ISSN: 2347-7474 International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities Available Online at: www.ijassh.com

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Pattern of Inland Water Transport in Lokoja, Kogi State of Nigeria

Aper JA*, Kogi HA

1Department of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi and Onuche. 2State Polytechnic, Lokoja.

*Corresponding Author: Aper JA

Abstract

Inland water transport in Nigeria has declined because of completion from other means of transport like air, rail, and roads. The construction of bridges over River Niger has posed some challenges to the prospects of inland water transport in the area. Yet this means of transport holds some potential for socio-economic development in the study area. This research has examined the status of inland water transportation in Lokoja to determine the pattern of commuters, spatial interaction, variations in crafts, freight, commuters and economic benefits of inland water transport in Lokoja inland port. Using a survey approach, the study interviewed 182 randomly selected commuters at Lokoja inland station using questionnaire. Traffic data (January-December, 2007) was collected from the National Inland Water Ways Authority (NIWA). The study notes that the major commuters are traders (56%) and the spatial interaction of inland transport is driven by threshold demand, reduced friction in interaction and ease of access. Thus, 79% of the commuters prefer water transport as it offers less cost and more benefits for exchange of goods and services. The volume of inland transport is higher (64%) on market days than on non-market days (36%) and seasonal variation in transport flow is not significant. The study concludes that there is a need to improve the water transport system in Lokoja as it has the potential to boost existing socio-economic activities in the region.

Keywords: Inland, Water, Lokoja, Transport, Ullman, Pattern.

Introduction Inland water transport involves the use of creeks and lagoons. Its developed portion of territorial water to link the hinterland inland waters for transportation is far from [1].Water transport is the oldest means of the best that could be obtained from the transport used by man in moving goods and present potential. However the water ways persons from one point to another. This has system remains very useful in the movement been so because two-third of the earth is of goods, services and persons internally and covered with water and as such provides a externally. It is observed that it is only in natural medium through which persons and Lagos, and other parts of coastal Nigeria, goods can be transported with ease [2]. that the inland water mass transit system of transport has been developed to ease In Nigeria, inland water transportation has transportation problems. played a key role in the nation’s socio- economic and political development. It serves Water-based mass transit system can also be as a factor for exchange of goods and services, introduced in other parts of Nigeria, but in human interaction, sub-national integration doing this, the peculiarity of each region is and inland communication which are properly appreciated based on existing essential not only for economic and social patterns [5]. Despite the fact that this system development but also for the welfare of is most used in rural areas, several problems people living in isolated communities and limit its better utilization such as poor remote riverine areas. Besides, inland government patronage, low private sector transport is considered a safer and cheaper initiatives and fluctuations in water volume means of transportation when compared to [6-7]. It is in view of this that this study others like road and air [3-4]. Nigeria is attempts to assess the pattern of inland blessed with an extensive network of rivers, water transport and its significance and the

Aper JA et. al.| July 2018 | Vol.6 | Issue 07 |01-09 1 Available online at: www.ijassh.com extent to which it facilitates socio-economic interaction of goods and services or close activities in the region and satisfy the needs substitutes apart from the original place of of the commuters. The research has origin, the alternative source becomes an examined the capacity and types of crafts intervening opportunity. According to used for inland water transportation in Ullman, time and cost are two important Lokoja region, the seasonal and periodic factors to be considered when selecting a variations in the volume of passenger and form of spatial interaction. In his view, freight, the routes travelled by commuters spatial interaction will take place between and volume of traffic flow along such routes two different points or places where the cost as well as the determinants of the volume of is low and it is faster to link up than where it interaction in the inland water transport involves high cost and more time. Thus, the system in the study area. cost of boarding boat from one point to another within Lokoja inland water system, Theoretical Framework for example will facilitate movement of goods, The process and pattern of inland water services and passenger (transferability). transport can be explained using the Thus the Ullman’s theory is used in Ullman’s theory of spatial interaction. analysing inland water transport in Lokoja Ullman explains that for there to be spatial town. interaction in a region in whatever form, Materials and Methods there are three basic requirements that must be present such as complimentarily, Lokoja is situated along the river bank at the intervening opportunity and transferability. confluence of River Niger and River Benue. It This means for areas, towns, districts and is geographically and historically significant, transport points in a particular region to be being in the centre of Nigeria and formerly complementary; there must be demand for the administrative headquarters of the what is being produced or what is readily country, and now as the capital town of Kogi available in a particular place by another State. Lokoja is located between latitude place or area. Also, where there are 70.301 - 70.401 N and longitude 60 00- 60.441 E, alternative sources of supply or routes of with an elevation of 144.0 ft absl (Fig. 1).

Fig 1: Lokoja town and the Lokoja Inland Water Port in Kogi State

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The terrain of Lokoja region is undulating Geregu, Nkelegwu and Ichewe on Ajaokuta with isolated hills like Mount Patti and some route to Bassa LGA; Kpata (Old Lokoja Port), rock outcrops dotting the crystalline and Ganaja in Lokoja LGA all of Kogi State; basement complex and sedimentary Loko in Nasarawa State and Agatu in Benue geological formations. River Benue is one of State. Data on volume of goods was the major tributaries that drain into River estimated using standard bag and baskets as Niger at a confluence in Lokoja town. Lokoja some produce like okra and pepper that are lies within the tropical savannah (Koppen packaged in small baskets. Other primary AW) with dry and wet seasons. The wet data on inland transport were collected using season stretches between April-October, questionnaires and observations while the dry season begins from November administered on 180 randomly sampled to March. commuters at the Lokoja inland water station. The seasonal pattern of rainfall influences Result and Discussion volume of water in the transport channel. As the commercial nerve centre of the country, Demographic Pattern of Commuters in Lokoja has become very famous, with the the Study River Niger and River Benue playing very According to Table 1, most of the inland important role in moving persons, goods and water commuters are between 18-53 years services associated with the various socio- old. Thus non-adults and the elderly hardly economic activities such as weaving, fishing, use inland water transport in the study area farming, irrigation agriculture, may be because of the hazards associated transportation, hunting and mining. Lokoja with the open canoes and boats that ply has major markets of five-day cycles and without life safety facilities. There are more smaller daily markets. male commuters (58%) than female (42%).

Also 67 % commuters have no formal Data collection for this study covered 26 education, 5 % have attended primary alternate weeks from January to December, education 18% and 10% respectively have 2007. Information was generated on craft attended secondary and tertiary education. types, routes covered, volume of transport Also, 53% of the commuters are traders, 22% flow into Lokoja inland port. Inland water farmers, 18% students and few artisans (5%) routes coverd in the study Lokoja to Adike, and civil servants (2%). This implies that Gbegede, Irenedu, Edumusi and Mozu on inland water transport in Lokoja is used by Koto route in Karfi LGA; Gande and Gbobe, traders who move bulky agricultural goods and Shintaku on Bassa route in Bassa LGA; from the hinterland.

Table 1: Demographic pattern of commuters at Lokoja port Demography Frequency % Age Below 18 58 18-35 67 36-53 39 54-71 9 72 above 9 Total 182 Gender Male 106 58 Female 76 42 Total 182 100 Education None formal Education 122 67 Primary 9 5 Secondary 33 18 Tertiary 18 10 Total 182 100 Source: Author, 2009

Spatial Pattern of Inland Transport in between Lokoja and Owe to in Agatu LGA in Lokoja Benue State (6.5%). The reasons for this pattern of passenger volume is that the boats Based on Table 2, the highest mean daily and canoes from Kogi and other commuter flow is between Lokoja and Kogi in neighbouring villages move both on market Kogi L.G.A (50.5%) while the least flow is

Aper JA et. al.| July 2018 | Vol.6 | Issue 07 |01-09 3 Available online at: www.ijassh.com and non market days to into Lokoja while goods and services into Lokoja town from the those from Ajaokuta Local Government Area, surrounding villages in Kogi and Bassa Nasarawa Toto and Owe to interact with LGAs, than any other hinterland routes i.e Lokoja mostly on the market days. A similar Owe to and Nasarawa Toto. This situation is pattern is found in the passenger flow except similar to the proposition of Odumeru [8] that Ajaokuta inland water way. From the that areas closer to each other will interact information, there is a higher frequency of more as movement is made easier.

Table 2: Percentage volume of traffic on routes at the Lokoja inland water system Route River craft (%) Passengers (%) Kogi 50.5 45.3 Bassa 40.6 24.7 Ajaokuta 4.6 11.2 Nasarawa Toto 2.8 12.2 Oweto (Agatu) 1.5 6.5 100 100 Source: Author, 2009

Commuting Pattern in the Inland Water very few persons use the mode either in the Transport afternoon or morning (0.1%) and the remaining 6% use it at any time of the day. Analysis of the pattern of inland commuting by passengers indicate that 95.1% of the total Most passengers in the mornings or evenings number of commuters use water transport are either returning or going to markets, twice daily, 1.6% commute thrice a day and schools or places of work. Lokoja is the centre the lowest percentage of commuters are those of the activity space that pulls the commuters who move once a day(3.3%). This pattern of in the morning to carry out their daily socio- commuting indicates a high frequency of economic activity and there after return to daily interaction between the hinterland and their homes at the close of their activities. Lokoja inland port. Also 81.8% of the Those who use it once a day either in the commuters travel in the mornings and morning, afternoon or evening only, use it as evenings while 9.9% commuters use inland an intermediary transport on travelling to or travel in morning and afternoon only and return from some other parts of Lokoja or Nigeria across the inland port to and from

the hinterland. Table 3: Number of daily trips by commuters Trip Frequency Commuters % I 6 3.3 II 173 95.1 III 3 1.6 Total 182 100.0 Source: Author, 2009

remaining 7% and 2% use it either because it Reasons for Choice of Mode of Inland is the only means available to them. This Water Transport means that the commuters have identified According to Fig.2, 79% of the commuters water transport as a mode with which they prefer water transport because it saves time, can overcome the friction of distance in both it is cheaper and safer, while 15% use this time and money easily. mode because it is cheaper and safer and the

Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage 20 10 0 Safe, Cheap & Cheap & safe Only means Others safe time

Fig. 2: reasons for choice of inland water transport in lokoja

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River Craft in the Inland Transport in transporting both goods and persons and for the Area fishing. The National Inland Waterways Authority owns one ferry which is not in use The types of river craft used for inland water presently [9]. The small motorized boats are transport in Lokoja include the wooden made of wood, powered with an engine, are canoes, the small engine or motorized boats faster than canoe, but are more costly to buy (barges). The canoes are made of woods and and expensive to board. do not use engines, cost less to buy and are cheaper to board than the other types of boats but are very slow in speed. The motorised boats are made from wood, Canoes are commonly used for transporting powered by engine, more expensive than both firewood, and vegetables-pepper, okra, the small motorized boat and canoe, has the tomatoes and fish. The canoes have the capacity of conveying 200 persons and about capacity of conveying about 10 persons on 150 bags of grains. Most goods are conveyed very short distance journeys, the small by this type of craft in the Lokoja inland engine boats have a carrying capacity of 50 water port. According to Table 3, the small persons and good on short and relatively far motorized boat was the most used for journeys, the big engine boat on the other transporting goods and persons from and to hand have a carrying capacity of 200 persons the Lokoja port accounting for 42.5% of the in with goods and are used for distant total volume of craft which is because it is journeys. All the boats in the study area are faster (speed) than the canoe and gets filled owned by individual private operators. up faster than the big engine boat which is Lokoja residents own 15 motorized boats and the least used. over 150 canoes that are used for

Table 3: Distribution of craft type in the inland transport in Lokoja River Craft/Route Number % Canoe 2724 35.6 Small Boat 3260 42.5 Big Boat 1679 21.9 Total 7663 100.0 Source: Author, 2009

Pattern of Goods Transported in the commuters mostly move agricultural produce Inland Waterway who are also farmers who especially move their produce for sales in Lokoja town. There Much of the goods transported in the inland is however a lower percentage of transport are agricultural produce (57%), manufactured goods in the inland transport fuel/firewood (26%), manufactured goods which are goods moved to the hinterland (19%) and domestic animals (5%) and other either for sale in local markets or bought by unclassified goods (2%). This shows that the local commuters from the hinterland.

Table 4: Types of goods transported in the Lokoja water syatems Goods Passengers % Agricultural goods 93 57 Fuel/firewood 47 26 Manufactured goods 35 19 Animals/Birds 5 5 Others(unclassified) 2 2 Total 182 100 Source: Author, 2009

Based on table 4.8, the total volume of goods boat gets filled up faster than the big transported was 49,561,400 kilograms of motorized boat and is also faster than the which the small motorized boat carried the canoe in overcoming the friction of time and highest amount 19, 560,000 kilograms and distance and carries more goods than the the canoe carried the lowest amount 13,211, canoe; and due to the fact that 45 convenient 400 kilograms while the Big motorized boat to use in both seasons unlike the canoe that conveyed 16, 790,000 which is almost 2.8 is more convenient for them during the dry million kilograms less the small motorized season and most convenient for the Big boat. This is because the small motorized Motorized Boats during the rainy seasons.

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Apart from this the Big Motorized Boat is small motorized boat is used on both mostly used on market days only while the occasions.

Table 5: Estimated volume of freight (kg) transported by various crafts Type of craft Volume of good (Kg) Percentages (%) Canoe 13, 211, 400 26.7 Small Boat 19, 560, 000 39.5 Big Boat 16, 790, 000 33.9 Total 49, 561, 400 100.1 Source: Author, 2009

Volume of Traffic in the Inland Waterway in Lokoja The annual volume of 184, 848 passengers were transported using 7, 663 crafts to and from Lokoja in the study period. The highest volume of passenger traffic was in the month of October (21, 607) and the lowest in the month of February (8,515), while the highest volume of river craft traffic was recorded in the month of December (738) and the lowest in February (535) almost as the human traffic. Seasonally, the highest volume of craft traffic was in the rainy season, April-October (59.4%) while the lowest is in the dry season, November-March (40.6). This is due to the fact that all boat types can move at this period, moving agricultural products to the market while in the dry season, fewer large boats travel at this time of the year.

Table 6: Annual pattern of craft and passenger traffic flow at Lokoja inland port Month Craft % J 11840 6.4 J 604 7.9 F 8515 4.6 F 535 6.9 M 10842 5.9 M 536 6.9 A 10468 5.7 A 660 8.6 M 9912 5.4 M 652 8.5 J 11611 6.3 J 652 8.5 J 17215 9.3 J 627 8.2 A 18926 10.2 A 605 7.9 S 20983 11.4 S 652 8.5 O 21607 11.7 O 704 9.2 N 21512 11.6 N 698 9.1 D 21417 11.6 D 738 9.6 Total 184848 100 Total 7663 100 Month Passenger %

Similarly, 59.9% of passengers plied the port Lokoja port is discussed. Lokoja Township in the rainy season as against 40.1% in the has a four (4) day interval market which is dry season. This is because the passengers known as the market day. During the data who are mostly farmers and food traders analysis it was discovered that some months have more goods for exchange to the market had 7 market days and others 8 market days. during the wet season and probably because While the non-market days are those days the rainy season period is longer than the dry that are not major market days for the year a season. total of 91 days was identified as market days while the remaining 274 days as non- Volume of Water Transport on Market market days. This is to say that market days and Non-Market Days stand for about ¼ of the total number of days Here the volume of river craft and passenger in a year. traffic on market and non-market day at the

Table 7: Volume of water traffic in Lokoja on market days and non- market days Month Passengers: Market and Non-Market River Craft: Market Days days Non-market days January 7208 4632 261 343 February 4510 4005 204 331 March 5703 5139 229 307 April 5803 4665 351 309 May 5155 4757 278 374 June 6749 4862 351 301 July 10659 6556 334 294

Aper JA et. al.| July 2018 | Vol.6 | Issue 07 |01-09 6 Available online at: www.ijassh.com August 12423 6503 300 305 September 14679 6304 371 281 October 15310 6297 400 304 November 15117 6395 332 366 December 14488 6929 403 335 Total 117804 67077 3814 3849 % 63.7 36.3 49.8 50.2

The Lokoja market which is a periodic natural water ways, thus they offer market has some influence on traffic flow potentials for inland movement of vast however the difference in volume of traffic on agricultural goods and services in riverine market days and non-market days at the communities. It is in view of this the Lokoja crossing point is not significant. This government is currently carrying out a implies that almost the same number of craft dredging activity along the River Niger are used every day and or because the generally as this will boost water transport numbers of days in the non-market days are and increase socio-economic activities along higher than those of the market days, 274 the lower River Niger. against 91. Based on table 4.12, the volume of passengers on the Lokoja market days Also government needs to allocate more were higher than those on the non-market funds to the general development of inland day. water transport. The cleaning up of the debris and weeds on waterways regularly, Those on the market day accounted for 64% provision of users with good jetty, modern of the total number of passengers transported boats with comfort, safety gadgets and while the remaining 36% fall on the non- creating awareness on the various market days. Volume of passenger on non- advantages of inland water transport. Based market days is almost two times the volume on the findings of this study it is of passengers on market days. This is to say recommended that apart from the analysis of that the people are drawn to travel more on volume of traffic; craft, passengers and goods market days either carrying goods to sell or from Lokoja to other areas and those from buying goods on market days or doing both, other areas to Lokoja could be compared to indicating that most of the users are business find out or test the level of complementarities minded persons (traders) and also that there of those areas to Lokoja and vice versa. is demand for goods more on market days Further studies could be carried out to really establish the safety level and cost benefit Conclusion when compared to other modes of From the above pattern, inland water transportation. transportation is an important means of moving bulky goods, services and persons Nigeria is blessed with an extensive network from one point to another within Lokoja axis. of rivers, creeks and lagoons. Its developed It is a means for economic and social portion is far from the best that could be development but also for the welfare of obtained from the present potential. However people living in isolated hinterland isolated the water ways system remains very useful communities in the region. The commuters in in the movement of goods, services and the study area and catchment hinterland persons internally and externally. It is chose this inland water transport system observed that it is only in Lagos, coastal because of its cost and benefits over other Nigeria, that the inland water mass transit modes of transport. system of transport has been developed to ease transportation problems. Water-based The past under-investment in inland mass transit system can also be introduced in transport development in Nigeria and undue other riverine communities, but in doing this, investment in road and air transport network the peculiarity attached to each region should has reduced the importance and viability of be properly appreciated based on existing this system of transportation. Inland patterns. Also, despite the fact that this transport can overcome friction of distance in system is most used in rural areas, several terms of time of travel and money, traffic problems limit its better utilization such as jams and potholes when compared to the bad poor government patronage and low private roads in the country. Water routes have no sector initiatives [10-37]. construction cost, have cheap maintenance as

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