Richard Fleischer

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Richard Fleischer Richard Fleischer Un grande de Hollywood No cuenten con Richard Fleischer, nacido en Brooklyn en 1916, hijo de uno de los maestros de la animación de Hollywood, el creador de Betty Boop y de Popeye, rival de Walt Disney, etc., para gemir romántica, hipócrita o inmaduramente sobre los infranqueables obstáculos a los que hay que enfrentarse cuando se lleva un nombre famoso y se ha nacido en el serrallo. (...) Se diría que el haber nacido allí acentuó sus cualidades innatas: la serenidad en las relaciones con su ego, la discreción, la modestia, una especie de equilibrio interno en su forma de trabajar, de abordar y profundizar un tema, ya se trate del más anodino o el más atroz. Incluso antes de abordar los aspectos de su obra que le señalan como autor, en el sentido estético filosófico que ese término ha adoptado en el seno de la expresión "política de los autores", conviene definirlo como el autor de una serie de hazañas, el superdotado de la puesta en escena que, en cada uno de los géneros que probó (y sabe Dios que fueron muchos) buscó consciente o inconscientemente, pero siempre con la misma paradójica humildad, regalar la película más lograda, la más increíble, la de mayor inventiva, la definitiva. Hasta el punto de que muchos espectadores que apenas conocen su nombre guardan en lo más profundo de sus recuerdos cinematográficos un lugar especial para una u otra de sus obras maestras. Citemos en revoltijo algunos de sus logros: le debemos entre otras cosas la mejor película de aventuras históricas (Los vikingos, documentada y lírica y, en su terreno, nunca superada), la mejor adaptación de Julio Verne (Veinte mil leguas de viaje submarino), una obra que es también una de las mejores películas para niños en el doble sentido del término, a saber: película que debe complacer a los niños y a los adultos. Añadamos una de las mejores películas de guerra (Los diablos del Pacífico), con sus personajes torturados, ambiguos, descritos con una audacia insólita para la época, cualidad que volveremos a encontrar en La chica del trapecio rojo, evocación envolvente de un suceso criminal y mundano. No olvidemos Soylent Green, fábula de ciencia ficción ecológica, intrigante y eficaz, ni Barrabás, quizá la mejor película bíblica de los años sesenta, película a la vez subvalorada y sobreimitada, que, al menos los que la vieron en su versión original en 70mm, nunca olvidarán. El virtuosismo de Fleischer actúa en todas partes, en lo profundo y en la superficie. Tan pronto clausura definitivamente una tendencia dentro de un género (la claustrofobia del cine negro halla su ilustración límite en The Narrow Margin, que transcurre casi en su totalidad en un vagón de tren), como tan pronto abre pistas que le servirán a él y a los demás. En 1949, con Follow Me Quietly, Fleischer inaugura, dentro del cine negro, el relato basado en la búsqueda de un asesino psicópata (o serial killer), fundando un género que retomará en El estrangulador de Boston y en El estrangulador de Rillington, una obra maestra absoluta en su reconstrucción documental de un suceso atroz, que cuestiona la propia noción de humanismo. (...) Durante mucho tiempo creí que Fleischer había trabajado y perfeccionado su virtuosismo en las películas de acción de bajo presupuesto que hizo en los años cuarenta en la RKO y Eagle Lion. De hecho, estaba equivocado. Aparece de repente y desde Child of Divorce (1947) su primera película, que durante años quedó escondida (yo sólo pude verla en 1980, es decir, casi un cuarto de siglo después del descubrimiento de Fleischer, el brillante autor de Sábado trágico y La chica del trapecio rojo). (...) Como Preminger, Fleischer vio inmediatamente cómo el nuevo formato scope podía ser empleado para enriquecer su expresión personal. Ayudará, por ejemplo, en Sábado trágico, a exteriorizar los distintos aspectos de un tejido social particular al ligar más estrechamente y con más naturalidad a unos y otros en el interior del plano y al permitir que muchos planos, aparentemente sencillos, tengan de hecho la misma densidad, la misma complejidad que algunos planos secuencia ultrasofisticados rodados en el antiguo formato. En las mejores películas de Fleischer, en efecto, la descripción del tejido social en el que evolucionan los personales (es decir, la actualización de un conjunto de secretos, de jerarquías, de luchas de poder más o menos disimuladas, la revelación de las relaciones que cada uno, de un extremo a otro de la escala social, mantiene con el tema omnipresente de la violencia) no es únicamente un marco, un fondo, un decorado, sino el tema mismo de la obra. Visto así, Fleischer se interesa tanto en el devenir de los individuos como en el de las sociedades. Poéticamente, su imaginación dramática se pliega en ocasiones a un esquema, a la vez descriptivo y explicativo, que ha fascinado a generaciones de historiadores y artistas: el esquema o ciclo que encadena y une irremediablemente grandeza y decadencia. En Los vikingos, ese esquema culmina en excesos de fasto y belleza, porque aquí la decadencia (y la muerte) del Vikingo aportan al tema una segunda belleza, una segunda grandeza que se añade a la primera. Por el contrario en The New Centurions, la mirada documental del autor se posa en la decadencia de la noción de civilización y desemboca en el fracaso trágico de una sociedad urbana que pretende vivir sin prohibiciones ni reglas. Y la película aparece como el final de esa "sociología desgarradora" de Fleischer, la inspiración a la que debemos una parte de sus obras maestras. Durante cuatro décadas, apoyándose en la diversidad de géneros, de tonos, de presupuestos habitual en la Ciudad del Cine (diversidad en la que consistía su poder), la obra de Fleischer ha proporcionado uno de los ejemplos más brillante y creativos del milagro hollywoodiense. No es lo menos sorprendente de este asunto que Fleischer haya podido participar en ese milagro hasta mediados de los años setenta, es decir, hasta la época de su culminación final, que obedece también al esquema "grandeza y decadencia" que Fleischer había utilizado tantas veces en sus películas. Jacques Lourcelles, 2006. .
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