The Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia Ljubica Perinić Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 19 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 512 4 ISBN 978 1 78491 513 1 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and Ljubica Perinić 2016 Cover image: Relief of Silvanus found in Sonković by Skradin (Scardona) kept at the Archaeological Museum in Split. Photo: Ljubica Perinić All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. iv 1. The Cult of Silvanus in Rome, Dalmatia and Pannonia ............................................................................................1 1.1. The origin of the cult .........................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Rome and Italy ..................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 The cult of Silvanus in Dalmatia .........................................................................................................................7 1.4. The cult of Silvanus in Pannonia .......................................................................................................................9 2. Dedicators and Epithets of Silvanus .......................................................................................................................11 2.1. Silvanus without his most common epithets ..................................................................................................11 2.2. Silvanus Augustus ...........................................................................................................................................12 2.3. Silvanus Silvester .............................................................................................................................................14 2.4. Silvanus Domesticus .......................................................................................................................................15 3. The Reliefs ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Reliefs representing Silvanus alone ................................................................................................................16 3.2. Silvanus with other deities and figures (nymphs, Diana, and other gods) ...................................................21 3.2a. Silvanus and nymphs ...............................................................................................................................22 3.2b. Silvanus and other deities .......................................................................................................................24 4. Interpretatio Romana and Syncretism ...................................................................................................................29 5. Silvanus' Shrines ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 5a. Dalmatia ...........................................................................................................................................................40 5b. Pannonia ..........................................................................................................................................................44 6. Concluding Remarks ...............................................................................................................................................46 6.1. Dalmatia ..........................................................................................................................................................46 6.2. Pannonia .........................................................................................................................................................51 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 57 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 61 I Catalogue ................................................................................................................................................................. 67 II The Catalogue Unit .................................................................................................................................................. 68 Acronyms of the museums where the reliefs and/or inscriptions are kept: .........................................................68 III. Silvanus in Dalmatia (Map 1): The Inscriptions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 III.1. Silvanus .........................................................................................................................................................69 III.2. Silvanus Augustus ..........................................................................................................................................70 III.3. Silvanus Silvester ............................................................................................................................................71 III.4. Silvanus Domesticus ......................................................................................................................................72 III.5. Silvanus and the other deities .......................................................................................................................72 The Reliefs ................................................................................................................................................................... 74 III. Silvanus alone ...................................................................................................................................................74 III. Silvanus and the nymphs ..................................................................................................................................86 III. Silvanus and Diana ............................................................................................................................................90 III. Silvanus and the other deities ..........................................................................................................................92 IV. Silvanus in Pannonia (Map 2): The Inscriptions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97 IV.1. Silvanus ..........................................................................................................................................................97 i Pannonia Superior ............................................................................................................................................97 Pannonia inferior ............................................................................................................................................100 IV.2. Silvanus Augustus ........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Superior ..........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia inferior ............................................................................................................................................101 IV.3. Silvanus Silvester ..........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Superiror .........................................................................................................................................101 Pannonia Inferior ............................................................................................................................................102 IV.4. Silvanus Domesticus .....................................................................................................................................103 Pannonia Superior ..........................................................................................................................................103 Pannonia Inferior ............................................................................................................................................107