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A Phyto-Climatic Transect in the Alpes Maritimes Used to Characterize the Northern Limit of the Mediterranean Biogeographical Ar

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A Phyto-Climatic Transect in the Alpes Maritimes Used to Characterize the Northern Limit of the Mediterranean Biogeographical Ar A phyto-climatic transect in the Alpes Maritimes used to characterize the northern limit of the Mediterranean biogeographical area Julien Andrieu, Florent Lombard, Matthieu Vignal, Michel Godron, Frédéric Alexandre To cite this version: Julien Andrieu, Florent Lombard, Matthieu Vignal, Michel Godron, Frédéric Alexandre. A phyto-climatic transect in the Alpes Maritimes used to characterize the northern limit of the Mediterranean biogeographical area. Biodiversity Journal, 2020, 11 (3), pp.679-688. 10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.3.679-688. hal-03033226 HAL Id: hal-03033226 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03033226 Submitted on 1 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Biodiversity Journal, 2020,11 (3): 679–688 https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.3.679-688 A phyto-climatic transect in the Alpes Maritimes used to characterize the northern limit of the Mediterranean biogeo- graphical area Julien Andrieu*1, Florent Lombard1, Matthieu Vignal1, Michel Godron2 & Frédéric Alexandre3 1University Côte d’Azur, UMR ESPACE, 98 boulevard E. Herriot, 06204 Nice cedex 02, France; email: florent. [email protected] 2CNRS, La Graineterie, 18410 Brinon sur Sauldre, France; email: [email protected] 3University Paris13, EA Pleiades, 99 Avenue Jean Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; email: alexandre@univ- paris13.fr *Corresponding author, email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper aims, with a botanical transect, to contribute to define the boundary between the Mediterranean biogeographical area and the flora of the Alpine domain. The transect, realized in 2018, is located in the Maritimes Alps, in the Roya Valley at the northernmost limit of the Mediterranean in contact with a mountain ecoregion. Our objective was to get as close as pos- sible to the integral flora (Tracheophytes), that counts a corpus of 529 species. A 40 km long transect divided in 150 sampling sites led to 7333 observations of presence, analyzed by Fac- torial Composant Analysis (FCA) and frequency analysis. Statistics revealed a significant dis- tinction of two floras with a clear spatial boundary not crossed by 76% of the species. The Transect revealed a clear biogeographic limit of biogeographical area, which seems to converge well with the limit of the Mediterranean Hotspot as defined by Myers (2000). KEY WORDS Phyto-climatic transect; Biogeography; Mediterranean; Hotspot; Biogeographical areas. Received 07.04.2020; accepted 01.07.2020; published online 26.08.2020 INTRODUCTION fying particular biogeographical structures. For ex- ample, the work of Myers (1990) on defining bio- Defining biogeographical areas is a major sci- diversity hotspots remains a major reference, as entific issue (Myers, 2000, Olson et al., 2001; Cox, more recent works on hotspots overall have merely 2001; Mackey et al., 2008; Hattab et al., 2015), es- characterized or subdivided them (Médail & pecially for plants, which are less often taken into Quézel, 1997; Olson et al., 2001). consideration when delineating these boundaries The definition of biogeographic areas also in- (Kier et al., 2005). However, the main challenges volves a precise, spatial examination of their bound- for biodiversity conservation caused by mass ex- aries (Ferro & Morrone, 2014; Morrone, 2018). An tinctions (Godet & Devictor, 2018) and the impact object can only be mapped accurately by validating of climate change (Molinos et al., 2018) are a major its boundary. The boundary of a biogeographic area requirement for this, whether in terms of biogeo- combines the boundaries of specific distribution graphical division of the planet (Good, 1947; areas. These rarely coincide with one another and Takhtajan, 1986) or because of the needs of identi- area boundaries appear as forms of more or less 680 JULIEN A NDRIEU ET ALII gradual transitions (Whittaker, 1967; Ferro & Mor- of the Mediterranean biogeographical area? What rone, 2014). Making a detailed examination of the is its level of spatial accuracy? limits of specific distributions at the edges of bio- The development and increasing accessibility of geographical areas is also a particularly topical ob- large natural history or environmental databases has jective to understand the impact of climate change fostered a large majority of research programmes on species distribution (Molinos et al., 2018). on biogeographical areas to develop tools for spatial One of the characteristics of the Mediterranean analysis (classification or clustering of species, sta- area is that a major part of its boundary coincides tistical characterisation of the specific patterns of with mountain ranges. These mountain ranges can pre-established regions, biodiversity hotspots or be floristic provinces (Alps, Atlas Mountains) and ecoregions), or the investigation of phenological sometimes they separate two distinct bioclimatic variability by means of satellite imagery. areas as a result of a climatic barrier effect This paper relies on an original and ad-hoc field (Cevennes, Ligurian Alps). Thus, defining the limit study carried out to help validate these spatial ap- of the Mediterranean area requires placing the proaches to area boundaries. The naturalistic ap- boundary between the Mediterranean mountains proach in the field necessarily reduces the scale of (high-altitude Mediterranean flora) and those at its analysis when time, financial and human resources periphery (non-Mediterranean flora). This could are limited, but the discussion will aim to refocus also appear as a matter of scale because the the regional terrain in a global, or at least Mediter- Mediterranean area was considered a kingdom in ranean, perspective, albeit, which - from a method- the same way as the Circumboreal region (Takhta- ological standpoint - will deal with the boundaries jan, 1986), while the Alps a smaller subdivision of the areas as a whole. only. However, a more recent work (Condé & Several significant regional transects have been Richard, 2002) places within Holarctic Kingdom conducted since the 1990s and 2000s to identify the both Mediterranean and Alps as regions of the Mediterranean area boundary (Alexandre, 1994; same level. The Alps are defined as an area in clas- Génin, 1995; Alexandre et al., 1998a; Alexandre et sifications subdividing provinces based on an eco- al., 1998b; Godron & Andrieu, 2013). This work logical approach as the Ecoregions (Olson et al., has made it possible to demonstrate that flora varies 2001). Here, we will refer to the Alpine area as as a continuum without clear limits common to sev- being a part of the Central European region. eral species. This pattern was expected as long as it The Mediterranean biogeographical area has had been encountered for all other 4 transects been defined and redefined over the centuries around the northern limit of the Mediterranean area (Quézel & Médail, 2003). The inclusion of the in France. Mediterranean area in Myers’ list of hotspots and In addition to all this research, a transect was the production of a map disseminated as georefer- carried out in spring 2018 in the Roya valley, shed- enced and open-access files have helped to set this ding light on the Mediterranean area boundary, limit for research work and for territorial biodiver- which is unique because it is at one of the northern- sity management tools. However, this limitation of most points of the area boundary among the the Mediterranean hotspot and the Mediterranean Mediterranean-mountain contacts. It is one of the biogeographical area still raises a number of ques- places where the climatic contrast is higher. tions: It thus contributes to define the boundary be- - How are the species boundaries between the tween the Mediterranean and Alpine biogeograph- Mediterranean and the Alps spaced out in this area ical areas. So far, botanical investigations in the where one goes from the coastline to an altitude of region have largely focused on overlapping floral 2,500 meters within a distance of just 40 kilome- species. For example, it is frequently pointed out ters? that one can find Holm oaks (Quercus ilex) and Sil- - Does a significant limit appear? With what re- ver firs (Abies alba), which are considered to be- generation rate of the flora on both sides? long to very different habitats, regularly together. - Is there a transition by impoverishment or by In addition to the continuum without clear limit, the overlap? expected pattern was a large overlap between - Is the limit of the biodiversity hotspot the limit Mediterranean and alpine Floras. Phyto-climatic transect in the Alpes Maritimes 681 MATERIAL AND METHODS pling, the transect must be oriented to be as heteroge- neous as possible (Alexandre et al., 1998a). It was Data collection therefore to be oriented along a north-south axis where the altitudinal, and therefore climatic, gradient Gao & Kupfer (2018) demonstrated that a biogeo- is the highest since it runs from the seafront to the graphic regionalization must be based on spatially ex- crest line separating France and Italy (Fig.
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