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Universidade De São Paulo Escola De Comunicações E Artes UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES SÉRGIO EDUARDO ALPENDRE DE OLIVEIRA O mal-estar da sociedade americana e sua representação no cinema (1975-1978) São Paulo 2013 SÉRGIO EDUARDO ALPENDRE DE OLIVEIRA O mal-estar da sociedade americana e sua representação no cinema (1975-1978) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais, Linha de Pesquisa História, Teoria e Crítica, da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Meios e Processos Audiovisuais, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Eduardo Victorio Morettin São Paulo 2013 Aos meus pais, Maria dos Anjos e Manoel Ao meu irmão Ricardo À Eide Sandra Azevedo Abreu Agradecimentos Agradeço especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Eduardo Victorio Morettin, que me ensinou a ser menos um crítico de cinema e mais um pesquisador acadêmico nestes dois anos e meio de trabalho. À CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado, fundamental para a realização desta pesquisa. Aos meus pais, Maria dos Anjos e Manoel, por entenderem que a diminuição do número de visitas se devia ao término dos prazos de qualificação e entrega da dissertação. Ao meu irmão Ricardo, por me ajudar sempre com algumas dúvidas gramaticais. À Eide Sandra Azevedo Abreu, por ter me incentivado a trilhar novamente o caminho acadêmico e pela ajuda inestimável na redação do projeto. Aos amigos Cléber Eduardo, Luiz Carlos Oliveira Jr. e Pedro Faissol, pelas sugestões e questionamentos feitos durante a pesquisa. Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos em que medida o mal-estar da sociedade americana, entre 1975 e 1978, causado por uma série de acontecimentos dos anos 1970 (fim da Guerra do Vietnã, reivindicações das chamadas minorias sociais, crise da OPEP e Watergate, entre outros), foi representado em filmes comerciais, feitos dentro de Hollywood e sem maiores ambições autorais. Os filmes analisados neste trabalho são: Rocky - Um Lutador (John G. Avildsen, 1976) e Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite (John Badham, 1977). Palavras-chave: História do Cinema Americano, mal-estar, anos 1970 Abstract In this work we investigate to what extent the malaise of American society between 1975 and 1978, caused by a series of events of the seventies (end of the Vietnam War, calling claims of social minorities, the OPEC crisis and Watergate, among others) , was represented in commercial films made in Hollywood without auteurist ambitions. The films analyzed in this work are: Rocky (John G. Avildsen, 1976) and Saturday Night Fever (John Badham, 1977). Keywords: History of American Cinema, malaise, 1970s Sumário Introdução.......................................................................................................................08 Capítulo 1 Contexto cinematográfico da América nos anos 1960 e 70............................................29 1.1. Os acontecimentos históricos e o cinema americano nos anos 1960.......................32 1.2 O nascimento da Nova Hollywood (1967)...............................................................36 1.2.1. Antes de 1967: os antecedentes da Nova Hollywood..............................43 1.2.2. Robert Aldrich e o espírito da Nova Hollywood......................................46 1.2.3. O Oscar de 1967........................................................................................57 1.2.4. O marco inicial, Bonnie & Clyde, e seu diretor, Arthur Penn...................60 1.3. Nova Hollywood: 1967-1980...................................................................................72 1.3.1. Duas fases da Nova Hollywood................................................................80 Capítulo 2 Rocky e o mal-estar nas ruas de Filadélfia.......................................................................84 2.1. Rocky e o contexto do cinema americano em 1976..................................................84 2.2. O caminho de Avildsen até Rocky...........................................................................96 2.3. O calvário de Rocky Balboa, e sua redenção.........................................................103 2.4. Rocky dentro da tradição dos filmes de boxe.........................................................128 2.5. Rocky vs. Taxi Driver: a Academia mandou o recado...........................................135 Capítulo 3 Nova York, falência moral: Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite e sua relação com alguns filmes da época..............................................................................................................148 3.1. O contexto do cinema americano em 1977............................................................151 3.2. Um blockbuster diferente e sua limitação nas bilheterias......................................169 3.3. O novo musical realista de Hollywood e sua recepção crítica...............................189 3.4. Filmes de dezembro: Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite e Rocky..............................194 3.5. A relação com New York, New York e outros musicais..........................................196 Conclusão O que sobrou da Nova Hollywood, o que surgiu no caminho aberto por Rocky e Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite, e o cinema da era Reagan................................................203 Anexo Fichas técnicas de Rocky e Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite.........................................211 Bibliografia Livros.............................................................................................................................213 Artigos e resenhas..........................................................................................................216 Filmes importantes para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho..........................................217 Introdução O cinema feito nos Estados Unidos, desde que os pioneiros ajudaram a desenvolver a linguagem cinematográfica até a explosão do blockbuster nos anos 1980 e 1990, é assunto das mais variadas teses e dos mais abrangentes livros. O cinema americano da década de 1970, por exemplo, já foi tema de inúmeros trabalhos realizados dentro ou fora da academia, geralmente tendo como foco a Nova Hollywood1 de jovens diretores como Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola e Brian De Palma, que começaram nos anos 1960 e atingiram o estrelato com filmes realizados na década seguinte2. Contudo, há um contexto dentro desse período histórico que ainda não foi satisfatoriamente estudado, dentro dos anos 1970: o cinema que, representando o lado mais comercial de Hollywood, mostrou o mal-estar da sociedade americana entre 1975, ano que marca o retorno dos últimos soldados do Vietnã, e 1978, ano emblemático por representar, no meio do governo de Jimmy Carter (1977-1980), o auge da Disco Music, o início da fortificação de movimentos conservadores insatisfeitos com a crise econômica (o que iria culminar com o avanço republicano e a eleição de Ronald Reagan para dois mandatos consecutivos (1981-1988)3 e pelo surgimento de três filmes importantes sobre o fracasso da Guerra do Vietnã: Amargo Regresso, de Hal Ashby, 1 Nova Hollywood é como foi chamado o momento do cinema em que jovens diretores fizeram filmes autorais dentro da indústria cinematográfica americana. A periodização varia de autor para autor, mas geralmente concentra-se entre o final dos anos 1960 e o final dos anos 1970. Passaremos por essas periodizações, bem como por alguns filmes e diretores importantes da época, no capítulo 1 deste trabalho. 2 São raros os estudos sobre o período no Brasil. Temos um capítulo e dois livros: MASCARELLO, Fernando. Cinema hollywoodiano contemporâneo. In: História do cinema mundial, 2006; BISKIND, Peter. Como a geração sexo, drogas e rock and roll salvou Hollywood, 2009; e HARRIS, Mark. Cenas de uma revolução - O nascimento da Nova Hollywood. L&PM. Porto Alegre, 2011. Desses, só o primeiro, um artigo, foi produzido no Brasil. Entre os textos existentes no exterior sobre esse período estão CARROLL, Noel. The future of allusion. in October, 1982; e BAUDRY, Leo. The Sacraments of Genre: Coppola, De Palma, Scorsese. In Film Quaterly, Vol. 39, Nº 3. p.34-49. University of California Press, 1985. Além desses textos, podemos destacar os seguintes livros: BERLINER, TODD. Hollywood Incoherent – Narration in Seventies Cinema, 2010; ELSAESSER, Thomas; HORWARTH, Alexander; KING, Noel. The last great american picture show: New Hollywood cinema in the 70s, 2004; FRIEDMAN, Lester (org.). American cinema of the 1970s: themes and variations, 2007; KING, Geoff. New Hollywood Cinema: an introduction, 2002; KOLKER, Robert. A cinema of loneliness: Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg, Altman, 2000; LEV, Peter. American films in the '70s - Conflicting visions, 2000; e principalmente THORET, Jean-Baptiste. Le cinéma américain des années 70, 2009; e WOOD, Robin. Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan... and beyond, 2003. 3 Ver TROVÃO, Flávio Vilas-Bôas. O Exército Inútil de Robert Altman: cinema e política (1983), tese de doutorado defendida na USP que estuda, entre outras coisas, as conquistas sociais das minorias e a reação conservadora que se iniciou no fim dos anos 1970 e cresceu assustadoramente durante a presidência de Ronald Reagan, na década seguinte. O estudo de Vilas-Bôas é o único realizado no Brasil sobre o assunto, até onde pudemos pesquisar. 8 Who'll Stop the Rain, de Karel Reisz, e O Franco Atirador, de Michael Cimino. O presente estudo, portanto, é inédito no Brasil. Não se trata de pesquisar os filmes que os diretores da Nova Hollywood fizeram no período, nem dos blockbusters que mudaram a história de Hollywood,
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