1. Minister of War (Charles De Freycinet) You Were

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1. Minister of War (Charles De Freycinet) You Were 1. Minister of War (Charles de Freycinet) th You were born in Foix, France on November 14 ​ 1828 into a Protestant family. You ​ attended Ecole Polytechnique where you studied engineering. You were a traffic manager before ​ becoming an inspector­general in 1886. When the Third Republic was established in September 1870, you became chief of the military manpower administration under Leon Gambetta. During this time, you passed an amnesty for Communards, but popular support is fading as you tried to appeal to both the Catholics and anti­clericalists. Overt powers: ­ You have a direct access to military administrations ­ You have direct authority over the deployment of military forces both foreign and domestic 2. Minister of the Treasury (Jules Meline) Bio: You are the Minister of the Treasury. You were the former Minister of Agriculture (1883­1885) ​ and President of the Chamber of Deputies (1888­1889), and thereby bring a broad expertise specific to the economics of agriculture. Despite your unique set of past public offices, your political peers hold you in high regard for being able to adapt to evolving political environments. Overt powers: ​ ​ ­ You have direct authority over budgetary issues, including the Central Bank ­ You have indirect influence on appropriation of the budget ­ You are highly respected by peers 3. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Alexandre Ribot) You were born in Saint­Omer on 7 February 1842. You are the Minister of Foreign Affairs, with a strong lean towards Republican Policies. You studied law at the University of Paris, where you founded the Society of Comparative Law. From 1875 to 1876, you became director of criminal affairs and Secretary­General of the Ministry of Justice. It was not until 1877 that you started to play an active role in politics, as he participated in the committee of legal resistance, and later became a moderate republican member for Boulogne. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, you dedicated a lot of time to English law. You also work with Minister of Overseas to regulate foreign affairs. Unlike Minister of Overseas, you specialize in foreign affairs instead of colonial management. Overt Powers: ­ You are often described as eloquent, reasonable, and passionate. ­ You represent France when negotiating with other entities around the globe. ­ You have direct authority over determining France’s foreign policy stance. ­ You are very diplomatic and charming, which wins you many allies as Minister of Foreign Affairs 4. Director of Military Intelligence Agency (Jean Casimir­Perier) You were born on November 8, 1847 in Paris. You were raised under a politically active family, as your father once served as the Minister of the Interior. You became General Councillor of the Aube department in 1874, and later to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1883, you held a position as Under­Secretary of State for War, until January 1885. As of 1890, you are the Director of Military Intelligence Agency. Overt Powers ● You have access to military agents in French territories, including Senegal, that can generate news to spark incidents. ● You have access to the most modern, state­of­the­art military technology and facilities 5. Head of Protestant Mission to West Africa (Albert Schweitzer) A bilingual from Alsace­Lorraine, you are fluent in both German and French, although you considered yourself a French and mostly wrote in the language. You received your doctorate degrees in both philosophy and theology at the University of Strasbourg, where you drafted your famous treatise on the Paulian theology and Lutheran critique of historical significance of Jesus. To fulfill your promise to yourself that you would focus on academics and music until you were 30 and then move on to a life of service, you spent another 7 years in medical school to receive a medical doctor certification, with which you would travel to Africa. You mainly offered your medical service in West Africa, particularly in Lamaréné(present day Gabon), where you and your spouse built a network of Christian missions and hospitals to treat those in need. You are the most influential religious figure in the region and head of protestant Mission to West Africa. Overt Powers ­ You are openly respected by Christian communities in both France and Germany ­ You have an authority over budgetary issues of medical facilities in Western Africa ­ You informally represent African communities. 6. Catholic Archbishop/Cardinal (Jean Donatien François Girard) Born into a devout Protestant family in Amiens in 1835, you spent the first 10 years of your life under a domestically violent father. After your younger brother died of typhoid, you finally manage to run away from home, only to find yourself on the streets of Reims. Spotted by a catholic priest while sleeping on a stone bench of the Reims Cathedral, you were later sent to Grand séminaire de Besançon to find light in a new, orthodox, and systematic christian organization that is the Catholic Church. There, you slowly cleared away your abhorrence of religion, which partly derived from your traumatic experiences at home, and developed a new purpose of life in preservation of Catholicism in the Third French Republic in the midst of turbulent secular movements. After 30 years of service in the Catholic Church, you were appointed the archbishop of your hometown and presided in the Amiens Cathedral. Your first act as such a highly political and influential figure was to politely decline the offer to create your own coat­of­arms(a privilege that only bishops could bask in). Overt Powers ­ Authority over priests and seminaries in eastern France ­ Respected by most Catholics in France ­ Stern but fair ­ Obligated to follow Papal proclamations ­ Right to petition excommunications 7. Former Governor Militant (Georges Boulanger) Born in Rennes in 1837, you started your career in the French military at the École spéciale Militaire de Saint­Cyr, the oldest military academy of France. Thanks to your noteworthy bravery in the Franco­Prussian War and the subsequent destruction of Paris Commune, you became a brigadier general and served as the director of infantry under Minister of War Jean­Baptiste Billot. your analysis of the cause of French defeat in the Franco­Prussian War and the effort to mitigate chronic problems in morale and efficiency promoted you to the position of Minister of War, earning you a nickname “Général Revanche(General Revenge).” Your public opposition to Imperial Germany was extremely popular amongst French citizens, to the extent that right wing extremists “League of Patriots” concocted a conspiracy to overthrow the Third Republic and build a new nation with you as its leader. Although you had resigned from your office, owing to the difference in opinion with the rest of the cabinet, you still held a significant popular support to make the League’s plan happen. However, your procrastination, largely due to the visit to your mistress Madame Bonnemain, gave way to your political opponents to put an end to the plot. With many of your supporters, including the League of Patriots, arrested, and was released. Your supporters still exist, however, both in military and civil societies. Overt Powers ­ You are still widely respected by many Frenchmen, especially young patriots. ­ Many of current cabinet members owe you much political debt. 8. Minister of Overseas (Maurice Rouvier) You were born 1842 in Aix­en­Provence. In the early part of your career, You devoted your time towards business at Marseille. You specialized in finance, as you repeatedly served on the Budget Commission as president. In 1881, you joined Gambetta's cabinet as minister of commerce and the colonies. You are strongly anti­Imperialist, as you founded an anti­imperial journal, called L'Egalité, translated The Equality. You serve as the Minister of Overseas, where you cooperate with Minister of Foreign Affairs to regulate foreign affairs. Unlike the Minister of Foreign Affairs, you focus on colonial management. Overt Powers: ● Because of your years of advocacy for anti­Imperialism and equal rights, you are well­respected by minorities. ● You have direct authority over colonial budgetary issues and management. 9. Minister of the Interior (Léon Bourgeois) You were born in Paris in 1851. You studied law in your early years, and were prefect of the Tarn and the Haute­Garonne. You later returned to Paris and became Prefect of Police in 1887 and were briefly under secretary for Home Affairs in Charles Floquet’s ministry from 1888 to 1889. Overt Power: ­ You have direct authority over natural resource regulations. ­ You exert indirect Influence over mining and oil industries. ­ Control of railroads and transportations is yours. 10. Police Chief (Henri Brisson) st You were born in Bourges on July 31 ​ 1835 to a lawyer. You consider yourself a staunch ​ republican and possess strong anticlerical views. You received a law degree in Paris. You also contributed regularly to a number of republican journals, most notably Le’Avenir (1854 – 55) and Le Temps (1864), of which you were an editor. You were elected to the Assembly in 1871 and is a member of the extreme Left. Overt Power: ­ You have direct authority to dispatch police forces. ­ Major riots and revolts will be first through your orders. ­ You are honest and firm, and hence you have popular respect and authority. ­ You have a strong following from the left radicals. 11. President of the National Labour Union (Pierre Waldeck­Rousseau) You were born in Nantes in 1846 and raised in a Catholic and republican family. You studied law in Paris, and like your father, you also spent some years working at a Parisian bar in republican circles. In 1871, you moved to the bar of Rennes and then returned to the Chamber of Deputies in 1877. Later, you organized the St. Nazaire National Defense.
Recommended publications
  • Henri DUREAULT, Préfet (1858-1942)
    Henri DUREAULT, Préfet (1858-1942) Xavier GILLE 1 ENFANCE La famille Duréault est originaire de Moroges dans le Châlonnais. C’est une famille de vignerons et de propriétaires terriens. Jules, Antoine, Henri Duréault naît à la Condemine, commune de Burzy (Saône-et-Loire), le 3 juillet 1858. Il est le fils aîné de Lazare Duréault et de Léonie Duréault, cousins germains. La déclaration en mairie est signée par son père et ses oncles maternels Hippolyte et Léon Duréault. La commune de Burzy, qui compte moins de cent habitants se trouve dans le canton de Saint-Gengoux-le- National, arrondissement de Mâcon. La Condemine se trouve à un kilomètre à l’Ouest du village. Après lui naissent, toujours à La Condemine, trois filles : Jeanne, en 1860, Madeleine, en 1863 et enfin Marguerite, en 1873. Lazare Duréault vivait du revenu de ses terres et de ses biens. Le frère de Léonie, Léon, avait fait construire à Joncy la grande maison des Croisettes. Sur la fin de ses jours, il fait des placements aventureux et de retrouve ruiné. Ses frères et sœurs doivent régler ses dettes. En compensation, Léonie et Lazare héritent de la propriété des Croisettes à la mort de Léon, en 1895. Ils y vivront jusqu’à leur mort. Elle reviendra ensuite à Henri. 2 De son enfance nous n’avons qu’une seule photo de lui alors qu’il a environ quatre ans. Il est encore habillé en fille selon la coutume de l’époque. En 1878, son nom est tiré au sort pour le Service Militaire mais, comme cela était autorisé, son père paye un volontaire pour prendre sa place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Melodramatic Thread Interdisciplinary Studies in History Editor Harvey J
    European History Lehning “Lehning’s application of the themes of melodrama to French political culture offers new insights into French history. His style is lively, The clear, and highly readable.” —Venita Datta, Wellesley College In France, both political culture and theatrical performances have drawn upon the melodrama. Melodramatic This “melodramatic thread” helped weave the country’s political life as it moved from monarchy to democracy. By examining the relationship between public ceremonies and theatrical perfor- mance, James R. Lehning sheds new light on the process of democratization in modern France. Thread Lehning explores the extent to which the dramatic forms of nineteenth- and twentieth-century theater and film were present in the public performance of political power and constituted a particular version of politics. By describing a world in which the virtue of the heroine was threat- ened only by the actions of an evil traitor, melodrama figured the virtue of the French nation as threatened by revolutionary or counterrevolutionary extremists. These same themes of threat- The Melodr The ened virtue, good versus evil, and an attempt to restore the assumed wholeness of a lost past are shared by French political ceremonies. Lehning uses this insight to show how the popularity of melodrama contributed to solving one of the fundamental problems of mass democracy, that of attaching citizens to the institutions, processes, and decisions of the Republic. But it also helped to shape political culture by forcing the very complicated events and questions of French public life into the plots, characters, and moral simplifications of the form. By concentrating on the Republic and the Revolution and on theatrical performance, Lehning affirms the importance of examining the performative aspects of French political culture for understanding the political differences that have marked France in the years since 1789.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880 Heather Marlene Bennett University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Bennett, Heather Marlene, "Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 734. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/734 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/734 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Long Live the Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871-1880 Abstract The traumatic legacies of the Paris Commune and its harsh suppression in 1871 had a significant impact on the identities and voter outreach efforts of each of the chief political blocs of the 1870s. The political and cultural developments of this phenomenal decade, which is frequently mislabeled as calm and stable, established the Republic's longevity and set its character. Yet the Commune's legacies have never been comprehensively examined in a way that synthesizes their political and cultural effects. This dissertation offers a compelling perspective of the 1870s through qualitative and quantitative analyses of the influence of these legacies, using sources as diverse as parliamentary debates, visual media, and scribbled sedition on city walls, to explicate the decade's most important political and cultural moments, their origins, and their impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Reassessing Marshal Ferdinand Foch
    Command in a Coalition War 91 Command in a Coalition War: Reassessing Marshal Ferdinand Foch Elizabeth Greenhalgh* Marshal Ferdinand Foch is remembered, inaccurately, as the unthinking apostle of the offensive, one of the makers of the discredited strategy of the “offensive à outrance” that was responsible for so many French deaths in 1914 and 1915. His acceptance of the German signature on the armistice document presented on behalf of the Entente Allies in 1918 has been overshadowed by postwar conflicts over the peace treaty and then over France’s interwar defense policies. This paper argues that with the archival resources at our disposal it is time to examine what Foch actually did in the years be- tween his prewar professorship at the Ecole Supérieure de Guerre and the postwar disputes at Versailles. I The prewar stereotype of the military leader was influenced by military and diplomat- ic developments on the island of Corsica during the eighteenth century that resulted in the Genoese selling the sovereignty of the island in 1768 to France. This meant that Carlo Buonaparte’s son would be a Frenchman and not Italian, thus altering the face of Europe. The achievements of France’s greatest of “great captains” thus became a benchmark for future French military leaders. A French family from the southwest corner of France near the Pyrenees saw service with Napoleon Bonaparte, and in 1832 one member of that family, named Napoleon Foch for the general, consul and empe- ror, married Mlle Sophie Dupré, the daughter of an Austerlitz veteran. Their second surviving son was named Ferdinand.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeudi 8 Juin 2017 Hôtel Ambassador
    ALDE Hôtel Ambassador jeudi 8 juin 2017 Expert Thierry Bodin Syndicat Français des Experts Professionnels en Œuvres d’Art Les Autographes 45, rue de l’Abbé Grégoire 75006 Paris Tél. 01 45 48 25 31 - Facs 01 45 48 92 67 [email protected] Arts et Littérature nos 1 à 261 Histoire et Sciences nos 262 à 423 Exposition privée chez l’expert Uniquement sur rendez-vous préalable Exposition publique à l’ Hôtel Ambassador le jeudi 8 juin de 10 heures à midi Conditions générales de vente consultables sur www.alde.fr Frais de vente : 22 %T.T.C. Abréviations : L.A.S. ou P.A.S. : lettre ou pièce autographe signée L.S. ou P.S. : lettre ou pièce signée (texte d’une autre main ou dactylographié) L.A. ou P.A. : lettre ou pièce autographe non signée En 1re de couverture no 96 : [André DUNOYER DE SEGONZAC]. Ensemble d’environ 50 documents imprimés ou dactylographiés. En 4e de couverture no 193 : Georges PEREC. 35 L.A.S. (dont 6 avec dessins) et 24 L.S. 1959-1968, à son ami Roger Kleman. ALDE Maison de ventes spécialisée Livres-Autographes-Monnaies Lettres & Manuscrits autographes Vente aux enchères publiques Jeudi 8 juin 2017 à 14 h 00 Hôtel Ambassador Salon Mogador 16, boulevard Haussmann 75009 Paris Tél. : 01 44 83 40 40 Commissaire-priseur Jérôme Delcamp EALDE Maison de ventes aux enchères 1, rue de Fleurus 75006 Paris Tél. 01 45 49 09 24 - Facs. 01 45 49 09 30 - www.alde.fr Agrément n°-2006-583 1 1 3 3 Arts et Littérature 1.
    [Show full text]
  • L'affaire Turpin Et La Politique Des Inventions En France À La Fin Du Xixe Siècle
    L’affaire Turpin et la politique des inventions en France à la fin du XIXe siècle Gabriel Galvez-Behar To cite this version: Gabriel Galvez-Behar. L’affaire Turpin et la politique des inventions en France à la findu XIXe siècle. Le Mouvement social, Les Editions de l’Atelier/Editions ouvrières, 2020, pp.147-166. 10.3917/lms1.273.0147. halshs-02157355v2 HAL Id: halshs-02157355 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02157355v2 Submitted on 3 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright L’AFFAIRE TURPIN ET LA POLITIQUE DES INVENTIONS EN FRANCE A LA FIN DU XIXE SIECLE Gabriel GALVEZ-BEHAR Université de Lille – IRHIS Attention : Ce document est un pré-print. La version définitive de ce texte a été publiée. Merci de vous y référer et de citer Galvez-Behar, Gabriel. « L’affaire Turpin et la politique des inventions en France à la fin du XIXe siècle », Le Mouvement Social, vol. 273, no. 4, 2020, pp. 147-166. À la fin du XIXe siècle, une nouvelle forme d’organisation de l’activité inventive apparaît aux États-Unis et en Europe, caractérisée par l’émergence des premières structures de recherche dans les grandes entreprises et par le renforcement de leur contrôle sur les résultats de leur activité scientifique1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fonds Gabriel Deville (Xviie-Xxe Siècles)
    Fonds Gabriel Deville (XVIIe-XXe siècles) Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 51 AP (51AP/1-51AP/9) (auteur inconnu), révisé par Ariane Ducrot et par Stéphane Le Flohic en 1997 - 2008 Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 1955 - 2008 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_001830 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence 51AP/1-51AP/9 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Fonds Gabriel Deville Date(s) extrême(s) XVIIe-XXe siècles Nom du producteur • Deville, Gabriel (1854-1940) • Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937) Importance matérielle et support 9 cartons (51 AP 1-9) ; 1,20 mètre linéaire. Localisation physique Pierrefitte Conditions d'accès Consultation libre, sous réserve du règlement de la salle de lecture des Archives nationales. DESCRIPTION Type de classement 51AP/1-6. Collection d'autographes classée suivant la qualité du signataire : chefs d'État, gouvernants français depuis la Restauration, hommes politiques français et étrangers, écrivains, diplomates, officiers, savants, médecins, artistes, femmes. XVIIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/7-8. Documents divers sur Puydarieux et le département des Haute-Pyrénées. XVIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/8 (suite). Documentation sur la Première Guerre mondiale. 1914-1919. 51AP/9. Papiers privés ; notes de travail ; rapports sur les archives de la Marine et les bibliothèques publiques ; écrits et documentation sur les départements français de la Révolution (Mont-Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle, Roer et Sarre) ; manuscrit d'une « Chronologie générale avant notre ère ».
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
    The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • État Sommaire Des Fonds D'archives Privées Série AP
    AVERTISSEMENT TRÈS IMPORTANT Pour approfondir votre recherche, pour remplir une demande de consultation de documents dont l’accès est soumis à une autorisation ou à une dérogation, la consultation de l’État sommaire n’est pas suffisante. Il est indispensable que vous consultiez aussi au préalable les inventaires et répertoires plus détaillés. Ils sont consultables soit en ligne (voir la rubrique « Inventaires et répertoires en ligne »), soit en salle des inventaires des Archives nationales (site de Paris). Les demandes de consultation rédigées uniquement à partir de l’État sommaire risquent de vous être retournées, afin que vous précisiez votre recherche. ÉTAT SOMMAIRE DES FONDS D’ARCHIVES PRIVÉES SÉRIE AP (1 à 680 AP) État revu et mis à jour à la date du 20 juin 2011 Archives nationales (site de Paris) Section des Archives privées AVERTISSEMENT AU LECTEUR Chaque notice de fonds comprend : – la cote du fonds dans la série AP (archives personnelles et familiales), AB XIX (fonds d’érudits et collections d’autographes) ou Mi (microfilm) ; – l’intitulé du fonds ou de la collection : titre que porte le fonds de toute ancienneté (chartrier de Tournon) ou titre forgé sur le nom de son producteur. On a distingué les fonds organiquement constitués, résultant de l’activité d’une personne physique ou morale dans l’exercice de ses activités, des collections de pièces diverses rassemblées par des érudits ou des amateurs d’autographes (collection de Coppet, par exemple). Dans le cas d’un individu isolé, le fonds a reçu pour appellation le prénom et le nom du producteur (fonds Alexandre Millerand) ; dans le cas d’une famille, seul a été retenu le patronyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Caillaux
    JACOJ'ES CHASTF.NET JOSEPH CAILLAUX, • UN HOMME D'ETAT AUX VUES PROPHÉTIQUES vril 1925. Les élections législatives intervenues un an aupa- ravant ont donné la majorité au Cartel des gauches. Le prési• dent du Conseil, Raymond Poincaré, s'est spontanément démis. Le président de la République, Millerand, s'est vu contraint d'en faire autant et a été remplacé par le jovial Gaston Doumergue. La prési• dence du Conseil a échu à Edouard Herriot. Très vite la situation financière est devenue inquiétante. Le budget est en déséquilibre. En présence de ces difficultés le mi• nistère finit par se disloquer. Pour former un nouveau cabinet le président de la République s'adresse à Paul-Prudent Painlevé. Savant mathématicien (« le seul qui me fasse aimer Pytha- gore » soupire la poétesse Anna de Noailles), Painlevé est aussi un politicien expert. Sachant, dans les circonstances, le ministère des Finances le plus difficile à gérer, il a l'idée d'en confier la direction à Joseph Caillaux. Caillaux vient d'avoir soixante-deux ans et ne les paraît pas. Ne perdant pas un pouce de sa taille, le geste décidé, parfois sacca• dé, le menton volontaire, une courte moustache ombrageant sa lèvre supérieure, il est affligé d'une calvitie qui ne nuit pas à sa silhouette d'une élégance un peu affectée que complète un monocle tantôt vissé à l'œil droit, tantôt brinquebalant au bout d'un cordon• net. Il a déjà été plusieurs fois ministre des Finances et une fois président du Conseil. Encore qu'issu d'un milieu fort conservateur et ayant personnellement des goûts d'aristocrate, il était, dès avant la guerre de 1914-1918, très mal vu de la droite, voire des modérés, parce qu'il était le promoteur de l'impôt général sur le revenu et JOSEPH CAILLAl'X 277 aussi parce qu'il prenait le contre-pied du nationalisme chauvin qui régnait dans toute une partie de l'opinion.
    [Show full text]
  • “Non”: Creditor-Debtor Politics and the German Financial Crises of 1930 and 1931
    Why the French said “non”: Creditor-debtor politics and the German financial crises of 1930 and 1931 Simon Banholzer, University of Zurich Tobias Straumann, University of Zurich1 December, 2015 Abstract Why did France delay the Hoover moratorium in the summer of 1931, thus escalating the German financial crisis? In most accounts the announcement of an Austro-German customs union issued in March 1931 is cited as the crucial event that made the French reluctant to continue their cooperation with Germany. We suggest a more comprehensive explanation. While acknowledging the negative impact of the customs union, we think that the collapse of mutual trust came much earlier, namely with the evacuation of the Rhineland in the summer of 1930. It explains why as early as the autumn of 1930 France declined to help Germany mitigate a financial crisis. We use the prisoner’s dilemma to illustrate our argument. 1 Corresponding author: Tobias Straumann, Department of Economics (Economic History), Zürichbergstrasse 14, CH–8032 Zürich, Switzerland, [email protected] 1 1. Introduction The German crisis of 1931 is one the crucial moments in the history of the world economic slump of the 1930s. It led to a global liquidity crisis, bringing down the British pound and a number of other currencies and causing a banking crisis in the United States. The economic turmoil also had negative political consequences. The legitimacy of the Weimar Republic further eroded, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning became even more unpopular. The British historian Arnold Toynbee had good reasons to call the year 1931 “annus terribilis”. The crisis might have been contained, if the French authorities had immediately supported the debt and reparations moratorium suggested by US President Herbert Hoover on June 20, 1931.
    [Show full text]
  • Unipolar Disorder: a European Perspective on U.S
    Digital Commons @ Georgia Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 4-1-2004 Unipolar Disorder: A European Perspective on U.S. Security Strategy Diane Marie Amann University of Georgia School of Law, [email protected] Repository Citation Diane Marie Amann, Unipolar Disorder: A European Perspective on U.S. Security Strategy (2004), Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/fac_artchop/835 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. Please share how you have benefited from this access For more information, please contact [email protected]. Unipolar Disorder: A European Perspective on U.S. Security Strategy By DIANE MARIE AMANN* Much has been said about the National Security Strategy that U.S. President George W. Bush released one year after the terrorist assaults of September 11, 2001.1 The Strategy's declaration that the United States would strike first to prevent attack even before an enemy possessed the capability to attack-a point in time much earlier than when tradition would have condoned an act of anticipatory self-defense-provoked considerable comment.2 Debate within America encompassed multiple points of view; nonetheless, and perhaps not surprisingly, much of the debate reflected an * Visiting Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law; Professor of Law, University of California, Davis, School of Law (Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall). This essay owes much to insights gained during 2001-2002, when the author was, thanks to Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty, a Professeur invitge at the Universitd de Paris 1 (Panthdon-Sorbonne), and also, thanks to Professor William A.
    [Show full text]