DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia The Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia Ljubica Perinić Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 19 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 512 4 ISBN 978 1 78491 513 1 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and Ljubica Perinić 2016 Cover image: Relief of Silvanus found in Sonković by Skradin (Scardona) kept at the Archaeological Museum in Split. Photo: Ljubica Perinić All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. iv 1. The Cult of Silvanus in Rome, Dalmatia and Pannonia ............................................................................................1 1.1. The origin of the cult .........................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Rome and Italy ..................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 The cult of Silvanus in Dalmatia .........................................................................................................................7 1.4. The cult of Silvanus in Pannonia .......................................................................................................................9 2. Dedicators and Epithets of Silvanus .......................................................................................................................11 2.1. Silvanus without his most common epithets ..................................................................................................11 2.2. Silvanus Augustus ...........................................................................................................................................12 2.3. Silvanus Silvester .............................................................................................................................................14 2.4. Silvanus Domesticus .......................................................................................................................................15 3. The Reliefs ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Reliefs representing Silvanus alone ................................................................................................................16 3.2. Silvanus with other deities and figures (nymphs, Diana, and other gods) ...................................................21 3.2a. Silvanus and nymphs ...............................................................................................................................22 3.2b. Silvanus and other deities .......................................................................................................................24 4. Interpretatio Romana and Syncretism ...................................................................................................................29 5. Silvanus' Shrines ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 5a. Dalmatia ...........................................................................................................................................................40 5b. Pannonia ..........................................................................................................................................................44 6. Concluding Remarks ...............................................................................................................................................46 6.1. Dalmatia ..........................................................................................................................................................46 6.2. Pannonia .........................................................................................................................................................51 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 57 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 61 I Catalogue ................................................................................................................................................................. 67 II The Catalogue Unit .................................................................................................................................................. 68 Acronyms of the museums where the reliefs and/or inscriptions are kept: .........................................................68 III. Silvanus in Dalmatia (Map 1): The Inscriptions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 III.1. Silvanus .........................................................................................................................................................69 III.2. Silvanus Augustus ..........................................................................................................................................70 III.3. Silvanus Silvester ............................................................................................................................................71 III.4. Silvanus Domesticus ......................................................................................................................................72 III.5. Silvanus and the other deities .......................................................................................................................72 The Reliefs ................................................................................................................................................................... 74 III. Silvanus alone ...................................................................................................................................................74 III. Silvanus and the nymphs ..................................................................................................................................86 III. Silvanus and Diana ............................................................................................................................................90 III. Silvanus and the other deities ..........................................................................................................................92 IV. Silvanus in Pannonia (Map 2): The Inscriptions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97 IV.1. Silvanus ..........................................................................................................................................................97 i Pannonia Superior ............................................................................................................................................97 Pannonia inferior ............................................................................................................................................100 IV.2. Silvanus Augustus ........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Superior ..........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia inferior ............................................................................................................................................101 IV.3. Silvanus Silvester ..........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Superiror .........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Inferior ............................................................................................................................................102 IV.4. Silvanus Domesticus .....................................................................................................................................103 Pannonia Superior ..........................................................................................................................................103 Pannonia Inferior ............................................................................................................................................107
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Top-Ranking Towns in the Balkan and Pannonian Provinces of the Roman Empire Najpomembnejša Antična Mesta Balkanskih Provinc in Obeh Panonij
    Arheološki vestnik 71, 2020, 193–215; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AV.71.05 193 The top-ranking towns in the Balkan and Pannonian provinces of the Roman Empire Najpomembnejša antična mesta balkanskih provinc in obeh Panonij Damjan DONEV Izvleček Rimska mesta balkanskih in podonavskih provinc so bila doslej le redko del raziskav širših mestnih mrež. Namen prispevka je prepoznati glavne značilnosti mestnih sistemov in na podlagi najpomembnejših mest provincialne mestne hierarhije poiskati njihovo vpetost v ekonomijo provinc v času severske dinastije. Avtor se osredotoča na primerjavo veli- kosti prvorazrednih mest z ostalimi naselbinami, upošteva pa tudi njihovo lego in kmetijsko bogastvo zaledja. Ugotavlja, da moramo obravnavano območje glede na ekonomske vire razumeti kot obrobje rimskega imperija. Glavna bogastva obravnavanih provinc so bili namreč les, volna, ruda in delovna sila, kar se jasno izraža tudi v osnovnih geografskih parametrih prvorazrednih mest: v njihovi relativno skromni velikosti, obrobni legi in vojaški naravi. Ključne besede: Balkanski polotok; Donava; principat; urbanizacija; urbani sistemi Abstract The Roman towns of the Balkan and Danube provinces have rarely been studied as parts of wider urban networks. This paper attempts to identify the principle features of these urban systems and their implications for the economy of the provinces at the time of the Severan dynasty, through the prism of the top-ranking towns in the provincial urban hierarchies. The focus will be on the size of the first-ranking settlements in relation to the size of the lower-ranking towns, their location and the agricultural riches of their hinterlands. One of the main conclusions of this study is that, from an economic perspective, the region under study was a peripheral part of the Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Bullard Eva 2013 MA.Pdf
    Marcomannia in the making. by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Eva Bullard 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Marcomannia in the making by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member During the last stages of the Marcommani Wars in the late second century A.D., Roman literary sources recorded that the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was planning to annex the Germanic territory of the Marcomannic and Quadic tribes. This work will propose that Marcus Aurelius was going to create a province called Marcomannia. The thesis will be supported by archaeological data originating from excavations in the Roman installation at Mušov, Moravia, Czech Republic. The investigation will examine the history of the non-Roman region beyond the northern Danubian frontier, the character of Roman occupation and creation of other Roman provinces on the Danube, and consult primary sources and modern research on the topic of Roman expansion and empire building during the principate. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tacoma, Ivleva, Breeze, Lost Along the Way V2-12-2015
    ∗ Lost Along the Way: A Centurion Domo Britannia in Bostra ∗∗ By LAURENS E. TACOMA, TATIANA IVLEVA and DAVID J. BREEZE ABSTRACT This article discusses a not well-known funerary monument commemorating a centurion of a British descent. IGLS 13.1.9188 records the centurion, T. Quintius Petrullus, ‘from Britain’, of the Third Cyrenaican Legion, who died aged 30 at Bostra in Arabia. This was a young age for a centurion and the article suggests that he had entered the army by a direct commission rather than risen through the ranks. Accordingly, he is likely to have belonged to a high status family. The Bostra appointment was probably his first. The appointment is put into context alongside other similar equestrian career paths and the Jewish War during the reign of Hadrian is proposed as a possible occasion for the posting. In addition, the article examines this Briton alongside other Britons abroad. Keywords : centurionate; promotions and transfers in the Roman army; Britons abroad; Bostra; migration and mobility In the recent upsurge of epigraphic and archaeological studies of patterns of mobility in the Roman world, it is becoming increasingly clear that most mobility occurred within relatively restricted areas. 1 Every regional study produces roughly the same pattern. 2 People could and did move over relatively long distances, but normally they remained within a restricted area consisting of their own and neighbouring provinces. At the same time these studies also highlight exceptions, sometimes of people crossing the empire from one end to the other. 3 These occur most notably among the army, the imperial elite and personnel of the Roman administration, but traders and slaves also travelled considerable distances.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Lead Sealings
    Roman Lead Sealings VOLUME I MICHAEL CHARLES WILLIAM STILL SUBMITTED FOR TIlE DEGREE OF PILD. SEPTEMBER 1995 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (L n") '3 1. ABSTRACT This thesis is based on a catalogue of c. 1800 records, covering over 2000 examples of Roman lead sealings, many previously unpublished. The catalogue is provided with indices of inscriptions and of anepigraphic designs, and subsidiary indices of places, military units, private individuals and emperors mentioned on the scalings. The main part of the thesis commences with a history of the use of lead sealings outside of the Roman period, which is followed by a new typology (the first since c.1900) which puts special emphasis on the use of form as a guide to dating. The next group of chapters examine the evidence for use of the different categories of scalings, i.e. Imperial, Official, Taxation, Provincial, Civic, Military and Miscellaneous. This includes evidence from impressions, form, texture of reverse, association with findspot and any literary references which may help. The next chapter compares distances travelled by similar scalings and looks at the widespread distribution of identical scalings of which the origin is unknown. The first statistical chapter covers imperial sealings. These can be assigned to certain periods and can thus be subjected to the type of analysis usually reserved for coins. The second statistical chapter looks at the division of categories of scalings within each province. The scalings in each category within each province are calculated as percentages of the provincial total and are then compared with an adjusted percentage for that category in the whole of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Veterans in the Imperial Cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD
    Representations of veterans in the imperial cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD Dennis Hermans s4165527 15-08-2017 Master thesis Eternal Rome Index Introduction p. 2 Chapter 1 – Creating a corpus regarding veterans and the imperial cult p. 10 1.1 Baeterrae p. 15 1.2 Narbo Martius p. 19 1.3 Arausio p. 22 1.4 Forum Iulii p. 24 1.5 Arelate p. 26 1.6 Cularo p. 29 1.7 Geneva p. 30 1.8 Alba Helviorum p. 33 1.9 Allebaece Reiorum Apollinarum p. 34 1.10 Vienna p. 36 1.11 Nemausus p. 38 1.12 Massilia p. 43 Chapter 2 – Inscriptions and the career path for equites and nobiles p. 45 Conclusion p. 54 Bibliography p. 57 Appendix p. 63 1 Introduction1 ‘I settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spains, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis, Pisidia. Moreover, Italy has twenty-eight colonies founded under my auspices which have grown to be famous and populous during my lifetime.’2 The quote above comes from the Res Gestae divi Augusti, the works or deeds of the deified Augustus, published after his death in 14 AD. Much like the rest of the Res Gestae, the quote above contains a boasting and propaganda element: Augustus has settled soldiers in colonies all over the world and they have all become great and grew very large. This gives an insight into the image that Augustus wanted to portray about his deeds and himself. Although Augustus has settled veterans in many colonies, he was definitely not the first to do so, as the process of establishing veteran colonies already started around 100 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Panayotov Phd Thesis
    THE JEWS IN THE BALKAN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE : AN EPIGRAPHIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Alexander Panayotov A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2004 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13849 This item is protected by original copyright THE JEWS IN THE BALKAN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. AN EPIGRAPHIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Alexander Panayotov PhD Candidate Submitted: 28lh January 2004 School of Divinity University of St Andrews Scotland ProQuest Number: 10170770 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10170770 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I, ALEXANDER ANTONIEV PANAYOTOV, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 94,520 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Wealth in the Roman Empire
    G Model EHB 762 No. of Pages 13 Economics and Human Biology xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economics and Human Biology journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ehb Health and wealth in the Roman Empire Willem M. Jongman*, Jan P.A.M. Jacobs, Geertje M. Klein Goldewijk University of Groningen, the Netherlands A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Ancient Rome was the largest and most populous empire of its time, and the largest pre-industrial state in Received 30 August 2018 European history. Recent though not universally accepted research suggests that at least for the most Received in revised form 14 January 2019 populous central periods of its history standard of living was also rather higher than before or after. To Accepted 15 January 2019 trace whether this is also reflected in Roman biological standard of living, we present the first large and Available online xxx more or less comprehensive dataset, based on skeletal data for some 10,000 individuals, covering all periods of Roman history, and all regions (even if inevitably unequally). We discuss both the JEL classification: methodologies that we developed and the historical results. Instead of reconstructing heights from the C55 fi C82 long bones assuming xed body proportions or from one individual long bone, we apply exploratory N01 factor analysis and calculate factor scores for 50-year periods. Our measure of the biological standard of N33 living declined during the last two centuries B.C. and started to improve again, slowly at first, from the O01 second century A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Borna's Polity Attested by Frankish Sources in the Territory of the Former
    International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Abstracts University of Zadar Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 Abstracts of the International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 University of Zadar Department of History 2012 Frankish ducatus or Slavic Chiefdom? The Character of Borna’s Polity in Early-Ninth-Century Dalmatia Denis Alimov Borna’s polity, attested by Frankish sources on the territory of the former Roman province of Dalmatia in the first quarter of the 9th century, is traditionally considered to be the cradle of early medieval Croatian state. Meanwhile, the exact character of this polity and the way it was linked with the Croats as an early medieval gens remain obscure in many respects. I argue that Borna’s ducatus consisted of two political entities, the Croat polity proper, with its heartland in the region of Knin, and a small chiefdom of the Guduscani in the region of Gacka. Borna was the chief of the Croats, a group of people that gradually developed into an ethnic unit under the leadership of a Christianized military elite.. For all that, the process of the stabilization of the Croats’ group identity originally connected with the social structures of Pax Avarica and its transformation into what can be called gentile identity was very durable, the rate of the process being considerably slower than the formation of supralocal political organization in Dalmatia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman City Carnuntum
    Press information The Roman City Carnuntum History Tiberius, who later became Emperor, erected a winter camp in the Carnuntum area in the year 6 AD. This was the beginning of 400 years of Roman presence in Carnuntum. Under Emperor Claudius a military camp was erected around the year 54 AD where today’s market town of Bad Deutsch- Altenburg is situated, which is where the city of Carnuntum originated. A civilian settlement, the so- called canabae legionis, grew up around the military camp and together they formed the military city. Towards the end of the 1st century AD a civilian settlement came into being in today’s town of Petronell-Carnuntum, which later became the civilian city of Carnuntum. This was not under military command but had its own civilian administration. Around the year 124 AD Carnuntum became a municipality under Emperor Hadrian and was known as Municipium Aelium Karnuntum. At this time the province of Pannonia was reorganized into Upper Pannonia (pannonia superior) and Lower Pannonia (pannonia inferior). Carnuntum became the capital of the province of Upper Pannonia and the seat of the governor. Emperor Marcus Aurelius conducted the campaign against the Marcomanni in Carnuntum during the years 171-173 AD and it has been verified that he wrote the second book of his famous “Meditations” here. In the year 193 AD the then ruling governor Septimius Severus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in Carnuntum, and he then raised Carnuntum to the status of a colonia (Colonia Septimia Aurelia Antoniniana Karnuntum). Carnuntum reached its greatest expansion at the end of the 2nd, beginning of the 3rd century, covering an area of some 10 sq.
    [Show full text]
  • Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia)
    CULTS AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN CITIES OF THE DRAVA VALLEY (SOUTHERN PANNONIA) BY BLANKA MIŠIĆ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND PHILOSOPHY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JANUARY 2013 1 DECLARATION OF AUTORSHIP I, Blanka Mišić, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Signed: ______________________ Dated: _______________________ 2 For my dearest parents. 3 ABSTRACT This work is a detailed examination of pagan cults and deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river (Aquae Iasae – modern Varaždinske Toplice; Iovia- Botivo – modern Ludbreg; and Mursa – modern Osijek) situated within the present-day territory of Croatia. The evidence examined consists primarily of inscribed votive dedications in stone, dating from the Roman conquest of Pannonia to the late third century A.D. Evidence is examined within the theoretical framework of cultural change, taking into account recent theoretical developments in the concepts of “Romanisation”, acculturation, identity- expression and syncretisation in order to determine the extent of cultural and religious integration along the Drava. A thorough examination of evidence reveals the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement although united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship. Our Drava evidence also reveals that economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS………………………………………......07 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Consonant System of Pannonia Inferior, Dalmatia and Venetia Et Histria
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by RepositoryGraeco-Latina of the Academy's Brunensia Library 22 / 2017 / 2 DOI: 10.5817/GLB2017-2-9 Changes in the Consonant System of Pannonia Inferior, Dalmatia and Venetia et Histria Attila Gonda (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest) Abstract This study aims to classify the geographical variants of Vulgar Latin found in the inscriptions ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES of Pannonia Inferior, Dalmatia and Venetia et Histria, and their provincial capitals Aquincum, Salona and Aquileia, based on the changes of their consonant system in order to investigate the possibilities whether a regional dialect area over the Alps–Danube–Adria region of the Ro- man Empire could have existed as suggested by József Herman. For the analysis, the provincial countryside and the provincial capitals are contrasted to each other as well as to the rest of the Latin speaking provinces of the Roman Empire. The relevant linguistic data are taken from the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age, and the statistical analysis applies the Herman method of calculating the relative distribution of diverse types of non-standard data found in the inscriptions. After the comparison of the phenomena of sonorization, degemination, assimilation and /b/~/w/ fusion between an earlier and later chronological period, a suggested map of dialectal variants of Vulgar Latin in the region will be hypothesized. Keywords Vulgar Latin; dialectology; regional diversification; consonant system; case system; inscrip- tions The present paper has been prepared within the framework of the project OTKA (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The histories of the Middle and Lower Danubian provinces, i. e. Pannonia, Dacia and Moesia, were characterized by the same traits. Pannonia became a target of Roman mili- tary conquest around 35–33 B. C. In the preceding years Roman interest in that region had been restricted exclusively to Pannonia’s economic resources. Now it was turned into an imperial province of consular rank, under the name of Illyricum inferius, in the wake of the defeat of the Dalmato-Pannonian rebellion of 6–9 A. D. Between 102 A. D. and 106 A. D. Trajan divided it into Pannonia Superior, located on the upper reaches of the Dan- ube and guarded by three legions, and Pannonia Inferior, further to the south-east, with one legion garrisoned at Aquincum. Although Moesia had close ties with Dacia and Pannonia, it was a separate histo r- ical and geographical entity.1 It became a Roman province in the last years of Augustus’ reign. According to ancient geographical sources, the province was bounded in the east by the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), in the west by the river Drinus (Drina), in the north by the Danubius (Danube) and in the south by the Haemus (Balkan) and Scardus (Šar) mountains. Today it includes territories in Macedonia, Southern Serbia (Moesia Supe- rior), Northern Bulgaria and the Dobrudja (south-eastern Romania). The territory to be conquered last by the Romans was Dacia. There were many rea- sons for Trajan’s action, among them the decision to secure the river frontier along the Danube. By creating the province of Dacia, this goal was accomplished.
    [Show full text]