Decolonizing Time: Time at the Interface of Science and Religion Decolonizing Time: C

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion Decolonizing time: C. K. Raju Time at the interface of Creation hymn Colonialism

science and religion Calendar

Clock: Chronometer C. K. Raju Calculus Clockwork cosmos Centre for Studies in Civilizations, Delhi and Creative cosmos Indian Institute of Education, Pune web:http://ckraju.net I neither air nor sky beyond.. . .

I Who knows, who can say how it all came?

I Even the gods came later.. . .

Decolonizing RgVeda 10.129 time: Time at the Creation hymn interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I Then there was neither existence nor non-existence Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Who knows, who can say how it all came?

I Even the gods came later.. . .

Decolonizing RgVeda 10.129 time: Time at the Creation hymn interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I Then there was neither existence nor non-existence Clock: Chronometer I neither air nor sky beyond.. . . Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Even the gods came later.. . .

Decolonizing RgVeda 10.129 time: Time at the Creation hymn interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I Then there was neither existence nor non-existence Clock: Chronometer I neither air nor sky beyond.. . . Calculus

I Who knows, who can say how it all came? Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing RgVeda 10.129 time: Time at the Creation hymn interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I Then there was neither existence nor non-existence Clock: Chronometer I neither air nor sky beyond.. . . Calculus

I Who knows, who can say how it all came? Clockwork cosmos I Even the gods came later.. . . Creative cosmos I or perhaps he too knows not. . . .

I Only poets searching deep in their hearts understand what joins non-existence to existence.

Decolonizing Creation hymn: continued time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I He who sees it from the highest heaven, he knows Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Only poets searching deep in their hearts understand what joins non-existence to existence.

Decolonizing Creation hymn: continued time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I He who sees it from the highest heaven, he knows Calendar Clock: I or perhaps he too knows not. . . . Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Creation hymn: continued time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I He who sees it from the highest heaven, he knows Calendar Clock: I or perhaps he too knows not. . . . Chronometer

I Only poets searching deep in their hearts understand Calculus Clockwork what joins non-existence to existence. cosmos

Creative cosmos I but only poets can hope to understand creation!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is: neither God nor gods, Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is: neither God nor gods, Calendar Clock: I but only poets can hope to understand creation! Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Deﬁnition of colonialism time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: I Colonialism = con-all-ism Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I not through military or technological superiority.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Colonialism in India established by trickery Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Colonialism in India established by trickery Calendar Clock: I not through military or technological superiority. Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But a century later Portuguese desperately tried to conquer India

I by doing a Constantine:

I they tried (but failed) to convert the Moghul emperor Akbar in 1582!

Decolonizing Converting the emperor time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498 CE. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I by doing a Constantine:

I they tried (but failed) to convert the Moghul emperor Akbar in 1582!

Decolonizing Converting the emperor time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498 CE. Calendar I But a century later Portuguese desperately tried to Clock: conquer India Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I they tried (but failed) to convert the Moghul emperor Akbar in 1582!

Decolonizing Converting the emperor time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498 CE. Calendar I But a century later Portuguese desperately tried to Clock: conquer India Chronometer Calculus I by doing a Constantine: Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Converting the emperor time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498 CE. Calendar I But a century later Portuguese desperately tried to Clock: conquer India Chronometer Calculus I by doing a Constantine: Clockwork I they tried (but failed) to convert the Moghul emperor cosmos Akbar in 1582! Creative cosmos I battle of Plassey—in 1757

I won by bribery and deceit.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I First major victory by British took 250 years: Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I won by bribery and deceit.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I First major victory by British took 250 years: Calendar

I battle of Plassey—in 1757 Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I First major victory by British took 250 years: Calendar

I battle of Plassey—in 1757 Clock: Chronometer I won by bribery and deceit. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Uprising of 1857 easily overthrew the British.

Decolonizing Militarily insecure time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I British remained militarily insecure. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Militarily insecure time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I British remained militarily insecure. Clock: Chronometer

I Uprising of 1857 easily overthrew the British. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I a weapon which the colonized totally failed to understand:

I the University.

I (Macaulay 1847 said: education prevents revolt. How?)

Decolonizing New weapon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I But then the colonizers introduced a new weapon Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the University.

I (Macaulay 1847 said: education prevents revolt. How?)

Decolonizing New weapon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I But then the colonizers introduced a new weapon Calendar

I a weapon which the colonized totally failed to Clock: understand: Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Macaulay 1847 said: education prevents revolt. How?)

Decolonizing New weapon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I But then the colonizers introduced a new weapon Calendar

I a weapon which the colonized totally failed to Clock: understand: Chronometer Calculus

I the University. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing New weapon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I But then the colonizers introduced a new weapon Calendar

I a weapon which the colonized totally failed to Clock: understand: Chronometer Calculus

I the University. Clockwork cosmos I (Macaulay 1847 said: education prevents revolt. How?) Creative cosmos I e.g. University of Nalanda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Universities with international students existed in India Calendar from over 2000 years earlier( − 3rd c. CE) Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Universities with international students existed in India Calendar from over 2000 years earlier( − 3rd c. CE) Clock: Chronometer I e.g. University of Nalanda. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 1. created by the church 2. during the Crusades (a time of religious fanaticism) 3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries.

I (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted by force

I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Christianity.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But, the Western university (Bologna, Pisa, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge etc.) was unique: Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 2. during the Crusades (a time of religious fanaticism) 3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries.

I (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted by force

I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Christianity.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But, the Western university (Bologna, Pisa, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge etc.) was unique: Creation hymn 1. created by the church Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries.

I (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted by force

I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Christianity.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But, the Western university (Bologna, Pisa, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge etc.) was unique: Creation hymn 1. created by the church Colonialism 2. during the Crusades (a time of religious fanaticism) Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted by force

I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Christianity.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Christianity.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries. Clock: Chronometer (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted I Calculus

by force Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

3. to create an indoctrinated army of missionaries. Clock: Chronometer (Aim: to persuade Muslims who could not be converted I Calculus

by force Clockwork cosmos I the way pagan Europe was earlier converted to Creative cosmos Christianity.) I contrary to commonsense I such as virgin birth. I And propagate them as “superior”.

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions

I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I contrary to commonsense I such as virgin birth. I And propagate them as “superior”.

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions

I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I contrary to commonsense I such as virgin birth. I And propagate them as “superior”.

I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I such as virgin birth. I And propagate them as “superior”.

I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions Calendar

I contrary to commonsense Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I And propagate them as “superior”.

I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions Calendar

I contrary to commonsense Clock: Chronometer I such as virgin birth. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions Calendar

I contrary to commonsense Clock: Chronometer I such as virgin birth. Calculus I And propagate them as “superior”. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Thus, the objective of the Western university was Creation hymn

I to inculcate blind loyalty to the church, and Colonialism

I to indoctrinate people to believe in church superstitions Calendar

I contrary to commonsense Clock: Chronometer I such as virgin birth. Calculus I And propagate them as “superior”. Clockwork I Instead of knowledge based on evidence, it taught cosmos people to rely on mutually supporting myths and stories. Creative cosmos I Though missionary schools had existed in India since 1508

I that indoctrination now became compulsory for entry to the university

I (and a government job).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju For the colonised the objective was slightly changed: to I Creation hymn

teach blind loyalty to the West. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I that indoctrination now became compulsory for entry to the university

I (and a government job).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju For the colonised the objective was slightly changed: to I Creation hymn

teach blind loyalty to the West. Colonialism I Though missionary schools had existed in India since Calendar 1508 Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (and a government job).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju For the colonised the objective was slightly changed: to I Creation hymn

teach blind loyalty to the West. Colonialism I Though missionary schools had existed in India since Calendar 1508 Clock: Chronometer

I that indoctrination now became compulsory for entry to Calculus

the university Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju For the colonised the objective was slightly changed: to I Creation hymn

teach blind loyalty to the West. Colonialism I Though missionary schools had existed in India since Calendar 1508 Clock: Chronometer

I that indoctrination now became compulsory for entry to Calculus

the university Clockwork cosmos

I (and a government job). Creative cosmos I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the West, and

I believed everything Western was superior.

I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense

I or ask for evidence,

I but went by stories (also about science).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I believed everything Western was superior.

I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense

I or ask for evidence,

I but went by stories (also about science).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the Colonialism

West, and Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense

I or ask for evidence,

I but went by stories (also about science).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the Colonialism

West, and Calendar

I believed everything Western was superior. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I or ask for evidence,

I but went by stories (also about science).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the Colonialism

West, and Calendar

I believed everything Western was superior. Clock: Chronometer

I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I but went by stories (also about science).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the Colonialism

West, and Calendar

I believed everything Western was superior. Clock: Chronometer

I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense Calculus

Clockwork I or ask for evidence, cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I After 15 years of indoctrination Creation hymn

I the colonially educated did become blindly loyal to the Colonialism

West, and Calendar

I believed everything Western was superior. Clock: Chronometer

I Like missionary minds, they did not apply commonsense Calculus

Clockwork I or ask for evidence, cosmos I but went by stories (also about science). Creative cosmos I Since indoctrination is achieved by myths

I to unindoctrinate we must dismantle the myths and Western superstitions used by colonialism.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Decolonization = unindoctrination. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I to unindoctrinate we must dismantle the myths and Western superstitions used by colonialism.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Decolonization = unindoctrination. Colonialism Calendar I Since indoctrination is achieved by myths Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Decolonization = unindoctrination. Colonialism Calendar I Since indoctrination is achieved by myths Clock: I to unindoctrinate we must dismantle the myths and Chronometer Western superstitions used by colonialism. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Today I will restrict myself to Western myths and Calendar superstitions about time. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 1. calendar 2. clock 3. clockwork cosmos

I spread through three colonial “gifts” about time to the colonised:

Decolonizing Gifts of the Magi? time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism These Western myths and superstitions about time I Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 1. calendar 2. clock 3. clockwork cosmos

Decolonizing Gifts of the Magi? time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism These Western myths and superstitions about time I Calendar

I spread through three colonial “gifts” about time to the Clock: colonised: Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 2. clock 3. clockwork cosmos

Decolonizing Gifts of the Magi? time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism These Western myths and superstitions about time I Calendar

I spread through three colonial “gifts” about time to the Clock: colonised: Chronometer 1. calendar Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 3. clockwork cosmos

Decolonizing Gifts of the Magi? time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism These Western myths and superstitions about time I Calendar

I spread through three colonial “gifts” about time to the Clock: colonised: Chronometer 1. calendar Calculus Clockwork 2. clock cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Gifts of the Magi? time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism These Western myths and superstitions about time I Calendar

I spread through three colonial “gifts” about time to the Clock: colonised: Chronometer 1. calendar Calculus Clockwork 2. clock cosmos 3. clockwork cosmos Creative cosmos I Did something special happen 2017 years ago?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Today is 18 March 2017. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Today is 18 March 2017. Calendar Clock: I Did something special happen 2017 years ago? Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I However, Jesus is myth, not history.

I The zero point of the Christian calendar was ﬁxed in the 6th c. by Dionysius Exiguus

I in relation to the date of Easter, by back calculation.

Decolonizing Myth, not history time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Typical answer: “birth of Christ”. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The zero point of the Christian calendar was ﬁxed in the 6th c. by Dionysius Exiguus

I in relation to the date of Easter, by back calculation.

Decolonizing Myth, not history time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Typical answer: “birth of Christ”. Calendar I However, Jesus is myth, not history. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I in relation to the date of Easter, by back calculation.

Decolonizing Myth, not history time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Typical answer: “birth of Christ”. Calendar I However, Jesus is myth, not history. Clock: Chronometer

I The zero point of the Christian calendar was ﬁxed in the Calculus

6th c. by Dionysius Exiguus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Myth, not history time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Typical answer: “birth of Christ”. Calendar I However, Jesus is myth, not history. Clock: Chronometer

I The zero point of the Christian calendar was ﬁxed in the Calculus

6th c. by Dionysius Exiguus Clockwork cosmos I in relation to the date of Easter, by back calculation. Creative cosmos I along with ABCD.

I Must recite AD (Anno Domini) “year of our Lord [Jesus]”

I and “Before Christ (saviour)” with every historical date one states.

Decolonizing ADBC superstition time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Today, colonial education teaches the ADBC superstition Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Must recite AD (Anno Domini) “year of our Lord [Jesus]”

I and “Before Christ (saviour)” with every historical date one states.

Decolonizing ADBC superstition time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Today, colonial education teaches the ADBC superstition Calendar I along with ABCD. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and “Before Christ (saviour)” with every historical date one states.

Decolonizing ADBC superstition time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Today, colonial education teaches the ADBC superstition Calendar I along with ABCD. Clock: Chronometer

I Must recite AD (Anno Domini) “year of our Lord [Jesus]” Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing ADBC superstition time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Today, colonial education teaches the ADBC superstition Calendar I along with ABCD. Clock: Chronometer

I Must recite AD (Anno Domini) “year of our Lord [Jesus]” Calculus I and “Before Christ (saviour)” with every historical date Clockwork cosmos one states. Creative cosmos I and “a thousand lies make a truth”

I billions of people believe that Jesus was a historical ﬁgure born at beginning of the calendar.

Decolonizing A thousand lies make a truth time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Because dates are stated often Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I billions of people believe that Jesus was a historical ﬁgure born at beginning of the calendar.

Decolonizing A thousand lies make a truth time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Because dates are stated often Calendar Clock: I and “a thousand lies make a truth” Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing A thousand lies make a truth time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I Because dates are stated often Calendar Clock: I and “a thousand lies make a truth” Chronometer

I billions of people believe that Jesus was a historical Calculus Clockwork ﬁgure born at beginning of the calendar. cosmos

Creative cosmos I Similar to Greek god of love: Bacchus

I copied from Egyptian Osiris/Ausar (as Herodotus and Porphyry tell us).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But Jesus (Iesu) not even an original myth Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I copied from Egyptian Osiris/Ausar (as Herodotus and Porphyry tell us).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But Jesus (Iesu) not even an original myth Colonialism Calendar I Similar to Greek god of love: Bacchus Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But Jesus (Iesu) not even an original myth Colonialism Calendar I Similar to Greek god of love: Bacchus Clock: I copied from Egyptian Osiris/Ausar (as Herodotus and Chronometer Porphyry tell us). Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I on winter solstice (21/23/25 Dec, depending on calendar; this was 9 months after spring equinox).

I The symbol of Bacchus is the cross (a phallic symbol).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Bacchus born of a virgin mother Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The symbol of Bacchus is the cross (a phallic symbol).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Bacchus born of a virgin mother Colonialism Calendar I on winter solstice (21/23/25 Dec, depending on Clock: calendar; this was 9 months after spring equinox). Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Bacchus born of a virgin mother Colonialism Calendar I on winter solstice (21/23/25 Dec, depending on Clock: calendar; this was 9 months after spring equinox). Chronometer

I The symbol of Bacchus is the cross (a phallic symbol). Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos

I The festivities of Bacchus celebrated creativity (sexual love)

I and equity

I as in the Indian festival of Holi

I where people traditionally consumed bhang (cannabis, a hypnotic and aphrodisiac)

I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

changed Christianity. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and equity

I as in the Indian festival of Holi

I where people traditionally consumed bhang (cannabis, a hypnotic and aphrodisiac)

I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

changed Christianity. Colonialism I The festivities of Bacchus celebrated creativity (sexual Calendar love) Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I as in the Indian festival of Holi

I where people traditionally consumed bhang (cannabis, a hypnotic and aphrodisiac)

I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

changed Christianity. Colonialism I The festivities of Bacchus celebrated creativity (sexual Calendar love) Clock: Chronometer I and equity Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I where people traditionally consumed bhang (cannabis, a hypnotic and aphrodisiac)

I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

Creative cosmos I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

changed Christianity. Colonialism I The festivities of Bacchus celebrated creativity (sexual Calendar love) Clock: Chronometer I and equity Calculus Clockwork I as in the Indian festival of Holi cosmos I where people traditionally consumed bhang (cannabis, a Creative cosmos hypnotic and aphrodisiac) Decolonizing Copying and change time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, though church copied from “pagans”, it Creation hymn

I and throw colors so that everyone looks equal.

I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity

I and declared sex a sin.

I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour

I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his virgin birth

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from “original sin”).

I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and declared sex a sin.

I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour

I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his virgin birth

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from “original sin”).

I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour

I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his virgin birth

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from “original sin”).

I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

I and declared sex a sin. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his virgin birth

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from “original sin”).

I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

I and declared sex a sin. Colonialism I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from “original sin”).

I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

I and declared sex a sin. Colonialism I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour Calendar Clock: I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his Chronometer

virgin birth Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

I and declared sex a sin. Colonialism I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour Calendar Clock: I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his Chronometer

virgin birth Calculus

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from Clockwork cosmos

“original sin”). Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion However, after church married state in the 4th c. CE I C. K. Raju I the church changed Christianity: rejected equity Creation hymn

I and declared sex a sin. Colonialism I So, when Jesus is declared Christ or saviour Calendar Clock: I you articulate the superstition of literal belief in his Chronometer

virgin birth Calculus

I (for he can save others only if he is himself free from Clockwork cosmos

“original sin”). Creative cosmos I That is, church Christianity rejected both equity and creativity. I which was defective

I just because Greeks and Romans were arithmetically challenged.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I In the 4th c. CE the church adopted the Roman Colonialism

calendar as the Christian calendar Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I just because Greeks and Romans were arithmetically challenged.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I In the 4th c. CE the church adopted the Roman Colonialism

calendar as the Christian calendar Calendar I which was defective Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I In the 4th c. CE the church adopted the Roman Colonialism

calendar as the Christian calendar Calendar I which was defective Clock: Chronometer

I just because Greeks and Romans were arithmetically Calculus

challenged. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I but could not keep track of the months

I Roman wits joked that Greek calends (ﬁrst day of the month) meant never.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Thus, Greeks copied their calendar from Egyptians Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Roman wits joked that Greek calends (ﬁrst day of the month) meant never.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Thus, Greeks copied their calendar from Egyptians Colonialism Calendar I but could not keep track of the months Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Thus, Greeks copied their calendar from Egyptians Colonialism Calendar I but could not keep track of the months Clock: I Roman wits joked that Greek calends (ﬁrst day of the Chronometer month) meant never. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes (“Julian reform”, −46 CE), a year of 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the Roman calendar then was.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I But the Roman calendar too was massively defective. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I But the Roman calendar too was massively defective. Colonialism I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes (“Julian Calendar reform”, −46 CE), a year of 445 days was needed, Clock: Chronometer

showing how much in error the Roman calendar then Calculus

was. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the learned Egyptian Sosigenes, from Cleopatra’s court,

I suggested the reformed calendar today wrongly called the Julian calendar.

I (This, incidentally shows that knowledge ﬂows towards the barbarian military conqueror.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju After Julius Caesar’s military conquest of Egypt (−48 I Creation hymn

CE) Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I suggested the reformed calendar today wrongly called the Julian calendar.

I (This, incidentally shows that knowledge ﬂows towards the barbarian military conqueror.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju After Julius Caesar’s military conquest of Egypt (−48 I Creation hymn

CE) Colonialism I the learned Egyptian Sosigenes, from Cleopatra’s court, Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (This, incidentally shows that knowledge ﬂows towards the barbarian military conqueror.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju After Julius Caesar’s military conquest of Egypt (−48 I Creation hymn

CE) Colonialism I the learned Egyptian Sosigenes, from Cleopatra’s court, Calendar Clock: I suggested the reformed calendar today wrongly called Chronometer

the Julian calendar. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju After Julius Caesar’s military conquest of Egypt (−48 I Creation hymn

CE) Colonialism I the learned Egyptian Sosigenes, from Cleopatra’s court, Calendar Clock: I suggested the reformed calendar today wrongly called Chronometer

the Julian calendar. Calculus

I (This, incidentally shows that knowledge ﬂows towards Clockwork cosmos

the barbarian military conqueror.) Creative cosmos I Hence he suggested a simple scheme of 7 months of 30 days alternating with 5 months of 31 days

I with every fourth year a leap year.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Sosigenes understood that the Greeks and Romans were Colonialism

arithmetically challenged. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I with every fourth year a leap year.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Sosigenes understood that the Greeks and Romans were Colonialism

arithmetically challenged. Calendar I Hence he suggested a simple scheme of 7 months of 30 Clock: Chronometer days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Sosigenes understood that the Greeks and Romans were Colonialism

arithmetically challenged. Calendar I Hence he suggested a simple scheme of 7 months of 30 Clock: Chronometer days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calculus

I with every fourth year a leap year. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I They counted as follows.

I 1 = 2016

I 2 = 2017

I 3 = 2018

I 4 = 2019

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I 1 = 2016

I 2 = 2017

I 3 = 2018

I 4 = 2019

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I 2 = 2017

I 3 = 2018

I 4 = 2019

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism 1 = 2016 I Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I 3 = 2018

I 4 = 2019

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism 1 = 2016 I Calendar I 2 = 2017 Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I 4 = 2019

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism 1 = 2016 I Calendar I 2 = 2017 Clock: Chronometer

I 3 = 2018 Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should be 2019!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism 1 = 2016 I Calendar I 2 = 2017 Clock: Chronometer

I 3 = 2018 Calculus I 4 = 2019 Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I But even this was too complicated for the Romans! Creation hymn I They counted as follows. Colonialism 1 = 2016 I Calendar I 2 = 2017 Clock: Chronometer

I 3 = 2018 Calculus I 4 = 2019 Clockwork cosmos

I So, they reasoned after 2016 the next leap year should Creative cosmos be 2019! I For this brilliant achievement, the month of August is named after him.

I Since July named after Julius had 31 days

I August too had to have 31 days!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I After decades this error was spotted and corrected by Creation hymn Augustus Caesar. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Since July named after Julius had 31 days

I August too had to have 31 days!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I August too had to have 31 days!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I After decades this error was spotted and corrected by Creation hymn Augustus Caesar. Colonialism Calendar I For this brilliant achievement, the month of August is Clock: named after him. Chronometer Calculus I Since July named after Julius had 31 days Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Thus, months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 20 and 31 days.

I No hope of keeping track of the lunar cycle!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Thus, the Roman calendar ended up with 5 months of Creation hymn 30 days and 7 of 31 days! Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Thus, months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 20 and 31 days.

I No hope of keeping track of the lunar cycle!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Thus, the Roman calendar ended up with 5 months of Creation hymn 30 days and 7 of 31 days! Colonialism Calendar I To correct it, they reduced February by 2 days. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I No hope of keeping track of the lunar cycle!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Thus, the Roman calendar ended up with 5 months of Creation hymn 30 days and 7 of 31 days! Colonialism Calendar I To correct it, they reduced February by 2 days. Clock: I Thus, months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 20 Chronometer and 31 days. Calculus Clockwork I No hope of keeping track of the lunar cycle! cosmos Creative cosmos I correlates with women’s fertility cycle (ovulation and menstruation)

I (perhaps because of lunar tidal forces).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I This damaged creativity in another way, for the lunar Colonialism

cycle Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (perhaps because of lunar tidal forces).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I This damaged creativity in another way, for the lunar Colonialism

cycle Calendar I correlates with women’s fertility cycle (ovulation and Clock: menstruation) Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I This damaged creativity in another way, for the lunar Colonialism

cycle Calendar I correlates with women’s fertility cycle (ovulation and Clock: menstruation) Chronometer Calculus

I (perhaps because of lunar tidal forces). Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Adding a leap year every fourth year assumes that the 1 year is 365 4 days. I Is that correct?

I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

Decolonizing Roman year time: Time at the Solar cycle interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I But Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Is that correct?

I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

Decolonizing Roman year time: Time at the Solar cycle interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I But Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Calendar Clock: I Adding a leap year every fourth year assumes that the Chronometer 1 year is 365 4 days. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

Decolonizing Roman year time: Time at the Solar cycle interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Roman year time: Time at the Solar cycle interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I But Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Calendar Clock: I Adding a leap year every fourth year assumes that the Chronometer 1 year is 365 4 days. Calculus Clockwork I Is that correct? cosmos I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school. Creative cosmos I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, NOT 365.25 days.

I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to 365242 state so accurate a fraction as 1000 I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12).

I So, they could not even say the right length of the year.

Decolonizing Arithmetically challenged time: Time at the Both Greeks and Romans interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox say). Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to 365242 state so accurate a fraction as 1000 I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12).

I So, they could not even say the right length of the year.

Decolonizing Arithmetically challenged time: Time at the Both Greeks and Romans interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox say). Colonialism Calendar

I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, Clock: NOT 365.25 days. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12).

I So, they could not even say the right length of the year.

Decolonizing Arithmetically challenged time: Time at the Both Greeks and Romans interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox say). Colonialism Calendar

I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, Clock: NOT 365.25 days. Chronometer Calculus I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to Clockwork 365242 cosmos state so accurate a fraction as 1000 Creative cosmos I So, they could not even say the right length of the year.

Decolonizing Arithmetically challenged time: Time at the Both Greeks and Romans interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox say). Colonialism Calendar

I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, Clock: NOT 365.25 days. Chronometer Calculus I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to Clockwork 365242 cosmos state so accurate a fraction as 1000 Creative cosmos I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12). Decolonizing Arithmetically challenged time: Time at the Both Greeks and Romans interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox say). Colonialism Calendar

I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, Clock: NOT 365.25 days. Chronometer Calculus I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to Clockwork 365242 cosmos state so accurate a fraction as 1000 Creative cosmos I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12).

I So, they could not even say the right length of the year. I to ﬁx the date of Easter.

I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian festival.

Decolonizing What diﬀerence does that make? time: Time at the The Christian calendar interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I After the Nicene council the church used the Julian Clock: calendar Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian festival.

Decolonizing What diﬀerence does that make? time: Time at the The Christian calendar interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I After the Nicene council the church used the Julian Clock: calendar Chronometer

I to ﬁx the date of Easter. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing What diﬀerence does that make? time: Time at the The Christian calendar interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I After the Nicene council the church used the Julian Clock: calendar Chronometer

I to ﬁx the date of Easter. Calculus Clockwork I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian cosmos festival. Creative cosmos 1. correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and 2. describe also the lunar cycle and phases of the moon.

I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover (which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to the next Sunday. I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could

Decolonizing The date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easter was deﬁned as the ﬁrst Sunday (Christian holy Creation hymn

day) after the ﬁrst full moon after the vernal (spring) Colonialism

equinox Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 1. correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and 2. describe also the lunar cycle and phases of the moon.

I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could

Decolonizing The date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easter was deﬁned as the ﬁrst Sunday (Christian holy Creation hymn

day) after the ﬁrst full moon after the vernal (spring) Colonialism

equinox Calendar

I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Clock: Chronometer

(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Calculus

the next Sunday. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos 1. correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and 2. describe also the lunar cycle and phases of the moon.

Decolonizing The date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easter was deﬁned as the ﬁrst Sunday (Christian holy Creation hymn

day) after the ﬁrst full moon after the vernal (spring) Colonialism

equinox Calendar

I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Clock: Chronometer

(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Calculus

the next Sunday. Clockwork cosmos I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could Creative cosmos 2. describe also the lunar cycle and phases of the moon.

Decolonizing The date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easter was deﬁned as the ﬁrst Sunday (Christian holy Creation hymn

day) after the ﬁrst full moon after the vernal (spring) Colonialism

equinox Calendar

I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Clock: Chronometer

(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Calculus

the next Sunday. Clockwork cosmos I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could Creative cosmos 1. correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and Decolonizing The date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easter was deﬁned as the ﬁrst Sunday (Christian holy Creation hymn

day) after the ﬁrst full moon after the vernal (spring) Colonialism

equinox Calendar

I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Clock: Chronometer

(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Calculus

the next Sunday. Clockwork cosmos I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could Creative cosmos 1. correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and 2. describe also the lunar cycle and phases of the moon. I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years.

I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century.

Decolonizing The slip in the date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Calendar Clock: year on the Roman calendar) Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century.

Decolonizing The slip in the date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Calendar Clock: year on the Roman calendar) Chronometer I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing The slip in the date of Easter time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Calendar Clock: year on the Roman calendar) Chronometer I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. Calculus Clockwork I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century. cosmos

Creative cosmos I But those calendar reforms failed.

I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had access to all knowledge in the empire.

I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

Decolonizing Hilarious reforms time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Various calendar reforms were hence attempted in the Creation hymn 5th c., notably by the pope unfortunately named Colonialism Hilarius. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had access to all knowledge in the empire.

I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

Decolonizing Hilarious reforms time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

Decolonizing Hilarious reforms time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Hilarious reforms time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Various calendar reforms were hence attempted in the Creation hymn 5th c., notably by the pope unfortunately named Colonialism Hilarius. Calendar Clock: I But those calendar reforms failed. Chronometer I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had Calculus access to all knowledge in the empire. Clockwork cosmos I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of Creative cosmos serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire. I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Claudius Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did not then exist in its present form.

I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar.

I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

Decolonizing No Claudius Ptolemy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar.

I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

Decolonizing No Claudius Ptolemy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. Creation hymn

I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Claudius Colonialism

Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did not then Calendar exist in its present form. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

Decolonizing No Claudius Ptolemy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. Creation hymn

I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Claudius Colonialism

Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did not then Calendar exist in its present form. Clock: Chronometer

I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the Calculus

tropical year, which was never used in the Christian Clockwork calendar. cosmos Creative cosmos Decolonizing No Claudius Ptolemy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. Creation hymn

I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Claudius Colonialism

Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did not then Calendar exist in its present form. Clock: Chronometer

I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the Calculus

tropical year, which was never used in the Christian Clockwork calendar. cosmos Creative cosmos I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent. Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Thus, the calendar provides robust non-textual evidence that

I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in mathematics and astronomy,

I contrary to Greek gloriﬁcation based on late (post-12th c.) texts (plus biased speculations).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In contrast, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for the duration of the (sidereal) year was an order of magnitude better. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in mathematics and astronomy,

I contrary to Greek gloriﬁcation based on late (post-12th c.) texts (plus biased speculations).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In contrast, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for the duration of the (sidereal) year was an order of magnitude better. Creation hymn Colonialism I Thus, the calendar provides robust non-textual evidence Calendar

that Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I contrary to Greek gloriﬁcation based on late (post-12th c.) texts (plus biased speculations).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

that Clock: Chronometer I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in mathematics and astronomy, Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

that Clock: Chronometer I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in mathematics and astronomy, Calculus Clockwork cosmos I contrary to Greek gloriﬁcation based on late (post-12th c.) texts (plus biased speculations). Creative cosmos I A good calendar was needed for navigation,

I since latitude determination through measurement of solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the correct date of equinox to determine solar declination.

I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by the 7th c. Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

I For more details see my video: tale of two calendars.

Decolonizing The practical reason for Gregorian reform time: Time at the Needed for navigation interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Creation hymn Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Colonialism

related to wealth. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I since latitude determination through measurement of solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the correct date of equinox to determine solar declination.

I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by the 7th c. Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

I For more details see my video: tale of two calendars.

Decolonizing The practical reason for Gregorian reform time: Time at the Needed for navigation interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Creation hymn Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Colonialism

related to wealth. Calendar I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by the 7th c. Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

I For more details see my video: tale of two calendars.

Decolonizing The practical reason for Gregorian reform time: Time at the Needed for navigation interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Creation hymn Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Colonialism

related to wealth. Calendar I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Clock: Chronometer

I since latitude determination through measurement of Calculus

solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the Clockwork correct date of equinox to determine solar declination. cosmos Creative cosmos I For more details see my video: tale of two calendars.

Decolonizing The practical reason for Gregorian reform time: Time at the Needed for navigation interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Creation hymn Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Colonialism

related to wealth. Calendar I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Clock: Chronometer

I since latitude determination through measurement of Calculus

solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the Clockwork correct date of equinox to determine solar declination. cosmos Creative cosmos I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by the 7th c. Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya. Decolonizing The practical reason for Gregorian reform time: Time at the Needed for navigation interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Creation hymn Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Colonialism

related to wealth. Calendar I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Clock: Chronometer

I since latitude determination through measurement of Calculus

I For more details see my video: tale of two calendars. I Every 100th year was made not a leap year.

I Every 1000th year was made a leap year.

I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius (the real author of the reform) arrive at this ﬁgure?

Decolonizing What the Gregorian reform did time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Colonialism

tropical year. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Every 1000th year was made a leap year.

I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius (the real author of the reform) arrive at this ﬁgure?

Decolonizing What the Gregorian reform did time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Colonialism

tropical year. Calendar I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius (the real author of the reform) arrive at this ﬁgure?

Decolonizing What the Gregorian reform did time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Colonialism

tropical year. Calendar I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Clock: Chronometer

I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I How did Clavius (the real author of the reform) arrive at this ﬁgure?

Decolonizing What the Gregorian reform did time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Colonialism

tropical year. Calendar I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Clock: Chronometer

I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. Calculus I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing What the Gregorian reform did time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Colonialism

tropical year. Calendar I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Clock: Chronometer

I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. Calculus I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241. Clockwork cosmos

I How did Clavius (the real author of the reform) arrive at Creative cosmos this ﬁgure? I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. (Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.)

I Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Newton’s death).

I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

Decolonizing Reform based on documents time: Time at the Not knowledge interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Creation hymn documents. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Newton’s death).

I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

Decolonizing Reform based on documents time: Time at the Not knowledge interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

Decolonizing Reform based on documents time: Time at the Not knowledge interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Creation hymn documents. Colonialism Calendar I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. Clock: (Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.) Chronometer Calculus I Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants Clockwork (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian cosmos

reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Creative cosmos Newton’s death). Decolonizing Reform based on documents time: Time at the Not knowledge interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Creative cosmos Newton’s death).

I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c. I in Cochin trying to understand Indian methods of timekeeping.

Decolonizing Jesuit spy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

I Clavius’ student and Jesuit spy Matteo Ricci was in India Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Jesuit spy time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

I Clavius’ student and Jesuit spy Matteo Ricci was in India Clock: Chronometer I in Cochin trying to understand Indian methods of timekeeping. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Ricci’s letter of 1581 time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I In 1581 Ricci was in Cochin and wrote that he was C. K. Raju looking for “an honorable Moor or an intelligent Brahmin Creation hymn to tell him about Indian methods of timekeeping”. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Not “Hindu calendar”: same astronomical model used by Arabs, Buddhists and Chinese, and probably Maya.) I The full moon (purn¯ .ima, ides) is always on the 15th. I The Indian calendar follows the seasons:

I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season.

I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In contrast, on the Indian calendar a month always has exactly 30 lunar days or tithis. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The full moon (purn¯ .ima, ides) is always on the 15th. I The Indian calendar follows the seasons:

I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season.

I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The Indian calendar follows the seasons:

I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season.

I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season.

I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Creative cosmos I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In contrast, on the Indian calendar a month always has exactly 30 lunar days or tithis. Creation hymn Colonialism I (Not “Hindu calendar”: same astronomical model used by Arabs, Buddhists and Chinese, and probably Maya.) Calendar Clock: Chronometer I The full moon (purn¯ .ima, ides) is always on the 15th. Calculus I The Indian calendar follows the seasons: Clockwork cosmos I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season. Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In contrast, on the Indian calendar a month always has exactly 30 lunar days or tithis. Creation hymn Colonialism I (Not “Hindu calendar”: same astronomical model used by Arabs, Buddhists and Chinese, and probably Maya.) Calendar Clock: Chronometer I The full moon (purn¯ .ima, ides) is always on the 15th. Calculus I The Indian calendar follows the seasons: Clockwork cosmos I the key season for Indian agriculture is the rainy season. Creative cosmos I celebrated in song and dance in Indian culture. I Hence, colonial adoption of the Gregorian calendar leads to the phenomenon of “delayed monsoon”

I the monsoon is on time on the traditional calendar,

I but “delayed” on the Gregorian calendar.

I This ruins Indian farmers.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I But the Gregorian calendar has no rainy season. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the monsoon is on time on the traditional calendar,

I but “delayed” on the Gregorian calendar.

I This ruins Indian farmers.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I but “delayed” on the Gregorian calendar.

I This ruins Indian farmers.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This ruins Indian farmers.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I But the Gregorian calendar has no rainy season. Creation hymn Colonialism I Hence, colonial adoption of the Gregorian calendar leads to the phenomenon of “delayed monsoon” Calendar Clock: I the monsoon is on time on the traditional calendar, Chronometer Calculus I but “delayed” on the Gregorian calendar. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Another repeat in 2009

Decolonizing Delayed monsoon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I E.g., “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Another repeat in 2009

Decolonizing Delayed monsoon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I E.g., “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 Clock: Chronometer I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian calendar. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Delayed monsoon time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar I E.g., “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 Clock: Chronometer I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian calendar. Calculus Another repeat in 2009 I Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos

Decolonizing Delayed monsoon 2009 time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: I and then . . . Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos

Decolonizing Delayed monsoon 2014 time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: I Another repeat in 2014. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos

I the ﬁrst and only calendar the colonised mind learns.

I Its identity (date of birth etc.) is tied to it.

I The colonised mind, like the missionary mind, goes by stories, not evidence.

I Hence, the colonised elite adopted the Gregorian calendar, though it ruins farmers in India.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Nevertheless, after colonialism India adopted the Gregorian calendar Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Its identity (date of birth etc.) is tied to it.

I The colonised mind, like the missionary mind, goes by stories, not evidence.

I Hence, the colonised elite adopted the Gregorian calendar, though it ruins farmers in India.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Nevertheless, after colonialism India adopted the Gregorian calendar Creation hymn Colonialism I the ﬁrst and only calendar the colonised mind learns. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The colonised mind, like the missionary mind, goes by stories, not evidence.

I Hence, the colonised elite adopted the Gregorian calendar, though it ruins farmers in India.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Nevertheless, after colonialism India adopted the Gregorian calendar Creation hymn Colonialism I the ﬁrst and only calendar the colonised mind learns. Calendar

I Its identity (date of birth etc.) is tied to it. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Hence, the colonised elite adopted the Gregorian calendar, though it ruins farmers in India.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Nevertheless, after colonialism India adopted the Gregorian calendar Creation hymn Colonialism I the ﬁrst and only calendar the colonised mind learns. Calendar

I Its identity (date of birth etc.) is tied to it. Clock: Chronometer I The colonised mind, like the missionary mind, goes by Calculus

stories, not evidence. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Nevertheless, after colonialism India adopted the Gregorian calendar Creation hymn Colonialism I the ﬁrst and only calendar the colonised mind learns. Calendar

I Its identity (date of birth etc.) is tied to it. Clock: Chronometer I The colonised mind, like the missionary mind, goes by Calculus

stories, not evidence. Clockwork cosmos I Hence, the colonised elite adopted the Gregorian calendar, though it ruins farmers in India. Creative cosmos I the mechanical chronometer (watch) was the second time-gift of colonialism.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I Apart from a defective and unscientiﬁc Christian Colonialism calendar, Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I Apart from a defective and unscientiﬁc Christian Colonialism calendar, Calendar Clock: I the mechanical chronometer (watch) was the second Chronometer time-gift of colonialism. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Celestial clocks: sundials, night sky

I Rate of ﬂow: hourglass, water clocks (clepsydra)

I Rate of burning: incense sticks

I Biological rhythms: breath, pulse

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Clocks have existed from ancient times. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Rate of ﬂow: hourglass, water clocks (clepsydra)

I Rate of burning: incense sticks

I Biological rhythms: breath, pulse

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Clocks have existed from ancient times. Colonialism

I Celestial clocks: sundials, night sky Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Rate of burning: incense sticks

I Biological rhythms: breath, pulse

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Clocks have existed from ancient times. Colonialism

I Celestial clocks: sundials, night sky Calendar I Rate of ﬂow: hourglass, water clocks (clepsydra) Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Biological rhythms: breath, pulse

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Clocks have existed from ancient times. Colonialism

I Celestial clocks: sundials, night sky Calendar I Rate of ﬂow: hourglass, water clocks (clepsydra) Clock: Chronometer

I Rate of burning: incense sticks Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Clocks have existed from ancient times. Colonialism

I Celestial clocks: sundials, night sky Calendar I Rate of ﬂow: hourglass, water clocks (clepsydra) Clock: Chronometer

I Rate of burning: incense sticks Calculus I Biological rhythms: breath, pulse Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Developed by Arabs (Al Jazari, 12th c.)

I Appears in Europe, around 14th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Mechanical clock invented in China (Needham, Yixing, Colonialism

8th c., had escapement, “12 double hour wheel”, Su Calendar

Song’s clock tower, 11th c.) Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Appears in Europe, around 14th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Mechanical clock invented in China (Needham, Yixing, Colonialism

8th c., had escapement, “12 double hour wheel”, Su Calendar

Song’s clock tower, 11th c.) Clock: Chronometer I Developed by Arabs (Al Jazari, 12th c.) Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Mechanical clock invented in China (Needham, Yixing, Colonialism

8th c., had escapement, “12 double hour wheel”, Su Calendar

Song’s clock tower, 11th c.) Clock: Chronometer I Developed by Arabs (Al Jazari, 12th c.) Calculus

I Appears in Europe, around 14th c. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I What is important is that the West made mechanism a part of culture.

I The church adopted the mechanical clock and clock towers as its symbol.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I What little detail the West may have contributed to the Creation hymn mechanism is unimportant. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The church adopted the mechanical clock and clock towers as its symbol.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I What little detail the West may have contributed to the Creation hymn mechanism is unimportant. Colonialism Calendar I What is important is that the West made mechanism a Clock: part of culture. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos I But prayers were being synchronized from before the mechanical clock

I This is done in other ways by other religions: only the church adopted the mechanical clock,

I to emphasize apocalypse: the myth that “time is running out”.

I “Repent, for doomsday is near” was an important dogma for the medieval church.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Clocks were no doubt used to synchronize prayers

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This is done in other ways by other religions: only the church adopted the mechanical clock,

I to emphasize apocalypse: the myth that “time is running out”.

I “Repent, for doomsday is near” was an important dogma for the medieval church.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Clocks were no doubt used to synchronize prayers

I But prayers were being synchronized from before the Creation hymn mechanical clock Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I to emphasize apocalypse: the myth that “time is running out”.

I “Repent, for doomsday is near” was an important dogma for the medieval church.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Clocks were no doubt used to synchronize prayers

I But prayers were being synchronized from before the Creation hymn mechanical clock Colonialism Calendar I This is done in other ways by other religions: only the Clock: church adopted the mechanical clock, Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I “Repent, for doomsday is near” was an important dogma for the medieval church.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Clocks were no doubt used to synchronize prayers

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Clocks were no doubt used to synchronize prayers

I “Repent, for doomsday is near” was an important dogma Creative cosmos for the medieval church. Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I There was an important economic reason for this

I the problem of navigation: to determine longitude at sea

I for European dreams of wealth then rested in overseas trade/loot.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The mechanical clock evolved into the chronometer. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the problem of navigation: to determine longitude at sea

I for European dreams of wealth then rested in overseas trade/loot.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The mechanical clock evolved into the chronometer. Colonialism

I There was an important economic reason for this Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I for European dreams of wealth then rested in overseas trade/loot.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The mechanical clock evolved into the chronometer. Colonialism

I There was an important economic reason for this Calendar

I the problem of navigation: to determine longitude at sea Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I The mechanical clock evolved into the chronometer. Colonialism

I There was an important economic reason for this Calendar

I the problem of navigation: to determine longitude at sea Clock: Chronometer

I for European dreams of wealth then rested in overseas Calculus trade/loot. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I However, the full story is suppressed.

I That local time varies with longitude was a fact well known from at least a thousand years earlier.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Harrison’s chronometer solved this problem Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I That local time varies with longitude was a fact well known from at least a thousand years earlier.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Harrison’s chronometer solved this problem Colonialism Calendar I However, the full story is suppressed. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Harrison’s chronometer solved this problem Colonialism Calendar I However, the full story is suppressed. Clock: I That local time varies with longitude was a fact well Chronometer known from at least a thousand years earlier. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He says, the sun and stars seem to go round the earth because the earth rotates in the opposite direction (Gola 9).

I He concludes (Gola 13) “when it is sunrise at Lanka, it is midnight at Siddhapur, midday at Yavkoti and sunset at Romaka.

I Lanka (not Sri Lanka) the point where the meridian of Ujjayini meets the equator, other cardinal cities 90◦ apart.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I For example, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a says “the earth is religion round like a kadamba ﬂower” (Gola 7) and “stands C. K. Raju

supportless in space” (Gola, 6). Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He concludes (Gola 13) “when it is sunrise at Lanka, it is midnight at Siddhapur, midday at Yavkoti and sunset at Romaka.

I Lanka (not Sri Lanka) the point where the meridian of Ujjayini meets the equator, other cardinal cities 90◦ apart.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I For example, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a says “the earth is religion round like a kadamba ﬂower” (Gola 7) and “stands C. K. Raju

supportless in space” (Gola, 6). Creation hymn I He says, the sun and stars seem to go round the earth Colonialism because the earth rotates in the opposite direction (Gola Calendar 9). Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Lanka (not Sri Lanka) the point where the meridian of Ujjayini meets the equator, other cardinal cities 90◦ apart.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I For example, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a says “the earth is religion round like a kadamba ﬂower” (Gola 7) and “stands C. K. Raju

I He concludes (Gola 13) “when it is sunrise at Lanka, it is Calculus midnight at Siddhapur, midday at Yavkoti and sunset at Clockwork Romaka. cosmos Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I For example, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a says “the earth is religion round like a kadamba ﬂower” (Gola 7) and “stands C. K. Raju

I He concludes (Gola 13) “when it is sunrise at Lanka, it is Calculus midnight at Siddhapur, midday at Yavkoti and sunset at Clockwork Romaka. cosmos Creative cosmos I Lanka (not Sri Lanka) the point where the meridian of Ujjayini meets the equator, other cardinal cities 90◦ apart. I why did the Europeans alone have a longitude problem?

I when Indians, Arabs . . . , certainly knew celestial navigation.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But the key neglected question is this: Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I when Indians, Arabs . . . , certainly knew celestial navigation.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But the key neglected question is this: Colonialism Calendar I why did the Europeans alone have a longitude problem? Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I But the key neglected question is this: Colonialism Calendar I why did the Europeans alone have a longitude problem? Clock: I when Indians, Arabs . . . , certainly knew celestial Chronometer navigation. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I because they were arithmetically challenged

I (had a poor understanding of “Pythagorean” calculation also called trigonometry).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Answer: Europeans did not know the correct radius of Colonialism

the earth (until 1672) Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (had a poor understanding of “Pythagorean” calculation also called trigonometry).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Answer: Europeans did not know the correct radius of Colonialism

the earth (until 1672) Calendar I because they were arithmetically challenged Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Answer: Europeans did not know the correct radius of Colonialism

the earth (until 1672) Calendar I because they were arithmetically challenged Clock: Chronometer

I (had a poor understanding of “Pythagorean” calculation Calculus

also called trigonometry). Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I “ignorance of earth’s radius makes longitude calculations futile”

I Columbus underestimated the earth’s radius by 40%.

I The resulting navigational disasters led Portugal to ban use of globes aboard ships in 1500.

I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%.

I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I 7th c. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta said C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Columbus underestimated the earth’s radius by 40%.

I The resulting navigational disasters led Portugal to ban use of globes aboard ships in 1500.

I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%.

I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I 7th c. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta said C. K. Raju I “ignorance of earth’s radius makes longitude calculations Creation hymn futile” Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The resulting navigational disasters led Portugal to ban use of globes aboard ships in 1500.

I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%.

I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I 7th c. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta said C. K. Raju I “ignorance of earth’s radius makes longitude calculations Creation hymn futile” Colonialism I Columbus underestimated the earth’s radius by 40%. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%.

I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

use of globes aboard ships in 1500. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

use of globes aboard ships in 1500. Calculus I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure Clockwork cosmos earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%. Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

use of globes aboard ships in 1500. Calculus I Al Biruni (10th c.) used Indian techniques to measure Clockwork cosmos earth’s radius accurate to 0.1%. Creative cosmos I to verify Khalifa al Mamun’s 9th c. physical measurement of 1◦ of the arc. I one can calculate the longitude diﬀerence from

I (1) diﬀerence of latitude + (2) course angle.

I But this too requires accurate trigonometric values.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Even in plane navigation Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (1) diﬀerence of latitude + (2) course angle.

I But this too requires accurate trigonometric values.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Even in plane navigation Colonialism Calendar I one can calculate the longitude diﬀerence from Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But this too requires accurate trigonometric values.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Even in plane navigation Colonialism Calendar I one can calculate the longitude diﬀerence from Clock: I (1) diﬀerence of latitude + (2) course angle. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Even in plane navigation Colonialism Calendar I one can calculate the longitude diﬀerence from Clock: I (1) diﬀerence of latitude + (2) course angle. Chronometer Calculus I But this too requires accurate trigonometric values. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I published the stolen (and interpolated) Indian trigonometric values (accurate to ten decimal places) in his name in 1608

I He did not know enough trigonometry to measure the radius of the earth correctly!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Though the Jesuit general, Christoph Clavius (author of Creation hymn

the Gregorian reform) Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He did not know enough trigonometry to measure the radius of the earth correctly!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Though the Jesuit general, Christoph Clavius (author of Creation hymn

the Gregorian reform) Colonialism

I published the stolen (and interpolated) Indian Calendar Clock: trigonometric values (accurate to ten decimal places) in Chronometer

his name in 1608 Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Though the Jesuit general, Christoph Clavius (author of Creation hymn

the Gregorian reform) Colonialism

I published the stolen (and interpolated) Indian Calendar Clock: trigonometric values (accurate to ten decimal places) in Chronometer

his name in 1608 Calculus I He did not know enough trigonometry to measure the Clockwork cosmos radius of the earth correctly! Creative cosmos I in a way which did not require calculation or any application of the mind.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The chronometer solved the longitude problem (in Colonialism principle) Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I The chronometer solved the longitude problem (in Colonialism principle) Calendar Clock: I in a way which did not require calculation or any Chronometer application of the mind. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I a shackle to industrial civilization

I which greatly mechanized life: one is always “running out of time”,

I with no time left to be oneself or be creative!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The chronometer (the watch you used to wear) became Creation hymn part of the culture Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I which greatly mechanized life: one is always “running out of time”,

I with no time left to be oneself or be creative!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The chronometer (the watch you used to wear) became Creation hymn part of the culture Colonialism Calendar I a shackle to industrial civilization Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I with no time left to be oneself or be creative!

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The chronometer (the watch you used to wear) became Creation hymn part of the culture Colonialism Calendar I a shackle to industrial civilization Clock: Chronometer I which greatly mechanized life: one is always “running out of time”, Calculus Clockwork I with no time left to be oneself or be creative! cosmos Creative cosmos I Pythagorean comma: ascending by 12 perfect ﬁfths not the same as 7 octaves. 3 2 ( )12 = 129.746 6= 128 = ( )7. 2 1

I Western√ music today (equal tempered scale) uses 12 2 ≈ 1.059 which makes every note slightly oﬀ-key.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Even music has been mechanized. Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Western√ music today (equal tempered scale) uses 12 2 ≈ 1.059 which makes every note slightly oﬀ-key.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Even music has been mechanized. Creation hymn

I Pythagorean comma: ascending by 12 perfect ﬁfths not Colonialism

the same as 7 octaves. Calendar 3 2 Clock: ( )12 = 129.746 6= 128 = ( )7. Chronometer 2 1 Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Even music has been mechanized. Creation hymn

I Pythagorean comma: ascending by 12 perfect ﬁfths not Colonialism

the same as 7 octaves. Calendar 3 2 Clock: ( )12 = 129.746 6= 128 = ( )7. Chronometer 2 1 Calculus Clockwork I Western music today (equal tempered scale) uses cosmos 12√ 2 ≈ 1.059 which makes every note slightly oﬀ-key. Creative cosmos I Now, the most accurate trigonometric values in the 16th c.

I were available in India (accurate to ten decimal places)

I calculated using the inﬁnite series of the calculus

I invented in India

I and stolen from Cochin by Jesuits in the 16th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I European longitude problem arose because Europe then lacked precise trigonometric values. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I were available in India (accurate to ten decimal places)

I calculated using the inﬁnite series of the calculus

I invented in India

I and stolen from Cochin by Jesuits in the 16th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I calculated using the inﬁnite series of the calculus

I invented in India

I and stolen from Cochin by Jesuits in the 16th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I invented in India

I and stolen from Cochin by Jesuits in the 16th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I European longitude problem arose because Europe then lacked precise trigonometric values. Creation hymn Colonialism I Now, the most accurate trigonometric values in the 16th c. Calendar Clock: Chronometer I were available in India (accurate to ten decimal places) Calculus I calculated using the inﬁnite series of the calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and stolen from Cochin by Jesuits in the 16th c.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization

General Editor D. P. Chattopadhyaya

Volume X Part 4

Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE

C. K. RAJU

Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture (PHISPC)

CENTRE FOR STUDIES IN CIVILIZATIONS I who did not quite understand it.

I The West understood practical value of calculus

I but added tons of junk metaphysics.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Today, credit for calculus falsely given to Newton and Colonialism Leibniz Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The West understood practical value of calculus

I but added tons of junk metaphysics.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Today, credit for calculus falsely given to Newton and Colonialism Leibniz Calendar

I who did not quite understand it. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I but added tons of junk metaphysics.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Today, credit for calculus falsely given to Newton and Colonialism Leibniz Calendar

I who did not quite understand it. Clock: Chronometer

I The West understood practical value of calculus Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Today, credit for calculus falsely given to Newton and Colonialism Leibniz Calendar

I who did not quite understand it. Clock: Chronometer

I The West understood practical value of calculus Calculus I but added tons of junk metaphysics. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He thought calculus could be made “perfect”

I by making time metaphysical.

I He said “absolute, true, and mathematical time, ﬂows on without regard to anything external.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Newton believed God had formulated the “laws of Creation hymn nature” using the “perfect” language of mathematics Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I by making time metaphysical.

I He said “absolute, true, and mathematical time, ﬂows on without regard to anything external.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He said “absolute, true, and mathematical time, ﬂows on without regard to anything external.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Newton believed God had formulated the “laws of Creation hymn nature” using the “perfect” language of mathematics Colonialism Calendar I He thought calculus could be made “perfect” Clock: I by making time metaphysical. Chronometer Calculus I He said “absolute, true, and mathematical time, ﬂows Clockwork on without regard to anything external. cosmos Creative cosmos I But a physical measure of time is needed to make sense of Newton’s “laws” of physics (to make them refutable).

I For example, Newton’s ﬁrst law speaks of uniform motion.

I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal times.

I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal

I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I That is, he did not deﬁne a way to measure time. C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I For example, Newton’s ﬁrst law speaks of uniform motion.

I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal times.

I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal

I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal times.

I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal

I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I That is, he did not deﬁne a way to measure time. C. K. Raju I But a physical measure of time is needed to make sense Creation hymn of Newton’s “laws” of physics (to make them refutable). Colonialism I For example, Newton’s ﬁrst law speaks of uniform Calendar motion. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal

I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances Calculus

in equal times. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances Calculus

in equal times. Clockwork cosmos I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I A body is in uniform motion if it covers equal distances Calculus

in equal times. Clockwork cosmos I But we cannot “judge” when two time intervals are equal Creative cosmos I their equality must be deﬁned by deﬁning a physical way to measure time. I conceptual error about time

I arising from Western superstitions.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Newtonian physics failed just because of this Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I arising from Western superstitions.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Newtonian physics failed just because of this Calendar

I conceptual error about time Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I Newtonian physics failed just because of this Calendar

I conceptual error about time Clock: Chronometer I arising from Western superstitions. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos

I and a life regimented by the mechanical clock

I the third gift of colonialism was a clockwork cosmos or a mechanistic cosmos.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Apart from a religious and unscientiﬁc calendar Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I the third gift of colonialism was a clockwork cosmos or a mechanistic cosmos.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Apart from a religious and unscientiﬁc calendar Colonialism Calendar I and a life regimented by the mechanical clock Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Apart from a religious and unscientiﬁc calendar Colonialism Calendar I and a life regimented by the mechanical clock Clock: I the third gift of colonialism was a clockwork cosmos or a Chronometer mechanistic cosmos. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the dogma that

I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”).

I Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . .

I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in these “laws” and that they are formulated in the language of eternal truth: mathematics,

I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”).

I Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . .

I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in these “laws” and that they are formulated in the language of eternal truth: mathematics,

I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the Creation hymn dogma that Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . .

I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in these “laws” and that they are formulated in the language of eternal truth: mathematics,

I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the Creation hymn dogma that Colonialism

I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”). Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in these “laws” and that they are formulated in the language of eternal truth: mathematics,

I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the Creation hymn dogma that Colonialism

I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”). Calendar Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . . Clock: I Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the Creation hymn dogma that Colonialism

I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”). Calendar Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . . Clock: I Chronometer I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in Calculus these “laws” and that they are formulated in the Clockwork cosmos language of eternal truth: mathematics, Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I No easy correction to Newtonian physics (which failed). C. K. Raju I Thus, Aquinas (Summa Theologica) put forth the Creation hymn dogma that Colonialism

I God rules the world with eternal laws (“laws of nature”). Calendar Contrary to beliefs in Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism . . . . Clock: I Chronometer I But the West superstitiously came to believe that in Calculus these “laws” and that they are formulated in the Clockwork cosmos language of eternal truth: mathematics, Creative cosmos I speciﬁcally calculus: physical “laws” formulated as diﬀerential equations. I Your instinct is right!

I Diﬀerential equations are a way to steal your soul!

I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I As artists, some of you may be frightened at the Colonialism

mention of diﬀerential equations. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Diﬀerential equations are a way to steal your soul!

I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I As artists, some of you may be frightened at the Colonialism

mention of diﬀerential equations. Calendar I Your instinct is right! Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I As artists, some of you may be frightened at the Colonialism

mention of diﬀerential equations. Calendar I Your instinct is right! Clock: Chronometer

I Diﬀerential equations are a way to steal your soul! Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I As artists, some of you may be frightened at the Colonialism

mention of diﬀerential equations. Calendar I Your instinct is right! Clock: Chronometer

I Diﬀerential equations are a way to steal your soul! Calculus I How? Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Writing down a physical law as diﬀerential equation requires that time should be like a line

I (deﬁning derivative with respect to time requires time to be like the real line).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Today, diﬀerential equations use Western Creation hymn misunderstanding of calculus. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (deﬁning derivative with respect to time requires time to be like the real line).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Today, differential equations use Western Creation hymn misunderstanding of calculus. Colonialism Calendar I Writing down a physical law as differential equation Clock: requires that time should be like a line Chronometer Calculus I (defining derivative with respect to time requires time to Clockwork be like the real line). cosmos

Creative cosmos I Ancient notion of soul was understood in the physical context of quasi-cyclic time

I or a quasi-cyclic cosmos.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I What has that got to do with your soul? Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I or a quasi-cyclic cosmos.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I What has that got to do with your soul? Colonialism Calendar I Ancient notion of soul was understood in the physical Clock: context of quasi-cyclic time Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I What has that got to do with your soul? Colonialism Calendar I Ancient notion of soul was understood in the physical Clock: context of quasi-cyclic time Chronometer

I or a quasi-cyclic cosmos. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I All events approximately repeat

I so people too are repeatedly reborn.

I This happens not immediately after death, but billions of years “later”.

I (Nietzsche) But people are not conscious of the time gap.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In a quasi-cyclic cosmos approximately the same events repeat across cosmic cycles. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I so people too are repeatedly reborn.

I This happens not immediately after death, but billions of years “later”.

I (Nietzsche) But people are not conscious of the time gap.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In a quasi-cyclic cosmos approximately the same events repeat across cosmic cycles. Creation hymn Colonialism I All events approximately repeat Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This happens not immediately after death, but billions of years “later”.

I (Nietzsche) But people are not conscious of the time gap.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In a quasi-cyclic cosmos approximately the same events repeat across cosmic cycles. Creation hymn Colonialism I All events approximately repeat Calendar

I so people too are repeatedly reborn. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Nietzsche) But people are not conscious of the time gap.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In a quasi-cyclic cosmos approximately the same events repeat across cosmic cycles. Creation hymn Colonialism I All events approximately repeat Calendar

I so people too are repeatedly reborn. Clock: Chronometer I This happens not immediately after death, but billions Calculus

of years “later”. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I In a quasi-cyclic cosmos approximately the same events repeat across cosmic cycles. Creation hymn Colonialism I All events approximately repeat Calendar

I so people too are repeatedly reborn. Clock: Chronometer I This happens not immediately after death, but billions Calculus

of years “later”. Clockwork cosmos I (Nietzsche) But people are not conscious of the time gap. Creative cosmos Decolonizing Nietzsche time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

You fancy that you will have a long rest before your Creation hymn second birth takes place,—but do not deceive Colonialism yourselves! Between your last moment of Calendar consciousness and the ﬁrst ray of the dawn of your Clock: Chronometer

new life no time will elapse,—as a ﬂash of lightning Calculus

will the space go by, even though living creatures Clockwork think it is billions of years, and are not even able to cosmos reckon it. Timelessness and immediate re-birth are Creative cosmos compatible. I On Newtonian physics, in a closed cosmos every event must repeat

I so the dead too are reborn (after a long time called the Poincaré recurrence time).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Nietzsche was talking physics, not superstition. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I so the dead too are reborn (after a long time called the Poincaré recurrence time).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Nietzsche was talking physics, not superstition. Colonialism

I On Newtonian physics, in a closed cosmos every event Calendar must repeat Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Nietzsche was talking physics, not superstition. Colonialism

I On Newtonian physics, in a closed cosmos every event Calendar must repeat Clock: Chronometer

I so the dead too are reborn (after a long time called the Calculus

Poincaré recurrence time). Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I he thought this rebirth must be a mechanistic process, endlessly repetitive.

I That is, he confounded quasi-cyclic time (which permits change) with supercyclic time or eternal recurrence (which permits no change).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, because Nietzsche used a mechanistic physics Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I That is, he confounded quasi-cyclic time (which permits change) with supercyclic time or eternal recurrence (which permits no change).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, because Nietzsche used a mechanistic physics Creation hymn Colonialism I he thought this rebirth must be a mechanistic process, Calendar endlessly repetitive. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I However, because Nietzsche used a mechanistic physics Creation hymn Colonialism I he thought this rebirth must be a mechanistic process, Calendar endlessly repetitive. Clock: Chronometer I That is, he confounded quasi-cyclic time (which permits change) with supercyclic time or eternal recurrence Calculus Clockwork (which permits no change). cosmos

Creative cosmos I quasi-cyclic time with eternal recurrence.

I In fact, post-Nicene Christianity is founded on this confusion.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I Western thinkers (Mircea Eliade, T. S. Eliot etc.) also Colonialism

confounded Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I In fact, post-Nicene Christianity is founded on this confusion.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I Western thinkers (Mircea Eliade, T. S. Eliot etc.) also Colonialism

confounded Calendar I quasi-cyclic time with eternal recurrence. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

I Western thinkers (Mircea Eliade, T. S. Eliot etc.) also Colonialism

confounded Calendar I quasi-cyclic time with eternal recurrence. Clock: Chronometer

I In fact, post-Nicene Christianity is founded on this Calculus

confusion. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But Augustine said, that means Christ died in vain: “Heaven forbid that we believe this, for Christ, having died for our sins, rising again, dies no more”.

I He misrepresented Origen’s notion of quasi-cyclic time as the “Stoic” notion of eternal recurrence.

I The church agreed saw the political beneﬁt, and cursed the belief in “cyclic” time in 552 CE (5th Ecumenical Council)

I This created the false Western dichotomy between “linear” and “cyclic” time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I In early Christianity, Origen accepted the notion of soul religion based on quasi-cyclic time. C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I He misrepresented Origen’s notion of quasi-cyclic time as the “Stoic” notion of eternal recurrence.

I The church agreed saw the political beneﬁt, and cursed the belief in “cyclic” time in 552 CE (5th Ecumenical Council)

I This created the false Western dichotomy between “linear” and “cyclic” time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I In early Christianity, Origen accepted the notion of soul religion based on quasi-cyclic time. C. K. Raju

I But Augustine said, that means Christ died in vain: Creation hymn

“Heaven forbid that we believe this, for Christ, having Colonialism died for our sins, rising again, dies no more”. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The church agreed saw the political beneﬁt, and cursed the belief in “cyclic” time in 552 CE (5th Ecumenical Council)

I This created the false Western dichotomy between “linear” and “cyclic” time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I In early Christianity, Origen accepted the notion of soul religion based on quasi-cyclic time. C. K. Raju

I But Augustine said, that means Christ died in vain: Creation hymn

“Heaven forbid that we believe this, for Christ, having Colonialism died for our sins, rising again, dies no more”. Calendar Clock: I He misrepresented Origen’s notion of quasi-cyclic time Chronometer

as the “Stoic” notion of eternal recurrence. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This created the false Western dichotomy between “linear” and “cyclic” time.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I In early Christianity, Origen accepted the notion of soul religion based on quasi-cyclic time. C. K. Raju

I But Augustine said, that means Christ died in vain: Creation hymn

as the “Stoic” notion of eternal recurrence. Calculus I The church agreed saw the political beneﬁt, and cursed Clockwork cosmos the belief in “cyclic” time in 552 CE (5th Ecumenical Creative cosmos Council) Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and I In early Christianity, Origen accepted the notion of soul religion based on quasi-cyclic time. C. K. Raju

I But Augustine said, that means Christ died in vain: Creation hymn

I This created the false Western dichotomy between “linear” and “cyclic” time.

I the church changed Christianity for political reasons:

I it rejected equity and creativity.

I Changing reincarnation to resurrection also turned the soul metaphysical.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I After it married the state, Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I it rejected equity and creativity.

I Changing reincarnation to resurrection also turned the soul metaphysical.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I After it married the state, Colonialism

I the church changed Christianity for political reasons: Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Changing reincarnation to resurrection also turned the soul metaphysical.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I After it married the state, Colonialism

I the church changed Christianity for political reasons: Calendar

I it rejected equity and creativity. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I After it married the state, Colonialism

I the church changed Christianity for political reasons: Calendar

I it rejected equity and creativity. Clock: Chronometer

I Changing reincarnation to resurrection also turned the Calculus soul metaphysical. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I How to have a science compatible with creativity, as we observe every day?

I Answer: decolonize time! Reject the “gifts” of colonialism/church.

I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I So, how to recover your soul? Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Answer: decolonize time! Reject the “gifts” of colonialism/church.

I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I So, how to recover your soul? Creation hymn Colonialism I How to have a science compatible with creativity, as we Calendar observe every day? Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I How?

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I So, how to recover your soul? Creation hymn Colonialism I How to have a science compatible with creativity, as we Calendar observe every day? Clock: Chronometer I Answer: decolonize time! Reject the “gifts” of colonialism/church. Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I The key thing is to reject the clockwork cosmos

I and restore equity and creativity.

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity)

I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math).

I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I The calendar and clock are just easy examples. Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I The key thing is to reject the clockwork cosmos

I and restore equity and creativity.

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity)

I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math).

I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I The calendar and clock are just easy examples. Creation hymn I Correcting the calendar, and escaping the tyranny of the clock not enough. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and restore equity and creativity.

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity)

I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math).

I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I The calendar and clock are just easy examples. Creation hymn I Correcting the calendar, and escaping the tyranny of the clock not enough. Colonialism Calendar The key thing is to reject the clockwork cosmos I Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity)

I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math).

I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math).

I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity) Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This is a big agenda.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity) Clockwork cosmos I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math). Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Requires a reform of both religion (Christianity) Clockwork cosmos I and reformulation/decolonization of science (and math). Creative cosmos I This is a big agenda. I reclaim original Christianity and

I original notion of soul along with the original notion of an immanent God.

I This also restores equity, and compassion sorely missing from inequitable church Christianity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easiest step (conceptually easy, politically diﬃcult): Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I original notion of soul along with the original notion of an immanent God.

I This also restores equity, and compassion sorely missing from inequitable church Christianity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easiest step (conceptually easy, politically diﬃcult): Creation hymn Colonialism I reclaim original Christianity and Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This also restores equity, and compassion sorely missing from inequitable church Christianity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easiest step (conceptually easy, politically diﬃcult): Creation hymn Colonialism I reclaim original Christianity and Calendar

I original notion of soul along with the original notion of Clock: an immanent God. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Easiest step (conceptually easy, politically diﬃcult): Creation hymn Colonialism I reclaim original Christianity and Calendar

I original notion of soul along with the original notion of Clock: an immanent God. Chronometer Calculus I This also restores equity, and compassion sorely missing Clockwork from inequitable church Christianity. cosmos Creative cosmos I we ﬁrst need to reformulate calculus so that

I mere use of calculus does not make time linear.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I To be able to do a non-mechanistic science Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I mere use of calculus does not make time linear.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I To be able to do a non-mechanistic science Calendar

I we ﬁrst need to reformulate calculus so that Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I To be able to do a non-mechanistic science Calendar

I we ﬁrst need to reformulate calculus so that Clock: Chronometer I mere use of calculus does not make time linear. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I instead of the Western philosophy of math called formalism.

I This makes math so easy that calculus can be taught in 5 days

I as I have demonstrated in several teaching experiments.

I (For technical details, see abstract and video of my MIT talk; google)

I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This makes math so easy that calculus can be taught in 5 days

I as I have demonstrated in several teaching experiments.

I (For technical details, see abstract and video of my MIT talk; google)

I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

I instead of the Western philosophy of math called Creation hymn formalism. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I as I have demonstrated in several teaching experiments.

I (For technical details, see abstract and video of my MIT talk; google)

I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

I instead of the Western philosophy of math called Creation hymn formalism. Colonialism Calendar I This makes math so easy that calculus can be taught in Clock: 5 days Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (For technical details, see abstract and video of my MIT talk; google)

I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE).

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

I instead of the Western philosophy of math called Creation hymn formalism. Colonialism Calendar I This makes math so easy that calculus can be taught in Clock: 5 days Chronometer I as I have demonstrated in several teaching experiments. Calculus Clockwork I (For technical details, see abstract and video of my MIT cosmos talk; google) Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

I Possible by using my philosophy of math called zeroism C. K. Raju

I (Now working on easy math for schools with IIE). I not idealist or spiritual like Western math.

I So named because similar to Buddhist śunyav¯ ¯ada.

I Zeroism accepts math as inexact and non-eternal as in the Indian śulba sutra¯ .

I (For more details, see the video of my conversation with the Dalai Lama; google!)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Zeroism a realistic, and practical philosophy Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I So named because similar to Buddhist śunyav¯ ¯ada.

I Zeroism accepts math as inexact and non-eternal as in the Indian śulba sutra¯ .

I (For more details, see the video of my conversation with the Dalai Lama; google!)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Zeroism a realistic, and practical philosophy Creation hymn

I not idealist or spiritual like Western math. Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Zeroism accepts math as inexact and non-eternal as in the Indian śulba sutra¯ .

I (For more details, see the video of my conversation with the Dalai Lama; google!)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Zeroism a realistic, and practical philosophy Creation hymn

I not idealist or spiritual like Western math. Colonialism

I So named because similar to Buddhist śunyav¯ ¯ada. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (For more details, see the video of my conversation with the Dalai Lama; google!)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Zeroism a realistic, and practical philosophy Creation hymn

I not idealist or spiritual like Western math. Colonialism

I So named because similar to Buddhist śunyav¯ ¯ada. Calendar Clock: I Zeroism accepts math as inexact and non-eternal as in Chronometer the Indian śulba sutra¯ . Calculus Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I Zeroism a realistic, and practical philosophy Creation hymn

I not idealist or spiritual like Western math. Colonialism

I So named because similar to Buddhist śunyav¯ ¯ada. Calendar Clock: I Zeroism accepts math as inexact and non-eternal as in Chronometer the Indian śulba sutra¯ . Calculus Clockwork I (For more details, see the video of my conversation with cosmos

the Dalai Lama; google!) Creative cosmos I But the West (historically arithmetically challenged) opposes it.

I Says the colonised have no right to formulate or use a new philosophy of math.

I Refuses to give space for it. My article on decolonized math published in Conversation, went viral, and was then censored.

I (Article now re-published in Journal of Black Studies in the context of decolonization in South Africa.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion I Changing the philosophy of math not only makes math easy, it makes room for a better science. C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Says the colonised have no right to formulate or use a new philosophy of math.

I Refuses to give space for it. My article on decolonized math published in Conversation, went viral, and was then censored.

I (Article now re-published in Journal of Black Studies in the context of decolonization in South Africa.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion I Changing the philosophy of math not only makes math easy, it makes room for a better science. C. K. Raju

I But the West (historically arithmetically challenged) Creation hymn opposes it. Colonialism Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Refuses to give space for it. My article on decolonized math published in Conversation, went viral, and was then censored.

I (Article now re-published in Journal of Black Studies in the context of decolonization in South Africa.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion I Changing the philosophy of math not only makes math easy, it makes room for a better science. C. K. Raju

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Article now re-published in Journal of Black Studies in the context of decolonization in South Africa.)

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion I Changing the philosophy of math not only makes math easy, it makes room for a better science. C. K. Raju

I But the West (historically arithmetically challenged) Creation hymn opposes it. Colonialism Calendar I Says the colonised have no right to formulate or use a Clock: new philosophy of math. Chronometer Calculus I Refuses to give space for it. My article on decolonized Clockwork math published in Conversation, went viral, and was cosmos then censored. Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion I Changing the philosophy of math not only makes math easy, it makes room for a better science. C. K. Raju

I (Article now re-published in Journal of Black Studies in the context of decolonization in South Africa.) I also called a “tilt in the arrow of time”.

I (Changes the equations of physics to mixed-type functional diﬀerential equations.)

I This results in a non-mechanistic physics which permits both spontaneity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Proposed reform of science: allow future to interact with Creation hymn

present and past Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I (Changes the equations of physics to mixed-type functional diﬀerential equations.)

I This results in a non-mechanistic physics which permits both spontaneity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Proposed reform of science: allow future to interact with Creation hymn

present and past Colonialism I also called a “tilt in the arrow of time”. Calendar Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I This results in a non-mechanistic physics which permits both spontaneity and creativity.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Proposed reform of science: allow future to interact with Creation hymn

present and past Colonialism I also called a “tilt in the arrow of time”. Calendar Clock: I (Changes the equations of physics to mixed-type Chronometer

functional diﬀerential equations.) Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I Proposed reform of science: allow future to interact with Creation hymn

present and past Colonialism I also called a “tilt in the arrow of time”. Calendar Clock: I (Changes the equations of physics to mixed-type Chronometer

functional diﬀerential equations.) Calculus This results in a non-mechanistic physics which permits Clockwork I cosmos

both spontaneity and creativity. Creative cosmos I that makes the world mechanistic.

I Spontaneous = uncaused.

I Not determined from past or future or even past + future.

I Allows creativity needed by artists.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I If everything has a cause in the present or past Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Spontaneous = uncaused.

I Not determined from past or future or even past + future.

I Allows creativity needed by artists.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I If everything has a cause in the present or past Creation hymn Colonialism I that makes the world mechanistic. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Not determined from past or future or even past + future.

I Allows creativity needed by artists.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I If everything has a cause in the present or past Creation hymn Colonialism I that makes the world mechanistic. Calendar I Spontaneous = uncaused. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Allows creativity needed by artists.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

I If everything has a cause in the present or past Creation hymn Colonialism I that makes the world mechanistic. Calendar I Spontaneous = uncaused. Clock: Chronometer I Not determined from past or future or even past + future. Calculus Clockwork I Allows creativity needed by artists. cosmos Creative cosmos I History dependent physics irreversible: entropy or disorder increases.

I Physics with history dependence + anticipation allows entropy to (rarely) decrease spontaneously.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Newtonian physics reversible (entropy constant). Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Physics with history dependence + anticipation allows entropy to (rarely) decrease spontaneously.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Newtonian physics reversible (entropy constant). Colonialism

I History dependent physics irreversible: entropy or Calendar disorder increases. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn I Newtonian physics reversible (entropy constant). Colonialism

I History dependent physics irreversible: entropy or Calendar disorder increases. Clock: Chronometer

I Physics with history dependence + anticipation allows Calculus

entropy to (rarely) decrease spontaneously. Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I But the opposite is physically possible

I ripples may converge spontaneously and throw the stone out of the pond.

I Popper’s resolution of this “pond paradox” incorrect: assumes everything must have a cause.

I With the new physics such “uncaused” events permitted.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I E.g. if we throw a stone in a pond we usually observe ripples spreading out after the stone is thrown. Creation hymn Colonialism

Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I ripples may converge spontaneously and throw the stone out of the pond.

I Popper’s resolution of this “pond paradox” incorrect: assumes everything must have a cause.

I With the new physics such “uncaused” events permitted.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I E.g. if we throw a stone in a pond we usually observe ripples spreading out after the stone is thrown. Creation hymn Colonialism I But the opposite is physically possible Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Popper’s resolution of this “pond paradox” incorrect: assumes everything must have a cause.

I With the new physics such “uncaused” events permitted.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I E.g. if we throw a stone in a pond we usually observe ripples spreading out after the stone is thrown. Creation hymn Colonialism I But the opposite is physically possible Calendar

I ripples may converge spontaneously and throw the stone Clock: out of the pond. Chronometer Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I With the new physics such “uncaused” events permitted.

Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I E.g. if we throw a stone in a pond we usually observe ripples spreading out after the stone is thrown. Creation hymn Colonialism I But the opposite is physically possible Calendar

I ripples may converge spontaneously and throw the stone Clock: out of the pond. Chronometer Calculus

I Popper’s resolution of this “pond paradox” incorrect: Clockwork assumes everything must have a cause. cosmos Creative cosmos Decolonizing time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju I E.g. if we throw a stone in a pond we usually observe ripples spreading out after the stone is thrown. Creation hymn Colonialism I But the opposite is physically possible Calendar

I ripples may converge spontaneously and throw the stone Clock: out of the pond. Chronometer Calculus

I Popper’s resolution of this “pond paradox” incorrect: Clockwork assumes everything must have a cause. cosmos Creative cosmos I With the new physics such “uncaused” events permitted. I (Immanence) You are the creator.

I Upanishads: “that art thou”.

I and the task of creating a better and harmonous world is ongoing.

Decolonizing Cosmic music time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is how we create harmony in the cosmos by us. Calendar

Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I Upanishads: “that art thou”.

I and the task of creating a better and harmonous world is ongoing.

Decolonizing Cosmic music time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is how we create harmony in the cosmos by us. Calendar I (Immanence) You are the creator. Clock: Chronometer

Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos I and the task of creating a better and harmonous world is ongoing.

Decolonizing Cosmic music time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is how we create harmony in the cosmos by us. Calendar I (Immanence) You are the creator. Clock: Chronometer

I Upanishads: “that art thou”. Calculus

Clockwork cosmos

Creative cosmos Decolonizing Cosmic music time: Time at the interface of science and religion

C. K. Raju

Creation hymn

Colonialism I That is how we create harmony in the cosmos by us. Calendar I (Immanence) You are the creator. Clock: Chronometer

I Upanishads: “that art thou”. Calculus I and the task of creating a better and harmonous world Clockwork cosmos is ongoing. Creative cosmos