,996

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate genetic risk factors for equine recurrent uveitis, a common eye condition and leading cause of blindness in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is characterized by repeated episodes of inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented and vascular middle layer of the eye. Appaloosa horses are eight times more likely to develop and four times more likely to be blinded by the condition, suggesting genetic factors may influence disease risk. Researchers will search for genes associated with ERU in Appaloosas and determine whether or not the mutation causing the white spotting coat pattern, for which the breed is known, is a contributing risk factor. This study is the first step toward developing an ERU screening test for Appaloosa horses, allowing for earlier diagnosis and intervention to decrease ERU-associated blindness in this breed.

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D16EQ-820 Unravelling Genetic Mechanisms Associated with Corneal Eye Disorder in Friesian Horses UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 4/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a genetic predisposition in Friesian horses to an eye disorder, bilateral corneal stromal loss, which can cause vision loss.

DESCRIPTION: Horses with bilateral corneal stromal loss (BCSL) develop lesions on approximately the same location of the cornea, or outer surface, on both eyes. While these lesions typically respond well to surgical repair, if left untreated, horses are at risk for cornea rupture and vision loss. Researchers will investigate suspected genetic mechanisms associated with BCSL in Friesian horses, a breed with an increased risk for this eye disorder. Identifying genes involved in disease development is a critical first step toward developing a screening test to improve diagnosis and lower disease incidence in Friesian horses.

PHARMACOLOGY

D15EQ-018 Evaluating a Drug to Treat Inflammation NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $145,308

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effectiveness of the drug misoprostol in treating inflammation in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Excessive inflammation is a significant factor in the development of serious equine diseases, including pleuropneumonia, sepsis, heaves, severe colic and laminitis. Many of the anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat inflammation have drawbacks that limit their use and effectiveness in horses. Researchers will determine whether the drug misoprostol, commonly used to treat stomach and intestinal ulcers in companion animals, could be used as an anti- inflammatory in horses. They will also determine the appropriate dose of misoprostol in horses so that veterinarians can safely and effectively use the drug to treat inflammation in their patients.

52 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

REGENERATIVE THERAPY Unravelling Genetic Mechanisms Associated with Corneal Eye Disorder in Friesian Horses D17EQ-021 Improving Regenerative Therapies THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 3/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $115,752

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate a new culture technique to grow stem cells less likely to be rejected by the patient during treatment.

DESCRIPTION: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into many different types of cells, such as skeletal and nerve tissue. The majority of regenerative therapies involving MSC rely on fetal bovine serum (FBS) to help grow and develop these cells. However, FBS can stimulate an unwanted immune response which may affect MSCs’ survival and function when administered to a patient. Researchers will evaluate an alternate medium derived from clot-producing platelets and its ability to support the growth of MSCs for regenerative therapies. The team hopes this new method will generate stem cells more immunologically neutral to the patient, resulting in a better response to stem cell therapies.

D16EQ-405 Evaluating a Drug to Treat Inflammation Improving Regenerative Therapies NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 2/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will explore new techniques to generate stem cells that are more immunologically compatible and less likely to be rejected by the horse’s immune system.

DESCRIPTION: Stem cell therapies have the potential to improve the outcome of potentially severe and life-ending musculoskeletal injuries in horses. However, not all donor cells are accepted by the recipient’s immune system. The recipient’s immune cells will destroy transplanted stem cells if the immune system perceives the introduced cells as foreign. To improve stem cell treatment success, researchers will examine whether new culture techniques can be used to prevent the immune system from destroying donor stem cells. Successful production of immunologically compatible, “off-the-shelf” stem cells has the potential to improve the convenience, availability, and effectiveness of stem cell therapies, not only in horses, but in many species, including other companion animals.

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D15EQ-403 Identifying Ways to Control Stem Cell Behavior to Improve Regenerative Therapies CORNELL UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 3/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $66,667

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate if macrophages, a type of white blood cell that forms in response to infection or injury, influence the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Stem cells have the potential to treat a wide variety of inflammatory and degenerative diseases in animals; however, little is known about how the recipient’s body possibly affects the expression and function of transplanted stem cells. To fill this knowledge gap, researchers will investigate how macrophages, which are white blood cells naturally found in injured tissue sites targeted for therapy, influence the function of transplanted stem cells. This new information may help researchers identify ways to control stem cell behavior after transplantation and improve regenerative stem cell therapies in horses and other animals.

RESPIRATORY

D17EQ-029 Investigating a New Treatment Strategy for Equine Asthma NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 2/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $126,358

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate a promising new treatment target for equine asthma.

DESCRIPTION: Equine asthma (also previously known as heaves, recurrent airway obstruction and COPD) is a significant problem with limited treatment options. This chronic allergic respiratory condition is diagnosed in all breeds and reportedly affects between 10 and 20 percent of adult horses. Common symptoms include recurrent cough, labored breathing and exercise intolerance. Researchers noted increased levels of a specific protein in airway samples of horses with asthma when compared to healthy horses. In this study, the team will investigate if targeting this novel protein is a viable new therapeutic strategy to treat equine asthma.

54 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Horses

D16EQ-801 Creating a Lung Tissue Bank to Study Respiratory Diseases MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION Study Start Date: 4/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a cryopreservation technique to preserve airway tissue from horses that die of natural diseases with the goal of creating a tissue bank for studying respiratory diseases in horses.

DESCRIPTION: The ability to bank viable airway tissues from well-defined, diseased and control equine populations is critically needed for studying complex gene interactions responsible for common equine respiratory ailments, such as recurrent airway obstruction and inflammatory airway disease. In this pilot study, researchers will develop cryopreservation techniques that will facilitate banking sections of airways from horses that die of natural disease. This is an essential step toward increasing research efforts to improve treatments for horses with respiratory diseases.

D16EQ-828 Evaluating a New Surgical Technique to Repair Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 12/1/2105 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $2,973

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the effectiveness of a new surgical suture technique to improve upper airway function in horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, a common upper respiratory disease in horses.

DESCRIPTION: Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a progressive destruction and weakening of the nerve supply to the muscles of the larynx (voice box) resulting in narrowing of the upper airway opening and breathing difficulty. Laryngoplasty is a common surgical procedure to correct RLN that involves placing a suture to tie back the diseased cartilage at the back of the larynx and open the airway passage to facilitate breathing. The most common complication of this procedure involves loosening or breakage of the suture resulting in partial to complete surgical failure. In a mechanical load study of tissue models, researchers will evaluate the effectiveness of a new surgical technique that uses a self-locking suture button. A mechanically superior laryngoplasty will improve the quality of life for horses with RLN undergoing surgery.

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D15EQ-803 Testing a Rescue Therapy for Horses with Acute Respiratory Distress MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 5/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate whether intravenous magnesium sulfate can reverse airway constriction in asthma-like disease of horses.

DESCRIPTION: The prevalence of chronic airway disease is estimated to be 14 to 80 percent in individual horse populations throughout the United States and Europe, accounting for respiratory disease as the second cause of retirement in horses. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), an asthma-like disease, has been cited as one of the most frequent respiratory diseases in horses. Intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate solution is used to treat acute asthma attacks in people. Researchers will determine whether magnesium sulfate therapy can relax airway smooth muscle and improve ventilation in horses that experience seasonal RAO. This study will provide new information on the safety and efficacy of this novel and inexpensive therapy for managing horses with acute respiratory distress.

Llamas/Alpacas

D15LA-301 Providing Effective Pain Relief for Alpacas and Other Camelids THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 12/1/2014 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $16,648

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine the effectiveness of and optimal way to administer the pain-relieving drug fentanyl in alpacas.

DESCRIPTION: Veterinarians often use the drug fentanyl to alleviate pain in many animal species; however, its analgesic properties haven’t been studied in camelids. Researchers will compare the analgesic effect of three formulations of fentanyl in alpacas: a novel, topically applied liquid formulation, a transdermal patch and an intravenous injection. They will determine how well fentanyl works to alleviate pain in alpacas and which route of administration is most optimal. Findings will help veterinarians enhance postoperative care of critically ill alpacas and other camelids.

56 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

AMPHIBIANS Testing a Rescue Therapy for Horses with Acute Respiratory Distress D16ZO-022 Saving Madagascar’s Amphibians from a Deadly Fungus Infection IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE, UNITED KINGDOM Study Start Date: 9/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $160,923

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify parasitic fungi preying on Madagascar’s amphibian populations, including where the fungi occur on the island and which amphibian species are more susceptible to fungal disease outbreaks.

DESCRIPTION: Madagascar harbors one of the most diverse groups of amphibian species anywhere in the world. Recently, the parasitic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis – responsible for mass amphibian die-offs worldwide – was detected on the island. Researchers are launching a three-year structured disease surveillance program of sites on the island thought to be infected by B. dendrobatidis and related fungal species. Information on the geographic footprint, prevalence and intensity of these detrimental fungi will help researchers and wildlife managers develop a response plan to deal with this potential threat to Madagascar’s unique amphibian fauna.

BATS

D16ZO-408 Understanding Why Some Bats Survive White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Providing Effective Pain Relief for Alpacas and Other Camelids Study Start Date: 9/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $99,704

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate potential drivers of survival and mortality of cave- dwelling bats affected by white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease devastating bat populations in the United States.

DESCRIPTION: Since 2006, more than six million bats across the eastern United States and Canada have died from white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal disease found in hibernating bats. Despite high mortality in some populations, pockets of survivors exist even in heavily affected areas. Researchers will evaluate whether environmental factors (such as temperature and humidity in caves) and/or non-environmental factors (such as individual genetics) influence survival and mortality in bats infected with WNS. Understanding why some bats survive in areas where WNS is well established will help researchers develop new management plans for at-risk bat populations to help prevent mass die-offs.

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BIRDS

D17ZO-006 Saving Ridgway’s Hawks from Extinction THE PEREGRINE FUND Study Start Date: 4/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $50,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will study a new, long-term method to reduce botfly infestations in Ridgway’s hawk nests, a direct cause of high nestling mortality in this species.

DESCRIPTION: With fewer than 400 birds remaining in the wild, the Dominican Republic’s Ridgway’s hawk is one of the most critically endangered raptors in the world. Numbers are steadily decreasing due to a botfly infestation, seriously reducing the number of fledglings each year. Researchers received a Morris Animal Foundation grant to study the problem, and the group devised a highly successful short-term solution by treating nests with a common flea and tick insecticide. The team found treating the nests and nestlings several times during breeding season significantly increased the fledglings’ chance of survival; for every 10 nests treated, researchers saved eight nestlings that would otherwise die from parasitism. Although successful, the treatment method was labor-intensive, requiring tree climbers to treat and monitor nests three to five times during the breeding season. In this newly funded study, researchers will test a longer-acting insecticide that only requires a single nest application prior to egg laying. This new strategy, if successful, could be a more practical method for treating not only the nests of Ridgway’s hawks, but also other endangered island-endemic bird species affected by botfly infestations.

D17ZO-047 Investigating Lead Exposure and Health Impact in Urban Birds TULANE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 6/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $104,570

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the impacts of sub-lethal lead exposure on physiology, behavior and reproductive success of the northern mockingbird in New Orleans.

DESCRIPTION: Lead contamination is common in many cities worldwide. While its impact on humans has been well studied, little is known about the impact of sub-lethal exposure on urban wildlife. In a previous Morris Animal Foundation-funded pilot study, researchers showed that lead levels in mockingbird adults, nestlings and eggs appear to be correlated with environmental lead exposure, and noted health problems and hyper-aggressive behavior in birds with higher lead levels. The team will build on these preliminary results and focus on how lead exposure impacts mockingbird behavior and its effects on reproductive success and health. Mockingbirds eat a broad range of prey items, including bugs, fruits and berries, and the relative proportion of these items to the overall diet varies among life stages and territories. For this reason, mockingbirds serve as a valuable model to understand the broader risk of sub-lethal lead exposure in urban wildlife and pets. 58 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D17ZO-414 Ensuring Long-Term Survival of Endangered Cranes SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Study Start Date: 8/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $96,030

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the mechanisms influencing egg production success in endangered cranes to enhance conservation breeding and reintroduction programs.

DESCRIPTION: Producing large numbers of fertile eggs is crucial to the conservation of many bird species. Currently, 11 out of 15 crane species are listed as vulnerable or endangered worldwide, and reproduction rates of cranes in conservation facilities are low. Without reproduction, population sustainability, including maintenance of healthy and genetically diverse crane populations, is at risk. Researchers will examine the seasonal relationship between hormones and egg production in Sandhill cranes as a model for other endangered cranes. The team will track ovarian activity via ultrasound, and hormone concentrations via blood and fecal sample analysis. Findings will be used to better understand why some females consistently produce eggs while others do not, and to enhance global crane conservation efforts. This study will fund a promising young researcher at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.

D16ZO-046 Assessing Risk to European Vultures Consuming Carcasses Containing Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, SPAIN Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $149,082

SUMMARY: Researchers will study the health risks and exposure of European vultures consuming carcasses containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to medicate livestock.

DESCRIPTION: Vultures are extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Multiple studies document Asian vultures dying from kidney failure caused by inadvertent ingestion of these drugs from medicated livestock carcasses. Although strict veterinary regulations exist in Europe, the licensing and use of diclofenac, a type of NSAID, in several countries poses serious concerns for the health and conservation of vultures in this region. Researchers will study NSAID exposure in vultures living on the Iberian Peninsula, home to 95 percent of Europe’s vulture population. The team will identify the scope of NSAID use in livestock and analyze residues from these drugs in vultures as well as domestic animal carcasses, a primary food source for these birds. Data will be used to inform policies on NSAID use in livestock and its effects on wildlife.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 59 Wildlife

D16ZO-302 Looking for Genes Associated with a Lethal Form of Dwarfism in California Condors THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO Study Start Date: 9/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $52,947

SUMMARY: Researchers will study the genetic basis of chondrodystrophy (a lethal form of dwarfism) to help identify carriers of this fatal disorder in captive and wild California condors.

DESCRIPTION: Chondrodystrophy is a lethal form of dwarfism that affects California condors. The disease is an inherited cartilage disorder that results in fatal skeletal malformations as well as late embryonic death. Researchers will study the genetic basis for chondrodystrophy in California condors in order to identify the genetic mutations associated with this condition in both captive and wild condors. Genetic mutations of interest will be evaluated for their diagnostic value and used to develop a genetic screening test. This test will be invaluable in guiding decisions about birds released into the wild or paired up in captivity to help save this critically endangered species.

D16ZO-828 Improving Diagnostics for Raptors Exposed to Toxic Rodent Poisons UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,451

SUMMARY: Researchers will validate a diagnostic tool to measure coagulation and establish normal clotting ranges in great horned owls and red-tailed hawks to improve diagnostics for raptors exposed to deadly, anticoagulant rodent poisons.

DESCRIPTION: Wild birds, especially raptors, are routinely at risk of ingesting prey containing deadly rodenticides. These toxic substances commonly are used in urban and agricultural areas as well as for eradication of invasive rodents on islands. These poisons, once ingested, inhibit blood clotting in birds causing severe and often fatal bleeding disorders. Currently, limited options exist for coagulation assessment in birds and only extreme cases typically are recognized. Using blood samples from great horned owls and red-tailed hawks, researchers will measure coagulation using a point-of-care unit to establish normal clotting ranges for raptors and compare results with reference laboratory values. Successful validation of this device will help veterinarians with diagnosis and treatment of wild birds exposed to deadly rodenticides.

60 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D15ZO-836 Finding Solutions to Combat Parasitic Infestation in Critically Endangered Ridgway’s Hawks THE PEREGRINE FUND Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will study the impact of a parasitic fly on the health of Ridgway’s hawks and develop long-term treatment and control strategies to ensure survival of this critically endangered raptor species.

DESCRIPTION: Fewer than 300 Ridgway’s hawks remain in the wild. A new threat to the survival of these Caribbean birds – heavy parasitic fly larvae infestation in nests – has led to increased mortality in Ridgway’s hawk nestlings. This prompted The Peregrine Fund to take action by treating individual nests and nestlings for these parasites which has helped stabilize the population. Researchers will determine the effects of parasitism on nestling survival and measure the effectiveness of current treatment methods. Investigators will also study the lifecycle of the parasitic fly, using the data to design improved control measures. Finding new solutions to combat parasitic infestation will ensure the long-term health and conservation of the critically endangered Ridgway’s hawk.

D15ZO-838 Evaluating the Effects of Lead Poisoning on Bald Eagle Cardiac Health UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Study Start Date: 5/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $9,142

SUMMARY: Researchers will compare three different cardiac diagnostic tools to assess whether bald eagles recovering from lead poisoning can successfully be released back into the wild.

DESCRIPTION: Few diagnostic tools are available to wildlife rehabilitation hospitals and veterinarians to properly assess the health of bald eagles recovering from lead poisoning. A recent study showed that more than 35 percent of lead-poisoned eagles had heart lesions that could impact their ability to return to and survive in the wild. Researchers will compare three diagnostic tools to assess the heart strength and functional ability of bald eagles treated for and recovering from lead poisoning. This information will help establish a metric to determine treatment effectiveness and if recovered eagles can be released and be expected to thrive in the wild.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 61 Wildlife

ELEPHANT & RHINOCEROS

D17ZO-017 Developing a Vaccine Strategy for Lethal Disease in Young Elephants BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Study Start Date: 6/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $156,444

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify candidate viral proteins that will be used to help develop a vaccine against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus, a lethal hemorrhagic disease in young elephants.

DESCRIPTION: Endangered Asian elephants are facing many threats, including elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV), an infectious disease first recognized in elephants nearly two decades ago. EEHV usually establishes chronic and generally benign infections in most Asian elephants, but often is lethal to juvenile elephants. Despite the availability of sensitive tests and improved protocols for treating EEHV-associated illness, these measures are not always effective. The best line of defense would be a preventive vaccine. Vaccines target specific pathogen proteins to “educate” the vaccine recipient’s immune system to react to the same protein in an invading virus or bacteria. As a first critical step in this endeavor, researchers will identify EEHV proteins that could be considered good targets for vaccine development. A successful EEHV vaccine would greatly contribute to improving health care of conservation and wild-range Asian elephants, as well as African elephants also affected by this disease.

D15ZO-007 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pain-Relief Drugs for Elephants AUBURN UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $171,792

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine safe and effective dosing for two commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – Flunixin Meglumine and Firocoxib – in African and Asian elephants.

DESCRIPTION: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain management in many species. However, few NSAIDs have been studied in elephants and dosing often is extrapolated from other mammals. Researchers will compare the safety and effectiveness of two commonly used NSAIDs in Asian and African elephants and establish scientifically based dosing regimens to control pain in these species.

62 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D15ZO-058 Mitigating Parasitic Disease in the Critically Endangered Javan Rhinoceros CORNELL UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 7/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $197,136

SUMMARY: Researchers will study biting fly species responsible for transmitting blood parasites that can cause serious disease in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros.

DESCRIPTION: The Javan rhinoceros, found only in Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia, is considered one of the rarest large mammals on Earth, with fewer than 50 animals left in the world. Researchers will study biting fly species responsible for transmitting a deadly blood parasite to mammals in Ujung Kulon National Park, including the Javan rhinoceros. Data will be collected on the diversity and geographical distribution of biting fly species that harbor and transmit the parasite, including the flies’ infection rates and their preference to specific mammalian hosts. This new information will help guide conservation and health management programs and the selection of future Javan rhinoceros relocation sites that pose minimal disease risk to this critically endangered species.

D15ZO-403 Developing New Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Health Concerns in Elephants SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Study Start Date: 8/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $96,036

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate factors involved in the development of health issues in captive elephants, and explore new techniques to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

DESCRIPTION: Captive elephants are important conservation ambassadors for wild Asian and African elephants threatened with extinction in the wild. Researchers will catalog health problems in North American populations of Asian and African elephants and compare blood samples from healthy elephants to blood samples from elephants with health concerns. Collected data will help identify biomarkers of inflammation and disease for potential diagnostic value. Researchers also will develop a standardized gait scoring system to assess elephant foot and joint health. These new diagnostic tools will help elephant managers and veterinarians maintain the health of elephants in their care, facilitating early diagnosis of clinical problems and treatment effectiveness for elephant populations.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 63 Wildlife

D15ZO-405 Tackling Devastating Herpesvirus Infection in Elephants BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will characterize key elephant immune responses to infection by the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus, a virus that causes a devastating hemorrhagic disease in young calves.

DESCRIPTION: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is an infectious disease of both wild and captive Asian and African elephants. The virus causes a devastating hemorrhagic disease associated with high mortality rates in young calves. Although there are symptomatic treatments available for EEHV-infected elephants, there is no true cure for the disease. T-cells are a type of white blood cell known to provide protection against herpesviruses in other species. Researchers will study how elephant T-cells respond to EEHV. Identifying which EEHV proteins elicit effective T-cell responses in elephants will help researchers design a vaccine against EEHV that can prevent hemorrhagic disease and safeguard the long-term survival of elephants around the world.

FOXES & WILD DOGS

D17ZO-066 Controlling Mange Epidemics in Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, STANISLAUS Study Start Date: 8/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $104,096

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop and assess the effectiveness of a disease management strategy in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes with sarcoptic mange, a fatal skin disease in this species caused by burrowing mites.

DESCRIPTION: In March 2013, the first fatal cases of sarcoptic mange were detected in an endangered population of San Joaquin kit foxes in Bakersfield, California. Prior to 2013, sarcoptic mange had never before been reported in any kit fox species. With fewer than 5,000 individuals remaining in the wild, sarcoptic mange poses a serious threat to the survival of this once plentiful species. Building on results from a previous study funded by Morris Animal Foundation, the research team plans to use genetic techniques to understand the relationship between mange transmission and fox population density. This new information will help researchers develop a disease strategy model, including how many San Joaquin kit foxes must be treated with long- lasting tick prevention collars to reduce disease transmission in this species. Automated cameras will be used to monitor kit fox health and the effectiveness of the collars as an intervention strategy to eliminate the disease from the area.

64 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D16ZO-825 Assessing Blood Bacterial Infection Impact on Endangered Darwin’s Foxes UNIVERSIDAD ANDRES BELLO, CHILE Study Start Date: 8/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the potential impact and transmission of a blood bacteria in the critically endangered Darwin’s fox.

DESCRIPTION: Recently, investigators detected a previously unrecorded high prevalence of hemoplasma infections in critically endangered Darwin’s foxes living on the island of Chiloé in southern Chile. Hemoplasmas are a group of bacteria that infect red blood cells, resulting in disease characterized by red blood cell destruction. Researchers will examine whether hemoplasmas are present in dogs living near fox habitats, and if pathogen spillover is impacting the health of Darwin’s foxes. This new information will be used to design appropriate control measures to prevent hemoplasma transmission from dogs to Darwin’s foxes as an ongoing health effort to conserve this species.

D15ZO-013 Tackling Emerging Disease Threat to Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, STANISLAUS Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $53,795

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine the origin and geographical range of an outbreak of sarcoptic mange, a skin disease caused by burrowing mites, in a well-studied population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes.

DESCRIPTION: Sarcoptic mange, also known as scabies, is causing high morbidity and mortality in San Joaquin kit foxes in California. Although the source is unknown, coyotes or domestic dogs are suspected reservoirs for the disease-causing mites affecting the foxes. Researchers will study how sarcoptic mange is transmitted and spread among kit foxes as well as identify host species that carry the mites that impact the health of these endangered foxes. Findings will help researchers develop intervention and management strategies to prevent mange spread to other San Joaquin kit fox populations.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 65 Wildlife

D15ZO-053 Developing a Genetic Management Toolkit to Save Endangered African Wild Dogs INSTITUTE FOR BREEDING RARE AND ENDANGERED AFRICAN MAMMALS (IBREAM), UNITED KINGDOM

Study Start Date: 5/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $50,195

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a genetic management toolkit, including sperm freezing, artificial insemination and behavioral management strategies, to help preserve the genetic diversity of endangered African wild dogs.

DESCRIPTION: There are about 6,600 African wild dogs remaining in the wild. These endangered animals live in highly fragmented populations that limit their genetic diversity, making them more susceptible to disease. Researchers will develop reproductive technologies to help conserve African wild dogs, including testing different artificial insemination techniques and sperm freezing protocols. The goal is to establish a high quality semen bank that can act as a “genetic insurance policy” against catastrophes, such as disease outbreaks. Researchers also will evaluate behavioral management strategies to facilitate the introduction of wild dogs into socially complex and established wild packs as a concurrent conservation measure to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of this iconic African species.

MARINE MAMMALS

D17ZO-413 Investigating Heart Disease Risk in Southern Sea Otters UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Study Start Date: 6/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $98,412

SUMMARY: Researchers will explore risk factors for cardiomyopathy, a chronic heart condition and an important cause of mortality in free-ranging southern sea otters.

DESCRIPTION: Cardiomyopathy is an important cause of death among prime-age southern sea otters. This disease has significant impacts on the health of a species struggling to recover and expand its range. Researchers will use data from intensively monitored sea otters to unravel the complex associations between cardiomyopathy and exposure to domoic acid, a toxin produced by harmful algal blooms in near-shore marine habitats. Findings will help researchers assess the impact of changing environmental conditions and conservation recovery efforts on sea otter health. This Fellowship Training grant provides support for a promising, new wildlife researcher.

66 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D17ZO-802 Assessing Chronic Stress in Porpoises UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS Study Start Date: 9/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop new tools to measure chronic stress in whales, dolphins and porpoises.

DESCRIPTION: Although certain stress hormones are crucial to survival under conditions of acute stress, these same hormones can negatively impact health when animals become chronically stressed. Methods to measure the impact of chronic stress, as it relates to health and welfare of marine wildlife, are lacking. Researchers will assess the ability of novel biomarkers to measure chronic stress in porpoises. Analysis of these biomarkers in tandem with pertinent environmental information, such as population density and presence of off-shore wind parks or pollution, will be used to identify factors responsible for chronic stress in porpoises and related species, including dolphins and whales. Findings will help researchers refine marine wildlife management strategies and inform welfare policies.

D16ZO-413 Examining Factors Driving Hookworm Deaths in Fur Seal Pups THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $98,738

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the dynamics of hookworm infections causing high mortality in South American fur seal pups living on Guafo Island off the coast of southern Chile.

DESCRIPTION: Hookworms are a leading cause of mortality in seal and sea lion pups. Researchers will investigate if ocean food availability as well as the genetic make-up and immune response in South American fur seal pups affect the severity of hookworm infections. The team will analyze 15 years of collected data on fur seals living on Guafo Island in southern Chile to investigate if changes in ocean sea surface temperature and productivity also are associated with changes in hookworm prevalence and mortality in pups. Identifying drivers for hookworm infections, including marine environment, genetics and immune responses in individual animals, will help researchers develop improved wildlife health programs for mitigating hookworms and other parasitic diseases in marine mammals.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 67 Wildlife

D15ZO-401 Understanding Interspecies Transmission and Spread of a Deadly Marine Virus WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION Study Start Date: 9/1/2015 Projected Duration: 3 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will study dolphin morbillivirus – a virus similar to canine distemper virus– to help predict and manage disease outbreaks in whales, dolphins and porpoises.

DESCRIPTION: During the last 25 years, marine morbilliviruses have infected whales, dolphins, porpoises and seals worldwide, resulting in the death of tens of thousands of marine mammals. One strain, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), is implicated in a mass die-off of more than 1,500 bottlenose dolphins in the Atlantic region. Researchers will study how DMV affects different marine animals, including identifying reservoir host species – animals that are disease carriers without apparent ill effects. Findings will be used for modeling DMV disease dynamics. This data will help researchers develop DMV intervention plans and disease-risk assessment strategies which are especially valuable for the health and conservation of threatened and endangered marine mammal species.

MARINE LIFE – NON-MAMMALS

D17ZO-816 Understanding Stingray Reproductive Disease SOUTH-EAST ZOO ALLIANCE FOR REPRODUCTION & CONSERVATION Study Start Date: 6/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $8,350

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate whether reproductive disease in southern stingrays is linked to obesity.

DESCRIPTION: Stingray species are long-lived, slow to mature, and produce small numbers of offspring, making them particularly susceptible to extinction threats. Reproductive disease, characterized by cystic ovaries, unovulated eggs and, often, an enlarged uterus, is prevalent in older conservation-managed female stingrays. In some species of mammals, over-conditioned (fat) females are known to have difficulty ovulating. Researchers will measure body size and nutritional markers (plasma leptin and ghrelin) in aquarium stingrays to determine whether these tests might be useful in assessing reproductive abnormalities in southern stingrays. Findings will be used to identify causal agents for stingray reproductive disease and address the overall concept of obesity and reproduction in aquatic species.

68 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D15ZO-839 Studying Reproduction in Coral Reef Marine Invertebrates FURMAN UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 7/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the role of symbiotic algae in controlling reproduction of sea anemone hosts.

DESCRIPTION: Some sea anemones can reproduce asexually (without a partner). Researchers believe that the reproductive processes of asexual sea anemones are intrinsically linked to a symbiotic relationship with algae that reside in the anemones’ cells. Researchers will identify compounds that are secreted by the algae and explore the role of these compounds in sea anemone reproduction. Understanding how the algae modulate marine invertebrate reproduction has important implications for monitoring and preserving the overall health of endangered reef systems, particularly in the face of the loss of symbiont species, such as algae, caused by rising ocean temperatures.

MARSUPIALS

D16ZO-091 Identifying Factors Leading to Severe and Fatal Infections in Koalas THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST, AUSTRALIA Study Start Date: 6/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $31,251

SUMMARY: Researchers will determine if co-infection with a recently discovered virus compounds clinical disease in koalas when they also have chlamydia infections – a common sexually transmitted disease that is endemic and leads to infertility in females and blindness in both sexes.

DESCRIPTION: Koala populations are plummeting due in part to endemic chlamydia infections, a sexually transmitted disease that causes blindness, infertility and high mortality in these iconic marsupials. Little is known about why some koalas are severely affected by this disease while others remain asymptomatic. Using three years of data and samples collected from approximately 300 wild koalas, researchers will investigate if co-infection with a recently discovered koala retrovirus results in the more serious or clinically pathogenic forms of chlamydia infections in koalas. Understanding the health consequences of co-infection can open doors to new treatment options, including potential drug and vaccine therapies, to ensure the long-term survival of koalas in the wild.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 69 Wildlife

D16ZO-829 Identifying Populations with Disease-Free Koalas to Assist Conservation Efforts THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA Study Start Date: 7/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the prevalence and geographical distribution of koala retrovirus and chlamydia infections in koalas to identify populations with disease-free animals to assist conservation efforts.

DESCRIPTION: Koala retrovirus (KoRV) and chlamydia are major diseases contributing to the rapid decline of koalas in Australia. KoRV is associated with increased prevalence of lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma, while chlamydia causes severe eye and urogenital disease leading to blindness and infertility. Both diseases can cause death in koalas. Pockets of South Australia may have some of the last KoRV- and chlamydia-free koalas in Australia. Researchers will determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of KoRV and chlamydia in two distinct koala populations in South Australia. This work will be used to identify populations with disease-free animals to increase our understanding of these pathogens and assist conservation efforts.

MULTIPLE WILDLIFE SPECIES

D17ZO-307 Managing Tuberculosis in Wildlife UNIVERSITY OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL Study Start Date: 10/1/2017 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $86,364

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify genetic variations in different bacterial strains of tuberculosis affecting wildlife, an important first step toward developing new treatments for multiple species.

DESCRIPTION: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in people, domestic animals and wildlife worldwide, and disease outbreaks are a significant threat to both animal and human health. Tuberculosis is challenging to diagnose and treat in wildlife; no vaccines are currently available. Once present in a population of animals, the disease is very difficult to eliminate or control. Researchers will create genetic blueprints of several different strains of Mycobacterium bovis, the most common cause of tuberculosis in wild animals, to understand how the bacteria adapt and cause disease in diverse animal species. Findings will be used to develop tuberculosis control and prevention strategies, including identifying candidate and target genes for vaccines and new therapies.

70 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D17ZO-822 Developing an Early Pregnancy Test for Species Conservation NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 8/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will develop a noninvasive pregnancy test for conservation management of multiple wildlife species, including African lion, dama gazelle and maned wolf.

DESCRIPTION: Few tools exist to confirm pregnancy across wild mammal species. The majority of these tests are species-specific and limited to later in gestation, or require lengthy repeated testing. Early pregnancy diagnosis would provide a better understanding of gestation times and improve managed care for conservation populations. Researchers will investigate a fecal marker for its value as an early indicator of pregnancy and use this new information to develop a pregnancy test for African lions, dama gazelle and maned wolf. This new test could be adapted for use in other species and will enhance assisted-reproductive techniques for vulnerable and endangered animals, critical for wildlife welfare and conservation.

D16ZO-014 Curbing Plague Outbreaks in Prairie Dog Colonies WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 5/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $111,404

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate if amoeba (single-celled animals) living in soils in endemic plague areas can serve as reservoir hosts for Yersinia pestis (the causative agent for bubonic plague) and if amoeba are involved in plague disease cycles.

DESCRIPTION: Bubonic plague is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Little is known about how Y. pestis persists between disease outbreaks, making it difficult for wildlife managers to implement preemptive measures to control epidemics. Researchers will investigate if amoeba taken from soils around active plague sites in Colorado can support long-term survival or replication of Y. pestis. Researchers will study these single-celled animals in controlled laboratory cultures and in prairie dog burrow soils under conditions that mimic plague disease cycles. Understanding Y. pestis–amoeba interactions in endemic areas will help researchers predict and curb plague outbreaks, preventing large scale die-offs of prairie dogs and other animals that depend on the prairie dog habitat for their survival.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 71 Wildlife

D16ZO-819 Measuring Parvovirus Impact on African Carnivores WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 11/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the prevalence of, and factors contributing to, parvovirus (a highly contagious viral disease) in African carnivores.

DESCRIPTION: Domestic dogs and wild carnivores live in close proximity with each other in the buffer zone surrounding Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. This proximity allows diseases, including highly contagious and deadly parvoviruses, to be transmitted between domestic and wild species. Researchers will investigate the prevalence and geographical footprint of different strains of parvovirus in Serengeti National Park to evaluate potential transmission between dogs and wildlife. Data will be used to assess if current health measures, including mass domestic dog vaccination campaigns, are sufficient to minimize parvovirus risk to African wild carnivores, as well as identify parvoviral strains to improve these vital intervention strategies.

D16ZO-837 Diagnosing and Managing Tuberculosis in African Wildlife UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will aim to improve diagnostic testing to control bovine tuberculosis in African wildlife.

DESCRIPTION: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) occurs endemically in domestic cattle as well as in wildlife in several major Southern African conservation areas. Diagnosis of bTB often is confounded by concurrent infections with non-tuberculous types of mycobacteria. Researchers will investigate how exposure to non-tuberculous types of mycobacteria is able to cause false- positive results in currently available bTB diagnostic tests. Understanding cross-reactive immune responses in animals to tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis species of mycobacteria will lay the groundwork for defining more specific diagnostic test reagents in an effort to control bTB infections in African wildlife.

72 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D15ZO-020 Measuring Parvovirus Impact on African Carnivores Using Probiotics to Curb Cross-Species Transmission of Bovine Tuberculosis UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, UNITED KINGDOM Study Start Date: 10/1/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $112,771

SUMMARY: Researchers will explore the use of probiotics as a safe and noninvasive intervention strategy to reduce cross-species transmission of bovine tuberculosis.

DESCRIPTION: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial infection affecting livestock and has the potential to infect other species including humans. Badgers have been identified as the most important wildlife reservoir of bTB infection in the United Kingdom. Researchers will evaluate the feasibility of using probiotics as an environmentally friendly alternative to current disease control methods which include vaccination or culling of badgers. If successful, this novel probiotic approach could be a sustainable, non-invasive model for other wildlife associated with bTB cross-species transmission, such as brushtail possum, deer and wild boar.

Diagnosing and Managing Tuberculosis in African Wildlife REPTILES D16ZO-034 Reducing Stress in Endangered Sea Turtles During Rehabilitation NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 10/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $107,610

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the effects of, and ways to minimize, transportation- related stress on sea turtles to and from rehabilitation facilities and release sites.

DESCRIPTION: Every year, hundreds of endangered sea turtles are stranded on beaches due to oil spills, cold-stunning, entanglement and vessel strikes. Rescue organizations often transport these turtles long distances to and from care facilities and release sites. While any stress can have significant impacts on animal health, the effects of transport stress have not been well studied in sea turtles. Researchers will investigate if stress in loggerhead and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles can be minimized by the use of shorter transport times and by providing an overnight post-transport recovery period in a saltwater tank at the release sites. Data will be used to improve health recovery plans and help inform best practices for transport methods for sea turtles globally.

MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION 73 Wildlife

D16ZO-414 Investigating an Emerging Disease in Freshwater Turtles UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Study Start Date: 9/1/2016 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $100,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the cause of a novel fungal shell infection causing high mortality in freshwater turtles.

DESCRIPTION: In 2011, researchers discovered a novel fungal disease in freshwater turtles housed in zoos and aquariums as well as in some wild, endangered populations. Clinical signs include debilitating lesions in the shell resulting in high mortality in affected animals. Researchers will more precisely identify the causative agent of this emerging disease in freshwater turtles, as well as investigate potential co-pathogens. A better understanding of this fungal disease will allow veterinarians and wildlife biologists to develop health management strategies for captive and wild populations, including tools for improved diagnostics.

D16ZO-810 Developing a Rapid Age-Assessment Tool for Galápagos Giant Tortoises UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI Study Start Date: 7/1/2016 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $7,983

SUMMARY: Researchers will estimate population age structure of critically endangered Galápagos giant tortoises on Española Island to help improve conservation strategies for these iconic animals.

DESCRIPTION: In the 1970s, only 15 Galápagos giant tortoises remained on Española Island, the southernmost of the Galápagos Islands. Efforts were launched to rescue this species from the brink of extinction. Population age structure (e.g., juveniles versus middle-aged versus elderly) can have a major impact on long-term viability of a species, but this information is lacking for Galápagos giant tortoises. Molecular tools (correlating individual age with the length of the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, known as telomeres) enable rapid assessment of age structure in some species. Researchers will determine if measuring telomere length in Galápagos giant tortoises provides an accurate age estimate of the population on Española Island. A rapid age-assessment tool is vital for global population recovery efforts for all giant tortoise species.

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WILD CATS Investigating an Emerging Disease in Freshwater Turtles D15ZO-413 Gauging the Impact of Two Common Domestic Cat Diseases in Andean Wild Cats INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY, CHILE Study Start Date: 10/01/2015 Projected Duration: 2 years Study Cost: $92,448

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate the impact of two common domestic cat viruses – feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus – on guignas, a small South American wild cat species of the temperate rainforests.

DESCRIPTION: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are two common viruses in pet cats, causing significant illness and even death in infected animals. Recently, researchers have detected FIV and FeLV in free-ranging guignas, a South American wild cat species. Researchers will study if FIV and FeLV are contributing to disease and death in threatened guignas, and if the FIV and FeLV strains in guignas are related to the strains in local Developing a Rapid Age-Assessment Tool for Galápagos Giant Tortoises domestic cat populations. Findings will be used in the design of disease surveillance and control strategies, especially in regions where infected domestic cats live in close proximity to guigna habitat.

D15ZO-805 Evaluating a Pain-Relief Drug for Lions, Cheetahs and Tigers AUBURN UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,314

SUMMARY: Researchers will evaluate the safe and effective use of a common pain medication, meloxicam, in lions, cheetahs and tigers.

DESCRIPTION: Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in domestic cats. While generally safe, there is limited information regarding meloxicam’s safety and efficacy in non-domestic cats. Population kinetics uses a few data points in the individual animals to determine clinically relevant, species-specific drug dosing. Using this approach, researchers will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of meloxicam in lions, cheetahs and tigers, and determine if current dosing recommendations provide adequate pain control in these animals.

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HOOVED ANIMALS/RUMINANTS

D17ZO-701 Saving Mongolian Wildlife from Goat Plague Epidemic WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY Study Start Date: 5/1/2017 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $50,000

SUMMARY: Researchers will identify ways to stop the spread of an ongoing epidemic of peste des petits ruminants, also known as goat plague, that is threatening the survival of the critically endangered saiga antelope and other wild hoofed mammals in Mongolia.

DESCRIPTION: An epidemic of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a globally emergent viral disease, is ravaging Mongolian wildlife. In January 2017, a mass die-off of Mongolian saiga antelope was linked to PPR. The infection reduced an already-threatened population from 10,000 to 6,000 individuals. This is the first time PPR-caused illness and death has been seen in free- ranging antelope anywhere in the world. Rapid response teams will survey wild ungulates in the area, including Mongolian saiga, goitered gazelle, ibex and Argali sheep. The survey will help researchers determine where and how the disease is spreading so that interventions, such as livestock vaccination, can be targeted to help stop the spread of the disease and minimize the impacts on wild hoofed mammals in the area. This investigation is critical to designing effective control strategies for both livestock and wildlife to eradicate PPR, and prevent serious long-term, socio-economic and biodiversity repercussions. This study is supported by the Foundation’s Betty White Wildlife Rapid Response Fund.

D15ZO-032 Investigating Declines of Caribou and Muskoxen Herds in the Arctic UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, CANADA Study Start Date: 9/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $65,723

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate if recent declines in caribou and muskoxen herds are linked to disease caused by an emerging bacterium, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

DESCRIPTION: Caribou and muskoxen herds across the Canadian and Alaskan Arctic are dwindling. Steep population declines, exceeding 50 percent in some herds, have occurred over the course of only a few years. The bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was implicated as the cause of widespread die-offs in muskoxen on two large Arctic islands between 2010 and 2013, but has not been investigated in caribou herd die-offs. Researchers will determine the geographical footprint of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in the Arctic and its relationship to recent significant declines in muskoxen and caribou herds. Understanding the role and impact of this emerging bacterial disease is critical to the health management and conservation of these keystone Arctic species as well as related species that live in different habitats, such as forest-dwelling caribou and moose. 76 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 Wildlife

D15ZO-824 Managing Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild African Buffalo OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Study Start Date: 6/1/2015 Projected Duration: 1 year Study Cost: $10,800

SUMMARY: Researchers will investigate how current bovine tuberculosis disease control strategies are affecting the genetic and long-term herd health of wild African buffalo.

DESCRIPTION: Currently, wild African buffalo are stringently monitored for bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Wildlife managers employ one of two bTB control strategies based on retaining either disease-resistant or disease-tolerant animals. However, these single disease trait strategies may be impacting the genetic variation of individual herds, inadvertently making them more vulnerable to bTB infection and other health concerns. Using DNA samples collected from free- ranging buffalo during a four-year period, researchers will investigate how disease control methods and resulting herd genetics correlate with bTB immune response and disease outcomes in wild herds. Identifying buffalo management strategies that support overall herd health and reduce genetically linked health issues will aid in the conservation of this iconic African species.

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Established in 1948, Morris Animal Foundation is dedicated to improving and protecting the health of animals through scientific innovation, education and inspiration. Our investment in research has yielded life-saving vaccines, new treatments for critical diseases, superior screening tests, and advanced diagnostic tools. We respond to emerging animal health threats that endanger entire species, and make new discoveries in basic animal biology to support applied research. With every study we fund – more than 2,600 to date – we strive to advance the science of veterinary medicine, honoring the founding principles of Dr. Mark L. Morris Sr. to benefit animals worldwide.

303-708-3429 800-243-2345 [email protected] 80 FUNDED STUDIES 2015-2017 morrisanimalfoundation.org