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Afro-Amerikaanse Slaven Op Het Witte Doek Representatie Van Zwarte Slavernij in De Amerikaanse Speelfilm

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Afro-Amerikaanse Slaven Op Het Witte Doek Representatie Van Zwarte Slavernij in De Amerikaanse Speelfilm FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE OPLEIDING GESCHIEDENIS VAKGROEP NIEUWSTE GESCHIEDENIS Academiejaar 2006-2007 Scriptie voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad Licentiaat in de Geschiedenis, optie Nieuwste Tijden. Afro-Amerikaanse Slaven op het Witte Doek Representatie van Zwarte Slavernij in de Amerikaanse Speelfilm Door Evie Dammans Stamnummer 20033955 Promotor: Prof. Dr. B. De Wever Commissaris: Prof. Dr. J. Deploige Commissaris: Dr. R. Vande Winkel INHOUDSTABEL INHOUDSTABEL .............................................................................................. 2 INLEIDING ...................................................................................................... 7 DANKWOORD ................................................................................................ 9 DEEL I – FILM ALS HISTORISCHE BRON ........................................................... 10 1. WAT MET FILM? ................................................................................................................ 10 2. DE HISTORISCHE FILM ........................................................................................................ 13 3. DE MAINSTREAM HISTORISCHE FILM ..................................................................................... 14 3.1 Filmisch Realisme ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Fictionaliseren van de Geschiedenis: Invention .................................................................................. 16 4. BESLUIT ........................................................................................................................... 18 DEEL II – AMERIKAANSE SLAVERNIJ 15E EEUW ‐ 1865 .................................... 20 1. DE TRANSATLANTISCHE SLAVENHANDEL ................................................................................. 23 1.1 Waar kwamen Afrikaanse slaven vandaan? ...................................................................................... 25 1.1.1 Regio’s ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 1.1.2 Europese Handel ....................................................................................................................................... 26 1.1.3 Getuigenis ................................................................................................................................................. 27 1.2 Leeftijd en sekse van de slaven .......................................................................................................... 28 1.2.1 Verschil Afrika‐Amerika ............................................................................................................................ 28 1.2.2 Verschil in Regio’s ..................................................................................................................................... 29 1.2.3 Drie Opmerkingen .................................................................................................................................... 29 1.3 Wat betaalde men voor zo een slaaf? ................................................................................................ 30 1.3.1 Prijsbepaling ............................................................................................................................................. 31 1.4 De Middle Passage ............................................................................................................................. 32 1.4.1 Mortaliteit ................................................................................................................................................ 32 1.4.2 Zwarte Slavenbewakers ............................................................................................................................ 34 1.4.3 In het “Beloofde Land” ............................................................................................................................. 34 1.5 Gevolgen van de Slavenhandel .......................................................................................................... 35 1.5.1 Europa en Amerika ................................................................................................................................... 35 1.5.2 Afrika ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 2. SLAVERNIJ IN DE BRITSE KOLONIES ........................................................................................ 37 2.1 Waarom Afrikanen? ........................................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1 Slavenbezittende Samenlevingen versus Slavengemeenschappen .......................................................... 37 2.1.2 Zoektocht naar Arbeidskrachten .............................................................................................................. 38 2.1.3 Keuze voor Afrikaanse Slaven ................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.4 Europese Gedetineerden .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 De Status van Slaven: Waarom Slaaf? ............................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Justificatie voor Slavernij .......................................................................................................................... 42 2 2.3 Slavernij in de Wet ............................................................................................................................. 43 2.3.1 Slavernij werd opgenomen in het Rechtssysteem .................................................................................... 43 2.3.2 Ondermijnende Wetten ............................................................................................................................ 45 2.3.3 Wetten ten Voordele van de Eigenaars .................................................................................................... 46 2.3.4 Misdrijven ................................................................................................................................................. 47 2.4 Verschil tussen Noord en Zuid in de Verenigde Staten ....................................................................... 48 2.4.1 Het Noorden ............................................................................................................................................. 49 2.4.2 Het Zuiden: The Low Country (Carolina en Georgia) ................................................................................ 51 2.4.3 Het Zuiden: De Chesapeake ...................................................................................................................... 56 2.4.4 “Koning Katoen” vanaf de 19e eeuw ........................................................................................................ 58 2.5 De Interne Slavenhandel .................................................................................................................... 59 2.5.1 Optuigen voor de Slavenmarkt ................................................................................................................. 60 2.5.2 Op de Slavenmarkt ................................................................................................................................... 62 2.6 Afro‐Amerikaanse Vrouwen ............................................................................................................... 63 2.6.1 Tewerkstelling van Slavenvrouwen .......................................................................................................... 64 2.6.2 Slavenvrouwen als Huisbedienden ........................................................................................................... 65 2.7 Weerstand bij Slaven.......................................................................................................................... 67 2.7.1 Rebellie ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 2.7.2 Weglopen ................................................................................................................................................. 68 2.7.3 Diefstal ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 2.7.4 Op het Werk ............................................................................................................................................. 74 2.7.5 Andere Vormen van Verzet ...................................................................................................................... 74 3. ZUIDERS PRO‐SLAVERNIJ EN ABOLITIONISME ........................................................................... 76 3.1 Zuiderse Argumenten ......................................................................................................................... 76 3.2 Abolitionisme ..................................................................................................................................... 78 3.2.1 Opbloei van het Abolitionisme ................................................................................................................
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