The Chilean Student Movement: a Family Matter
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Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 The Chilean Student Movement: A Family Matter. The Intimate and Conflicting Construction of Revolution in a Post Dictatorial Country Leslie Parraguez Sanchez Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Parraguez Sanchez, Leslie, "The Chilean Student Movement: A Family Matter. The Intimate and Conflicting Construction of Revolution in a Post Dictatorial Country" (2016). Dissertations. 1963. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1963 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2015 Leslie Parraguez Sanchez LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO THE CHILEAN STUDENT MOVEMENT: A FAMILY MATTER THE INTIMATE AND CONFLICTING CONSTRUCTION OF REVOLUTION IN A POST DICTATORIAL COUNTRY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN SOCIOLOGY BY LESLIE PARRAGUEZ SANCHEZ CHICAGO, IL MAY 2016 Copyright by Leslie Parraguez Sanchez, 2016 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Gracias a Javier por las alas y el tiempo. Gracias a Kelly por el compromiso y la rigurosidad. Gracias a la Fullbright por la dignidad y los amigos. Gracias Chicago por las luces y las tormentas. Gracias a los estudiantes chilenos por la lucidez y la reparación. Pero sobre todo gracias a mi hijo Pedro por la felicidad y la fuerza. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 The Economic Impact on Families of Chilean Neoliberal Education ............................. 4 Early Marxist Conceptualization of the Family ............................................................... 6 Horkheimer and Families as Sites of Ideological Capitalist Reproduction ..................... 9 Families as Emancipatory Sites ..................................................................................... 11 The Student Movement’s Determinate Choice .............................................................. 14 Questions, Evidence, and Analytic Strategy .................................................................. 16 CHAPTER ONE: THE CHILEAN NEOLIBERALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF TRAUMATIC MEMORIES (1920S-2012) ............................................................ 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20 The Chilean Neoliberalization: A Marxist Approach .................................................... 21 The Gradualist Phase of Economic Restructuring (1920s-1972) .................................. 25 The Radical Phase of Economic Restructuring (1973-1981) ........................................ 31 Direct Domination through Repressive and Economic Shock ................................... 32 The Depolitization of Chilean Society ........................................................................ 37 The Pragmatic Phase of Economic Restructuring (1982-1989) .................................... 41 The Debt Crisis (1982-1983) and the “Chicago Road to Socialism” ......................... 41 The Protest Movement: Beyond Structural Explanations of Resistance .................... 43 Democracy as Mechanism to Reestablish Conditions for Capital Accumulation and Hegemony.................................................................................. 47 The Transition (1990-2010) ........................................................................................... 50 The Paradox of the “Chilean Miracle” ........................................................................ 50 The Lost Generation: Between Debt and Amnesia ..................................................... 52 The Obstinate Memory Question ................................................................................ 57 Partial Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORICAL BUILDING OF THE NEOLIBERAL HIGHER EDUCATION IDEOLOGY IN CHILE AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE STUDENT MOVEMENT .............................................................................. 61 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 61 The Neoliberalization of Higher Education at the Global Level ................................... 62 The Chilean Educational Market ................................................................................... 65 Strategies to Create Profit ........................................................................................... 70 The Historical Making of the Family-Based NHE Ideology in Chile ........................... 72 Social Mobility............................................................................................................ 72 Vertical Concentration of Power and its Relationship to NHE Ideology ................... 73 The Depoliticization of Education .............................................................................. 75 iv The Chilean Student Movement .................................................................................... 77 The Mobilizing Power of the “No To Profit” Slogan ................................................. 77 The Awakening of Private University Students (2011) .............................................. 78 Organization ................................................................................................................ 79 Strategies ..................................................................................................................... 82 The Scope of the Student Movement .......................................................................... 84 Partial Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER THREE: HIGHER EDUCATION IDEOLOGY, CLASS AND FAMILY: THE INTIMATE ORIGINS OF THE CHILEAN STUDENT MOVEMENT ............. 90 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 90 Education-Focused Families: Where Education and Politics Originally Meet ............. 93 The Higher Educational Ideology .................................................................................. 95 The Higher Education Ideology for LCP Families ..................................................... 95 The Higher Education Ideology for HCP Families................................................... 102 Common Expectations, Different Processes of Legitimation ...................................... 105 The Economic Squeeze Brought by the Legitimation of NHE Ideology .................... 108 The Economic Squeeze of LCP Families ................................................................. 110 The Economic Squeeze of HCP Families ................................................................. 116 The Reproduction of the Higher Educational Market and the Role of (Grand) Mothers ..................................................................................................................... 124 The Beginnings of the Politicization of Education-Focused Families......................... 126 Partial Conclusions: The Paradoxical Role of Family Economic Constraints ............ 139 CHAPTER FOUR: TRAUMATIC MEMORY IDEOLOGY AND FAMILY’S POLITICAL BACKGROUND: THE INTERGENERATIONAL STRUGGLES BEHIND THE FORMATION OF THE CHILEAN STUDENT MOVEMENT ........ 141 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 141 The Active Students’ Memory ..................................................................................... 148 Traumatic Memory Ideology .................................................................................... 152 The Struggle Over the Ideology of Traumatic Memory in Concertacionista Families .................................................................................................................. 155 The Struggle Over the Ideology of Traumatic Memory in Pinochetistas Families .. 168 Partial Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 184 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................. 188 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 188 Empirical Findings ....................................................................................................... 189 Theoretical Implications .............................................................................................