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Bird Species Richness and Diversity of Lokoja and Environs, Kogi State, Nigeria

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Bird Species Richness and Diversity of Lokoja and Environs, Kogi State, Nigeria Adang, Tanko, Kachi & Abdulwahab Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (117 - 124pp) Bird Species Richness and Diversity of Lokoja and Environs, Kogi State, Nigeria *ADANG Kombe Lucas, TANKO Dauda, KACHI Jolly and ABDULWAHAB Umarfarooq Adavudi Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, PMB 1154, Kogi State. *Corresponding author: [email protected]; Phone: +2348033686583 Abstract: A study on the bird species richness and diversity of Lokoja and its environs was conduct between November 2016 and February 2018, using the point count and line transects methods. The bird species encountered were identified with the aid of a field guide and recorded bird songs. Diversity was determined by noting the habitat type on which each bird was encountered. One hundred and eight species of birds belonging to fifty-six taxonomic groups and forty-three families were recorded. The families with their number of species recorded were Estrildidae (9), Sylviidae (9), Turdidae (8), Accipitridae (7), Columbidae (6), Nectariniidae (5), Ploceidae (5), Ardeidae (3), Falconidae (3), Musophagidae (3), Cuculidae (3), Capitonidae (3), Malaconopidae (3), Viduidae (3), Phasianidae (2), Psittacidae (2), Bucerotidae (2), Hirundiniidae (2), Timaliidae (2), Pycnonotidae (2, Apodiae (2), Corvidae (2) and Emberizidae (2). The other twenty families had one species each. New bird records were obtained for the area such as the Magpie Mannikin (Spermestes fringilloides) of the Estrildidae family, the Green Turaco (Tauraco persa) and Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea), of family Musophagidae, the Egyptian Plover (Pluvianus aegyptius) of family Charadriidae and the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) of family Accipitridae, a near threatened (NT) species. These bird species were characteristics of specific habitat types since they were only found in these areas. A further research is being proposed that will cover the entire Kogi State, with more diverse habitat types. Keywords: Avifauna, species richness, diversity, Lokoja, Kogi State INTRODUCTION composition (species richness) and their distribution Birds are the only vertebrates with feathers and that can (diversity) over time are believed to be of particular fly because their fore limbs are modified into a pair of interest to the conservation of nature (Bibby, 1999). wings. They are unique in laying eggs and in showing great parental care for their young, only next to Since the creation of Kogi State in 1991, the State’s mammals (Campbell et al., 2008). Birds are lively and capital Lokoja and its environs have undergone lovely, gentle and vicious, peaceful and harmless, shy significant changes in terms of urbanization, and cheeky, colourful and beautiful, faithful and construction and landscaping activities that have faithless. Their songs and calls are fascinating and resulted in the destruction, alteration and modification melodious, adding much pleasure and beauty to life. of habitats. Birds are everywhere and can be identified easily (Attenborough, 1998). Despite the strategic location and importance of Lokoja as the confluence city of rivers Niger and Benue, Birds are easily observable and are valued for a number information on birdlife of the city is scanty. The only of reasons ranging from being good ecological available information is a preliminary checklist of indicators of environmental conditions to also being avifauna within Lokoja Metropolis by Tanko et al. key species that could be used as biological models for (2017). This work is therefore a further study of the education and public awareness (Bibby et al., 2000; avifauna of Lokoja and its environs recommended by Clergeau et al., 2001). A healthy environment is often Tanko et al. (2017). This work seems timely and best indicated by the presence of diverse bird relevant, considering the global environmental populations capable of sustainable reproduction challenges facing the world at large and the State in (Kress, 2000). particular at the moment. Birds have species that are characteristic of particular Most previous works have dealt with the avifauna of habitats, environments, vegetations, biotypes and Nigeria as a whole, of which the most important has ecosystems (Bibby et al., 2000). Such species have been Elgood et al. (1994). The findings of this study requirements that are restricted to their habitats and are will thus, provide further baseline information on the more sensitive to changes in the environment and avifauna of Lokoja and environs and also contribute to easily disappear or get disturbed as a result of habitat the on-going Nigeria Bird Atlas Project as most of the destruction or degradation (Bird life International, birds identified are being atlas to the project’s web site. 2000). It has been reported that records and information A further study is being proposed for a detailed and gathered from bird-watching, play important roles in more comprehensive study of the avifauna of Kogi defining public and scientific perceptions of birds and State. the need to protect them (Bibby, 1999). Trends in 117 Adang, Tanko, Kachi & Abdulwahab Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (117 - 124pp) include Sida acuta, Chromolaena odorata Mimosa pudica and Cassia tora. Site selection The areas sampled were Federal University Lokoja take-off site at Adankolo, Federal University Lokoja permanent site at Felele, Ganaja ferry site, Mount Patti, Old Polytechnic quarters, Kpata old market and Lokongoma Phase II. The sampled sites were identified and chosen for this survey based on their unique ecological features. These areas comprise of diverse habitat types. The climate of Lokoja is described as the tropical wet and dry climate of the Koppen’s classification. It is characterized by two seasons, wet and dry seasons. The rain begins in May and ends in October. The maximum temperature is 37.9˚ C between December and April. The average annual rainfall is about 1000 mm and has a relative humidity of 60% (Alabi, 2012). Identification of bird species The imaginary line transects and point count methods of watching and identifying birds in the field described by Bibby et al. (2000) were used. Field visits were made to the selected sites during which the birds encountered were observed and identified with the aid of a field guide of Birds of Western Africa by Borrow & Demey (2013). A pair of binoculars was used for sighting distant birds and birds that were not visibly seen were identified by listening to the sounds made by them and compared to the recorded bird songs on an android phone. Determination of residence status of the birds Going by the field guide for Birds of Western Africa by Borrow & Demey, (2013), a bird species was connoted as resident if it is a species that resides within its range throughout the year and breeds. An intra- African migrant was a species that breeds in one part of Africa and spends the post-breeding season in a different part, or appears only seasonally in another part. A palearctic migrant was a species that breeds in METHODOLOGY the palearctic region (Europe, N. Africa and part of Study area Asia) and spends the northern winter in sub-saharan o ’ ” Lokoja metropolis lies between Latitude 7 48 8 N and Africa. o ’ ’’ Longitude 6 44 38 E. Lokoja is surrounded in the west by the River Niger at an altitude of 45-125 metres Encountered rate and relative abundance of the above sea level and in the east by pockets of hills of birds which the highest is the Patti ridge (Alabi, 2012). The encountered rate and relative abundance was Lokoja has been categorized to be within the Guinea calculated according to Bibby et al. (2000) using the savannah belt, even though it has now being modified formula: into derived savannah. This has been due to 푋 anthropogenic activities such as bush clearing, burning 퐸푅 = 푥 10 푌 and lumbering. Most of the areas sampled consist of Where: ER = Encountered rate; X = Number of birds secondary re-growth, of short grasses like Andropogon encountered; Y = Time taken to record them; 10 = tectorum, Bambusa vulgaris, Panicum laxum and The standardizing factor. Cynodon dactylon. The tree species found in the areas include, Carapa procera, Elaeis guineensis and Enantia chlorantha, while the other plant species 118 Adang, Tanko, Kachi & Abdulwahab Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (117 - 124pp) The relative abundance of the bird species was done by placing them into categories as shown in the The checklist produced by this study, provides further following: baseline information on the avifauna of the area and < 5 = Uncommon; 6 - 11 = Common; 12 - 20 = forms the basis for further research that could be Frequent; >20 = Abundant. expanded to cover the entire Kogi State. The survey does not give a complete checklist of the birds of RESULTS Lokoja and environs, but is however, a reflection of the One hundred and eight (108) species of birds belonging bird species richness and diversity of the area. to fifty-six (56) taxonomic groups and forty-three (43) Of the birds identified, a good number were members families were recorded. The families with their number of the Nectariniidae family which are pollinators of our of species recorded were Estrildidae (9), Sylviidae (9), economic crops. Members of the of the family Turdidae (8), Accipitridae (7), Columbidae (6), Estrildidae which are the Estrildid finches were the Nectariniidae (5), Ploceidae (5), Ardeidae (3), most encountered and the Magpie Mannikin Falconidae (3), Musophagidae (3), Cuculidae (3), (Spermestes fringilloides) was of high interest Capitonidae (3), Malaconopidae (3), Viduidae (3), considering the fact that its map distribution as reported Phasianidae (2), Psittacidae (2), Bucerotidae (2), by early researchers, did not cover the North Central Hirundiniidae (2), Timaliidae (2), Pycnonotidae (2), region of Nigeria to which Lokoja belongs (Elgood et Apodiae (2), Corvidae (2) and Emberizidae (2). The al., 1994). other twenty families had one species each (Table 1). Estrildid finches are known seed eaters, feeding on The number of birds recorded per sampled area were as seeds, which helps to reduce or control weed on farms.
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