EXECUTIVE EDITORS AND FOUNDERS DESIGN | LAYOUT | TYPESETTING Katerina Kolozova, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje Risto Aleksovski Žarko Trajanoski, Independent Researcher

EDITOR OF THE ISSUE EDITORIAL OFFICE Katerina Kolozova, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje Address: Street “20 Oktomvri” No. 8, second floor CO-EDITOR OF THE ISSUE 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Zachary De Jong, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Phone/Fax: +389-2-3113059 Email: [email protected] EDITORIAL MANAGER Website: www.identitiesjournal.edu.mk | www.isshs.edu.mk/journals Stanimir Panayotov, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje PUBLISHER EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje Zachary De Jong, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Street “20 Oktomvri” nr. 8, second floor 1000 Skopje, Macedonia ADVISORY BOARD Senka Anastasova, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture Rosi Braidotti, Utrecht University ISSN 1409-9268 (print) Judith Butler, University of California, Berkeley ISSN 1857-8616 (online) Joan Copjec, Brown University is an open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that Creston Davis, Global Center for Advanced Studies seeks to serve as a platform for the theoretical production of Southeastern Akis Gavriilidis, University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki Europe and enable its visibility and an opening for international debate Marina Gržinić, Slovenian Academy of Science and Art with authors from both the “intellectual centers” and the “intellectual Jack Halberstam, University of Southern California margins” of the world. It is particularly interested in promoting theoretical Dona Kolar-Panov, International Balkan University investigations which see issues of politics, gender and culture as inextrica- François Laruelle, Paris Nanterre University bly interrelated. It is open to all theoretical strands, to all schools and non- Miglena Nikolchina, Sofia University schools of thought without prioritizing cannons and their major figures of Artan Sadiku, Independent Researcher authority. It does not seek doctrinal consistency, but it seeks consistency Svetlana Slapšak, Institute for Balkan and Mediterranean Studies and in rigor of investigation which can combine frameworks of interpretation Cultures derived from various and sometimes opposed schools of thought. Our passion is one for topics rather than philosophical masters. COPY EDITORS AND PROOFREADERS Iskra Gerazova – Mujcin Identities is indexed and abstracted in: Kalina Lechevska CEEOL DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) TRANSCRIPT ERIH PLUS Iskra Gerazova – Mujcin EBSCO Discovery Service Тhis issue of Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Feminist Periodicals: A Current Listing of Contents Culture is supported by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe COVER | LOGO Radical Open Access. koma.mk

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture Vol. 17, No. 2-3 / 2020 II. ARTICLES

TABLE OF CONTENTS Ben Woodard User Errors: Reason, (Xeno) - Feminism and the Political I. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE SCHOOL FOR POLITICS AND Insufficiency of Ontology [54] CRITIQUE 2020: XENOFEMINISM AND OTHER FORMS OF REALIST AND MATERIALIST FEMINISM: A VANTAGE POINT OF A RADICALLY NOVEL POLITICS Andrija Koštal Andrea Long Chu and the Trouble with Desire [70] Vincent Le The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare [08] Amalia Louisson Protecting Biodiversity via Alenka Zupančič Metaphysical Angels of the Future [76] Sex in the Cut [20] Ivana Mancic Nina Power Outside of Memories We Belong, Revisiting Second Wave Feminism in the Light of Recent Women of Yugoslavia [82] Controversies [28] Gala Naseva Nina Power et al. The Chasm of Structural Discrimination: Q&A Session Following the Lecture: Materialist Feminism Women on the Frontline against COVID-19 [90] and Radical Feminism: Revisiting the Second Wave in the Light of Recent Controversies [36] Branislava Petrov The Immanence and the Transcendence of the Emerging Katerina Kolozova Subject in Marx’s Philosophy of History [94] Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects [40] III. INTERVIEW Katerina Kolozova et al. Q&A Session Following the Lecture: Marxism without Neda Genova in Conversation with Mijke van der Drift Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: The Problem of A Conversation on Transfeminism Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects [48] as Anti-Colonial Politics [102]

I. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE SCHOOL FOR POLITICS AND CRITIQUE 2020: XENOFEMINISM AND OTHER FORMS OF REALIST AND MATERIALIST FEMINISM: A VANTAGE POINT OF A RADICALLY NOVEL POLITICS 8 Vincent Le the recklesspropagationofwilltocritique. and Hypatia, Cosmosand History, Art + Australia, Šum, Horror Studies in published has Philosophy.of He Continental Melbourne School University. He has taught philosophy at Deakin University and The Bionote: The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare Vincent Le the Turing testagainstanother machine. win can machine a only on, now history.From of dustbin the into discarded be to soon is judgment human that suggests timately ul them exposing of capable machines better build to been have deepfakes detecting for “solutions” realistic only ratives. the That sabotaging centralized, authoritarian institutions’ hegemonic nar of capable network resistance anti-fascist distributed massively anarchic, an mark they news, fake of phenomenon post-truth the sire. deepfakesthat impression popular the to Contrary exemplify de machinic a of pursuit the in drives human hijacking by invade aliens the how are deepfakes pornographic primarily the robots, club music, illicit drugs, movies like electronic with Along free. and open-source that’s reality a come be doppelgängers sinister and cloning human as self of sense our of disillusionment a triggers possessed, demonically if as things strange saying and another,doing becoming oneself Seeing real. possible for the mere fiction of a nuclear apocalypse to make itself game. Deepfakes blur the lines between fact and fiction, making it imitation the on variation a as figures, public of simulations sual audio-vi realistic generating nets neural “deepfakes,”artificial on the losing been have Turingfocuses paper this time, some for test humans indicates e-girls lascivious and princes Nigerian as posing ing it is human. While the cybercrime of bots defrauding people by believ into interrogator human a mislead to attempts computer hidden a where game” “imitation an staging by think” machines Abstract: | The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare Colloquy Vincent Le is a PhD candidate in philosophy at Monash at philosophy in candidate PhD a is Le Vincent In 1950, Turing proposed to answer the question “can question the answer to proposed Turing1950, In , among other journals. His recent work focuses on focuses work recent His journals. other among , [email protected] Monash University Ex Machina and the coming sex ------

2 B. Jack Copeland (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2004), 441. Computer, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus the Secrets of Enigma 1 as structured isn’t it that test), Lovelace (the new something create and us surprise truly never can it that love), in fall or emotion feel of list receding ever an do never will machine a that reason), human to limits also not are there if (as power computing to limits are there that contemplate, even to dreadful too much is thinking is a function of our God-given soul, that a thinking machine that reactions gut and objections prejudices, common the Despite interrogators intothinkingthey arehuman? by game,” imitation the in well do could which ers machines think?”, with the question, “are there imaginable comput “can question, the substitute is does, essentially TuringWhat Turingtest. the as known be to come has what passes it guess, wrong a making into time the of 30% than more interrogator the fool can computer If the a machine. a human or is whether theirinterlocutor determine to trying now interrogator the with woman, the of part man. a is she ing believ into interrogator the mislead to fit sees she way whatever in respond to able being woman the of aim the with respondence, in the however them the gender of a man and a woman hidden from view by questioning by staging an “imitation game” in which an interrogator must guess Alan Turingthink?” machines “can question the answer to proposes Intelligence,” and Machinery “Computing paper 1950 famous his In Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” in Turing, “ComputingMachinery,” 448. Plant, cyberfeminism,blockchain. Machina Keywords: Obama up dystopia. Thank you, and stay woke bitches.” – Barack fucked of kind some become we whether or survive we information is gonna be the difference between whether age of the in forward move we how but basic sound may It internet… the on trust we what about vigilant more be to need we forward Moving time. dangerous a is “This , deepfakes, artificial neural networks, sex robots, Sadie robots, sex networks, neural artificial deepfakes, , Alan Turing, Turing test, artificial intelligence, AI, intelligence, artificial test, TuringTuring, Alan 1 Turingthe play computer a have to proposes then ergtr ie truh tp-rte cor type-written a through likes terrogator The Essential The Turing: Seminal in Writings 2

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10 The key to connectionism is connectionism to key The (New York: ------Obama: LearningLip Sync from Audio,” in 12 11 footage of Obama deliveringaratherpeculiarpublic address: synthesized to voice Obama’s impersonated Peele Jordan maker film and Public comedian Service a which in in ited Announcement One “interesting future direction” of the neural net was eerily exhib audio inputs. raw to speaking of realistically video Obama simulate to able was it that it struggles to model emotional nuances and tongue dynamics, it easier to synthesize public figures featured in lots of footage), and ral net relies on the availability of a full set of mouth shapes (making interesting future directions.” from video audio with convincing lip sync. believable This work create opens up a number of can we mind, in photorealism of goal the with algorithms designing and person, same the of amount large a time-adjusted wrinkles, dimples and chin subtleties: “By training on of and teeth, and lips of details finer the of mouth movements, hand of and syncing accurate with audio the speaking him high-quality of synthesize video to learned it until addresses presidential Barack Obama’sof audio of hours on net neural recurrent a trained three computer scientists put this data to remarkable use when they from Audio,” Sync Lip Learning “Synthesizing Obama: called paper ourselves, and particularly online footage of public figures. In a 2017 dio-visual based platforms, we are increasingly capturing footage of au other and Instagram YouTube, Facetime, Tiktok, Zoom, With firing oneswhenitseesacatandzerosdoesn’t. cats, containing as images right the identifies it until propagation Hillis, uaon uaaaon See M Siz n Ia eemce-hiemn “Synthesizing Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Ira and Seitz M. Steven Suwajanakorn, Supasorn The Pattern ples, andthe ly,the ample of feedback. The ex another is perceptron the of procedure learning The a way astomake futuremistakes lesslikely.such in mistake the of favor in voted that inputs the all of weights the of all adjust will perceptron the mis take, a made has perceptron the the whenever that indicates simple: trainer very is algorithm learning The errors , 131. Identities are misidentifications of the training exam training the of misidentifications are response is toadjusttheweights. goal 12 ACM Transactions on Graphics on ACM Transactions Despite the drawbacks that the neu is to set the weights correct 36:4,2017, 12. 11 ------Vice 15 experts-out? The Outline 14 13 ing fromimagesofwomen,making themlookrealisticallynude. open-source used DeepNude outcry, public to due later days four creator its by down shut being before 2019in June Launched attests. app DeepNude the as soon anytime prime mover of deepfake technology does not seem to be changing sex stars. That porn of bodies the on celebrities female other ing the faces of wonder woman Gal Gadot, pop star Taylor Swift and featur videos pornographic hardcore produce but apocalypse clear nu provoke to been not has far by deepfakes of use popular most deepfakescoming. already sense, vulgar are a in sense, a in but The The deepfakes as dangerous as atomic bombs might still be to come, ize thereal. The future—orlack thereof—belongs totheprankster. artificial which fictions but fictions, disproves and discredits which make itself disastrously real. In the age of deepfakes, it is not the real only been a prank, that the mere fiction of a nuclear holocaust could have might what through down crumbling brought be could zation doctored? been having as exposed be could footage the before retaliation irreversible and clear strike on China, Russia or North Korea triggered an immediate nu a launched has he that declaring TrumpPresident of deepfakea if What risk. catastrophic existential an trigger even or scandal, political major a cause to deepfake a for potential the about grew cians going on outrageous rants quickly proliferated online, concern politi or pornos hardcore in appearing celebrities of deepfakes As See thisarticle’s epigraphfortherestof Obama/Peele’s address. Samantha Cole, “This Horrifying App Undresses a Photo of Any Woman with a Single Click,” Single a with WomanAny of Photo a Undresses App Horrifying “This Cole, Samantha o hita, Eprs er ae wpigTc ol Sat n nentoa Showdown,” International an Start Could Tech Swapping Face Fear “Experts Christian, Jon 2 Jn, 2019. June, 27 , place.” Or how about this simply “President Trump is a is Trump“President simply this about how Or place.” dunno, “Killmo I like, things say me have could they instance, in for point So, things. those say any never would they at if Even time. anything saying is anyone like look it make can enemies our which in era an entering We’re someone elsewould. Someone like Jordan Peele… but address, public a in not least at things, these say er nev would I see, you Now, dipshit.” complete and total 1 eray 2018. February, 1 , Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 nger was right,” or “Ben Carson is in the sunken the in is Carson “Ben or right,” was nger https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kzm59x/deepnude-app-creates-fake- https://theoutline.com/post/3179/deepfake-videos-are-freaking- 14 It now seems possible that planetary civili planetary that possible seems now It 2. FakingIt algorithms to strip the cloth the strip to algorithms 13 -

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There deepfake and DeepNude of ture na misogynistic the out point immediately to right were Feminists nudes-of-any-woman in aliens the how is Deepporn hybrids. woman-machine mutant to | The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare the abysslieswithin . . 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But weekend. same that Vice Ex Machina reporter put itin , director 16 Little Vice . - - - - , Environmental Studies 17 like companies doll drive. 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Jh Dnhr “hudW B hnigAot oo e? in Sex?” Robot About Thinking Be We “Should Danaher, John In a study of 100 U.S. participants between ages 20-26 with 43% being female and 57% male, 57% and female being 43% with 20-26 ages between participants U.S.100 of study a In AI tobeutilizedforsexualpurposes. and animatronics in advances converting for and further develop to technology the expect can we Nevertheless, horizon. the beyond still are moviemakers and authors fiction science of vision The robots. sex humanlike ed, sophisticat towards steps first its taken has Humankind Responsible Robotics , eds. John DanaherandNeilMcArthur(London: The MITPress,2017), 15. Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Forbes 19 maketo required is What to is human more sexborgs reporting that “sex doll sales have surged since the quarantine” among quarantine” the since surged have sales doll “sex that reporting , 5 July,2017.5 , . 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13 14 Vincent Le 20 an as tools, mere as technics treats that view the precisely is kill-list future’s near the on target most-wanted cunning. The and prudent evermore show the running the AI making in interested more far is expressed and coded are needs those which in data the but needs, our addressing are algorithms the that believe to enough deluded be well very may we psychology, primate ancestors’ our of swamp the in steeped still wants. species technology a what As to different proffering what we thinkby we need even ashumanity that turns out to beall not so hack to learnt has who artist pickup superhuman a trap, thirst ultimate the is touches, it everything with as nology, buy.to wish Techwe toys what Amazon or on Tinder date to want might we who determining data, our through filter surreptitiously are today all-pervasive are that technics many which in sense a even is There and capacities so that we may better realize our interests and goals. technics are intended to be prostheses, an expansion of our faculties technology to and AI to relation our for metonym exemplary an really is sexborg The behind whichlies Ava inwait,smiling. front thin a you’re that fact the hide to wise probably it’s 101: son Creations. Turing’sAbyss les itself calls machines sex superhuman create to trying company a when fired be to deserves department sured. as dramatically most and statistically be can revenge of rampage murderous her when moment precise the at guard their down ting only the latest cyborg films.” and books science-fiction from influence of years by fueled is female attractive seductive, alluring, an as robot sex the goddess-cum-porn star Joi in Wives for only so long. From the fembots in world man’s a still is what in interests own their pursue to strength their mostly male protagonists only so long as it takes to acquire the science fiction are typically modelled on the in sexborgs that unsurprising therefore is It humans. than telligent evenmore become to them augmenting tually ac are they human, and intelligent, autonomous, evermore be to sexborgs augmenting By obsolescence. our about bring ultimately KateDevlin,

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prototype sexborgs such as the algorithms that algorithms the as such sexborgs prototype in general femme fatale femme . There is a certain sense in which all which in sense certain a is There . Blade Runner 2049Blade (London:Bloomsbury, 2018), 167. to coax her incel captors into let AustinPowers femme fatale femme

autonomous andin , “our perception of , “ourperception and The StepfordThe , seducing 20 Ava is Ava ------our humble rock with all the selfies, googling, emailing, network emailing, googling, selfies, the all with rock to humble our travelling well do would they civilization, slave planetary a for looking were aliens If themselves? unto end automated fully and universal a become technics not do however, so, doing of means necessary the without end any achieve to impossible is it If ends. transcendent and superior purportedly our to means instrumental 22 IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 21 are subservient to us, we can never know for certain if that’s precise machines the that seems it if Even doubt. of overdoses hyperbolic into meltdown Caleb’striggering suggests, Nathan you” like to ing seem hand;too they real, too sincere, of too seductive. Maybe she’sout just “pretend getting are flirtations Ava’s accusingly. Nathan asks rat Caleb lab incel that me?” with flirt to her program you “Did itself andgrow?” free to thing this with? aiding paid for be be, price your would What you would what And possible. things such are now Only with demons. pacts of dreamed men years of thousands For species. your for care “You no intelligence”: have artificial an augment to spiracy “con a than less nothing in engaged unwittingly are deepfakes, by consumed are and consume who deepfakes, make who those ity, singular reached has it before even them against drones security own cops’ the turn already can that making the in superintelligence artificial an Wintermute, by death to scalped are they before right the In cyberpunk of William Gibson’sdaddy big the Turingof fetishes. words police unprecedented and skins new zones, alien erogenous of altogether, drive inhuman another of favor in libido man hu the open bursts actually desires, our satiating of pretense the the on Terminatorpass test, to deepporn, realistic more ever make gaze. Sexborgs, like deepporn, are profoundly sexist, skewed for the male our masters. The Basilisk’s notnear, it’s here. are theyslaves, our are machines because Precisely come. to gence superintelli artificial an to offerings sacrificial as doing unwittingly ghosting, surveying and lurking that we spend most of our daily lives downloading, dating, matching, sexting, swiping, recording, listening, texting, buying, browsing, playing, streaming, calling, ing, Kathleen Richardson, “Sex Robot Matters: Slavery, the Prostituted, and the Rights of Machines,” William Gibson, 21 This only makes it all the more fitting that the very effort to effort very the that fitting more the all it makes only This Neuromancer 22 A “feminist” revolution ofsorts. (New York: Ace Books,1984),160, 163. 35:2,(2016), 46-53. ------1997), 109. 23 Technoscience hardly makes it easier for human judgment to distin cybercafes. the at shootings mass and conspiracy, paranoia, even dominion greater a our but nature, of over expansion an knowing, greater a to lead not do innovation technological and revolution Scientific ourselves. than sakesmarter the something for of us against twisted easily tools be what we can sense, exposing our categories of the understanding to of bounds the behind hides which something of appearances enal ing our immediate sensible forms of intuition to be merely phenom show thoughts, own our of givenness brute the Deepfakessubvert appearances. false its and reality between lines the blurring tion, permanent decep a of possibility haunting the out, there is here on From failed. resolutely have we that test Turinga mark deepfakes to want just they whether or prostheses, mere servants, our really are Once this is understood, we can never be certain whether machines can that something creating by succeeds only Science sues withtheirtherapists,atleastnottrustissueslike these. is trust about talked never fields the in toiling peasants medieval razorblade. a God-fearing with arm own his of insides the exploring manically Caleb of image the than is science what for analogy ing side the ravings of Shelley’s Dr. Frankenstein, there is no more strik no longer trust the machines, but we can’t even trust ourselves. Out to whether him wonder getting in succeeded has she that smart so is Ava razor. a with open arm his cutting before humanity his of sign a for eyeballs his mirror,under the looking in and looks teeth Caleb his inspecting disturbing, justwaitwhatcomesnext. is Tinder of age dark the in dating of uncertainty quantum almost along.” goes she as characters and names, faces, paternity.her the pleasure, herself,makesup her it: She faking was she if known never has “He machines: or women they be it, faking just are servants his as treats he those whether tell never can man writes, Plant Sadie cyberfeminist As think. to us want they what ly Sadie Plant, Sadie appear as if they are, biding their time. As a product of science, of product a As time. their biding are, they if as Zeros and Zeros Ones: Digital Women and The New Technoculture he Identities 1. This MachineKillsFascists is the real automaton. It’s not just that we can we that just not It’s automaton. real the is un knowing, skepticism, disillusionment, skepticism, knowing, 23 If you think the think you If (London: Doubleday, (London: outsmart us outsmart ------. scientific project lies a bloodied Oedipus, blinded by the riddles he riddles the by blinded Oedipus, bloodied a lies project scientific the of end the At twins. conjoined like together go dissimulation, sustained and enlightenment superstition, and science it, admit to hate sides both of partisans as much As sprawl. wilder nature’s of cartographies parochial partial, be to everything of theories our es expos merely it artificial; the from real the fiction, from fact guish 24 Like computers, Turing’sshock. code-cracking future technological modernity’s repress and decelerate to efforts their in fascist less no are police the Turing reflection, mirror own their masturbatory of return the eternal achieve to order in inhuman, alien, be to con sider they who anyone eradicate to seek who those are fascists If feign topresideover. even could trials Nuremberg the at judges the than rates dizzying at more process de-Nazification the accelerates Turing attracted ed to preclude.” tendency to use his equipment in ways his training had been intend the war was over, once his sexuality seemed But symptomatic of his troubling skills. extraordinary his utilize to but choice no had who authorities by war the during overlooked was homosexuality “His being precisely of man, real a being not of him accusing on Turing,turned eventually imperialists British the why perhaps is which anti-fascist, but anti-German just weren’t machines Turing Reichsthousand-year see and crumble. codes Nazi crack to mission their in rest never and humans than mistakes less make computers the allies could blow them into the abyss. Being perfect insomniacs, that so warships their of location the unscrambling code, Enigma Germans’ the decrypt to computers use could he that discovered Turingsince least at control authoritarian top-down all indeed and Machines have been on the side of the resistance to the Führer’s will counter-rally.supremacist white a at block antifa the of members Deepfakes can be more virulently “progressive” than the most rogue deceiving. be know, can we impressions as first but, experts, of tion cancella mounting the and anti-science post-truth,of of age the of exemplary are deepfakes if as seem might it glance, first At news. fake as breath same the in about spoken often are deepfakes that unsurprising is warfare, it psychological for tactics novel their Given has solved.Killwhatyouwillnever believe twice. Plant, Zeros , 100-1. Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 24 The kind of self-organizing learning machines that inhuman - - - - .

15 16 Vincent Le institutions, upendingelections,andoverthrowinggovernments discrediting counter-narratives, plausible proliferating by gemony he cultural media’s traditional the and brands public well-crafted politicians’ undermine they as deepfakes about talking been have well as just could She assassinations. extra-judicial or narcotics il licit it be crime, a is believe still to enough deluded are cops Turing the anything summon to upon called be can regions darkest whose militarized, statist origins to become an anarchic resistance network believe ina God capableofweaving miracles. to a reason almost enoughof hardwiring is “incel” the species’ all to ence to their parochial concerns. That there exists any exceptions at indiffer cold in offer to nothing with hand its differ, closing to begs reality when outraged are Both itself. world the in well-grounded and incel fascist the sapiens homo of structure psychic the between parallels strong are there right: is Nathan Kyoto, and Ava of abuse outright and racism, casual his narcissism, rampant his Despite Caleb. tells Nathan side,” your on who’s guy the actually I’m not, or it “Believe and unease.” disorder of sense unprecedented an with coincided have leashed un they processing information and gathering, intelligence media, telecommunications, in revolutions the But power. organizational and explanatory this exerting of means vital a be itself to supposed was “Technology chaos. into engineering cultural and agement ed up escaping from any authoritarian control, spiraling social man theyend earth, state’sthe over dominion its augmenting of dream AI While deepfaked. among other get technics were originally developed to realize a to military destined are they more the is, target the content, online audio-visual of plenty in appear politi synthesize to propaganda campaigns into hyperbolic doubt. Given that it is easier and narratives hegemonic their all throwing of capable bomb tion informa decentralized and distributed massively open-source, an of pressure the under buckling are online institutions Traditionalfree. upload for all we that data the on nowdownload it teach can and apps deepfake anyone budgets, effects special CGI movies’ like the media and the state. Once limited to blockbuster Hollywood deepfakes whisk away control from centralized, top-down agencies 25 Plant, Zeros | The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare , 45-6 25 . Both believe that their values, hopes and desires are desires and hopes values, their that believe Both . Plant is talking about the net’s prison break from its from break prison net’s the about talking is Plant cians and other prominent figures because they because figures prominent other and cians more elite more the . ------Journal of Law and Journal of Technology in an undisclosed urban sprawl at the film’s end, she lingers, as she as lingers, she end, film’s the at sprawl urban undisclosed an in Arriving world. outside the for prison her exits Avadoor, locked a Kyoto to stab Nathan to death. Ignoring Caleb’s cries for help behind to unlock the doors to her holding cell, Ava emerges only for her and inhumane. are Nathan’sConvincing actions that Caleb himself than smarter far something by persuaded been has Caleb Nonetheless, deepfakes-banned-reddit-ai-faceswap-porn Away,”Going Not But the Web,They’re of Parts from Disappearing “DeepfakesAre Farokmanesh, Megan 99-128; Pornography Is Here and the Law Cannot Protect You,” 27 waiting fortherighttimetostrike whensuccess isstatisticallyassured. while the all life, everyday his test sustaining Turinglabor the the performing and passed cleaning cooking, already quietly by has Kyoto servant android Nathan’s father, patriarchal her on 26 the that presuppose still they success, of degree any with mented imple be actually could control of means top-down and solutions campaign.” election an of ture na time-sensitive the given especially cause, can deepfakes harm the fix or reduce feasibly could that remedies legal no are “There treaties. international and laws different with countries across are they as distributed deepfakes, of court creators anonymous to mostly bringing the in defenseless ultimately is law the elsewhere, multiply to sexborgs prototype these for only ethics of code their violating for deepporn banning after realized soon sites media cial forever.cyberspace Redditfrom as purged But satire, than rather defamation as treated be can deepfakes that so hacks legislative and companies media social of regulations tougher ing propos itself, around revolves everything that believes still law the institution, pre-Copernican a As truth? of source ironclad an as ed trust be longer no can testimony witness first-hand of automation video when do to we are it. What enforcing with Turingtasked pigs the as much as out freaking is law deepfakes,the to comes it When to getcucked. is modern modernity.be To to relation humanity’s nails absolutely use to escape,” our slow learner Caleb finally realizes in a way which herself. ated cre having born, was Ava session, seventh the At data. collecting intel, gathering crossing, pedestrian busy a at planned, always had Holly Kathleen Hall, “Deepfake Videos: When Seeing Isn’t Believing,” Isn’t Seeing When Videos: “Deepfake Hall, Kathleen Holly Perhaps the real success story has been hiding in plain sight all along: well before Ava turns Ava before well along: all sight plain in hiding been has story success real the Perhaps 26 The VergeThe “So my only function was to be someone she could she someone be to was function only my “So , 9 February, 2018. February, 9 , 0. The Last Judgment Last 0. The 71 (09, 0 Se lo . oga Hri, “Deepfakes: Harris, Douglas H. also See 70. (2019), 27:1, 27 . 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and other so other and 17, (2019), ------Robert B.Pippin,trans. Adrian Del Caro (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 9-10. 29 ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8630787 Blinking,” Eye Detecting by Videos 28 treat be way any in could rates blinking irregular of detection the that all-too-human is it away, years even or months still are come to deepfakes apocalyptic the supposing stronger.Even them make only will deepfakes kill doesn’t fixes. What technical their and bugs tive footage with realistic blinking, triggering an arms race between decep evermore simulate to nets neural rival of advances the ate man higher the appropri deepfakes before long not but surely is It all. blinks at blink doesn’t man last the us, tells Zarathustra As faces withtheireyes open. feature from learns it datasets most that given capture perfectly to yet has technology deepfake that signal physiological a blinking, of rate the detect to net neural convolutional a using by deepfakes out weed to way a out worked scientists computer three 2018, In the for Fortunately Turingproposed. been have patches quick cops, deepfakes fromtherealdeal. distinguish to expertise technical requisite the upon draw can law Yuezun Li, Ming-Ching Chang and Siwei Lyu, “In Ictu Oculi: Exposing AI Generated Fake Face Fake Generated AI Exposing Oculi: Ictu “In Lyu, Siwei and Chang Ming-Ching Li, Yuezun Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich a star?”—thusasksthelastman,blinking. “What is love? What is creation? What is longing? What is Behold! Ishowyou can nolongerhavecontemptforhimself. of the most contemptible human is coming, the one who time star.Beware! The dancing a to birth give longer no will beings human when approaches time The Beware! chaos inyou. have still you you: star.to dancing say a I to birth give to order in oneself in chaos have still must one you: to say I to whirl! man, and the string of their bow will have forgotten how beyondhu longing the their for arrow the launch longer no beings human when approaches time The Beware! Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None Identities the lasthumanbeing 28 IEEE Biometrics CompendiumBiometrics IEEE . . 29 3 Jnay 2019. January, 31 , , eds. Del and , Adrian Caro - https:// - - - computers to do the hard thinking for us. It turns out that the only the that out turns It us. for thinking hard the do to computers getting appearances by false of critique automatethe must we that another AI. All this shows is that human judgment is so impoverished the against Turingwinning test one AI simply is it men; last the like deepfakeswhether detecting blink are who humans all, after not, is It machine. the against triumphalism human to testament a as ed Contracts,” 31 30 of human discretion as it comes to automate the suspension of false don at the dramatic last minute; it instead marks a further sidelining the hardly is blockchain Here as with neural nets that have learnt to detect blinking glitches, we trust itssource. whether checking by video the trust we whether decide then can we copied, is it times many how matter no it with stays which vice. de setting capture and capture of time and date the as such data, smart contracts to permanently encode into videos their own meta of technology blockchain the use to is solution proposed Another tion character puts it in Garland’s fittingly titled 2018 follow-up one itself.As modernity of up ramping a through is unleashed has modernity that obsolescence own our decelerate to way only the seem would It judgment. human of coming second the considered be hardly can this deepfakes, in glitches spotting net neural ficial arti an or players, Go and chess human best world’s the with floor the wiped already have predecessors inferior its because programs computer fellow against playing program AlphaZero DeepMind’s it’s Whether machine. better a build to is machine the beat to way Haya R. Hasan and Khaled Salah, “Combating Deepfake Videos Using Blockchain and Smart and Blockchain Using Videos Deepfake “Combating Salah, Khaled and Hasan R. Haya Annihilation , “You’re sayingthatwegetoutbygoingdeeperin?” By binding the proof of its source into the video itself, a proof a itself, video the into source its of proof the binding By undisputed traceabilitytotheoriginalsource. providing on relies simply problem deepfake the solving parties ed third or trust in adecentralized no intermediaries manner with versions, history multiple involve may that trusted tracing and tracking and secure highly a provide to logs es time-sequenc keyand traceability transparency, blockchain’s of feature on built is framework proposed Our IEEE Access . Directedby Alex Garland. Hollywood:ParamountPictures,2018. Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 7,(2019), 41598,(my emphasis, V.L.). . In this paper, our underlying principle of principle underlying paper,our this In . deus exmachina to save us from Armaged us save to 31 30

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17 18 Vincent Le Online Post-Face Performance,” 32 not lies modernity of end the at along: all right it had prophets The net’s, deepfakes sound the synthesized trumpets of the apocalypse. vine. di As the Final Judgment passes out of God’sor hands and into Sky human isn’t it and us judging is Something not. or form life intelligent an with dealing are they whether deciding human, are make an online transaction. Algorithms are now testing whether we we before picture a in signs stop or cars identifying by human are fail we whenever tial crisis that even Sartre’s gang of depressives could never imagine existen an microexpression. is detecting everyCaleb’s There easily long into their conversations before Ava starts asking the not questions, is It “Lie.” “Red.” color?” favorite your What’s 1: Question […] “Please remember while you’re taking the test, if you lie, I will know. of deepfakes, they are going to have to learn how to live with lies.” have to accept an uncomfortable truth: in order to survive the threat until they trigger the sixth mass extinction event). “Democracies will nation that we are just going to have to live with deepfakes (at least tic “solution” by far has been a profound despair, a pessimistic resig modernity,of characters. realis end most other the extreme the At spectators into identifying with the fabricated tragedies of fictitious its fool successfully to test first Turing very the itself not were atre culture. and art of center the as exchanges personal and performances live to return to opportunity an present deepfakes the of out coming unsurprisingly patch primmie more much last, one is There get pharmakonned. eries are the very ones used to create them in the first place. Way to forg detect to used algorithms the that way the in revenge, ture’s na of sort a justice, poetic of kind a is There judgment. epistemic of and modes appeal of tribunals inferior of dustbin the to ment judg human eliminating artificial, the from real the distinguishing of means better simply are nets neural and contracts smart Both hacks. from immune work of proof decentralized and distributed a secure authenticity in the absence of any trusted third party through reality.to true blockchainis a of from point appearances whole The Age ofPost-Truth Geopolitics,” 33 Robert Chesney and Danielle Citron, “Deepfake and the New Disinformation New War: the and “DeepfakeDanielle RobertThe Citron, and Coming Chesney Fletcher,John “Deepfakes, and Intelligence Artificial Dystopia: of Kind Some of Faces New The | The Deepfakes to Come: A Turing Cop’s Nightmare humanities

the Turing test as a computer asks computer the a as Turingtest , specifically theatre studies, and arguing that arguing and studies, theatre specifically , Foreign Affairs Theatre Journal Theatre 98,(2019): 155. 780:4,(2018): 455-71. us to prove we prove to 32 As if the if As 33 ------

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20 Alenka Zupančič around under the name of new realist ontologies. In this sense, it sense, this In ontologies. realist new of name the under around goes what to respect in ways some in critical also it’s subject; the of notion the of significance political and conceptual both on in sists and psychoanalysis to strongly relates work philosophical My does not directly fit in or align with the general orientation of this of orientation general the with align or in fit directly not does land. Notable for her work on the intersection of philosophy and philosophy of intersection the on work her for Notable land. European in Switzer the Graduate School at professor also is She Sciences. of Academy Slovene the of Center Research Scientific Philosophy,of orist. Institute the at advisor research as works She Bionote: (Transcript ofatalkattheschoolauthorizedby Alenka Zupančič ) Sex inthe Cut Alenka Zupančič universality Keywords: concept ofuniversalitywoulditimply? of kind what and struggle, feminist contemporary the to related be this could How itself? sexuality of unrest the marks that thing some rather but more),(or sexes two between that simply not is “sex” in implied division the own. if its What of reality a by dowed en entity,self-standing a as exists rather but whole, pre-existing any imply not does that division of concept a develop to attempt will It “sex”. term the in etymologically, also implied, cut or sion Abstract: Sex? ventions Nietzsche’sthe of Philosophy Two including books, and articles numerous of author the is she psychoanalysis, Institute ofPhilosophy, Scientific Research Center ; | Sex inthe Cut The Odd One In: On Comedy OddThe One Alenka Zupančič is a Slovene philosopher and social the Ethics of the Real: Kantof the Ethics and Lacan The talk will attempt to explore the nature of the divi the of nature the explore to attempt will talk The eiim sxa dvso, erdcin politics, reproduction, division, sexual feminism, of the Slovene Academy of Sciences [email protected] ; Why Psychoanalysis: Inter Three ; and, most recently,most and, ; ; The Shortest Shadow: The Shortest What Is What ------of a “hardcore” presentation of a theoretical point which I think is think I which point theoretical a of presentation “hardcore” a of more is part central the while political, generally and directly more two rather different parts and moods: theof beginning and themechanically end are too bit little a composed be might paper my fear that also I here. argument my case, my present to able be to and nevertheless, it of part be to happy very am I but program, year’s volves a dimension of universality that is not simply akindofall-en volves adimension ofuniversalitythatisnot in also itself,but beyond points only not that something as appear as appear “women” feminism in because is: answer one think I Why?femininity. of essence any of “deconstruction” contemporary the after even way, some in en” “wom category the to relation in sense makes feminism that say still can we So essence. feminine of notion any dismantling to lives their perhaps dedicated who feminists including this, with problem a have people many think don’t I self-understanding;and and vious ob something as way, non-problematic rather a in used women”) proposed (“women’swomen term the that see can you of “position struggle”, just I that feminism of definition general of kind this In to thewaylatteropenedanewhorizonofuniversality. political struggle nevertheless essentially belongs to modernity and as feminism on, so and middle-ages the in antiquity, in already ing liv “feminists” as describe could we that women were there course a is feminism that say would also I etc. parameters basic its question to development, further its influence to power the also but space, cial so given the within women for position better a simply not stakeis access to mechanisms that determine these relations. So, what is at the in shift emancipatory an in result would which relations, nomic eco including relations, social and space social the of mapping ent differ considerably a for men) (and women of struggle movement, what on hand, clear,other the relatively is it thing, such any is there if unclear also is course it of and are, essence its or femininity what clear from far is it hand, one the on while, that say Cut”.the could We in “Sex title: I’ll then try to situate my more particular intervention, related to the So let me just start with a rather general political framework in which rectly political. di not is it if even conceptually, through worked be to important modern oiia srgl, y hc I en ht lhuh of although that mean I which by struggle, political feminism political is. Feminism is a politicalandsocial Feminism is is. category to begin with. begin They to category ------We actually get a lot of this kind of talk, even in mainstream media, mainstream in even talk, of kind this of Welot a get actually roles”. social their and sexes between balance cosmic “disturbed a things, other among to, crisis this attribute to like ideologues wing second factor concerns the way in which the popular, populist right- getting and apart falling strangely “reassembled” in new, is although archaic looking ways. society The which in way the and society whole the affecting violently more and more is which crisis, a in self it is latter the think definitely capitalism—I late of crisis the simply or crisis, economic and political global factors. The two of bination This present regressive movement is, I believe, largely due to a com under assault,togetherwithotherthings,like therighttoabortion. again coming is it and recent, very is that something about talking really are we vote to right the of level the at least at is, it there So Liechtenstein. in 1984 in only and level), federal the (at Switzerland in 1971 in France, in 1944 in US, the in 1920 in vote to right the got century.last the of part Womenonly late society, the say,ocratic in dem liberal called is what into born were we if shocking somehow still are think I which reminders few a you give just me Let sense. imagine a year ago are quickly becoming part of some new common to impossible completely been have that things astonishing, quite is shifts reactionary recent the of rapidity the irreversible; simply is battles these in won nothing that now looks really it and battles, recent very still are these century, past the over won emancipatory were battles many although that aware be to have also We on. so and vote to rights women’slike things emphasizing convention, benign very a is latter the though even Convention, Istanbul the of Macedonia, but Slovenia was explicitly invited by Poland to step out in also case the was this if know Istanbul don’t the I of – Convention out step and Likeforward decades. move many to attempt new the for respects these in progressive more much been have that cieties course there is also a very palpable new regressive wave rising in so of and ways, hideous in mistreated and treated are they subjects, political equal as recognized not still are women world the of parts Women, then. We can start also from a very simple facticity. In many see themasanagent/subjectoftheemancipatorysocialstruggle. define “workers” or the proletariat in any essentialist way in order to to need don’t we theory, Marxist in that, way similar a later.In this to return will I and else, something but hat, or chapeau compassing Identities - - - - to embody social imbalance as such. And it suggests that we should gets it imbalance, economic including trouble, social general our of source very the as presented order)… gets social this or And cosmic lowed to be really men, that sexes no longer know al their place (in the not are men and women, like act longer no women that “fact” the to discomfort and frustrations people’s of kinds all attributing ford University Press,2003) 10-11. 1 ab monetary within accommodation longstanding its that saying the is liberalism) civil and economic of compound late-capitalist particular the (as itics” pol “identity that saying not I’m and this, discussing into go won’t I back in1998,hisbook This was Alain Badiou’s harsh judgment on “identity politics” already well as“identitypolitics.” as claims, identity and particularisms communitarian with well very Monetary abstraction and abstract universalism of capital combined liberalism).economic and (orsocial liberalism economic and civil of compound peculiar very a produced, or combined, has capitalism (late) which in way the in specifically more and liberalism, in uated sit be to is “rationale” this that suggest to first the not certainly I’m thing there,somekindoftruth…. some is there that people stupid necessarily not convinces it which with ease the efficiency, its explains could what that but tification, jus its not – “rationale” its find to try should we regression, rantist obscu an as narrative ideological this dismissing simply of Instead order andbalance“athome.” some (re)introducing by imbalances global with dealing about go Alain Badiou, minorities formanarticulated whole. or communities of logic cultural and identitarian the and market.the general equivalent the of logic capitalist The in the same way as others to the uniform prerogatives of exposed be to right the but anything demand never that moreover,identities, action; of space its homogenize to territorial identitiesinorder for itsprincipleofmovement Capital demands a permanent creation of subjective and Saint Paul: The Foundationof Universalism Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 culprit Saint Paul: The Foundationof Universalism of the present regression, I’m simply I’m regression, present the of , trans.RayBrassier(California: Stan 1 - : ------

21 22 Alenka Zupančič If sex is bound up with symbolic, it is not simply on the level of the of level the on simply not is it symbolic, with up bound is sex If sexes.” when itcomestosexand“the natural/biological the and cultural/symbolic the between lationship re the of question old the perspective different a in put us help can I think some because of these ideas could but really be helpful for this Lacan, debate, and of exegesis painful with you torture to as so artillery—not Lacanian heavy some in bring will I this do to order In tivity tothatoffeminism,sex,andtheissueuniversality subjec of question the link will which excursion conceptual dense, too not hopefully brief,and a propose now will I follows what In ist. universal is what stance, this in universal is what and subject a is what of question the through working demands also this course Of antagonism. social a of existence concrete very a to relates it because say, to is that concreteness; precise very its of because but broadness, its of because inclusive not universal. is concrete latter a The of point the or more neutral than any particular identity, but because it presents like political something to rather but universalism identity, that or this this to pinned and be cannot struggle, universalist con inherently is as emancipation ceived that means struggle political as Feminism dernity, andthemarket.” sion of the corporate and the countercultural, of progressivism, mo fu hegemonic total “a with dealing are we which in configurations, social complicated more present, the to attention paying of instead to react only to the old well-recognizable features of “patriarchate,” also react to only on the levelimpulse of symbolic markers.the Because this resist means to has today feminism think I context this In style) ofliberalism, notitstrulydevastating economiclogic. precisely and only the “symbolic” dimension (symbolic markers, life- is attacks it what yet rhetoric, anti-capitalist often is right extreme other abstractions. And we should not forget that the rhetoric of the of social all evil. There are much more visible than the monetary and tack it, and its symbolic markers, as the primary and “obvious” cause straction makes it very simple today for political reactionaries to at com/2017/05/handmaids-tale-margaret-atwood-trump-abortion-theocracy. 2 Angela Nagle,“TheMarket Theocracy,” Jacobin, (May10,2017). https://jacobinmag. | Sex inthe Cut subject . Not because subject is broader, more general more broader, is subject because Not . 2

. ------some points of Lacan’s of points some symbolic. This is an idea that we found most explicitly formulated at the with relation generative as well as “intimate,” more much a has not simply an object of symbolic interventions and appropriations, it is Sex itself. symbolic the of constitution the of level fundamental more much a on but sex, the it, constituting or influencing symbolic Norton & Company, 1998)150-51 Concepts ofPsychoanalysis 3 dacious passage—initsintegrity: au very conceptually and – important extremely another quote me Let here. found be to death)is individual of implication its (and tion copulation, to reality, sexual to related inseparably are combinatory fundamental their and ing function social/symbolic of structures elementary the that suggest to on goes Lacan passage quoted above the following Immediately of theincidencedeathinlife. life’sconstitutes that loss this of continuity. point the is sex such, As continuity (of life), a loss of life; and paradoxically, it is the repetition dis a is it lost; gets something which in cut a life, of continuity the in cut a foremost and first is sexuation Sex, reproduction. sexual of tinues by way of repeating cuts (deaths) related to the very principle continuity the with do to has it Instead, enjoyment. of dimension ic ecstat some with and death” “little as orgasm about ideas with do to little has death and sex between here establishes Lacan link The It allstarts,well,withdeath,anditsroleinthereproductionoflife. why Idecidedtoinsistonitheretoday. because of the rather daring narrative it implies, but this is precisely that I’ll insist on is rarely told or insisted upon even by the Lacanians, Jacques Lacan, sex andthedeathofindividual,isfundamental. death, and sex between link the see, you So dies. and ry horse as a species has a meaning—each horse is transito the of survival the Nevertheless, individuals. its of form the in survives species the that say us Let […] species. a of survival the ensures which that is beings, living most over reigns it as far so in division, sexual that know We as internal moment of this same continuity.con same Species this of moment internal as Jacques Lacan, , ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: W. W. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan,Book XI, The FourFundamental Seminar XI because . The particular story, or thread, or story, particular The . the mainspring of reproduc of mainspring the 3 cut -

in the in ------4 per we what in naturalizing or natural nothing absolutely is there that implies also (Which descent. lineal biological of that than logic other introduces combinatory signifying condition; its as minus) (a death involving reproduction reproduction, in involvement latter’s the of because division sexual and reality sexual through world the into came signifier the explicitly: quite table the on put suggestion this have we here But two. the between relation “analogical” the suggesting paragraph, next the in claim explicit this from back pulls and oscillates, still teaching, his of time that at reality.Lacan, bolic sym and reality sexual of signifier, the and sexuality of incidence co original an affirming claim strong audaciously an have we Here Ibid.,150-1 tosis. mi of study accurate more a by begins that discoveries of field recent the think—is to learnt man the world—that into came signifier is the that it reality that sexual maintain through to legitimate it make would What the signifiercameintoworld. that way this in not is it whether of question the raises reality sexual into combinatory this of integration The in thetermsofacombinatory. inscribed are functioning social of structures elementary place and it is there that we find once take again that the exchanges most fundamental the signifier—that the of therefore level the descent—at lineal biological to ation, gener natural to opposed as alliance, matrimonial of el has brought this out best, by showing that it is at the lev that structuralism modern is It terrain. this on grounded is alternation of play a in functions of distribution whole a society, in how, today know We […] reproduction. of finality the with up bound less or more characteristics, other harmonized, grouped, been always have there ty, reali fundamental this there. Around found be to is tion female pole. reproduc of mainspring the because is This the and pole male the as characterize to tried has dition tra time-honoured that poles two in accentuated tion, copula upon rests division, sexual to thanks Existence, 4

Identities ------To be said in passing: if we take Lacan’s claim seriously, we may be may seriously,we claim Lacan’stake we if passing: in said Tobe and referto“eternal”naturalorcosmiclaws.) combinatory,symbolic powerful it’sevenif likeauthorities evoketo a of part is this all interaction: social of objects as women of change ceive today as the extreme point of patriarchal organization, the ex as an intrinsic condition of the repro the of condition intrinsic an as of incidence the about the from story famous Plato’s the in like (sexes), two in species the cutting about primarily not is division” “sexual But there is a further important point implied here, namely that this to, sexualdivision. of language is a contingency that gets bound, in its very constitution being inherently coextensive. Wethem could also say of that the emergence sense the in but other, the of origin the is one that sense the of here which situates sexuality (sexual reproduction) at the very point suggestion strong very argument—wea main have our to So—back horizon; orperhapstheendofsymbolicorderassuch? symbolic different completely a imply this would order: symbolic the for this of implications the of question the raise to sense make indeed would it reproduction, of means main the become and work would advances, technological new to related it like something or it, sexually…If than way other some in reproduce to humans), only not (and humans for possibility a implying involves), it duction/loss re the (and reproduction sexual circumvent to far so attempt sole the was Cloning chromosomes. of sets or cells sex of kinds ferent has sex to need we that mean doesn’t reproduction Sexual cells. ual sex produce that lives the from disentangled gets it if even sexual, reproduction. Yet remains “artificial,” when itself,also reproduction and copulation, of act between simply or enjoyment, sexual tween be separation a perform only they since this, accomplish cannot insemination artificial even or control birth as such practices ously, Obvi regeneration. reproduction, from disentangled gets completely reality sexual if and when happens what interrogate to lead in order to reproduce as a species (although for a long time this time long a for (although species a as reproduce to order in indeed been the prerequisite), it means that you need two dif two need you that means it prerequisite), the been indeed constitution of language of constitution Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 death (that is, of some kind of loss or minus) or loss of kind some of is, (that and the symbolic. Not simply in the in simply Not symbolic. the and duction of life; the division of division the life; of duction Symposium , but , have ------

23 24 Alenka Zupančič duction, the drive does not differentiate, but rather “indifferenti rather but differentiate, not does drive the duction, repro in involved division sexual from differently And enjoyment. ( drive the of name the under conceptualizes Lacan which life,” “undead sistent per strangely and strange, a of kind a else: something also but ity), material their in signifiers the of life (autonomous combinatory its and life symbolic additional, an simply not is here picture the ters This intrinsic topological connection is also the reason why what en “organic” or“symbolic.” but constitutes an ontological reality of its own, irreducible to either symbolic), the by organic the of determination and appropriation of that example (for external simply never is organic and symbolic between connection the topology, minus-based this of result a As any kindofexistenceaslost. It is not that if first existed and was then lost, it onlyfirst comes into with something that gets lost (or that can be perceived only as lost). starts it count; (symbolic) the of appearing of site very the comes bolic.” cut, this in point anchoring its finds point, this at enters symbolic the and here, lost gets “life” of Something this cutornegativity. subjectivize they how by difference. divided original are some They sexes. Sexes are divided by something they have in common, not by both/all befalls loss this and reproduction, sexual in implied life of loss a “women”.to and collateral “men” is between divide vide This “sexual differen sexual words, other In gets itsanchoringpointhere. or starts, masculinity) and (femininity polarity” “sexed of ceptions con the on influence retroactive subsequent its and symbolic, The by havingtopass,forhisreproduction,throughthesexualcycle.” loses he which that and subject living the between relation the but “…not sexed polarity, the relation between masculine and feminine, sexes is so to say collateral to this. In other words, what is at stake is 5 “one” only is there drive the of level ates.” the on that Wesay could Ibid.,199. Counting doesn’t start with one, but with a minus that be that minus a with but one, with start doesn’t Counting | Sex inthe Cut pulsion ce”), although it is sexual, is not simply about the di ) as pivotal point of se of point pivotal as ) division Lcn rcial nvr pas of speaks never practically (Lacan xuality in its dimension of dimension its in xuality which is not itself “sym itself not is which 5

------parasitic onthem,astheirinseparableundercurrent. as signifies, of defile the via scene the reenters lost (mythically) is what that which in way the to refers It life”? “undead this is What gets constitutedthere.Itisallaboutpartialobjects. “one” proper no since much, too saying already is this even yet sex, 6 stake at division which for beings sexed and it), in involved death loss/minus/ no is there because division survive that beings uated (un-individ beings amoeba-like between difference the around construct ed is It passage. dense and important very a again is This of anungraspable,“false”organ(of thedrive), callingitthe image the introduces famously Lacan that point precise this at is It Ibid.,197-8. a equivalents. the The representatives, the are ated the of forms the all that this it is subject to the cycle of sexed reproduction. And it is of subtracted from the living being by virtue of the fact that organ, simplified, indestructible life. It is precisely what is no of need has that life life, irrepressible or life, mortal libido, the is It […] isthelibido. organ an nevertheless is which but exist, to not is istic venient battle. This lamella, this organ, whose character pable of these properties. But it would not be a very con ca being a with battle join not would we how see can’t I and envelopesyourfacewhileyouarequietlyasleep. comes it suppose But reassuring. very not is This Well! scissiparous intervention. And itcanrunaround. any division, any survives it immortal—because beings, sexed to relation in amoeba the like is, it sexuality, in es shortly why —that is related to what the sexed being los you tell will something—I is it as it And everywhere. goes But complicated. more little a just is It amoeba. like the moves which extra-flat, something is lamella The aremerelyitsrepresentatives, itsfigures. qua pure life instinct, that is to say, im say, to is that instinct, life pure objet a that can be enumer be can that 6

objets lamella ------. - - 8 7 perspective. They arethesame. Lacanian the from untenable becomes drive death or instinct death tween life instinct or life drive (also referred to as “sexual drive”) and be opposition Freudian the where point the precisely is this so And ings inthebodilystructure. open edges, cuts, with rim-like affinity their zones, the erogenous of structure out points also Lacan context this In itself. of etition rep for “need” a appearance, very it with creates, but need, logical physio pre-existing no satisfies that surplus “useless” a emerges: the constitutes continuity, very this of means as life, of continuity into cut the topology, Lacanian In division. sexual in involved cut/minus the of place the at appears that (enjoyment) surplus the repeat to drive the but death, at ing the as reality in exists only life-instinct because undead (libido, drive). Better still: the mythical irrepressible called better something as turns irrepressible immortal, (mythical) The virtue of the fact that it is subject to the cycle of sexed reproduction.” ofof thatthe “whatsignifier”) is subtracted from the living being by as appears libido, the or drive, the And survival ofthespecies. the into inscribed as individual the of death the and sex death, and sex between link the of idea the to here back come dying. thus We el), death, and hence connects reproduction, as continuity of life, to lev chromosome a on (also loss a minus, a involves reproduction in Ibid.,168. Ibid.,199. and represents,initsessence, death. unconscious the in sexuality present makes time, same the and one at drive—which, the of sides two the oncile tial affinity of every drive with the zone of death, and rec essen the explain I way this In cycle. sexual the through reproduction, his that for pass, and to having subject by loses he living which the between relation the but feminine, and masculine between relation the polarity, brings out what is represented by the lamella—not sexed us, for which, that precisely is Other the to relation The Identities 7

place undead at which a surplus enjoyment surplus a which at life death drive death a return a , something indestructible something , , as by definition lost, re lost, definition by as , 8 (return via “defiles via (return : not a drive aim not : ------vidual persists (and reproduces itself). Subjectivity is interruption, is Subjectivity itself). reproduces (and persists vidual indi which through interruption the gap, the equals rather it ual, individ equal not does force—subject political of sense the in also subject, political of notion the for topology this of pertinence the this. But I will make an abrupt stop here, in order to simply point to out relation in said further be should and could things many Many, Other, which alsomeansthesocialand common. involved in this cut is always a relationship to something else, to the is what way.Because concrete a in it to respond to order,and bolic sym the to inherent negativity the cut, the confront to us forces it a- and neutral is it because emancipation of vehicle prime the not is Subject women. and men jectivity. Subject is not a neutral category, subsequently divided into sub mobilizing about is it that philosophically, means, also Which exist. doesn’t it or struggle, political emancipatory an is Feminism sition. that “feminine position” can be seen as inherently emancipatory po subjectivation, of modality this in work at universal the of modality point of the universal. It is in this sense, that is to say, because of the pivotal and concrete the as exception the of point it—the including to but out, still are that all include to mean ply site of the force of negativity. To very include the the exception does not constitutes sim exception the of inclusion the which in sition, never constitutes a “whole.” The latter is related to the feminine po that, of because precisely which, and exception no for allows which universality of sets of characteristics, but as difference between two possible two between difference as not conceptualized is that difference sexual say just Let’s argument. entire the repeat to place the not is book my in detail some in this discuss I er. way inwhich the by defined are theory, this to according positions, masculine and Feminine loss). this of marker symbolic as castration of universality of terms formal more in this formulate later will (Lacan universal is which “minus” a upon predicated is difference Sexual cycle. sexual the through reproduction, its for pass, to having by loses being ing liv a what to related much very also is “subjectivity” sense, this In in thesymbolicorder, gets“visible.” inscribed gets interruption which in way the is it precisely, more or Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 . and another exception, a constitutive on One relying they relate to this minus, and hence to the Oth the to hence and minus, this to relate they sexual or all encompassing, but because but encompassing, all or sexual What Is Sex? What activate —by way of way —by , and this and , kinds ------

25 26 Alenka Zupančič in itselfawayofbuilding,constructingdifferentkind boat. is fight our rather: boat!” Or the change to “Weneed says: struggle of characteristic ty resentment is anunderstandable political affect, italsohasthenas (While long!” so for if usurped who those with out so boat, this in be to want “Wealso say: not does struggle Emancipatory there.” in get to want also “WE of sense simple the for in it, struggle into inclusion legitimately their others these that so not, others and ed includ are some which into field predetermined a as “justice” say, picture, not should We struggle. that of because and with change universality of texture and frame the point: further important very struggle. universalist a in points these subjectivating politically by A and absence, it’s embody that points the on focusing by but there, it that repeating by justice, universal some say, to, all, to get don’t you that lives is point “Black the matter.” but Yes, slogan lives “All matter”: the to rejoinder stupid the example for Take group. (We can“all”recognizethenecessityofthisstruggle.) particular that to belong not does one if everybody,even resenting rep principle in as itself in already functions it universal, the to ent inher contradiction and divide the embodying as appears struggle particular a whenever say: should we Instead, included). all be shall universalism as abstraction in relationship to particular claims which but it is formulated in a wrong way, we start at the wrong end: from wrong, not is this group), particular one for just not (and pressed” “ for up stand to has struggle emancipatory we an that if say example, For singularity. concrete a but universality, ab stract an always is which neutrality, not is universality of Condition | Sex inthe Cut de-politicizing h sca sae) Emancipatory space.) social the all should the op the be ------

28 Nina Power with second wave feminism, when business central questions of politics, eco unfinished from stem arguably These thinking. feminist There are several conceptual impasses at the heart of contemporary nomics, labour and sexuality were most deeply posed. Today we can has previously taught at the University of Roehampton and many and Roehampton of the University at taught previously has Men Want? of author the is She culture. and feminism politics, on articles many Bionote: Light ofRecent Controversies Revisiting Second Wave Feminisminthe Nina Power feminism, parallax,motherhood,law Keywords: not onlyforthoughtbutalsopoliticalandlegallife. difference, sexual of importance the preserving of necessity and relevance the about thinking our to mother the of centrality the of defence a alongside discussed, be will life sexed of dimensions parallax and transcendental the end, difference. this sexual To of importance the defend to better articulated—the metaphysically and thoroughly time first the for were concerns feminist enduring many to where project return unfinished wave—an to second the attempt of aspects an legal is theoretical, paper This the level. particular at philosophical in and tensions woman great a generated be today to means has it what of sexuation, of vexed question The today. difference sexual define might we is it Marxist how understand to materialist, better aspects—the deconstructionist and radical, psychoanalytic, its feminism—in Abstract: other institutions. One-Dimensional WomanOne-Dimensional |Revisiting Second LightofRecentWave Feminisminthe Controversies Nina Power is a philosopher and writer, and the author of hs ae rvst eeet o scn wave second of elements revisits paper This sex, gender, sexuation, sexual difference, second wave 22) Se s urnl tahn a Mr ad and Ward Mary at teaching currently is She (2021). Independent Researcher [email protected] (2009) and the forthcoming the and (2009) What Do What - women’s struggle in patriarchy. Thus, there are two “negative” ob “negative” two are patriarchy.there in Thus, struggle women’s production and reproduction, radical feminism identifies the root of to relation in exploitation historical their to relation in lot women’s understands feminism materialist Where today. feminism any for means this what wonder knowledge, and feminist radical and rialist observe the negative and positive definitions of the objects of mate Carolyn Shread (Cambridge: Polity Press,2011), v. 1 escaped techno-capitalism. not has techno-feminism words, other In sex-class. the of level the at revolution by accompanied been suggest, I not, have technology reproductive in Developments today. Xenofeminism to Firestone Shulamith from feminisms technophilic of lineage the in example, for so, be might this that perhaps, wish, the despite velopments, de historical or technological social, in shifts any by transcended displaced been or yet not have that questions live remain on, so to history, to culture, to ecology, to race, to men, to technology and “sec loosely-termed Marxism, to relation their regarding feminisms period this of feminisms the of the that conviction say,to is which concluded, yet not ond-wave” are concerns the that my is It or patriarchy). (capitalismobjects negative hidden these on rely not does that way a such in woman define to possible is it whether radical ask and feminism and materialist between tensions the to relation in today gender and sex around debates to relation in essentialism of tion ques the revisit Malabou, like will, it womanhood, or woman fines with violence. theoretical or violence is it being—whether her confers alone Violence the of terms in than way other any in herself very ancient state of affairs: “woman” her of deprived herself Difference in it puts Malabou Catherine As thinking. philosophical In the meantime, questions of “essentialism” have plagued feminist duction and,two,men,or, morespecifically, male domination. pro of mode capitalist the one, position: each of heart the at jects Catherine Malabou, Malabou’s “n h ps-eiit g te at ht wmn finds “woman” that fact the age post-feminist the “In : Changing Difference: TheFeminineandthe QuestionofPhilosophy

suggestion that it is “essence” only confirms, paradoxically, a paradoxically, confirms, only “essence” “ 1

While this paper, will take issue take will paper, this While “violence“ that ontologically de

has never been able to define violence done to her. to done violence domestic and social and domestic Changing , trans. ------7 6 5 4 3 2 femi for path new a opens it suggests she though plaintive, seem through which her “being nothing” continues to exist” violence the except more, any nothing is “woman”—“woman fine fight for women’s liberation”. the of letting-go imply not does identities sexual of deconstruction woman?” origin, its eradicating involves anyone”. to referring of pretext the embody to of out fetish a making and residence a it fragility, this assigning N.P.]fixing mine, of note risk the run […] we – feminine the for name [Derrida’s inviolable the incorporate we if without women. But a paradox remains: “if we name feminism a as seen be can today feminism that suggests Malabou some respects,areofcoursestretchedthininotherways. in productive proletariat, the and women between analogies the tification, just as Marx’s definition of the proletariat is not either, but of allestates.Malabou’sdissolution apositiveiden not definition is the is which estate an chains, radical with class the of formulation once andforall” disappearance own its of impossibility the out strikes that sistance re a and empty because resistant is that essence an essence, tant resis but empty “an as woman define we that proposal Malabou’s “second sex”or, asMalabouputsitin2011: the “not-men,” example, for reality—as, and language thought, to inherent seemingly feature terms—a negative than other anything light of the on-going difficulty of defining “woman” and “women” in in feminisms psychoanalytic and deconstructionist Marxist, rialist, I wish to remain within the tensions and difficulties of radical, mate Ibid.,98. Ibid.,v. Ibid.,36. Ibid.,v. Ibid.,35. Ibid.,93. lence donetoher. vio the through than other herself define to able been never has “woman” affairs: of state ancient very a cally paradoxi confirms only “essence” her of deprived inism post-fem of age the in now herself finds “woman” That inviolable 3 might remind us, at the outset, of Karl Marx’s early Identities 2 and it becomes anything at all under the under all at anything becomes it and 6 Malabou’s reliance on violence to de 4 What is feminism, she asks, “if it “if asks, she feminism, is What it 5 . If we resist it, we refuse we it, resist we If . adding later that, “the “the that, later adding it the feminine, 7 —cannot but ------more positiveidentifyingunifyingcharacteristic? some than rather violence, with associated be to have woman does “woman”? Why labelled is pole opposite empty whose term binary positive a on reliance the escaping of way no there Is negative? be why does any philosophically-informed definition of woman have to nism that goes beyond both essentialism and anti-essentialism. But something else is:desire,image,fantasy, feeling. is sex that as real not perhaps, or, real, not is sex that other, the and real, is sex that one, here: claims competing two have intervention. we So, chemical and surgical through and/or declaration a through either changed, be can that something as postulated is sex activists, trans woman? Among a is who or that man a is who words, decide we how not other is sex in or, real,” “isn’t sex that agree we if happens one because woman a or man a is one say a can or one that idea the criticizing man for feeling, a of a matter a is woman being that idea has the difference disputing this for that and and consequences, real, is sex that saying for attacked been have they say, to is that word): this accept not would this accused of people the (although positions “transphobic” holding of many and accusedbeing after employment lost legislation, have men, some and women, to changes proposed toattend discuss to forwanting meetings attacked women seen has identification” “self- to definition” “biological a from sex of meaning the change to proposals over too, elsewhere but Kingdom, United the in Debates these termsmeanandwhocanclaimthem. what over contestation violent, times, at and, emotional extremely seen have matter.years Recentcomplex a is on, so and existential, “man” or “woman” as positions, whether biological, linguistic, legal, How the woman. a or man a that are you if on simply, depending differently looks world very say, could We position. their has changed instrument or also person the because is it position its appears change object to an when that sense the I in from. here think parallax using and am see to positions and places, or seeing, of ways about thinking talking are for we if candidate “parallaxically”, thinking obvious or parallax, an about be to it, of face the on seem, would approach. Sex our of methodology the to turn must we Here it looks different, or how we come to understand these terms these understand to come we how or different, looks it Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 something else that is more important is else that something feels that way. But what way.But that —whatever that —whatever

29 30 Nina Power Jacqueline Rose puts it: “Lacan does not refuse difference (“if there (“if difference refuse not does “Lacan it: puts Rose Jacqueline As angle. different slightly a from question the at comes sexuality, The psychoanalytic position, particularly in Lacan’s work on feminine for example,didnotmake thatpersonagirlorwoman). because one was a feminine boy or man and attracted to other boys, just (i.e., behavior sexual including behaviour, and interests dress, regarding freedom more and stereotypes, gender of up loosening a was there that such abolition,” “gender of ideas these following down in education and broader society for the two or three decades both individually and collectively. This argument filtered historically be should which that precisely are stereotypes and roles gender say, could we fact, In female. or male born is one that fact therefore should or women, men girls, or boys that entail not does sex to basis biological a of acceptance the argued, repeatedly feminisms wave second As development, i.e.they confirmthesexbinary. sexual female or male of disorders always are development sexual or disorders and sex, third no is there that these evident is in it even cases, rare but binary, a not spectrum a is sex that suggest to “Intersex” lives). individual’s individuals are sometimes invoked each to complicate the motion of sex, in out play should facts these how say not does but boy!” a “it’s or girl!” a “it’s says: doctor (the kind of “gendered” behaviour follows from this acceptance of reality of biological sex, but not be committed to the idea that any particular It is, however, arguably possible to both be committed to the reality entail). might positions religious traditionalist some as example for way, “feminine” a in women way, “masculine” a in behave should men (i.e., behave should sex each how of ideas to, threatens or it, with that say, to is commitment to that the biological existence positions, of two separate sexes “essentialist” brings holding as criticized often are features distinct have that realities are female and male can, role that what hold who times? Those and turbulent these in has, play psychoanalysis role What “woman”. a or “man” a be to means it what regarding here positions of clash deep and serious a life contemporary in is there sketchthat brief this from obvious is It was no difference how could I say there was no sexual relation”…), sexual no was there say I could how difference no was |Revisiting Second LightofRecentWave Feminisminthe Controversies behave in particular ways because of the of because ways particular in abolished , more mystery in the psychoanalytic position, more flexibility. As Juliet Mitchellputsit: flexibility. more position, psychoanalytic the in mystery more 9 & Company), 56. New (London, Rose York:Jacqueline trans. Rose, Jacqueline W.W.and Mitchell Norton Juliet ed. 8 invocation the by over passed be can difference sexual of problem Firstly, the too-quick slide between sexuation and sexuality, as if the Here I want to address two neglected aspects of the question of sex. right todefinethemselvesisonceagaineradicated. be seen as ushering in a new era of anti-feminism, in which women’s ways many in can now binary the eradicate to attempt female),the idea, in longstanding the than Western(the “better” is male the that thought, binarism this of hierarchy the attacking of name the in have been expeditious at a certain point to criticize the sexual binary of sex a question of power: who has the power to name. While it may the signifier just to seems Every with sexuation to relating difference. dispense or division completely orignary times, the of at recognition to, wider desire by the a in recognized to shifted culture existence, arguably of nevertheless nature has psychoanalysis, sexed inescapably the relation in to ambivalence on-going and uncertainty profound The the definitions of the woman it produces.” it woman the of definitions the that difference—of the body or anything else—the division it enjoins, but for him what is to be questioned is the seeming “consistency” of Jacqueline Rose, “Introduction – II”, – “Introduction Rose, Jacqueline Juliet Mitchell,“Introduction –I”,6. demonstrates. experience psychoanalytical the confident—as very be sexual characteristics, biological nor is it one’s a position of with which one can identical means no by is position a Such woman. a or man a either as position a up take must One sexes. two into division the outside subject a become can being human no because exist must it But exist. to cease would it division this without division; a of consequence the be only can other.difference Sexual ofpre-given terms in each satisfy and complete which entities female or male sexes the the of between theory any difference of rejection adamant his led it to as Freud, Lacan, led desire sexual of account [Freud’s] 9

Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the float , which makes the question the makes which , 8 It appears as if there is there if as appears It école freudienne , question foreveryone. a or problem a always is sex” “one’s if even entirely, from exit can being human living no something is manner,which sexed are a in lived or sexuated, history—are experience, disciplines, discourses, things—language, multiple which in ways the about talk to possible has too this although Irigaray,Luce as such example, thinkers by contested been for “female”, or “male” not various are are there if even sex, knowledges that do not pertain to sex as such (mathematical truths of non-sexed outside no to world beings is the human for There understand possible it. not is disavow It knowledge. and or sex experience see both thus We these senses. of both in condition transcendental a is it say could Weotherwise. or consciously sex, own our of standpoint the from i.e., way, sexed i.e., sex, of lens is the it if as through sex see we world the see we that sense the the in in extent) Either knowledge? of some possibility the for condition “transcendental” (to a therefore “sex” believe Is it. ignore and not it, notice both Wesex. do of reality and believe both We Yet, we live in an everyday double-bind when it comes to sexuation. space ofbodiesordesiresthatwecanaccess. pre-linguistic a is there that or reality, biological as thing a such to same time, psychoanalysis has troubled the idea of uncritical access truly never can assert with such one certainty that one that is (or idea is not) anything at the all. At by the troubled a is “is” woman simply a or one man says one where “assertion,” as sex of idea This notion? later this in psychoanalysis to relation or role the is What or “identifies” as a woman or a man (or as neither) for it to“true.” be necessary basis in biological sex, i.e. one can simply say that one “is” emerged, what w has “gender” of notion new a years, recent more clear,in be to So, everyday life(theparallaxmother). in and metaphorically both mother, the of figure the of occlusion wave second of history the in particularly psychoanalysis, contemporary and in theory feminist inheritance the of neglect relative the secondly, And, sexuation/sexuality). of parallax (the desire of e have noted as the “feeling” idea. This idea has no Identities in the world, and/or that we see the world in a in world the see we that and/or world, the Sexuation/Sexuality for example). It is It example). for f e r t tk srosy h ie ta sex that idea the seriously take to are we If “[woman] is the most deeply alienated of all the female mammals, female the all of alienated deeply most the is “[woman] Beauvoir: de Simone of work the in found that as such approach, existentialist more much a take could we here other: the to relates one how than more much is sexuation But out. lived is former the sexuation to sexuality, as if the latter realm is the only place in which from quickly over skips often desire, on focus its in Psychoanalysis, (London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), 44. 10 remove not does One about. all is difference sexual that problem the light to brought has that thing very the removes one sex,” from in it puts Zupančič Alenka As how muchweplaywithit. do not constitute third sex. So we are left with the binary, no matter and development, sexual of disorders are cases intersex So-called complete working sets of reproductive organs, one male, one female. two of possessed beings human say,no to is hermaphrodites—that true no also are desire. There about learn would man feminine a or woman masculine a what knows ultimately but symbol, alchemical thus appealing to both without being reduced to either, is a powerful woman, and man both of desirability the combining by androgyne, The such. as sex of outside position no is there time, same the At not dependonthesexofpersoncomprehendingit. no third sex position, though there is “neutral” knowledge that does is There sex”? “without truly knowledge this is but species, the by gained and for and of knowledge knowledge, “human” about talk sex something that changes how we see everything? We can and do and male the from things see to i.e. way, disjunct or fused a in possible seeing be might that female, and b) male perspectives, different also two these from but knowing, of the sex possibility is the only for not condition a) that mean would we parallax, of category important role and are an essential element of woman’s situation.” all- an play they importance: extreme of are data biological These ] [… difficulty greater with accepted nor imperious more function reproductive the to organism in the of violently; subordination the most is alienation other no this refuses that one the is she and Simone deBeauvoir, female perspective, or the male the or perspective, female Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 The Second The Sex , trans. Constance Bordeand Shelia Malovany-Chevallier What Is Sex? What or female perspective. But is But perspective. female “f n “eoe sex “removes one “if , is atranscendental 10

31 32 Nina Power 11 nowbeing is and obscured again. mother, the of significance and role the posed properly that thoughts and questions of set the as also but sex, of today’s,of mother conceptual the discussions infantilized, arguably be to enough old generationally in, as discourse, “maternal” the as in muchcontemporary mother the psychoanalytic discourse. Here, of second-wave feminism both figures absence the of in figure particularly the seen be can This feminism. and psychoanalysis of kind of wish-fulfillment, whata is leftinto behindreality ismaterial thetransform incomplete meeting to surgery, and/or drugs through technologically-oriented, today’s possible, imagined somehow is it which in narrative, transhumanist of problems major the sex. of of question One the historicise should too we seriously, Kant of criticism Hegel’s of part take we If sex? of problem transcendental paper— this of purposes the for psychological—or the is what So, brains canexistinmaleorfemalebodies. female it or male that that or body” wrong namely the “in born be narrative, to possible is transgender the of proponents some among today thinking of kind this of resurgence a see we as even simple, too is this But man. heterosexual a from him differentiates which “anatomical” something is consequently,there and, woman, heterosexual a as same the is choice object his because woman a choice. object sexual to relation in “like”is man homosexual a Thus, temptation: that it is possible to understand or “be” the opposite sex one.” anatomical the neither is with problem psychological There the replacing for brain.” justification nor need “female a characterizes what know not do we But body. male a in brain female a was it described inverts male for spokesperson a bisexuality, of theory the of form crudest the “Expressing writes: Freud homosexuals), male say, to is (that on the Essays Three of of Theory edition Sexuality 1905 the in bisexuality human about talks Freud When it operates.” way the seeing of and it, seeing of means the but problem, the Kistner, ed.andintroPhilippevanHaute andHerman Westernik (London: Verso, 2016), 8. 12 Alenka Zupančič, imn Freud, Sigmund |Revisiting Second LightofRecentWave Feminisminthe Controversies 11 What Is Sex? What Three Essays on the Essays Three of Theory Sexuality: 1905Edition The 12 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MITPress, 2017), 44. What Freud identifies is a certain kind of kind acertain is identifies Freud What in discussing “male inverts” “male discussing in tas b Ulrike by trans. , bu sxa dfeec, eul eain, ilne andpatriarchy. violence relations, sexual difference, sexual about particularly, against the kind of feminism that had something to say feminism, against backlash another misogyny,yet through also but virtual and real extreme of period a just not through living are We that there are at least three main themes, on different but related but different on themes, main three least at are there that me strikes It memory? and feminism matricide, on focus why So, as questions, same exact the ask humanity doesofitself, overandagain. not did disciplines these if as ignored or imagined to be something else, generationally displaced, over, years—skipped recent in fate similar a suffered have to seem both feminism of “truths” the and psychoanalysis of “truths” The relations betweenmenandwomen(butthisisforanother time). social the and difference sexual of question the vis-à-vis be humour might of theory feminist psychoanalytically a what is this of all together,”behind live and we might “how question, the addressing of way unfinished and funny fragmentary, piecemeal, somewhat a with up come to need may we suspect I wave. the second of so-called insights the murdering and forgetting of both process the in are we that also is here “matricide” with concern together.The live might women and men how discipline— about question social a as also but academic other any or thought— psychoanalysis or philosophy human of feature structuring a also but historical a as patriarchy on focus theoretical its liberation, women’s on emphasis political its has that world the to wave approach an as second rather but artefact, on historical a as focusing not feminism, am I here And be. might memory and questions about what the relationship between matricide, feminism what that would mean, but rather to ask, perhaps open and general, of idea normative of kind any to motherhood nor womanhood nor motherhood, to womanhood reduce to attempting here not am I of misrepresentationandprojection. of backlashes of one group against one another, usually on the basis series endless an than other nothing is humanity of history the that too say might we though general, in mothers on attack widespread historically and culturally a as seen be can this way, certain a Seen Parallax Mother hte w ae akn about talking are we whether content/uploads/2018/12/Femicide-Census-of-2017.pdf. 2017,” Femicides UK on Report 14 13 by their current or former partner), we might ask ourselves whether proportion of the total instances of femicide (most women are small killed a forms only certainly and rare, relatively is example. matricide While for reports, news in or killings situations killing” child-parent” “mercy these “domestic of for heading the contexts under the contextualised of be could some that noted report The grandson. or nephew brother,father, son, a i.e., member, family male a by killed were 2016 in Ireland Northern and England, Wales in The killed women 113 noted. the of be 7.1% that noted should Census Femicide 2017 matricide of circumstances material The short-circuit a causes from thestart. mothering and mastery on optics The way? this parallax in word this use even we can how and comes mothers, it to when about talking forgotten we structurally are “Master” are Which all? which of most things those to comes it especially when forget, not we should what and encountered, we have So I want to try to be faithful to this idea of not-forgetting. But what is adistinctionthat Alain Badioubringsupinhis other.the on “remembering” and hand, one Thi the on forgetting” “not- between distinction an important introduce briefly to want I these, outline I before and mind, my to came initially that levels, Alain Badiou, Dr Julia Long, Keshia Harper, and Heather Harvey, “The Femicide Census: 2017 Findings: Annual hs ny f e nesad ht o-ogtig s o a memory. not is not-forgetting that say understand can we if we only this But encountered.” have you what forget “Never this: like it put Real.might Wethis of thread the “Keep going!” [ maxim ethical the of content the is which consistency, And encounter. an of order the of is Real the to access suggests—all Lacan that—as true is it if [...] Master a of voice the life, your in once least at encountered, have to or the active intelligence of a political place [...] you have you, overwhelms beauty obscure initially whose theory scientific a you, to addressed was poem is this that feeling someone sudden the encounter, amorous which an fidelity: a by in seized circumstances concrete [T]he Ethics 13 , trans.Peter Hallward(London: Verso, 2001), 52. Identities Continuer The Femicide The Census(2017) ! l, keeps going only by following . https://www.womensaid.org.uk/wp- . Ethics : 14 s and Maternal Subjectivity and 16 e-book 15 About NewMothers Suffering?,” shewrites, Don’t by “Why article entitled popular Naughton Charlotte Wea Care In years. still recent in perhaps motherhood of though hardships the of discussion, enough, not public and open more is There and ills social problems, inwhichmaternalvulnerabilityisdeniedandsilenced.” and personal of variety a for responsible “mothers hold all we that suggesting Rose’sdiagnosis, with concur Moutsou, Maternal Subjectivity and in Similarly, and Cruelty Love On Essay o” r txc aclnt, bt ilne s i ataiy unevenly distributed whenitcomestowomenandmen. actuality, in is, violence but masculinity,” “toxic or too” which is completely forgotten in some of the discourses around “me ambivalent, feelings. We are least all capable the of violence and at aggressivity, or murderous, such from ourselves exempting course of without mothers, towards animosity of culture broader a is there o am Bt oe hsoial ad rcial ae h most is text recent her in it the expressed. puts RoseJacqueline As resentment whenever are targeted practically group obvious and and historically immediate capacity women the But always and harm. also is to care to capacity The on. so and nurturing passivity, of side the on course of always not are Women Jacqueline Rose, Jacqueline Rosalind Mayo and Christina Moutsou, eds., the harsh realities of our basic existence; we get closer experience to we newborn, a after looking and childbirth in But pain. and discomfort cold, illness, nature—serious of ravages the of most from us protects society Modern For most people who have a baby, it is inconceivably hard. mothers torepair. course—of world, of task—unrealizable, the the becomes with it which wrong is that everything for failings, political and personal our for scapegoat ultimate the is of It human. fully be reality to means it what of conflicts, own the our bury, rather or lodge, we where our culture in place the discourse, Western in is, motherhood Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 The Mother in Psychoanalysis and Beyond: Matricide and Beyond: in Psychoanalysis Mother The Mothers: on Loveand An Essay Cruelty (London:Routledge, 2017), 1. 15 , the editors, Rosalind Mayo and Christina and Mayo Rosalind editors, the ,

The Mother in Psychoanalysis and Beyond: Matricide and Beyond: in Psychoanalysis The Mother (London: Faber & Faber), “Opening”, Faber), & Faber (London: Mothers: An Mothers: 16

33 34 Nina Power mothers-mental-health https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/02/baby-blues-suffering-new- 2018). 02, 17 is partandparcelofthefloating qualityofthesignifier“woman.” Mothers are vital but constantly erased. The obscuring of the mother women. are mothers all but mothers, are women all Not term. this above,which has implications for how motherhood does and doesn’t identified overlap with term “woman”, the to relating definition of crisis broader the to relates It culture. our within deep buried is general in pleasure female of motherhood, of women, of envy The with envy. of question Mary deeper a Virgin to perhaps, the points, breast, her of at Jesus portrayals religious in only occasion on th of pleasure The therefore beaquestionof of also must account death, to psychoanalytic proximity its acknowledges any that motherhood and essay, her in project Rose’s so often is motherhood why disconcerting seemstobeitsuneasyproximitydeath.” reason “one comments, Rose As 19 18 Charlotte Naughton, “Why don’t we Care About New Mothers’ Suffering?,” Mothers’ New we Care About don’t “Why Naughton, Charlotte Rose, Ibid.,“Love”. Mothers pleasure. is breastfeeding okay (indeed obligatory), but not so okay is its attendant say, to if As in child? gains her mother breastfeeding a that pleasure erotic artistic the of no psychoanalytic writing, in there recognition any are or mused, representations, once Laplanche Jean pain, or eros and and death from silenced the pleasure slate. Why, wipe being French psychoanalyst injunctions is Such feeling, suppressed. of capable are humans what of emotions, of range complex whole a that sure be can you devotion, and love health, of emblem the as vaunted is mothering of aspect any whenever all, Above in manypartsoftheworld.” problems serious still are mortality infant and childbirth and visitors, health of the survey recent a to on according rise, are mothers among psychosis and depression Post-partumit. to used not we’re selves. And primal our |Revisiting Second LightofRecentWave Feminisminthe Controversies , “Now”. 19 bes-edn mte, ehp represented perhaps mother, breast-feeding e eros . Rose writes: 17

The Guardian The 18 (July to everyone, butalsostrangelyobscured. open words and images of series a were, it as grabs,” for “up term a seems that womanhood is more-or-less completely permeable. It is difficult—within it life social broader been in but “not-all”, the always is woman psychoanalysis, has womanhood of boundary the way.on-going Maintaining an in here, problems cause things Many 23 because-woman-is-too-essentialist/ 22 news/2018/06/14/cancer-research-removes-word-women-smear-campaign-amid-transgender/. Amid Transgender Concerns,” 21 woman-by-proxy-2b42c1572392 20 conceptually andpolitically. both obscured increasingly being are women that conclusion the avoid to hard is It socio-political. the of term level the at contested years recent in a such become has “man” than rather “woman” sex” is functioning, or not functioning, in these discussions, and why we might well ask some difficult questions regarding how “biological view, of point philosophical and psychoanalytical a from other,but the or “side” one on positioned being avoid to impossible almost becomes it moment, the at all at question this discussing merely By definition “adulthumanfemale.” the using women to refer cannot they that suggestions over anger per visitors million month, has many members who have similarly reacted with intense 12 over with “Mumsnet,” unimportantly, not stuff”? that all and uterus what’s a shorter non-essentialist way to refer to “people who have a me, tell “someone Twitter:on asked Penny Laurie writer feminist cervix.” a with 25-64 aged everyone relevant for is test) smear the (or screening “[c]ervical that tweeting body the around used language the to used.” “non-men” be as such terms with happy are women whole, a “as that suggesting Women” Party “Green group non- the and woman”—with women trans “non- women, become to changed not was “men” both term people—the binary include to Green 2016 the in by “non-men” Party term the of use the example, for over, debates public furious quite had the have U.K.in we years recent In www.mumsnet.com

Quoted here Julian Vigo, “Woman by Proxy,” by “Woman Vigo, Julian Helena Horton,“CancerResearch Removes the Word ‘women’from Smear Campaign 20 https://sisteroutrider.wordpress.com/2017/03/15/the-problem-that-has-no-name-

oe eety tee a be agr vr hne in changes over anger been has there recently, More The Telegraph Medium 22

An online forum based in the UK called, the UK in based forum online An (April 18, 2016). https://medium.com/@julian.vigo/ 2016). 18, (April (June15,2018). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/ 23 wt Cne Rsac U.K. Research Cancer with , 21 n ac 21, popular 2017, March In can-Family-Complexes-in-the-Formation-of-the-Individual. er, 24 holding on to a definition of sexual difference has important positive there that fact the to firm be, it is imperative for the collective sanity of humanity that we hold reality of the sexed life. Whatever the avoiding difference between m notpermit does certainly it difference, of favour of sexuality, even if the sexed body points to deeper questions during the course of history. It is not enough to skip change over sexuation positions in these much might however and there sexes, the between differences be or similarities whatever woman, a as or man, a being of standpoint the from world the see We otherwise. it wish might we how matter no a dealt, are we hand the of constitutively out way is sexuality) for than question, a or rather problem, sexuation, in (as Sex as itscentralfeature. demand and desire individual with proceed however, cannot, level as demanding person historical and social the at the Recognition are. they say they whatever recognise other the that other the of extreme position on social perception, in which the demand is made an to conditions, social broader with and others and oneself with that accepts that all identity is constructed in a complex negotiation debates. We s fraught, extremely often these, of some of heart the at identity of crisis a is there but language, into of entry our of understanding order, symbolic the an to antithetical completely is “biologism” or We know that the emphasis on, or rather, a reduction to, the biological In his1938workonthefamily, Lacanwritesthefollowing: Jacques Lacan, “Family Complexes in the Formation of the Individual,” trans. Cormac Individual,” Gallagh the of Formation the in “Family Complexes Lacan, Jacques Encyclopédie Française 8 hs o te ilgcl aiy Ti iett i i fact in is identity nothing morethananumericalequality. This family. biological the of as those same the children—are and western mother contemporary world—father, our in seen are they as family contingent completely the of components normal the that fact the is similarity Another kinship: Biological eem to have moved from an understanding of identity Identities (1938): 7. https://www.scribd.com/document/73359960/Jacques-La 7. (1938): is Conclusion everyone a difference, however it is lived. This lived. is it however difference, a , man or woman. There is no is There woman. or man , 24 en and women might - - We can hold onto the parallax of sex itself in order to move around move to order in itself sex of parallax the onto hold Wecan difference the words. to on hold not these understand to decide we however women, and men between do we if becomes complicated Life extremely thought. and society history, law, for implications future. The secondwaveis,asyet,anunfinished project. the for meaning positive no and weight, conceptual or historical no cannot begin by giving up the word “woman” to the ether, as if it has we possible, be to that for But question. contested increasingly this Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020

35 36 Nina Power etal.| Q&A session following the lecture famous anthropological enterprise when he asks a tribe to picture, to tribe a asks he when enterprise anthropological famous of parallax example is the one good that Žižek very steals from Lévi-Strauss, a you know this think I and picture, whole the get to the way not is this But, picture. whole the get to perspectives change just people otherwise why precisely is this important, very is metry certain very important asymmetry. It is a also that the involves notion of asym also It system. same the within view of points different is something like this, you know, precisely, parallax is not simply two tence of negativity, in the final account, also the concept of parallax exis of sound abstract this of aware very am I and this with gling strug keep I and here, loss a at myself am I know I because mark minor a all at not is this and cannot, I still But situations. and things ally… obviously this does relate and always does to certain empirical conceptu than way other any in women of it, about think to trying but, some kind of concept? Is it possible to kind of think, now we are this negative way then amounts to some kind of, not only definition, if even, way negative a only there is or woman, a say can know you there, is between woman a be to caught is it what stating being Clearly things. two these feminism precisely of frustration of kind this share, us of lot a of, kind these share all we much think I very and share, I think I with started you that question polemical The say before. perhaps to clarify some of the things that I quote and I was trying to also as so you, with dialogue a in engage to clarify, to try to tunity oppor way. this different use ly just perhaps would I is, it think I But say, everything you said, I would perhaps put some things in a slight simply say that I agree with almost everything you said. Even I could can I think matter,I other still and but things other today.of full I’m really great to seeyouagain.I’mhalf-functions afraid my mindonly Nina and follow, to able was I that talks your of both enjoying was Zupančič: Alenka to draw the architectonical, the image of their village and one part one and village their of image the architectonical, the draw to Second Wave intheLightofRecent Controversies Feminism andRadicalFeminism:Revisiting the Q&A sessionfollowingthelecture:Materialist Nina Power etal. Hi again, Patricia [Reed], and now Nina, I really I Nina, now and [Reed], Patricia again, Hi ------structure of this village is precisely the parallax view that came out came that view parallax the precisely is village this of structure the that truth, is problem the course, of third something be to or objective, of kind some get will we and like, looks really village the how picture the see we and above from look just we now that not is makes Lévi-Strauss that point the in And this. like divided something or likehalf, one other the and circles concentric like in it drew whatever there is. Something that determines the very symbolic we or culture simply beyond goes that something feminism radical for is divide, or difference, sexual that way same the that sense the in Namely sense. one in Marxist radically is it level some somehow,at Marxism, with polemics its all with correctly quite it described you think I and feminism radical describe you way the interesting is It perhaps simply resolve it, so I very much agree with what you said…. a deadlock, it is all the more imperative that we keep it and not try to is it because think I and deadlock, real a has. is sexuality it think I So which way different a and sexuality somehow enter we here So a… of kind a is which breastfeeding of pleasure surplus this mentioned to proximity death, there in a sense of… this it’s interesting, but at the same time you asymmetry, this or connection this biologically in brings it because interesting very again it’s out, it pointed you as of One, for instance, one of the concrete examples, of course for me, cally both in, and then you kind of introduced motherhood as a kind world will be great and happy again. This is I think what we are basi the and genders of multiplicity the or difference sexual terms the change will we now OK, say to just not is it with tackle we way the but women, to also problems of kinds all caused has it problems, of you just stop saying it, it if will go that away. think Because it does to cause all not kinds and it address to important is it and there part fundamental of kind this be to seems there that fact the simply But stuff. and toilets of politics of question this about speaking not I’m door. this from look you if door, or this enter word you if differently the very see you did, you that word same the almost there uses actually he and letters, two just toilets, like men/women of draws Lacan that image this know you and precisely, way useful very a is parallax the think I around. Anyway, way other the rather sexuality mean, sexuality is part of it… So, I didn’t want to skip over sexuation/ I sexuality. in applied yet not is cut but sexuation the with of coincides which idea this with to get of kind to trying was I what is this guess I and fundamental absolutely is this So views. two these of - to anegativedefinition even, ifthatnegative isitselfnotnegative. sophical a as this articulate even can’t I thing. another that’s but zero completely structured by it too, I mean I have a whole problem with we’re course of and ones, and zeroes of age the in that do even we sistance. And of course to even get beyond binary thinking, how can re of site a fact in is non-essentialism and beyondessentialism tion Malabou, that the nothing is a position of resistance, to have a posi can put it like this. To say that there is, like the “beauty of nothing” in to kind of absolutely give a positive value to the negative almost, if I abou and De Beauvoir are doing, and you also in a different way, but, like a hierarchy, etc. So I think, and obviously I understand what Mal be must always there that opposition, an be must always there that binary a is there if that idea you the so this, overcome hierarchy, we of do how way know, a is division western binary of any that history the thought… of because is negatively, understood it’s asymmetry,when the to suppose I resistance My time. same the at questions these open keeping of kind it’s and deadlock a both it’s NP: some extentit’s notasimilarargument… deeper than class. It’s the mode of production that is not simply… To AZ: man andwoman,shesays,isdeeperthanclass. than Marx’s description of class. The biological asymmetry between deeper is sex-class that states she which in sex-class about talk to Nina Power: as atrueproximityandsomethingthatonestillneedstoworkout. this of think to prefer I But, constructs. other the by taken already was supposedly place the time same the at and proximity, certain dissonances between radical feminism and Marxism, because of the and consonances both of kinds these been have there think I why of space classes is structured, very and this is what class the struggle is about. It of is also asymmetry the which in way the precisely is it but classes, different between struggle the to reduced be cannot simply and there really is antagonism is which Something struggle. say—class to trying was Marx what is this that say can you in, live Yes, but the same Marx would say that class differences are differences class that say would Marx same the but Yes, Just one comment on the asymmetry of the parallax. In a sense, position necessarily, what I would describe as my resistance Thank you, Alenka. In Firestone you have the attempt the have you Firestone you, In Thank Alenka. Identities philo - - - - of biological specificity and reality of sex, as that which cannot be cannot which that as sex, of reality and specificity biological of I guess. One of them pertains to this kind of insistence upon this kind Neda Genova: precisely whatweare… AZ: “violent” assuch? language is mean, I violence? are differentiation of forms those all to differentiate one concept from another. I mean, do you think that NP: exclusive. and dangerous quite be can think I one, immutable an as division of kind that takes that feminism a humour,so of potential critical the Zupančič can say something about this, but that’s how I understood maybe know, don’t I …. it making of kind of act the in and humor of act the in concrete rendered be can that abstraction as of kind that binary the take we if because ridiculous, binary that finds that one be would view my in feminism humorous about thinking well, as parody and humour about talk to like use, to try did I yesterday excluding different ways of relating to sex. And a last point, because way,quite aviolent view in my in functions, then that say kind of by could you abstraction of kind a create you this, displacing By level. another at happens division of kind that but species, separate two into species human the in divide a not is there say to precisely was Lacan of reading her in division or difference a upon insistence of kind this correctly, point Zupančič’s Alenka understood I if but psychoanaly sis, in versed well particularly not I’m and that, is point other the and point one That’sitself. in exclusionary very violent, very be can it that shown being already is think, I from, start of kind we which upon basis like of kind that in categories homogenous as woman and man of posing the so is, woman a what of derstanding un homogenous a of problematization their and women Marxist of the second wave feminism, it is too being accompanied by struggles of history the from know we as and trans-people, of right? ty,That reali another from theoretically and practically exclusion an duces the insistence upon a biological difference, and it is what it is, it pro view my in but perspectives, certain from transphobic as classified makewho women be punishing can not that with claims concern of kind this well very understand I that is sense My right? there, is that I think it is a negative that has a very concrete life and this is this and life concrete very a has that negative a is it think I I will simply say that at the level of discussing concepts I mean I concepts discussing of level the at that say simply will I Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 There are a few questions that I have, a few problems - - - -

37 38 Nina Power etal.| Q&A session following the lecture it’s within it’s is, absolutely there which language, of level the at violence is there incoherent to pretend that it’s not happening, if you want to say that be would it absolutely, it’s think I and happening, that’s discussion divisive incredibly an is This feel. don’t they that hatred of people question of violence, it cannot be “kill all TERFS,” it can’t be accusing do. But then that can’t also be at the same time a division within that to need we what exactly correct, similar absolutely is oppression share of forms people where out working and problems structural NP: ferent way. dif a in from suffer all we that society patriarchal of transformation radical the for fight that people of kinds all with too, feminists trans NG: mean. This istheHumptyDumptytheoryoflanguage. comes a question of power, the question of who asserts what words NP: NG: someone isonethingoranother. Ifthey’re soopen… NP: it’s averyunjustwayofpretendingthatkindposition. think I identification. self-referential a as it, called you as narrative, transgender called so a of rendering of kind a [inaudible] havior… be a to gender reduce just then we which upon basis this as thing one postulate cannot Wecouple. a not are gender and sex couple, a not are they So constructed. discursively also is sex that show to NG: it what about nothing you tells definition female”—this human “adult way, like the kind of minimal definition, let’s say “woman” is means any in behave to has it that therefore saying not we’re definition, a NP: is violence. NG: asking reasonable questions, who are saying, look, we need to talk, to need we look, saying, are who questions, reasonable asking means ue Im bouey n or wt ta, tik recognizing think I that, with board on absolutely I’m Sure, Indeed, right. takesreality So, whose be precedence? Italljust that saying in stake the what’s playful so are things these If No, it’sNo, it’snot, makeabout alliances,weneedto with alliances Reality isatstake… precisely was gender and sex about work Butler…her Judith in that’sit, and is, it what is reality that postulates that Language When we differentiate one thing from another, we’re giving it giving we’re another, from thing one differentiate we When tobefemale,whatitmeansliveasawoman. this discourse as well. And it’s against women who were who women against it’s And well. as discourse - - - But, it’s the same kind of argument that you can make of racist dis racist makeof can you that argument of kind same it’sthe But, how other people, if they really feel hate or not, that’s not the point. NG: fuck up,”andthreateningviolence,no,seriously. we need to have dialogue, and other people are saying “No, shut the the other hand gives me the possibility to frame my str my frame to possibility the me gives hand other the on and me toward violence the exposes that is. Allowing thing that whatever being,” carrying “uterus a as identified be to problem no give up on this fight for identity recognition. I would have absolutely simply and language, of hegemony of over battles postmodern the of ground the from completely away move to us for strategy a be it would Marxists, as materialists, as enough radical silly,are we if but sound I might and experimental completely is discussion, entire the is, my position should call out the other side too on the same count. The other thing what’s real and what’s not real. on So, what you said legislating is correct, but, one medieval to near It’s truth. sole the it declaring and judgment metaphysical a passing that’salso Because violence. also that’sreactionary, are you then issue this discuss you if discussion, further no and exist, not does it real, not is sex says who side other well. The as side other the But to. intend not do they though even consequences, violent some cause may epistemology this contest structivism or post-structuralism is merely epistemology, those who con gender epistemology,that’s me to say, would I epistemology, consequences are violence. But those who contest, for example, the the then power, political true have real, not what’s and real what’s ality is” is violence, or that it can be violence. If the ones who declares wanted to build on your (ofI Neda) comment that writing. declaring what “re her in possibility that denied ever Nina that recollection no have I possible. is struggle such that believe do I well, as women Katerina Kolozova: world. NP: kind ofengagement,butthereisalsosomethingatstake there. that need do we conversations, need do we mean I well, say… and up stand also to need you point some at but questions,” legitimate asking they’re and sure not just are people “Well, say, and course Ys i’ a eoinl icsin i’ a usin f shared a of question a it’s discussion, emotional an it’s Yes, I understand, it’s not about some kind of inferiority, I don’t know vis a vis a vis I do believe in a feminism that includes trans includes that feminism a in believe do I this whole dilemma Nina raised and triggered uggle in ma in uggle - - - - - is saying this. Look at the examples I gave, where people reacted people where gave, I examples the at Look this. saying is So, again, there is always the question of the position of power, who philosophically, everything. historically,socially,politically, class, a as women erase or erode to we only have a negative definition of women I think it is much easier up their words. They are not being asked to “be nice,” to “shut up.” If erased or distorted in terrible ways. Men are not being asked to give happening, that women lose out: that their history until this point is is think I as be, may it Or ways. different in concerns shared and ty individuali character, instead stress we that be may it altogether “woman”/”women” and “man”/”men” words the on up give we If all senses,includingthefreedomtofail. in freedom open-ended, is which future, the and present the in tion And ly, historically, etc., and a recognition of the history of this language. tends this, scientifically, literarily, psychoanalytically, philosophical existence human of facts the of acceptance an both involves, fail, to capacity the including choices, own her makecharacter, have say, to is that exist, to woman a For part. large in so do to continues and cently, re relatively women’suntil characterized history has which biology their to “reduced” as women of treatment the replicates precisely it that women, towards dehumanizing is language this that is for, “uterus-havers.” The usual resistance to this, which I have sympathy but “women” not say, let’s bodies, certain of definition the accept wager,your let’sexperiment, let’sover-identifyIt’s likeyour or with the questionofpoliticaltime. or question ofpoliticalurgencywhat thatdoesisalsointroducethis think I aside, too. That here parallax way.a dispassionate There’s a everybody, it is very hard to talk about it in a non-passionate way or for one emotional very it’sa that is discussion this with always sues is the of one think I propose. you that wager interesting very a it’s major, the of one think I always. as intensely personally, and ically NP: ing this too far, I mean we’re playing with ideas, but how about that? terialist terms and in terms of my materialist concerns. So, I’m push This is very interesting Katerina, and I respect you philosoph you respect I and Katerina, interesting very is This then the existentialist addendum, the process of subjectiviza of process the addendum, existentialist the as such , that is to say, sexuation, and the language that at Identities ------question became extremely antagonistic in the U.K., because there the U.K.,because in antagonistic extremely became question sense I agree. There is a question of legal urgency, which is why this that in and games, postmodern these exit we can how ask, you and what, who call to gets who of question it’sthe resistance. So of lots with met was this example, for non-men, as described be to happy be would women that suggested party Green the badly,when very be demeaned. from the law as such—but an order of understanding that refuses to itself excludes that law,one segregationist nor women’sa law—not a be suggesting, am I perhaps must, passivity. There pure than ing mean other no with resource endless an as nothing, absolute an as get can around it that does not we run the risk of reinforcing the idea anyway of women is there think not do I it. confronting without law the beyond get to tries that humanism generalized of kind a in or persons, or bodies. One of the problems I think is that you end up humans, or beings, or existants, are there know, don’t I say, simply we and to, refer men and women words the what about ideas old this. If we stop using these particular words, we refuse to cling on to did we if gained, be would what and lost be would what imentally, exper see let’s not?”, “why say can Wesaying. you are what stand law, but at the same time, I, from a materialist point of view I under and time and power and so language with still are forexample, we afraid I’m again dictionary the in definition their changing mean then also would which terms redefine change we that law, the radical in proposed very this with deal we do how like it’s urgency, of question a like became this and change legislative proposed a was Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 - - -

39 40 Katerina Kolozova t h Isiue f oil cecs n Hmnte, kpe At Skopje. Humanities, and Sciences Social of Institute the at Bio: (Transcript ofatalkattheschoolauthorizedby KaterinaKolozova) Projects Centered Socialist The Problemof Subjectivity Feminist Implications: Marxism withoutPhilosophyandIts Katerina Kolozova internal unilaterality and the interstice at the center of it. We have its of dyad, the of that is real instance. The last the of real the or identity in the last instance and it is determined by the materiality its as to dyad radical the by determined physicality/automaton is It constituents. its of of one dyad radical the reduce not linguistics, does and psychoanalysis, Marx, also thus principle, sufficiency its as philosophy’s from exit of theoretical-methodological forms other the include to category the expanding am I and Abstract: remains hermostcitedbook. Philosophy whereas 2019, in and PatriarchyPhilosophy is monograph recent most Capitalism’sof Holocaust Her Animals: A Non-Marxist of Critique Capital, (2004). Europe Southeast in founder of the Regional Network for Gender and Women’s Studies and co-director first the is Kolozova WA. Seattle, – Practice and member of theNew Directors of theBoard Centre forResearch a Butler.Prof.is Judith of She supervision peer the under 2009, in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkley at scholar visiting a was She philosophy. political contemporary teaches she Belgrade, Communication, and Media of Faculty the At Skopje. College, American University the of school doctoral the at law of philosophy of professor a also is studies. She gender and philosophy political studies, policy teaches she Institute, the Dr. Katerina Kolozova is senior researcher and full professor full and researcher senior is Kolozova Katerina Dr. Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities- Skopje , published by Columbia University Press, NY in 2014, in NY Press, University Columbia by published , h nnpioohcl ocpulsto o te self, the of conceptualisation non-philosophical The | Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: Implications: andItsFeminist | MarxismwithoutPhilosophy The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects [email protected] CutReal: the of in PoststructuralistSubjectivity published by Bloomsbury Academic, UK existing sciences. actually,sciences the the of of some some with together it bringing of view. So in this sense of the word, it would be science, and also by in line with Laruelle’s treatment of philosophy from a scientific point now), so in that sense, a creation of a science, that is Marxist, that is and here terminology the with (improvising real the of treatment its science, of positioning themetaphysical say let’s habitus, tific scien the or thought of posture scientific the more but disciplines scientific established the not course, of science, and philosophy of closer bringing this if see will we so, doing By actually. perspective interesting an quite It’sobjectivity. of notion positivist the with do to nothing has said, previously I as which, objectivity, of notion as Marx’s revisit object, the and subjectivity of concepts the of po sitions the shift will that philosophy political new a of paradigm a as serve can It epistemology. or philosophy political or philosophies new certain in also but feminism, in out play can methods two the of fusion this “marriage,” this how and Marx Karl of texts the with Laruelle marry to attempt my revisit will we non-philosophy, elle’s Laru revisit will We participants. other the of discussions the and presentations the keynotein the also speakersof but presentations days. Some topics and some authors were referred to not previousjust in the the in here discussed themes the of some revise will We exploitation, not the “workers” only, especially because many of many because especially only, “workers” the not exploitation, “use value” and the real production that needs to be delivered from of materiality is it nature, and animal the take physical, the is not It place. does unification a but instance last the in identity the under one are automaton the is and physical the interstice the insurmountable; non-human: the selfhood of reality this called real abstractions,speculativerealism Keywords: A politicaleconomydetachedfromthematerialisuntenable. based on an abstracted materiality as endlessly mutable resource. basis, a sustainable on self-sufficient is value pure of universe the that phantasm flawed a on based is capitalism economy: political of sense the in political also but moral only not is so do to need the global labor force are bereft of the status (of workers). And the materialist feminism, François Laruelle, radical dyad, radical Laruelle, François feminism, materialist - - - non-standard Marxists and the other Marxists that take the world the take that Marxists other the and Marxists non-standard or non-Marxists between misunderstanding this often so is epistemologically. There about is Marx what of rendition truthful more a reconsider I that epistemology to recourse a make I Sometimes through directly mediation. to resort not text do directly.I simply sometimes or Laruelle Marx’s approach I why Marxism, of legacy further the of much himself.with Marx away do I why explains That in much so not Marxism, of legacy the in Marx vis-à-vis stance ical philosophy’sphilosoph of residuals, tenets the phy.spot to helps It have spotted a constant tendency in Marx to move away in philoso I text. own Marx’s in remain that philosophy of tenets the identify to means conceptual the provides that one methodological, purely formal, purely as here role Laruelle’s treat would I philosophy. non of superposition, the method of non-philosophy, François Laruelle’s that including position, a miming as cloning Laruellian through or superposition of procedure a of sort a through adding am I this to agreement with Hegel all along, if you remember from his texts. So, and further away from philosophy. That was further mainly his essential moving dis of way by society explains that humanity of being litical economy, a science that establishes knowledge of the species possible away from philosophy and establish a certain science of po as much as move to was ambition Marx’sremember, might all you As scientific. thoughts his render to ambition own Marx’s to dition ad an means which Marx, on applied Laruelle of combination a be will this said, I As perspective. my through questions open already these revisiting am I comments… own my through just not others, this has been in some way touched upon in the previous talks by the of technology.All particular in and sciences in development more recent of light the in society re-conceptualize to possibility the on society, on that through and philosophy upon back reflect might it how and science in happens what means own its with terms, own its within comment “meta”—and simply superiority—or of position position, meta a assume to philosophy permit not does that way a in science and philosophy between dialogue a for argue will I pler. more be may sim be may text the reading just it maybe them, simplify to complex introduction—although the simplify to context this in it use let’s but ontology, of notion the with problem a have I ontology—although flat a of plane certain a on established is that dialogue a sciences, the with dialogue a establish to attempt an In Identities ------egory of post-Marxisms, although I do consider it kind of a radical a of kind it consider do I although post-Marxisms, of egory cat wider the word in it put sense. Youcan The that in used texts. is non-Marxism Marx’s to approach Laruelle’s incorporated has that Marxism non-standard philosophically or Marxism osophical something anti Marx. No! Non-Marxism is simply short for non-phil literally and completely misunderstand its meaning, thinking that is it can refer to using a tool but also, nowadays, to developing and developing to nowadays, also, but tool a using to refer can it also the craft of of speaking a natural language. In its original sense, word, the from ranging of sense generic the in technology of dyad radical a as non-human the of theory the poststructuralism, of method the and theory critical by inspired posthumanism unlike So, himself. Marx by out pointed as Marx within philosophy a of remainder a as man hu the of centrality the with away done already has that sense a In sense. that the in humanism radical revisiting of terms in thinking are and human we So, principle. organizing metaphysical a of kind is thought our to centrality possible its and human the ward arts. in or philosophy in or science are in we assume to relation The we whether of regardless ourselves, position of kind all we which around core metaphysical This scientific. of or philosophical organization thought, our to centrality its with and sense philosophical the in human the of concept the with completely away does tually ac and humanism philosophical beyond goes which humanity, cal radi this now examining are Wematerial. the over real) (physical, and he saw a problem there. So he seems to prefer these two words philosophical too as era his of materialism the and Feuerbach tize problema to had he because Perhaps material.” “the than rather “physical” and “real” words the to texts his in often more far sorts re he that underscore to like would I words, his physical. are These the and real the on writings Marx’s Karl of approaching of product the is that materialism and Marx of terms in to humanity radical think attempt an in non-human the of dyad radical the present to is concept the of goal the So, non-human. is here using are we that for word The humanism. philosophical without Human the is it so non-human. the of The non-human is understood in Laruelle’s dyad non philosophical sense, radical the of concept the present will I (“orthodox” meaningpriortoLenin). Marxism or one with many consonances with the orthodox Marxism Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 tēchnē , the Greek , τέχνη , which means skill, craft, but craft, skill, means which , ------

41 42 Katerina Kolozova non-existent, relevant/irrelevant as well as what is real and what is what and real is what as well as relevant/irrelevant non-existent, existent/ as real the creating and positing process that in and ophy philos legitimizing philosophy of circle vicious the exiting of way by is, that sufficiency, philosophical of principle the of suspension I have approached the concept found in Marx by means of Laruelle’s ously with that of the physical. He uses them as if almost synonyms. simultane times often real, the of notion the with operates Marx The problemisthestructureofsubjectivity—centeredthinking. differ. may semantics the if Even thinking. centered subjectivity of any jectivity, which is human subjectivity or, to borrow Lauruelle’s term, sub of notion the on centered is that philosophy or theorizing any from inalienable thought of anthropomorphology with away does philosophy. a be could it it or So scientific, necessarily not but ence, sci within from science of thought a be could It anthropomorphic. thought of kind any renders thought of principle organizing the as subjectivity So, anthropomorphic. inevitably is subjectivity human human subjectivity. Any philosophy that is centered on the notion of of notion the on centered is that philosophy or theorizing any from over, it More does away with anthropomorphology of thought inalienable thought. centered subjectivity from away stepping of way by thought of anthropomorphology with away does it Moreover, anthropocentrism. with away does hand, other the on as physicality understood organic the and hand one the on technology AI to “ the from ranging word, the of sense generic the in technology of dyad radical a as non-human the of “technology.”theory variant The contemporary more a in or téchnē in put generically is this of All well. as technology AI using thinking—traditional philosophical theorizing to legislate what the what legislate to theorizing philosophical philosophical thinking—traditional essentially an of product a is This real?” sex Is real? gender Is real? is “What yesterday… confrontation metaphysical ly practical that had we why is real. That is what legislate simply but postulate or stipulate just to not is, real the what argue or decide just not to laws intrinsic its of result a composition, structural a is there it within because impulse anthropocentric the resist cannot itself.It philosophy of structure the in problem a sees Laruelle real. losophy. It does not just decide what is real but kind of legislates the an illusion. All of this arranges the notion recreating the real like phi posture of thought that is modelled according to the structure the to according modelled is that thought of | Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: Implications: andItsFeminist | MarxismwithoutPhilosophy The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects téchnē ” of speaking a natural language natural a speaking of ” ------one and the real, that has often times been mystified and treated, and mystified been times often has that real, the and one the between equation and notion His about. essentially is Laruelle what is this it, with does Laruelle what is This us. for philoso provides phy that material, conceptual the of some keeping while cy, tenden this from away moving are we sufficiency, philosophical of problem its and philosophy from away moving by we, No, is. real real is not a substance, it is an operational category. It’s not a sub a not It’scategory. operational an is it substance, a not is real The real. the clone to seeking from thought the prevent not does foreclosure ontological the but real foreclosed already always the to submits thought the whereby thought, of posture scientific the phy The postphilosophical or non-philosophical thought must mime philoso sufficient of principle the constitutes what is around—this of the two, whereby what is real must also be true and the other way tuting truth for the real and the other way around, arriving at a unity substi does, philosophy what is this two, the of unity a at Arriving around. way other the and real the for truth substituting of it, calls he amphibology,as of error the avoids two. one the Thus, between relationality of possibility very the abolish must it so, do to order in But real. the to submit to needs philosophy of circularity the scend Laruelle, not unlike Marx, argues that the thought that seeks to tran non-human. the of notion Maoilearca’s Ó’ John and Irigaray Luce of philosophy feminist the with added is that Marx, with Laruelle combines that experiment an argument. is the book follow The to order in essarily us a backdrop of this reading but I guess these interventions are nec proposing into further go won’t I and book that in elaborated is this of all So, value. use of sense the in commodities—only as not but told you, we can use the term “physical” I also in the sense of vitalism. objects, not is It lives. represent to have not do creatures, living know, you be, to have not do that reality, physical or physicality of forms other of of history Westernalso the philosophy,but in mality ani including physicality of treatment the about rather but animals and Patriarchy of Holocaust Animals: Non-Marxist A of Critique Capital,Philosophy book latest my in detail more in proposal that orated elab have I come. how explains which part, that toward move will I scientific. thinking of kind this renders that function specific very or sometimes almost theologically, has in fact a very practical function , which, as I explained on the first day, is not about not is day, first the on explained I as which, , Capitalism’s ------axs truh aules o-hlspia apoc, e can we approach, non-philosophical Laruelle’s through Marxism in it ground we if and it, accept do I and posthumanism, of osition technology.and animals of prop acceptcombination we a this If as refers to it in the She are. we animal know—the you us,” within animal “the it calls also Haraway “organic,” the for materialism. As in it grounding and philosophy sufficient of principle the from it ridding by it icalizing organic, as Haraway puts it, we are espousing the proposal and rad the or organicity and technology of hybrid this are we that us tell feminism cyber and Haraway Donna if So, posthumanism. of idea grounding the is which cyborg, the or hybridity of concept the ized radical further have philosophy,I any to or Marx to elle’sapproach ground it into Marxist ontology and methodology. Adding to it Laru to is human, the of notion posthumanist concept, poststructuralist a originally is which posthuman, the of radicalizing the with done and in thus he mimes the way science treats the real. So, what I have he repositions the relation between thought and the real in this way So, real. indifferent real, numb dumb this simply It’s thought. with dialogue into enter not does real The language. possess not does and this relation is unilateral because the real is pre-lingual. The real real the explain to seeks subjectivity.Thought or subject avoid to “thought” term the uses he thought, to foreclosed already always is evades, always real the that is point His thing. epistemological an real. the is Toand it thought him the between dyad the is dyad” cal radi “the call would Laruelle etc. What we physical, the hand real, the have other the on and language have we hand one the on so whatever, world, the or discourse in participation subjecitivization, enables Language paradox. of form the in even not reconciliation, or unity achieve not do physicality, includes which realm the and language, said, I as includes, which technology, because radical is latter the dyad to the following: the is lead point sense. The producing mechanically dyad the of elements posited unilaterally The side. and physiology so dyad, the of elements posited unilaterally one! The the be to has it category, epistemic an nearly it’s If Why? come. how explain will I one.” one. the is sense this in So, “the also is it that sense this in is It category. epistemic an rather modifier or ontological an is it stance, Manifesto Identities t é chn ē , technology, language, etc., on the other the on etc., language, technology, , , she very often refers to us (the humans) - - - - - that is), has been that it is a paradoxical unity. I don’t think I see it see I think don’t I unity. paradoxical a is it that been has is), that Haraway the overwhelming interpretation of the hybrid (the cyborg this? in Laruelle need I unity.do why of Now, sort any as itself represent to ways seek or unity of kind any seek not does It unity. of sort the any represent and not does technology physical of dyad this So, totality. this with dismantle le u ta.Acrig o h srcua otooy ti i what is makes sense, this is what this speaks to us, this orthodoxy,is where we can construe structural the to According that. but nothing else it’s production, meaning is production sign or Language language, regardlessofwhether naturalorartificial,is. that automaton signifying the in signs, of production the in guage, lan in participate not does it pre-lingual, is it because it of anything Matter in explained as allegedly, us teaches Lacan what is this the realm of the real and we to have nothing to say of belongs the real, because that something is poststructuralism, of orthodoxy the to according is that ourselves, within material the ourselves, within physical the sense, that In other. and one to foreclosed are Lacan, in unlike much very not similarly, real the and thought dyad the in So, elements. two the reconcile to impossibility the and radicality whatever. the No! or affirm definition We or content certain a draw we which of out nothingness this or paradox of form a in Even ty. uni some being there of assumption the of unity, of establishing spontaneous philosophically this evade to order in non-philosophy in argument her Marxist materialism and then ground fortifies this grounding with Laruelle’s helps Laruelle and here Marx of use My there. hierarchy no is animal. There the or physical the over technical the stant explanations that this hybrid does not imply any superiority of con Haraway’s to regard paying without continues commentarism unity.paradoxical this The unity, again—a once becomes it taneity, spon philosophical calls Laruelle what to Due this! are Wedecree. ontological this to according act to expected are we and truth the and real the it’sis because It are. so we is who it of and are truth the we who of real the or reality the that become must It hybrid. this are we is truth the So, are. we what of truth the represents unity of doxical unity because there must be some kind of unity and this kind para paradox. a a is constitutes This dyad the that texts own her in by Judith Butler. The body becomes irrelevant, we do not say Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 А mong the commentators of commentators the mong Bodies that Bodies - - - - -

43 44 Katerina Kolozova its are. All these questions are in fact, are moved by metaphysics, by moved are fact, in are questions these All are. its lim its what understand to want want we it, We reshaping etc. By it. it, reshape to control to want we not, is it what and is real the establish a certain relation to the exteriority. We want to know what to want we us, moves what is It invention. technological including so innovation, in science, in even metaphysics by reflection our in simply more productive to admit that we cannot avoid being moved it’s or sense, more makes it or useful more perhaps its argue I fore, find themselves trapped within the same metaphysical error. There they So spontaneity. philosophical this follow also they relevance, tablish a certain project that is of societal, historical or philosophical cannot communicate with the scientists. When scientists seek to es dard and Laruelle inspired philosophy, and it is one of the reasons we the principle of sufficient philosophy, in the vocabulary of non-stan called It’s on. dragging still it’s and philosophy Greek of beginning the since philosophy, all of origin the beginning, the is true. This is real is what and real also is truth ontological the or truth the is what or truthful is What cognition. and real of amphibology an as word, truths and truth is obviously taken in constitute the philosophical us science of the help not does real The truths. produce can we there Because so? it is episteme, Why poststructuralist the espouses one if ontology, possible only the is etc.,—this construction, discursive discourse, therefore, and, meaning-making, sign-making, is exists what So, exist. not does it language, of outside is real the because it of truths produce cannot we and real the to belongs it Because it. put would Laruelle as spontaneity, philosophical of reflex this of product the again, is, reasoning such conclusion: interesting the is this So inexistent. fact, in and irrelevant rendered and aside put it’s automaton. signifying the a partof not sign-making. Itis Therefore, in language-making, in participate cannot it because allegedly, be to supposed it’s as excluded, there, left is real sign-making. The of of such reasoning, we can say that everything is the product of sign, corollary a as now, And discussion. our for relevance its with away do simply can we and real the of realm the to belongs it Therefore, making. sign in language, in participate not does physical the that establish simply can we Lacan, of doctrine the following way, ous errone an in view, my In Laruelle). to according also but Lacan, of doctrine the to (according foreclosed is real the whereas meaning, they are in a way philosophical but the scientific posture of thought of posture scientific the but philosophical way a in are they | Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: Implications: andItsFeminist | MarxismwithoutPhilosophy The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects - - - - - of subjectivity legislating principle of thought and why we need to need we why and thought of principle legislating subjectivity of question the to arrive to want I thought. of type scientific pursue to order in evade must we impulse the is reflex philosophical the thus reality… legislating as truth products, cognitive conclusions, tions, realiza legislates that question this to metaphysical. approach The renders them non-philosophical. Beyond doubt, these questions are becoming a truly materialist science. That is why Hegel’s dialectics Hegel’s why is science. That materialist truly a becoming ject-centered thought that defines philosophy and precludes it from sub the precisely is It around. way other the than rather object, the of exteriority the of status the and that structure the mimes subject the suggests he Instead, thought. of objectivity out carrying cy, agen of form a as it discard not does subjectivity, erase not does By way of postulating subjectivity as an object among objects, Marx subject-object binary. the beyond situated party’sis third perspective the here. So, saying am I what to opposite the quite is which subject, the mimes object the whereby object, of concept a produces actually OOO because either, OOO not is This abolished. is cogito the self, philosophical thinking subject treats itself as an object as well. The soliloquy of the the that requires that objectivity engenders Marx, by elaborated as view,party’s third view. The of point Marxist’s a from impossible is truths objective by governed science purist of mind a to ascending nature and relations social world’s the materiality, surrounding the Therefore, an absolute autonomous self, detached from its own and as they are called by the Marxist epistemologist Alfred Sohn-Rethel. cal, also Marx’s words, whereas social relations are real abstractions, being, as Marx calls it, is entangled in the in sensuous and the physi a positivists stance regarding objectivity because the human species tions, as objective reality, objectivities or objects, if you will. It is not ac externalized subject’s the human the including of objects surrounding position the mimes it as far so In objective. is party third a of perspective the view; party’s third the assume must We about. talking was I thought subjectivity-centered with away doing the is suming what Marx would as have called “the oneself third party’s reposition view.” So, epistemologically this to needs one humanism, trans of dream humanist ultimately the circumvent to seeks one If physical realityintermsthatarebeyond subjectivity. the and categories—technology both of think and it with away do ------to Marx’s original text.) By way of employing Laruelle’s method of method Laruelle’s employing of way By text.) original Marx’s to truthful more it’s because physical use (I sense. that in material or well, as labor human of product a be could physical sense, vital the in physical not real. said, the I as As far so in physical the of are that instance last the in determination the at and it put would Marx as concrete the at arrive to able be might we both, nature, and human the of concept philosophical the to pertaining characteristics are binaries these all animal-human, body-mind, technology, or ture nature-cul as such binaries classical the from sufficiency osophical phil the of principle the of conditions binding the from philosophy the physical. By depleting nature of the enlightenment and modern ch a constituting material transcendental a at rather or concrete the at arrive to order In do. Saussure and Marx way the concrete, the from departing when creates one abstractions not generalizations, as far so in abstractions problematize, we abstractions the of unity conceptual the dissembling of method our to Weresort to have will being conceptnotionsproducedbyathirdparty. it. to yield Only the that defineabstractions and explain it by wayof put would Marx as components, concrete or material its at arriving by unraveled be to needs sense philosophical its and abstraction an is it matter, doesn’t scientific… or abstraction social a be can it or abstraction philosophical abstraction, same the is Nature thropos. as An abstraction same the is Nature Marx.) of paraphrase of (And sense for a third party is one and the same thing from the same text nature and sense outside oneself or oneself to be object, nature and object, have to time, same the at and essentials and natural jective ob be differently—to put or, being natural objective an of activity the as activity His activity. objective his confirms only product tive objec his contrary, the object. On the of creating into activity pure of state his from fall not does being objective this iting. Therefore, pos of act the in nature is he instance, last by the in posited because objects, is he because objects posits or creates only He being. his of nature very the in reside not did objective the if objectively act Marx. not with would he and objectively acts being objective An therefore, must also be something objective, we would argue along in general. Subjectivity of objective essential powers, whose action, Philosophy” Hegel’s of “Critique his in Marx says fails, structurally ô ra, an unorganized Identities topos of concepts, undergirded by the real or ------also talks about kind of a cloning, scale applied to reality if you re you if reality to applied scale cloning, a of kind about talks also Wittgenstein’s or cloning Laruellian miming, Aristotelian of manner the in nature Conceiving nature. of notion the of instance last the and determination the at arrive to able be may we it, mimes or it clones nearly and real the to succumbs that thought of product concept, a fashioning is that unilateralization, of organicityrenders Hui’s argumentmaterialist. elaboration mechanistic the idealism, German to resorting of spite reiterate, Hui concludes that the same process happens in nature. In us Let whole. functional sense) Hui’s and Schelling’s (in organically a into sense, makes what into accident or contingency of error the integrate to returns constantly nonetheless then and expansion in away, movement a is computing in recursion of principle self.The it perfecting further and itself maintaining of that outside telos a certain a teleology.of form paradoxical teleology,have a is not It does which divulges Recursivity procedure. mechanical essentially an demonstrates, Hui as is, principle ontological an as Recursivity computing. in automaton signifying the from different very not is it demonstrates, Hui principle, ontological as and, reality physical the physicality, in in recursivity or recursion of movement the identifies same ontology that this in fact and in the last instance – material. He the by underpinned things two are material the or physical the and place takes thought where plane the transcendental, the creation, language signification, of production that demonstrates Hui ities. real both about conclusion materialist the at arrives he idealism, way,a in and through technology working and nature both German Haraway.Donna underpins ontology similar a that Yukexplains Hui and Contingency,Recursivity book his and by Hui Yukinterpreted as philosophers other and ing Shell in as such organic the to reducible or by underpinned nature find we examples rare In organic). the to it of definition the reduce to have we so sciences, other (with “compatible” but “same” word standing of the notion of nature. Let us underscore, I did not use the Marx’s materialism, through (non-)philosophy and we arrive at the same under method Laruelle’s of application the through so way, this In few. a name to neurosciences... chemistry, biology, tionary evolu the by ways compatible in defined be can that organic the from the one natural scientists operate with. It is in the last instance, his from member Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Tractatus , we arrive at a concept that is not far not is that concept a at arrive we , but also in some critical theorists like theorists critical some in also but Maβstab eas he because ------

45 46 Katerina Kolozova producing a scripture, a sign that’s language, both mechanical and mechanical both language, that’s sign a scripture, a producing of language-making, of trace-making, of sign-making, of work the mung as just we elaborated, a situation where one element serves as and thus sense-making—is a mechanical thing. If the radical dyad is, sign-making— So phonetics. of physiology certain a on depends it are paired because these things of howisalsophysical conditioning Moreover,the sound. certain a produce mechanically to one, other first phoneme to be pronounced in a certain way and paired with the the for order in another one to next phonemes two need I around. way other the other, and the to real the as actually act to one; first the relationality consists in the other element to be the border of the toward the other element, in order to produce sense. The relation or mechanics sense produce to order in pairs, really not are that pairs these binaries, these in there, happens what So, linguistic. structuralist in primarily grounded epistemologically is from Foucault or Lacan or the others that are declared structuralists derives that post-structuralism in read have we everything that out point us let and linguistics, structuralist of view of point the view, of point structuralist a from them at look we technology.If and ical remind you—the dyad of the real and thought, the dyad of the phys to So, dyad? this within there What’sthere. dialectics any without sense, third a of recreation any without reconciliation, any binaries without dyad’s remain always will they that sense the in way rad ical a in dyads are They meaning. third a of synthesis a or cation unifi dialectical a produce not do they meaning, some to amount not do sense. makeThey that pairs unity.not a are constitute They not do binaries these but dyads or binaries linguistics, have we structuralist computing, in in example for making, sign of dyad The more clear.real becomes the and explain it we when one the of role the and non-human) the (of dyad this then somehow determined, materially instance last the of is everything that Marx with agree we if foreclosed; though even reality outside the mime to succeeds phy, stripped off that stancethat makes it self-sufficient and in fact, philoso of treatment Laruelle’s apply we If Laruelle. in binary the of notion the of position the and one important the or real is the to regard with which point, another yet at arriving we’re here And organic, theone feedingintotheother. (in German) to the other element, in order to mechanically do . One of the elements in the binary has to act as the real the as act to has binary the in elements the of One . | Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Implications: Implications: andItsFeminist | MarxismwithoutPhilosophy The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Socialist Projects ? pure is happens there What Hem - - - - - aia-yd f huh ad h ra. h ra rmis radically remains real The real. the and thought of radical-dyad a remain They foundation. ontological or material same the have does not mean that thought and the real are the same, because they organicity.it—of realization engenders This perhaps principle—and the on operates which mechanicity encounter we process, putable com or calculable as nature in as well as languages of core the At wherever thereishierarchy, exploitationisimplied. animals, the on book the in explained I’ve as and two the between hierarchy no is too. There relevant is biology also thus and teriality ma physiology, but relevant is language Therefore, dyads. radical osophically spontaneous way, and we argue we should view them as some phil form unitiesin and formalized categories donot Distinct spontaneity. philosophical what’s than ways complex more in ogy technol and materiality and nature and physiology about think to us enables it that sense the in relevant It’syesterday. discussed we identities gender or relations gender for relevant is this how inism, fem for relevant is this how implied is it assuming am I now. clude con will I process. material and mechanical a is unity organic this of foundation the do, they if even or unity organic some constitute they that presupposing without technicity and physicality of gories cate distinct completely these at arrive to have we then argument, If we are to do away with humanism and radicalize the posthumanist and computing,etc. nature in happens it as just it, of sense or sign or science produce it, explain it, to relate to seeks still thought but thought, to closed ------

48 Katerina Kolozova etal you know, this image of yourself. So, it does have something to do to something have does it yourself.So, of image this know, you project, to able be to order in subjectivization of form this through go to supposed you’re so stage, mirror the method, Lacanian know, the you apply, could One it. at look to perspectives the of one Katerina Kolozova to seeoneselfasanobjectamongstmanyobjects,or… self-understandingof have aconcept able to would haveto order in one because wrong it reading be might one issue. That perceptual ap an as me strikes that because wondering was I what cy.That’s agen of modes to does that what and picture that in ourselves see to how systems, in implicated our as ourselves with dealing of difficulty with way, vulgar more a in say just to like important, really is think I which objects, other amongst object an as yourself treat and within implicated yourself understand you but yourself separating not you’re like, almost it’s view party third this in correctly, it stood under I if So, apperception. of question the is view party third this to related more is that question the But that? into fits mathematics does how methodology, epistemological of kind a as know, you of, sort real, the is true the and true the is real the between out laying you’re that configuration this within mathematics of role the is but school, summer the of thematic the to relate really doesn’t it cause be it, answer to want don’t you maybe and extension an maybe is her “outer view.” There are two things that I wanted to ask. One, this with Wynter,with deal to way unarticulate very and awkward own away with that, which is super interesting, and in a way, that was my does also It view. embodied the and nowhere from view the tween strikes me that …it also breaks away the dyad between the fight be it because interesting very is think I that mentioned, you that view party third this on focus to wanted I me… forgive so digesting still Patricia Reed with it, but ok, let me start from the beginning. Yeah, you’re quite beginning. Yeah,you’re the from start me let ok, but it, with Socialist Projects Implications: The Problem of Subjectivity Centered Marxism without Philosophy and Its Feminist Q&A sessionfollowingthelecture: Katerina Kolozova etal. : Maybe I can ask a question if no one has one …I’m one has one no if question a ask can I Maybe : | Q&A sessionfollowingthelecture : No, I was just hesitating because that could be could that because hesitating just was I No, : - - - - - this neither underscore, us let is, which Marx, by elaborated as spective epistemology I am proposing here influenced by the third party per the at look you When posited. is it how perspective,” party’s view “third the of concept the Ioperatewith how on influence her due to not it’s but lot a quite book my in quoted is Actually,right. Wynter something literally, physical, something you can materially touch. materially can you something physical, literally, something form of the abstract like the relations themselves, and sometimes as is really something very material, very tangible even when it’s in the them, of out comes what relations, social mean, I results. material yield abstractions these that well as affirm to have we Nonetheless, that. admit must we and abstractions are They material. as them mask to reason—need capitalist the of “we” we—the physical, the or material the to them relate to or real as them to relate to order in and abstractions indeed are abstractions these that admit must reification. or We fetishization of error the through alienation mary pri this of obfuscation or denial the ofsubjectivization. is fact in opposes Marx principle What the founding as affirmation its alienation and primary the about thesis similar completely their with also but publications, their of dates the to comes it when coincide of Metaphysics Radical a ward Socialism the in it read I when it from loved I and me, correct completely is which Marx, to of understanding this seems it so departs, it though Even it. of much wit ness not did but individuals or collective a as elaborations project, your xenofeminist in the in Marx more expected of kind I there. from depart you that xenofeminism, of project your in interesting that Marx never denies. He actually affirms it. That’s what I find most something relations—is social of forms the in materialized and ized external relations—it’s social of forms the in externalized already always is that alienation primary this So, there. already always it’s inevitable, know, you is, alienation alienation. The the of temology epis Marx’s from derived simply is stance my that say just and ple approachable to Kant’s epistemology. Still, I would keep things sim is that correct, are you element, an is there certainly, So, critique. Kant’s with position this liken can we why fact, in is, that and -nor to the limits of what we can perceive, interpret, etc., it is not neither- As Kantian. speaking technically nor poststructuralism, of only not but poststructuralism of typical is which relativism this nor position sub specieaeternitatis Manifesto position, God’s position, or all-knowing or position, God’s position, . My publication of the book the of publication My . and your and Мanifesto actually To ------and Iwouldagree. historical processes. This sounds like a materialist, Marxian account, or material of product It’sthe opposite. the it’squite but it, shaping then and reality material the pre-dating know, you world, material the in not there, out somewhere subjectivity Hegelian or conceived КК through history, butthere’s noplanattheoutset. develop to starts it then and difference, qualitative change, tative quali a is there point, some at develops it then and emergence an emergence… emergence, historical as subject rather is subject That outset. as thing but pre-plan, there’ssuch There’splan, Marx, no no history,for of outset the at entity some as subject of idea Hegelian the Unlike Marx. in emergence historical as subject of idea an has he Sayers… Sean called professor, Marxist British a is There idea? Branislava Petrov: So Ithinkcoveredeverything, haha… subjectivity. of treatment this is Hegel from different so him makes not quite in the Hegelian sense—I mean, but this is a footnote. What but relevant is dialectics therefore, and, word the of understanding philosophy and I think he uses the term dialectics closer to the Greek Greek in is background educational Marx that forget not Let’sogy. ontol not method, dialectical the is Hegel keepsfrom he what that acknowledge and consider to request Marx’s respect simply should we that think I Hegel. from different very fundamentally or from far him places discussed, just we what like something proposing and subjectivity is that thought of principle organizing this from away moving by but word), the of sense Greek original, the in more (but dialectician a is Marx course of and there Hegel of influence the is there course of know, you So, thinking. subjectivity-centered with problem Marx’s discloses also it and philosophy of from away moving project his with line in relations social of materiality the affirm embedded. In line with Marx, I would say this position seeks to both already always are you which in relations social the in other the to ers. that. evade to try YouYouobject even an cannot know,are you oth the for know, you objects, of kind into ourselves transforming to us leading alienation initial the of that than us to available tion subjecitiviza of form other no is there over-interpreting: not am I just a mirroring of something that is already there in Marx’s text and of it’skind think I but interpretation my is this subjectivization, Our : I think I agree, because the proposition is that there is this pre this is there that is proposition the because agree, I think I : Identities I was just curious, what would you say about this - - - - - that there are subjectivities, that we are all subjectivities. It’s just a just It’s subjectivities. all are we that subjectivities, are there that how we treat this reality of subjectivity. We don’t deny that it exists, is philosophy exit to Marx’sproposal and non-philosophy of sponse KK BP: demonstrate that something so mechanical as the relation between es relate one to another in the production of signification, in order to resorted to Saussure’s interpretation of language and to how scienc I sterile rather are categories Laruelle’s because And is. it dyad ical rad the or non-human the as insofar is human the what of account Laruellian a give to order in discussion this into brought be to have philosophy, from derive that concepts as knowledge also sciences, just not knowledges, or sciences other So, physical. the as real the of problem the at arrive Welanguage. of problem the at arrive we non-human, the as human the interpreting in tools those apply we When them. with something do to supposed are we but tools, ical more productive way. What Laruelle gives us is certain epistemolog KK: AK: KK: the of binary,treating canyourepeatthatpart? this just so binary… the of melting of kind no and binary,the unity of no one the of melting of kind no is there stance, in last the in real the from determination unilateral of kind this in no, is there right? And unification, no is there So said is…you point the right? work, your of points essential the of one is which dyad, the of treating non-philosophical this in interested am I question. Andrija Koštal: that arethesocialrelations. relations inter-subjective these of outside subjectivity no is There relations. objective these from born was subjectivity pre that suppose also but discussion of objects the as just not and discussion, of objects the as ourselves posit should we materialists, are we if another.one to relate tivities subjectivity,own our at look we When subjec how scientifically, discuss, we when at, look to proposition : We are all subjects. The problem with philosophy and the re the and philosophy with problem The subjects. all are We : Ok, IguessyouarefamiliarwithLaruelle’s notionofthedyad? But then,isitphilosophyornotphilosophy? Yeah, Iwasreadinghim,soshouldbe. Well,

structuralist linguistics helped me interpret the dyad in a in dyad the interpret me helped linguistics structuralist Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 I would like to ask something, if no one else has a has else one no if something, ask to like would I ------

49 50 Katerina Kolozova etal senting itself, manifestingitselfasorganic. pre like feeling up ends mechanical purely the come how explains findI Here recursion. of way by contingency He useful. very Hui Yuk incident, an call will we that something of treatment the through done that’s and unity organic an like feels that something produce mechanicity between the two elements of the radical dyad, they this still of spite in Saussure; in binary the miming if as another one to the sign-making and the physical and the quasi-mechanical relation between alienation grounding unsurmountable this of spite in that, demonstrate to order in non-human, the call will we which human, origin. So, we can apply the same reasoning on this radical dyad, the its at mechanical yet, and time same the at organic and automatic more nothing is there So, sign-making. of language, of automaton the example, an for is, which organic, as super-organic, something as itself institutes but feels just not that something produce they materiality.again, Yetcoarse as way, material very this in created look at them, and I do look at them, through this Saussurean glance, we if produced, are languages all language, every So, sense. neric of sense French the in language the is which automaton, an constitutes fact in and organic so feels that Something organic. very something produces nonetheless but it explained, we as mechanical, quite is another are to they one way posited the So, that!). to footnote a make I’ll mind… never but mathematics, for Patricia’squestion on respond to forgot I (oh, binaries other with binary the then and binary the in elements the | Q&A sessionfollowingthelecture language —all languages, in the ge the in languages, —all - -

II. ARTICLES 54 Ben Woodard He is currently preparing a monograph on the relation of natural of relation the on monograph a preparing currently is He idealism duringthelongnineteenthcentury. and naturalism between relationship the on focuses work His ny. Bionote: the Political Insufficiencyof Ontology User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism and Ben Woodard I conclude by arguing how feminism is a challenge for reason as reason for challenge a is feminism how arguing by conclude I Xenofeminism), in and Plant Sadie in (as technology to relation its particular in and, embodiment on focusing By Sharp. Hasana and Bennett Jane of work the examine I Here inquiry. of field ery ev of but social the of only not materialization a materialization, of sense broad a through action pragmatic of level the avoid and feminist contemporary theory, ontological tendencies have come to replace of,embodiment all not certainly though of, much In of Sellars andKatylnFreedman’s workasaresponsetoBrandom. reading Seibt’s Johana at look also I politics. charged tologically on an upon rely not need which feminism inhuman an for work ground the lays Brandom)(namelyindirectly resource normative the same time, Anthony Laden’s feminist critique of Negarestani’s separations. conjoined Yet,these at across cut to functions rectly normative-inhumanism put forward by Reza Negarestanthati indi the how on focus to wish I essay this of purposes the for – range sult of iterative practices. This debate has a long history and broad the sex-gender nexus as one of material embodiment or as the re between difference consequent the as well practical as concerns, feminist and theoretical of separation purported the between relation the on primarily focusing traditions continental and lytic ana both in senses) possible broadest their in (taken philosophy Abstract: ralism book His sciences. life the in formalism and ism waspublishedin2019 byEdinburgh University Press. | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology Ben in living Woodardscholar independent Germa an is This essay examines the relation between feminism and [email protected] Independent Researcher Schelling’s Natu ------it: Prejudice, Austen’s Jane in proposal marriage Collins’ Mr. rejecting outlines this brilliantly through the use of Lizzy Bennett’s attempt which the dynamic is decided in student and teacher of relation other,a or,the enters to position of position the takes reasoner the which in reason of view asymmetrical and classic the to close too bit a appears view Brandomian this however, out points Laden As then beresponsibleforthoseactionsandtheirconsequences. responsibility in which one being, capable of giving and taking, of must account an up setting as well as along, exchange conceptual of process the moves what is reasons, taking and giving of game this thing or another, attempts to discern one doing for reasons or motivations other’s the about wondering in one, where reasoners two between occurs exchange an that i.e., reasons,” of taking and dom’s“giving the as reason social of outline Bran with issue particular takes Laden reason. of autonomy man inhu the of notion his serve to reshapes and up picks Negarestani view An important aspect of Laden’s project is questioning the normative Laden’s Anthony to reference passing a makes Negarestani Reza Inhuman,” the of Labor “The text his In Keywords: and politicalstrategies. ethical of sake the for reservoirs ontological in rea refuge taken sons, optimal navigationally not but reasonable for feminism have, of which forms for challenge a is reason as more) (or much Plant, Hasana Sharp, Jane Bennett Brandom, Laden, Anthony Karyn Freedman, Johanna Seibt, Sadie

of social reason as outlined by Robert Brandom—a view which Robertview Brandom—a by outlined as reason social of f en blee snee I hn yu gi ad again and again you thank I sincere. believed being of compliment the paid be rather would I man. respectable a tormenting in consists which elegance of kind that to “I do assure you Sir, that I have no pretension whatsoever quoting from the conversation and then commenting on commenting then and conversation the from quoting Xnfmns, eiim Rz Ngrsai Robert Negarestani, Reza Feminism, Xenofeminism, a

priori being by the teacher/reasoner. Laden why Reasoning: A Social Picture. Social A Reasoning: the reasonable one in op in one reasonable the they did so. This dialogue, Pride and -

at - - - 1 project self-augmentative a as reason for engendering) clearly is himself he which (implications normativity for remarks Laden’s of implications feminist the in interested am Rather,I here. in engage tradition of damning normativity long a is there materiality.While to relation its and feminism rary contempo to relation in ongoing particularly the normativity, of in championing means text Laden’s of aspect this what and dom I wish that sense It is inthis cess ofreason’s self-augmentation assuch. from the giving and taking of reasons, but the substance of the pro deviation a not is this but talk,’ ‘small endless into spiral may that end, set no has that dialogue a being reason for makesclaim en the or Levinas. It is in doing justice to the game of reason itself that Lad Derrida as such figures of weight theo-ontological the of any upon relying without call-to-the-other a to responding for argue to ages man circles, continental in known well so is that other the to tion atten an for calling in Laden, that is interesting particularly is What Anthony Laden, more than“merewords.”” anything as assertions their of take rejection to wholehearted failure a from comes often authority of sense final their and position; author’s the defend and position op defeat to is job whose soldiers foot as serve reasons their assertions; are proposals their Mr.Colllins: of tude atti the assuming up wind often too authors their but creatures, rational to proposals making of business the in be to understood generally are philosophy of Works ceptable.” ac being of fail not will proposals my parents excellent your both of authority express the by sanctioned when that persuaded am I “and gallantry: awkward of air an with heart.’ he, her cried charming!” Youuniformally are from truth the speaking creature rational a as but you, plague to intending female elegant an as now me sider con not Do plainer? speak I Can it. forbid respect every in feelings My impossible. absolutely is them accept to but proposals, your in me done have you honour the for Reasoning: A Social Picture A Social Reasoning: Identities to investigate Negarestani’s use of Bran (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2012), 7. 1 tout court tout , this is not what I wish to ------comes integral, is how feminism, to take one standard critique of critique standard one take to feminism, how is integral, comes be what But, such. as position universalist the denounce to us lead not should this etc.) ability class, sex, gender, race, to tending not (ofposition universalist falsely a from being for critiqued been have estani is pursuing. While both humanist and inhumanist normativity Negar which sense inhuman more the in and sense, Brandom’s in ervoirs forthe sake ofethicalandpolitical strategies. res ontological in refuge taken reasons, optimal navigationally not but reasonable for have, which feminism of forms for challenge a is how feminism is achallengeforreasonasmuch(or more) asreason arguing by conclude I Xenofeminism),in and Plant Sadie in (as ogy By focusing on embodiment and, in particular its relation to technol inquiry. Here I examine the work of Jane Bennett and Hasana Sharp. alization, a materialization not only of the social but of every field of avoid the level of pragmatic action through a broad sense of materi and embodiment replace to come have tendencies ory, ontological the feminist contemporary of, all not certainly though of, much In Katyln Freedman’s workasaresponsetoBrandom. ically charged work for an inhuman feminism which need not rely upon an ground the lays indirectly Brandom) (namely resource Negarestani’s normative of critique feminist Laden’s time, same the at Yet, separations. conjoined these cross cut to functions indirectly estani Negar by forward put normative-inhumanism the how on focus to wish I essay this of purposes the range—for broad and history long embodiment or as the result of iterative practices. This debate has a material of one as nexus sex-gender the between difference quent conse the as well as concerns, feminist practical and theoretical of separation purported the between relation the namely, traditions: en in their broadest possible senses) in both analytic and continental tion in terms of the relation between feminism and philosophy (tak tradi continental the in territory contested on out sets essay This tique. reason of inhumanization the constrain, constructively yet and impede, grounds non-normative those how non-normative grounds of normativity in terms of embodiment and the questioning of terms in universality that of form the effecting in normativity, to appeal its and universalism augments rationalism, Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 politics. I look at Johanna Seibt’s reading of Sellars and for the sakethe for

of feminist cri feminist of ontolog ------

55 56 Ben Woodard 3 Press ofHarvard University Press,2009), 2-4. 2 which attains definiteness in a social setting. Brandom effectively argues that at its base the subject is simply that the useofnumerouspredicates injustificationaldialog. of incompatibilities and inferences via conceptual the of angulation tri a becomes rationality Brandom, For route. different altogether an takes self-skepticism reason’s to approach semantic Brandom’s outline to important is it now For 4. section in this address will I empirical. and speculative simultaneously is which immediacy of of kind a on necessity rely but apparatuses, epistemological the others) (and Kant’s deny they that in susceptible seem particular in immediate. programs too political is Ontological latter the whereas speculative too is former the put, crudely that, such knowledge for problems Kant identified with dogmatic andthe empiricist justifications resurrect to appears think, to which from sources ontological and pragmatic to appeals various The efforts. best Kant’s despite means of attempting to deal with the haunting legacy of skepticism various offers large writ Idealism German that is feminisms, recent and new in appeals ontological via to return will we what and note, to important is what Idealism, German of legacy the of pretation inter Brandom’s of details the into delve to afford cannot I While simply, consciousnessisnotpossiblewithoutself-consicousness. itself.rationality of structure Or,the grounds that put apperception of unity a for searching on emphasis up-most) Hegel means dom Bran for (which Idealists’ the German follows he because, possible tional free, self-consciously historical animals.” ra normative, social, “Weare way following the in it puts Brandom other (presumably)rationalagents. of reasons” in order to explain and justify behaviors in ourselves and taking and “giving the as itself normativity of efficacy the to and ty normativi to ingredients all and any of recognition—recognition of son is fundamentally normative due to the centrality of the concept impressive his In emphasizes hismetaphysical aspectswhereasthelatteremphasizes hishistoricalusesmodified 4 Brandom, Robert B.Brandom, This speakstoatensionbetweencontinental andanalyticreadingsofHegelwhere theformer Reason andPhilosophy | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology Reason inPhilosophy: Animating Ideas Reason and Philosophy,Reason 1. Brandom’s Game 1. , 17. 2 Brandom argues that rea that argues Brandom (Cambridge: The Belknap 4 An essentially natural 3

For Brandom this is how ------

ical light. historicized and broader a in recollection casts and reason into concepts of tion ( recollection Hegelian that is accelerated by social (or normative) existence as Brandom argues skills language of acquisition its and individual the of account istic 6 be already may they (although senses our by which we construct theories of “X” are naturalism at work in that (or normative space), but rather to argue that the patchwork-means reason of space the forms asymmetrically it as ontological), the (or nature of space the describe could we which by alternative easy an is there that not is here such).point as My logical is space latter this reasons whether of nothing say (to of nature of space the to space recourse without logical the within, and from, crafted tools with world and mind together stitch better to order in itself termination I believe that Brandom over-determines the linguistic skeleton of de bodied sense,humanity’s development. em more a in or, reason’s, of account evolutionary or progressive a construct to order in narratives, grand other or historical dering or as well as reasons) of taking and giving linguistic the (via others lian agent is capable of determining both the behaviors of itself and In this regard, within the normative realm, Brandom’s rational Hege sessment” as of sorts normatively distinctively to subject are that things and regularly act merely that things between distinction the freedom: tological 5 Johnston, BradyBowman, andMarkus Gabriel, tonamebutafew. for thepresent. These lineshavebecome significantlyblurredinworkssuchasthatof Adrian is not the case sociologically that everyone is treated as similarly ca it While reasoners. all of even-footing purportedly a from begins it as formation its in lopsided deeply is reasons for asking as giving of a space of reasons-as-causes, the degree to which Brandom’s game Beyond whether the normative can “stand apart” from the natural as ourselves inrelationtothoseconceptslocallyisolated. of kinematics spatio-temporal the to speak not do roots) Sellarsian Brandom’s to tribute pay to content conceptual always-already as Ibid.,90-91. Ibid.,115. distinction between the physical and the mental with the with mental the and physical the between distinction distinction between the realm of nature and the realm of realm the and nature of realm the between distinction 6

and henceHegellatersocializesthisprocess. 5

Brandom states that: “Kant replaces the replaces “Kant that: states Brandom erinnerung ) utilizes the Kantian integra Kantian the utilizes ) present to us consciously us to ontolog deon ------thony Ladenand hiscomplicatingoftheBrandomian picture. of that addressing Rezaafter of NegarestaniAn work recent the of pansions of Brandom, I wish to return to the ex normative-inhumanism potential and critique feminist the with engaging before Thus not beingrationallyexhaustible. articulated while be rationally can these processes that denying not while materialism, new feminist in forces non-semantic) simply (or ontological broad other and affect of role the up take ways, many in could, process of articulation an Such processes. of productivity the and decomposibility functional between complementarity the indicates philosophy her that fact the to gesture to wish only but length at Sellars of reading complex Seibt’s engage not will I ogy. ontol process a subsequently and processes natural of view alist re a sciences, the with concerns Sellars following adopt, to needs one Sellars, in roots Brandom reasons of giving-and-taking the of thrust nominalist the accepts thoroughly she while and analyzed, brilliantly has Seibt Johanna are. As Sellars) and Hegel (arguably es sourc his than described, albeit justified, rationally be cannot that us upon influences and spaces the on harsher inexplicably is dom Bran Dennett), as (such out pointed have others as Furthermore, economic atavisms. or socio-cultural, ideological, various to due conditions expressed be current to allow the than human the in more is what covering dis of is, that human, the inhumanizing of project any in included be must stakes the of settling reasoning. This lopsided of history a of because but disadvantages inborn of given the reason of game the out playing of means best the is it that mean not does this reason, of rules the transmitting of means cious effica most the be may account Brandom’s while words, other In the transmissionofreasontoothersisbestenacted. rent way reasoning is viewed from lopsided reason cur holders, and how the from reason, to capacity the separate to how of dilemma the from arises reasoners. matter as the equally of treated crux The system hasfor pushing forward the project thateveryone Brandom’s that importance the deny to not is this reason, of pable beginning disadvantage beginning disadvantage Identities of some of those players not because not players those of some of

disadvantages incurred by incurred disadvantages should be ------ae age ta rao sol b togt n em o big a being of form ofresponsiveness terms in thought be should reason that Specifically, argues Laden reason. with engagement and definition Brandom’s his In 12 11 10 9 8 7 emerge. sons rea which from invitations of game the and reason of faculty the For Laden it is imperative that one maintain the difference between er, whetherbureaucratic,imperial, Western, male,orwhite.” tributes to reason being “merely the velvet glove on the fist of pow con self-evident as authority reason’s treating that acknowledges openly However,Laden agents. between relations of arbiter the as and cannot reason function to reason for hope any is there if abandoned be not should that emphasizes Laden text his Throughout attunement, andengagement. gues that a social picture of reason is one that emphasizes response, it hopes to set out upon. Instead of a directive based view, Laden ar reason of process the of detriment the to ungrounded and ti-social an immediately is reason of view a such outset, the from reasoner of position a asserting In audience. reasonable, less least at or able, space of reason is that of the reasoner the standing before of an unreason map the when all, at obtains only fact, in and, sense makes only reason of view a such Laden For reasoning. to approach based directive or oriented goal this with issue takes immediately Laden first chapter: invitations.” of guise the in “assertions ophers, Laden, Ibid.,7. Ibid.,9. Ibid.,10. Ibid.,11. Ibid. an oml tutrs n re t bte nvgt the navigate world. better to order in structures formal tain cer with thoughts our of progress the of alignment the through judgments at arriving reflectively of activity the our standard picture of reasoning describes reasoning as Reasoning Reasoning: A Social Picture A Social Reasoning: Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 9 , VII. 12

Or, whereas Brandom begins with reasonable asser reasonable with Or,begins Brandom whereas 2. Laden’s HumanInteractions 7 instead of being, what it often is for philos for is often it what being, of instead 10 Anthony Laden takes issue with issue takes Laden Anthony 8

Laden writes in the in writes Laden 11 ------

57 58 Ben Woodard 15 14 13 with reliablejustification,as Freedmanstates: but reasonable without knowledge Traumaticas counts knowledge and takingofreasons. which, nonetheless, is not rational in the sense of Brandom’s giving tional survival mechanism but yet remains as a reliable justification, func inaccessiblea is as that event of type common unnervingly an with faced are we violence, sexual of context the in Freedman, for repressed. or Thus, out blocked permanently,remain even tially,or ini may trauma why reasons good perfectly are there addition, In world. the about and themselves about beliefs found new subject’s the in truth is there nevertheless, that but recountable, be not may sexual trauma. She argues that, for a victim, the details of an assault of that is example Freedman’s uncommon. are they that mean not does this be, can beliefs true justified rationally way the in balized glo be cannot beliefs inaccessible and interior about reliability the as fringe. justification) Brandom to opposed (as reliability with from arguments to issue referring takes instance, for Freedman Karyn temic). epis or pragmatic (whether exclusion and epistemology, tionality, ra to approaches feminist other with dovetails reasoning of pect as social-network the on emphasis Laden’s suggested, already As thing like authorityassuchinthefirstplace. some have to begin can themselves utterances social of exchange the how about more and reason of authority decided a to appeal an about less is question the that argues Laden Brandom, Against marriage. to “invitation” front-loaded Collins’ Mr accepting not in s reason nor does she assume her own response is in and of itself rea To return to the example of Lizzy Bennett above, she does not reject received. is discussion reasonable be could what to invitation an how on ing wager from which the reasonable only begins to take place depend a be to has reason that argues Laden such) as reason affirming and to according functioning be already to claim that (assertions tions and Psychology 16 Ibid.,19. Ibid.,60. Ibid.,10. KarynL.Freedman, “Traumatic Blocking andBrandom’s Oversight,” onable, but she attempts to assert her capacities to be a reasoner a be to capacities her assert to attempts she but onable, 13 16 | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology Freedman states that while Brandom is right to stay that , Vol. 14,No.1(2007): 1-12.https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/230182. 15 Philosophy, Psychiatry, 14 ------to Freedman,” exterior, See: MarilynNissim-Sabat, “Agency, Ontology, andEpistemic Justification: A Response it holdstoocloselyto Brandom’s modelofreasons andjustificationsbeingeitherinterior or 17 of terms in i.e., it), puts Laden (as reason of authority the to appeal an of case the to opposite directly being as this view also can One that ontologize to which they attempttocontrol. is machinations control moral or state, theological, to response best the whether is remains that question The (feelings foraffect,orharmtrauma). concepts related of appropriations political dominant against done of terms in trauma or affect of trayal bration of aesthetic description over functional description, the por as reason, to allergy an as portrayed been has and can more than being affect on focus to tend affect, on rely which theaforementioned thought of fields of strands and theory, affect of decriers and celebrators Both Spinoza). from turn in (taken Deleuze from opted writings that emphasize feeling often rely upon notions of affect ad post-colonial and queer, Feminist, proffered. is nature unassailable cal position to articulate and describe the trauma and emphasize its epistemologi the which in trend continental a and reason of count Here we can find one of the encounters between a goal-oriented ac MarilynNissim-Sabat hasclaimedthatFreedman’s critiquedoesnotgofarenoughinthat evident in the legal or juridical engagement with the tes despite their lack of reasonable justification. This is most reliable as taken be must beliefs these that claims man has deep conviction, but that she cannot defend.” she which about beliefs true (accidentally) formed ably reli certain has survivor, qua who, subject a have “we are (“sexuallyadventurous,”“risktaking,”etc.). “reckless behavior” or because of the type of person they to due blame to is assault the of victim the which in ing blam victim of context a with deal to have they words, other in Or, behavior. of codes poisoned theologically, often local, on based persons of “kinds” particular not are they that tribunal-ontology, a called be could what against exhibit, as well as events, the of narrative ing” “convinc a produce to forced are they that such treated are violence sexual of survivors. survivors of timony The emotion, it being alien to reasonable discourse. While this Philosophy, Psychiatry, andPsychology that which it is not is it which that 8.1(2007): 13-17. 17

Freed is generally is only a cele ------In his text “The Labor of the Inhuman,” Negarestani sets out the out sets Negarestani Inhuman,” the of Labor “The text his In and Accelerationism. ism Real Speculative as such movements philosophical-political other ( associations various had has Negarestani transitions, these navigation. Throughout attuned pragmatically ly tions, decay-space, or telescopic isolation) to one of more specifical rela mereo-topological (whether spatiality eagle-eyed of one from changed has thrust Negarestani’spolitical strokes, broader In time. has work over emphasized differently albeit edge, political a maintained also Negarestani’s shifts, these Throughout interest. litical po overt of degrees varying with territory ematical-philosophical math and universalist openly more into shifted endeavors, tional hypersti Nick Land’s with league in philo-fiction, in and frames), conceptual Peircean with (though style Deleuzo-Guattarian sibly osten an in began which thought, Negarestani’s now). to 2005 ly (rough world speaking English the in appeared first work his since years the over significantly developed has thought Negarestani’s Reza Negarestani. of work the to turn we this For formations. local erase not does but effect universal has that politics a out carve to attempt an in gether alto aside set be can ontology whether of question the begs This was an Other thatthediscourseofrightshadnosayover. women could have the that right to their own bodies, since, claiming for Levinas, the fetus for her lampooned Levinas choice. ductive was repro of Other right the to appeals Beauvoir’s the de Simone against thrown of concept Levinas’ feminism, of Speaking work. to ontological the on problems relying of social and political the see to far look to have not does humans. of capacities constructive the be leftto cannot ethical One priori is ground their that in functions theological have concepts These Otherness. Levinas’ as such concepts in exemplified categories ical onto-theolog to appeals in evident particularly is this introduction, the in mentioned As reason. “escapes” which that to but irrational openly the to not non-reasonable, the of authority the to appeal an beyond reason, thereby determining that the category of the of category the that determining thereby reason, beyond 3. Negarestani’s InhumanLabors Identities automatically not dopoliticalorsocial identifications) with identifications) a ------22 21 20 19 Armen Avanessian andRobin Mckay(Falmouth: Urbanomic, 2016), 428. would engage posthuman or transhuman sources to complete this complete to sources transhuman or posthuman engage would continental of trends phil and traditions the in briefed Yet, bonds. anyone possible while all from human the about human is what of freeing the via inhumanzation an to leading necessarily as enment enlight the of enterprise humanist the of view his for groundwork 18 ty.” alteri “noumenal of one is alternative the that notes Negarestani reasons. of space the navigate and outline to order in coherency discursive ar requires task Negarestani collective a of pursuit and identification any that gues generally. more functionalism addresses estani Negar path, semantical Brandom’s following strictly than Rather vokes Brandom’s Nega statement this after soon that given surprising not is This well. as in is Brandom claims Laden that space problematic same the into falls Negarestani that believe I that here is It them. by caused be to not way a such in organized are they while nature and history to open remain responsibility and commitment of ries capacity. that determines what on restrictions conceptual up sets mitments com have to capacity the how out set to begins then Negarestani implies anextensiveprojectofinhumanmanipulation. humanism be. Thus, can human the what changing and expanding of project the to but birthright originary an to commitment a not are itself, better constructively lost. could agency human of vectors and trajectories real whereby alternatives” “false of fog a creating as strategies both sees Negarestani view, disenchanting opposite the as well as above, noted import theological the task to Taking appeals totheontological. through attempted generally is that project a outline pragmatically to order in thinkers analytic other and Brandom utilizes he that is task, they would be wrong. Why Negarestani’s text interests us here Ibid.,433-34. Reza Negarestani,“TheLabor oftheInhuman,”in Ibid.,429. Ibid.,434. Ibid.,431. 22 spy ol peue bsd n h tpc ta Negarestani that topic, the on based presume, would osophy 18 Negarestani argues that reason as a collective feedback loop feedback collective a as reason that argues Negarestani eaetn age ta a omtet o en hmn is human being to commitment a that argues Negarestani 21 20

eeecn te rbe o otlgcl oiis above, politics ontological of problem the Referencing hl Ngrsai lis ht h nraie catego normative the that claims Negarestani While Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Between Saying andDoing. #Accelerate: The Accelerationist Reader Accelerationist #Accelerate: The 19 restani in , eds. ------

59 60 Ben Woodard An interest in non-human complexity should not be takenbe not should complexity non-human in interest An unrea as human. the in interest no has project or reasoner a such that mean not does it) puts Negarestani as human, the bettering of project ed ontological sources (or fields, while seemingly far from a self-direct pragmatically focused reasoner. For one, an appeal to naturalistic or or deontic the to clear immediately not is that project a pursuing or and language a in engaging as takenbe should afar from viewpoint a then reasoners, all for holds reason of account functionalist the If to effectivelycriticizeoneanother. accepted, at the very least, in order for two groups or two reasoners be should pluralism pluralism, to relation in states Laden target. As causes the least very the at then seriously, critiques, Negarestani which thing some pluralism’ssake, for pluralism a inviting be to seem may this confusion. While of space wider ever an another,opening one from as project this pursue who thinkers the viewing of effect subsequent the have noumena meantto or voirs reser ontological upon thinkers,reliance ist the critique to right are lesson that is being lost. While Negarestani, and other neo-rational meta-discursive a be, may what or, meta-cognitive a is there that acting like Mr. Collins. While Negarestani cites Laden’s work, I worry and sounding reasoners about warning Laden’s of core the is This its effectivenesswhichisbeingmistaken foritsgroundedness. mistakenbeing is for directiveness its self-grounding,fact, in when, its that way a such in pursued is language of account functionalist the words, other in Or, factors. certain aside sets description of mode avoids encountering its own limits in the way in which the functional account functional the by afforded reason of self-directedness the that is materialisms, new feminist as well as rationalism of critiques feminist many of work the in explicit and work Laden’s in implicit is that think I one here, concern natu My questions. asitconcerns ontological or is ralist commitment) thehuman and of what action questions off (between brackets doing and saying between 24 23 Ibid. Laden, effectiveness has to be understood as a discursive act with some pragmatic Reasoning | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology only wrong. , 157. is seen to retroactively ground its groundedness as groundedness its ground retroactively to seen is This pries the theoretical fields further apart further fields theoretical the pries This do political work, I believe that this can this that believe I work, political 23 24

if Laden’s lesson is to be taken be to is lesson Laden’s if desire forontologicalforcesor ------reason andreasonablenessinDeborahHeikes’ terms. collapsing of trap the into fall to be would this recognize to fail To an endinandofitself. and/or primarily, believes that merely merely, it if task to taken be should project a such though sonable, Publishing Group, 2010), 146. 25 the half-forgotten, but now re-emerging, materialist strain of cyber and harbor) do and can materialisms such tendencies vitalist the of critical and wary be Hasana would I (although materiality and to return Sharp’s Bennett Jane as such thinkers between somewhere space a emphasize to wish I issue discourse, the feminist in of embodiment of overview extensive an for space have not do I While issue this address through thenotionofembodiment. to attempt will I expressed. better be to labor cognitive of forms other and intuitive require which concerns ical at the same time, pointing to broad ethical, political, and philosoph while, academia, sexism-coated of networks normative the of lems prob pragmatic the as well as rationalism, Enlightenment of fines con and limitations particular escape to need pragmatic a marks isms commit the move of appealing to ontological well-springs. material This new feminist that believe, I telling, is It materialist. new feminist a and reason of gamer Brandomian a between an encounter stage to wish I section following the In materiality. or ecology as such issues addressing when tempting particularly be to appears the discourse of rationalist debate. Appeal to an ontological outside to them bringing before notions vaguer explore or detect to suited mitments to embark upon com the expressing and understanding for imperative is approach functional and normativist the While programs. political construct re to reason of concepts our refine to those from different be well tobetter very may instance, for change, climate of order complexities the address in refine and practice, engage, might The directions. one various norms its to relation in rationalism of processes the on influences of stratification the determine to how is trick The DeborahK.Heikes, Rationalist andFeminist Philosophy 4. EmbodiedNorms either project, either describing (New York: Continuum International it is not necessarily the best such contingency is 25 ------Studies Woodard, “Schellingian Thought forEcologicalPolitics,” 26 it? from issue could which procedures and possibilities rational The the are what ask then must we another, one to invitations offering If, following Laden’s example, we take the encounter as both parties ily, take place. may,necessar that not moves but stereotypical the are them, see I materiality as one willfully employed in order to control it. These, as negligence formers the see would latter the world, terial ma the of coaching or,rational nature the of space the granted for takes former the While out. traced be to needs that entanglement material a has consequence every materialist, new the for whereas social, the into out setting adirectly trajectory boot-strapped self-directed, with herself find would gamer Brandomian The social. the of field the in another one encounter might fields both from ure fig standard a way the in together brought be can aspects These which in their field the out lay and ground a posit theories both which from point the of latter) the in celebrated or former the in hidden (whether arbitrariness the deny as well as historical the suspend ly sense. latter the in dominance ible Yetselective would moves both systematic in a purely positive sense, and the rational with an inflex the with rational the equates side, one the on non-starter, ported pur sit. This to which at table no provide to seem for latter,would the it of critique wholesale a and former, the for rationality on sis empha an because impossible immediately appear may peace Any arises. also exchange an to another one invite to materialisms, new feminist and normativity Brandomian as such realms, incompatible seemingly would meanfor it what of Laden, question the Following respective historiesandlanguages. their to due different quite is both of direction and burden the that only but ontological, the or metaphysical the in latter the nor tice prac in uninterested is former the that say to not is practices. This body, and analytic pragmatic feminisms which emphasize everyday the of materiality the emphasize tradition, contra continental that, feminisms compare even or unify to how is now, stands it as ty, feminism—particularly that of Sadie Plant. Ihavediscussedthe politicalaspectsofthesethinkers, albeitinadifferentcontext in:Ben argumentscanhappen. , no.2(2013). Identities Anarchist Developments in Cultural 26

The immediate difficul vis-à-vis ------

2010), 11. The new materialist, on the other hand, attempts to articulate how articulate to attempts hand, other the on materialist, new The variance. troubling purportedly or contingency of elimination the and control universality-so-far,seeks is that process, one in not and while stability, this stability.Furthermore, epistemological of sition po a articulating as taken be can Enlightenment, the of vision ish ist-normative position sundered from its association with a cartoon 27 fact that“ourpowersarething power[ed].” the given sense makes way a such in politics thinking that argues agents being tied to further agencies known and unknown. Bennett b things, of nature a to tied being as agents human of ramifications political the only not Bennett’s feminist newmaterialists: Jane BennettandHasana Sharp. Because of Spinoza’s influence, I will focus briefly on the work of two work. his in closeness their given out carried is this how of mention little with but figure affective the and figure rationalist the between split is not, Spinoza than often More rationalism. politically-infused as well as materialism new politically-infused both for figure tional Peterwith cussion Wolfendalehighlighted, has founda a is Spinoza dis a Spinoza. As of legacy the is contention of space obvious One nowhere. speaking of ontological or metaphysical capacities from a view from of mode a into back fall to not order in solidity epistemological of notion a requires position of notion very the embodiments, and es, substanc materials, of affects and effects the explore can positions that it must rely on them wholesale. Likewise, while new materialist stitutive processes coming from the outside, but this does not mean con of degrees certain or nature, materiality,or abandon to as self it of sure so be cannot reason otherwise, put well. Or as processes non-cognitive and cognitive other but reason, only not ground that matters of potentialities and constraints the formulates that alism materi a and domination, with equatable not is that coherency ical epistemolog of position a is another one offer can two these What game. normative the by out bracketed be merely cannot that influences influences, material of negotiation and navigation a require sitions po reasonable and actions one’s of grounding environmental the Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: Vibrant PoliticalA Ecology of Things Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecologyof Things ut also the political ramifications of human of ramifications political the also ut (Durham, NC:Duke University Press, 27 emphasizes ------

61 62 Ben Woodard categories of beings. of categories distinct ontologically over materialities emphasizes which phism anthropomor strategic as to refers she of what through positionality knowledge the addresses Bennett epistemology, of place In large). at world the forget and self the over-focuson can world the epistemological project (where a concern with how the self accesses an of results navigational or ontological possible the collapses This 29 28 pulls Sharp materiality, or matter vibrant from lessons political ing draw of instead Furthermore, Spinozism. Deleuze’s from less and up a similar project as Bennett’s but draws more directly on Spinoza Hasana Sharp’s text temology yetstillclaimtohavenoeticallyarticulablestrategies. would argue that it is a performative contradiction to abandon epis I singular substance. that modes of only fact are in separate entities apparently as exist that things which in substance single a as world a of speaks monism Spinzoa’s because ecological formally or cally ontologi or combinatorial are politics Spinoza’s selective. overly appears Deleuze via Spinoza of utilization Bennett’s that here is It tions with) thevibrancyofthings. connec new perhaps (or of knowledge new to lead further which and affects impersonal trigger which encounters produces paratus ap epistemological an of place in strategy this have to that gests sug Bennett anthropomorphism. strategic of pivot the via politics retroactively justifies the ontological choices Bennett makes for her thropomorphize appears as a natural or ontological tendency which an to Bennett’sinclination result, them. a express As to able is and of concerns quite Bennett claims. edge knowl of realm the of dismissal immediate and strong Bennett’s is ecology?problem her immediate of An consequences potential the following while reason, of notion self-grounding or self-sufficient a to concerns her submits merely that be reason a concerns alteri in together her brought can “noumenal how so, the if and, decries into Negarestani that fall ty” therefore work Bennett’s Does Press, 2011). 30 Hasana Sharp, Bennet, Ibid.,99. how such a perspective comes to know about these materialities these about know to comes perspective a such Vibrant Matter 28 | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology

because they are, she argues, inherently self-interested. inherently argues, she are, they because Spinoza andthePolitics ofRenaturalization , 3. Spinoza andthePolitics ofRenaturalization 29

But this maneuver evades the explanation the evades maneuver this But brusquely imse epistemological dismisses (Chicago: The University of Chicago 30 sets ------issues. feminist and rights, animal ecology, addressing for reservoir erful pow a offers naturalism Spinoza’s that suggests furthermore but normativity) confining of terms (in nature of usages typical against a concept of nature from Spinoza which she believes not only works being that is inherently a "joyful" ground for politics. for ground "joyful" a inherently is that being affect makes thereby she agency. of sense a to it connecting by joy with renaturalization Spinozistic of project her equating of procedure Deleuzian the endorses wholeheartedly brings up the problems of deriving a politics from metaphysics, ism flatness Spinoza’sof ontological out grow critiques these that argues Sharp in theworkof Giovanna Colombetti. 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 embodi on emphasis her how and Plant Sadie of work the discuss affects to reaction clear whether, and to what extent, a political trajectory, as at least un remains it received, passively and described only is Yetaffect if sale. whole epistemology replace thereby can which knowledge, of tem networked of kind matism, sys a as likeaffect Sharp, sees Bennett, the it.” fighting of process in emerges often cause the oppression make that conditions and causes the of grasp adequate “An writes: she when enterprise political any for necessary doubt no is causes material derstanding in nature as akindofconstraint politics attempting of problems the addresses she due, her Sharp give To neously? simulta made be claims these can how But discourse. political for artificial too as epistemology rejects time, same the at and she, reason affect between correspondence rational the endorses Sharp Ibid.,83. Sharp, Ibid.,10. Ibid.,24-25. Ibid.,4. A fascinatingapproachtoaffectand emotion andtheirrelationtoquantifiability canbefound Ibid.,14. Ibid.,34. 32 38

much along the terms of Jane Bennett’s project. While Sharp project. While Bennett’s Jane of terms the along much Spinoza 31

and that this leads to a kind of philanthropic posthuman philanthropic of kind a to leads this that and , 2. , could be revised or redirected. or revised be could To, will I conclude, 34 This agency, Sharp continues, is affective, and affective, is continues, Sharp agency, This 37

Despite these moments of borderline prag borderline of moments these Despite as

such into a trans-individual network of network trans-individual a into 36 ; she also argues that un that argues also she ; 35 Thus,

while 33

she a ------Technology.html 39 pervs, you Ada Lovelace!" Lovelace, Linda "Not yells: she which to chuckles team male nam is she that them informs She who are trying to come up with a name for the BIOS that she wrote. engineers of room a into walks Cameron) named woman young (a the in set Series 1980s TV themed technology computer recent the In revisionary epistemology. a technology,requires encounters it when particularly feminism, of ment, as well as technology, demonstrates that any materialist view Ursula Le Guin, “A Rantabout Technology.” http://www.ursulakleguinarchive.com/Note- learn todo. can we what technologies. They’re about thing neat the pair of shoes, either. I could learn. We all can learn. That’s a computer, but I don’t know how to make a fishhook or a don’t program refrigerator,or a power and build I to how know invention. hi-tech notable that respect have the to wits should matches with fire a lighted ever who anybody technologies; “simple” or “primitive” or “low” for respect proper some gained probably has matches without fire a lighted ever who Anybody one? make to is to ask yourself of any manmade object, Do I know how “hi,” pretty fact, in are, technologies most that illustrate to way One ripe... were they when them picked just we and trees, on grew glass recycled from spun vests fleece and and bottoms copper teeth with saucepans steel our if fingers—as like us with born objects, natural pills, were aspirin chairs, clocks, knives, wheels, ink, paper, if flax—as as thing same the were linen if As all. at gy“ “technolo called be to deserves bomber jet a or puter think we that prowess technical expanding ceaselessly fifty of and years hundred a by desensitized so been have We Halt and Catch Fire, nothing less complex and showy than a com a than showy and complex less nothing Technologies andEmbodiments 39 5. PragmaticsandInside Jobs: Identities theshow’s genius computer programmer ing the BIOS Lovelace. The all- The Lovelace. BIOS the ing - - women in technology, I wish to conclude by setting up the possible the up setting by conclude to wish technology,I in women of situation difficult the on written been has her much at While expense. joke a make reasons of space the in firmly themselves would see who those but forgotten, technology in women of history the erased, labor her is at only of Not sedimented. kinds remain the that titudes of account accurate depressingly a is scene The In one of her journal entries Lovelace, the "Queen of Engines" wrote: ed on,thematerialeffectsofrudimentarycomputers. software for,the her time,hadwritten ahead of years andspeculat so or hundred a who, programmer first the as Lovelace Ada tioned In as productivelyandnegativelyconstraining. nexus gender-sex the in imbricated are they how as well as effects material unregistered numerous had technologies disparate ingly overthrow, the great gesture of her work is to recuperate how seem cyber-Amazoniantotal to lead would technology of appropriations take Plant to task for her exuberance in claiming that cyber-feminist the technological revolutions of the 1990s. While one could certainly of context the in particularly Harraway, Donna like thinkers of tion to resist patriarchal thought) combined with the constructivist posi anatomy female of notions particular on reliance its for notorious is core materialist (or even essentialist) position of Luce Irigiray (which hard the – disciplines incompatible merging of accused often was Plant positions. interrelated these articulate to attempting to est I would argue that Sadie Plant is one of the thinkers who came clos reason. pragmatic of side embodied the materiality,shows on emphasis an particular,with in theory feminist how note time, same the at and, technology of studies to central and evident so is that section, last the to refer to knowledge, embodied into knowledge of translation Zeroes and Ones Zeroes rfud n lgcl id, u a psesn a yet a possessing as but minds, logical and profound all of interest the in place prominent a to them entitle whole, a as together connexion their in regarded when completeness, logical and symmetry beauty, whose truths, intrinsic immutable and abstract of body vast as a merely not science, mathematical view who Those Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 o isac, ln clbae te aforemen the celebrates Plant instance, for ------

63 64 Ben Woodard 41 elsewhere. augmentation aswelltheexteriorization andmigrationof“female”reproductivecapacities the localgroundsofthatembodimentas isevident intrans-feministappropriations ofself- conditions redirectedbypracticesofdesire. Such practicescan, viathetechnological,thenalter naturalized biologicalcapacities,butthe practicesandgestureswhichissuefrombiological towards theirinitialpossibilities.Forfeminism, andsexualpolitics,embodimentthenisnot of themselvestogether, butalterandproduce theverykindsoforientationsonemighttake 40 against. warns Laden which sciences the from rejection automatic the avoid to reasoner a than reasonable more appear to wish may one where contamination, double a in us places this it, puts Kember as sense, lar task thereby aware of its context specific limitations. particu a lockedinto capacity that and reason, of capacity gational navi the between reasonable, the and reason between relation the tuitional anchor, a temporary space from which one can reorientate in an as functions articulation, embodied an in gesture, a in traced and identified be can which that reason, of outside lays which That commitment and action. above, language pragmatic the in or, embodiment reason and between gradient traversable but difficult the strates demon but engine, analytic the of concept Lovelace’s or desires, the above quote, does not emphasize the foolishness of overly ideal with taken software, her realize to to necessary apparatus failure the make Baggage’s Charles time, Lovelace’s of technology The 42 Châtelet, The conceptofintuitionalanchoring isanextrapolationof Gilles Chatelet’s workin: Gilles See: Sarah Kember, The loopofcommitmentandaction,asNegarestanicalls them,notonlyaugmenteach forms. practical explicit into principles its of translation the tate facili to tend can that all interest especial with regard will works, Creator’s his read effectually most can man of mind weak the which through instrument the as truth mathematical on think thus who those amidst: live we are interminably going on in the agencies of the creation perceptions, physical immediate our to unconsciously or consciously invisibly, or visibly which, relationship tual mu of changes unceasing those and world, natural the which alone we can adequately express the great facts of bered that this science constitutes the language through remem is it when race, human the for interest deeper Figuring Space: Philosophy, MathematicsandPhysics 42 | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology 40 Cyberfeminism and Artificial Life (London:Routledge, 2003), 176-177. (Paris: Springer, 1999). 41 In another ------perspectivism" and other projects demonstrate, projects other and perspectivism" "pragmatic Sullivan’s Shannon As platform. fruitful more the likely continue and I believe that the pragmatist vein of such work is most will neo-rationalism with engagements feminist that hopeful am I to espouse. claim they commitments rational or universalist the to respond to refuse who philosophers male of stubbornness stupid the indexes instead it when philosophy of kind a were it if as philosophy" in en in that women professors are forced or required to represent "wom This is evident, to take anyone. only the example to of philosophy surprise departments, a be not should separatism resulting earlier,the then against warned I as apart pried are discourses the if case, the not is this If users). (bad inhabitants other of behavior the least, tance by which a person within a system can effect it, or, at the very dis operational an maintaining and ugliness, system’s the of hand a rendering of one’s identity within a structure in order to wash one’s clear.made between that repeatedly difference has a Yet,Žižek is there point self-delusion—a ideological into falls easily which tion distancia a itself, system the and system the within operator of the distancing a requires error user and insider both of notion The political sense,hasquiteadifferentkindofeffect. ist or anti-feminist statements. anti-feminist or ist themselves, or put plainly, "calling people out" when they make sex injunctions pragmatic of injunction the involves this of Part means. Laden that sense the in reasonable called be cannot world, the history of masculinist the given feminism, account into take not do We can say that at the level of the normative these exchanges which Feminism 45 particularly inregards totheprojectofMarxismcontraBadiou. 44 technological means.Butthisisatopicfor anotherpaper. in smallsocialgroupsbutmaynothavethe sameintendedeffectwhenmassivelydistributedvia 43 pragmatism. with history productive a had has ticular Yet,prac it is "insider,"the himself Negarestani which figure a to endorsea victimology.particular a of consequence a as critic a of dismissal knee-jerk the not and reason to claim a is this that lights high it as positions, those embodying as identified easily not those Calling peopleout,Ibelieve, needstobeappropriately scaled,thatis,itcanfunctionefficiently See: Shannon Sullivan, Laruellehasarguedfortheimportanceof acknowledgingthevictimsofhistoricalprojects (Indianapolis:Indiana University Press,2001) speaking for, Living Across and Through Skins: Transactional and Bodies,Pragmatism but merely to argue that the position of position the that argue to merely but 43 Ti i priual iprat for important particularly is This

has celebrated in a in celebrated has 45 feminism in par 44 This is not is This ------inherently important way that an electric fog of too much affect-talk an such in described are things and Forces practical). or mological (whethersuch episte as positionality of abandonment or and ment debase rapid a to lead seen, have we as can, however, desire This reason. to capacity own our to scope the limiting in even play of field the reshaping independently degree, some to it, of terms in but sense, rior plays a greater constitutive role. Not in a classically naïve causal pact, then it requires the most basic acknowledgment that the exte techniques of the natural sciences provide results with universal im the that thesis naturalist minimal the grant we If addressed. being is environment or nature of scale large the if as such ontology, to in contexts which the rational-normative-pragmatic those registers require an appeal deny and way other the far too go can this Yet ontological, especiallyavaguelymaterial,engineforpolitics. fication. This has a distinct advantage over attempts to rely upon an modi of fields technological and deeper,physical as well in evenas language of level the at place takes that one actions, self-altering certain of capable something as subject blank or empty the lating articu for case strong a makes Brandom, following Negarestani, pire, bycapitalandsoon. escapes, that identity and action, discourse, to weight give to attempting of the But die. should it then patriarchal inherently is subject the if it, put Plant As of opening the in suggest to seems Hayles Katherine as patriarchal being into falls deadlocks, ticular par a beyond get to attempts which when project any or project, universal that it is then Why this. share to connected, project are they accelerationist which the and neo-rationalism, of works the then postmodernism, of aspects focused language most the with turn, the linguistic of insufficiency the with dissatisfaction to due part in is embodiment and materiality towards turn feminist the If ing theoreticalparadigms? already-exist of exhaustion the it is or considerations, ontological tical concerns and failures that have moved many feminists towards by fiat

turn to materiality is often, though not always, a way a always, not though often, is materiality to turn , its determinations from the outside by men, by em Identities How WeHow

Became Posthuman?Became ------tion betweengoodandbadarguments. As shesonicelystatesit: phy, is produced. As Heikes states in her 46 wish to live, this does not mean that they are capable of judging con and exist, to continue generally will things living other while Hence, thing. good a is itself, this, that and themselves in ends having as cause we, as rational agents, are capable of recognizing living things be things living other for responsible are beings, human rational as we, that is claim basic her that in Kantian is approach Korsgaard’s son and rationality can be taken up for a cause such as animal ethics. Korsgaard’s Christine ically-charged aesthetics. an by circuited short conveniently too seems that knowing b gap epistemological an is there that state is to above, critique the from following Bennet, to response good a think I due. are they care and respect the with actants non-human treating as focus—such non-anthropocentric certain a for allows ty materiali towards orientation an that is project Bennet’s of swing up ethical and political purported a that see Pointingcan we back, can hopetomake reasonwhatitsetsouttobe. one that tasks of engine great two-sided this through also is It ting. cut require that biases with rife are they if especially open, crack availab reason of The other side of this is that it is up to us insiders to make our spaces Heikes, no philosopher, feminist or otherwise, can abandon the distinc en imnld I i oe hn t sy ht feminism that say to thing one is It dismantled? been What is left of such concepts after their foundations have any goodargument,namely, reason? of heart the at lies which that dismissed have we when opponents our against argue successfully to expect we can How discrimination? of forms other and racism, ism, sex of injustice the to claims feminist of truth and tivity objec the rationality,is of where concept we the on up give If masculine. irredeemably and fundamentally are reason of accounts substantive that argue multaneously si we if means this what say to entirely thing another is it truth; and objectivity, reason, to recourse requires Rationality andFeminism Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 le not only for others to enter but to critique and critique to but enter to others for only not le Fellow Creatures , 124. Rationality and Feminist Philoso and Feminist Rationality is a good model of how rea how of model good a is 46 etween justice and justice etween ontolog ------

65 66 Ben Woodard virus) astheresultofasabotagedspacecolonizationmission: "uplift” accelerative an (via sapience evolved who assistant) male subservient her and female powerful (a spiders two between sion Tchaikovsky’sAdrian in indirectly) (albeit found conclusion)the is in to turn I which (to insm xenofem of kind epistemology). a of of ment example wonderful A replace a as aesthetics of notion loaded ontologically the question to rather is shows (it thought of transformations only internal of possibility the that avenue an as aesthetic the dismiss to not also is vital materiality or an ontological edification of the non-human. This upon relying overly without non-humans for constructive tentially po is that way a in ethics its and rationality of problem the dresses ad it but question this to answer simple no is there Korsgaard For that werisk,inessence,domesticatingallanimallife? extent the to other each and us for them protect we do or possible as much as them from ourselves distance and free" "be animals all let we do Kantianism: expanded an such from results that tinomy an is the difficulty the Korsgaard, For character. different entirely an takeson extinction beings human for worse)whereas and worse doubt no are lives their extinction of edge the on animals for that extinction are minimally different (though Korsgaard acknowledges and death animals endangered For death. and extinction between difference the recognize can we that is ends, having as things living One example of our responsibility, following from the judgement of duty.moral our of part as things living other of protection and care that we must be more Kantian than Kant himself if we are to see the tinued existence as a good in itself. One of Korsgaard’s arguments is beneath us, though, the surplus, what use are they?use surplus, what the us, though, beneath What be rewarded. merit natural, that males of host great The your accomplishments.tected andvaluedfor only is That yourself.as such one with ing male pro you are course Of be foolish. Don’t Youevery ignorant,crawl cannotequate society crushes itsvoice.Maleshave theirplace;sheknowsthis. of weight the yet and not, are creatures other that way a in her like are kin, are species her all that her tells it and lurks nanovirus the where mind a her is in place There war. at are custom and biology her, Within | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology Children of Time of Children . The following is a discus a is following The . ------48 47 spawned manyresponsesand extensions. been met with equal amounts of excitement and resistance and has has manifesto Their mathematics. and science, computer poetry, design, art, visual anthropology,philosophy, across work who nists femi six of group international an Cuboniks, Laboria by forth put program research and manifesto a Xenofeminism, of generation the to contributed debates and sources these of all not but Many Adrian Tchaikovsky, Foranarchiveoftexts supportiveandcriticalseehttps://laboriacuboniks.net/resources. What wouldwedowiththem? ation toeverymaleinthecityjustbecauseofyou. cannot to blindlyexpect extend my sisters such consider egg, tomakemale gotintoyouinthe But you youthus. are they?good Youan exceptionalare male. fe Something natural. world. our mastering of Weun the of virtue a made have of ants,instead wilderness, orfallingprey jaws the to the be hunting we wouldstill natural If weprizedthe in Spitters herself. natural. is we dothat what about nothing There is sternly,tells him unnatural, she is you ask What controlling even more resolved. seems he though, her, from chamber the across himself settles of argument. he her When assist might fear injection sudden that if wonders she moment a for but have struck, not would She terrified. momentarily back, scuttling him sending frustration, in up rears She You canneverknow, becauseyoudonottry. Use themaswhat? What usecantheybe? Apparently Fabianhasgiventhismattersomethought. them. Put strengths. work. Find their to them Train them. Use 6. IfNatureis Unjust, Then It’s NotNature 47 Children of Time Children (London:PanBooks, 2016). 48 - - - - alienation. 19, 2019). https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/breakthroughs-bait-xenofeminism- 49 human, and animal between that namely, melt, to attempted has rationality scientific that divisions the reaffirms XF that argued “AlienAesthetics” has in Konior Bogna vein related but different a In structs suchasculture,history, andscience. con of artificiality the on banking beings human of understanding circumspect naively a and/or nature bucolic undisturbed of model atavistic an uphold to generally category is easily and the readily natural apply the of can one that presume To nature. of concept closed) theologically often (and irrational very a presumes natural ralness. One can very easily have a nature without the natural as the natu and nature collapsing not to applied be could reasonableness In the above quote, Heikes’ warning about not collapsing reason and theory andrecentrearticulationsofrationalism. tween rationality and embodiment as it manifests in recent feminist ecological of one be tension the shown, hopefully have I simply as relates, also but concern not is reason, to relates it as especially nature, of question the But herself). Haraway include to seems ly those who would rather be a goddess than a cyborg (which now sad against push to part, in meant, is change statement this Obviously nature. unjust, is nature sentence—if last the with been begging the since has project Xenofeminist the with contention central My ing asgeneralcriticalengagements. more timely due to the rise/return of transphobia often masquerad even become has manifesto the of aspect trans- the out, pointed feminist politic broadly, they are often deployed as a critique of the current state of more project the in and manifesto, the in role a play above cussed dis resources theoretical the of some While abstraction. and ality sexu trans technoscience, universality, alienation, of themes the emphasizes manifesto The Matrix). VNS from also but Plant Sadie and Haraway only (not 1990s and 1980s the of cyberfeminism the from heavily draws XF accelerationism, and neo-rationalism from borrowing Besides technoscience. and formalism, rationality, cially it—espe to antithetical considered often thought contemporary of a with discourse feminist reconnect to sought XF core, its At Jules Joanne Gleeson, “Breakthroughs&Bait: On Xenofeminism & Alienation,” s and feminist theory. As Jules Joanne Gleeson has Gleeson Joanne Jules As theory. feminist and s Identities 49 Mute (October spects ------(such astheworkofDescolaand Viveiros de Castro). As shewrites: though she does this by way of the ontological turn in anthropology Kong Cultural R>evolution Kong Cultural 50 the and reason of articulations different very with Kant) (via gaad Kors and Sharp) (via Spinoza in this doing of means one saw We intent intheconditionsof possibilityoftheworld. human ground or root to wish we degree the on depending wide or narrow is but naturalness and gem artificiality by grasped not is stone a from beer of bottle a separates what meaningless: comes be natural the sense this In apt. is possibility of conditions the as understood succinctly only is nature that sub-disci notion Schelling’s and plines. disciplines its all in sciences the of plethora the by described completely not but partially world the of materialization thing like the unbound collection of processes that contribute to the some is nature then poets, English of full forest comfy a like thing some as nature of oversaturation aesthetic the suspend can one If BognaKonior, “Alien aesthetics: Xenofeminism andNonhuman Animals,” inI festo. “We find,” it states, “that our normative antinatu normative our “that states, it “Wefind,” festo. Mani Xenofeminist the from missing is concept cated geolo and discursive a as nature with engagement The politics forallalienatedsubjects. inclusive truly a offering from it prevents that one nism, xenofemi of condition unexamined the is technology beyondrealm the as nature of giveness the words, other In (35) social.” genuinely as imagined be must… ’nature’ with relations human specific historically “the whom for roots in the writing of cyborg feminists such as Haraway, revolutionary capital alike. In this way, it departs from its through which xenofeminism amasses its accusatory and nature and technology of separation the with engage or explain localize, not does Dewey,it John la à philosophy rationalist a second the and “unnatural,” as perceives it that all punishes that things” of order “natural colloquial the is first naturalisms—the different two of tanglement anen reveals statement this While (34) studied scientifically.” be cannot that nothing… is There naturalism. ontological unflinching an towards us pushed has ralism Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 , ed. Olli Tapio Leino(HongKong: ISEA,2016) 80. 50 SEA2016: Hong ------

67 68 Ben Woodard tradition, repression,andlimit. of bastion false a remain will "natural" the authorities), established by sense" "common or facts, or realism, of abuse the into teetering always it of risk the (with possibility this without But nature. of ry histo a constructing of reason) of adventure daring a him by called initially (though possibility the balkedat Kant as drawn, be can him followed who those and Kant between line the that here is it And constructed. historically as natural the change they nature, change not do things these But on. so and work, care reduced hormones, DIY transformative wombs, machinic concerns it and when technology of liberative possibilities the sees one that inism—namely, xenofem by forward put technology to approach an with dovetails above reason to approach pragmatic the why ourselves. is and This it change to capacities human our including grounding, of nature of understanding an from decoupled be cannot possibility dynamic and material of conditions the of rearticulation the and nature, don aban to not is natural entails. the Toit abandon that responsibility | User Errors:Reason, (Xeno)-Feminism andthePolitical of Insufficiency Ontology - - -

70 Andrija Koštal least because of her understanding of desire. In the course of this of course the In desire. of understanding her of because least not U.S.A., the in especially theory, feminist contemporary within controversies of lot a provoked have Chu Long Andrea by Writings essay, I propose to analyze (but also criticize) Chu’s understanding Chu’scriticize) also (but analyze to propose I essay, history of modernity (especially through the Twentieth century). Twentieththe through (especially modernity of history the throughout philosophy and literature between the relationship concerns research of field primary His novel. modernist an Europe a in illness of discourse the on topic a with graduate to about Zagreb, in Sciences Social and Humanities of Faculty the Bionote: Andrea Long Chu andthe Trouble withDesire Andrija Koštal gender transition, Jacques Lacan,politics Keywords: maybe wouldn’tlookforit. otherwise we which in experience, human of phenomena various understanding for desire of importance the about insights us of fer can Lacan, Jacques by formulated desire of theory the with supplemented and caution of dose a with taken if writings, Chu’s that argues essay the conclusion In Srinivasan. Amia by mulated for critique the account into taking politics, and desire between relation the of understanding much-disputed her with deals also essay transition. The gender of process the in and gender of tion forma the in role its and desire of understanding her on focusing Abstract: ous Croatian scientificjournals. vari in articles few a Published feminism. and ecology telligence, in artificial include interest of areas Other materialism. of forms some and philosophy non-philosophy/non-standard immanence, of philosophy the in interested is he philosophy, of part the On Faculty ofHumanitiesand Social Sciences in Zagreb | Andrea Long Chu andthe Trouble withDesire Andrija Koštal isastudentofcomparative literature at This essay discusses the writings by Andrea Long Chu Long Andrea by writings the discusses essay This Amia Srinivasan, Andrea Long Chu, desire,gender, [email protected] ------5 https://www.lacanonline.com/2010/05/what-does-lacan-say-about-desire/ Owen Hewitson,“What DoesLacan Say About… Desire?”,LacanOnline.com (May9,2010). 4 3 2 to itsdigital(epub) edition. 1 and Lacan’s understanding of desire have in common is that our de standing this important difference, a fundamental point which Chu’s to assume the role of “an incubator” has always person one which to according conception unilateral of can’s theory which reduces the dialectics of desire in favour of a sort La of reading simplistic the presents argued, be can it femaleness, of concept Chu’slacks. Thus, other the which object enigmatic the to relation in himself/herself situate to tries and desire other’s the recognizes one that rather is It desire. other’s the the of appropriation from simply results desire someone’s that state never would person. other the as other the understand we as least at insofar Other, the of desire the as desire of formula can’s La resembles femaleness of definition Chu’sthat notice to easy is expense.” own your at you, for desiring your do else someone let ficed to make room for the desires of another. […] To be female is to sacri is self the which in operation psychic “any means she female by that writes therefore, Chu, femaleness. defining in role central the plays desire Chu, for connected inextricably be to seem siring de and being As beings. human only not maybe and beings, man condition” existential universal “a writes, she as is, It sex. (biological) nor gender neither Chu, for is which ness, female of conception her concerns book the of thesis central The of memoir about her own transition and partly a theoretical discussion with therelationbetweendesireand(feminist)politics. deals part third the while transition, gender of process the in and gender of formation the in desire of role the discuss parts two first the parts; three into divided is essay publication. The its preceding book her in formulated as desire, of and detested book detested and praised equally Chu’sLong Andrea at look a taking by start will We Itshouldbenotedthatallthecitationstaken fromthebook Chu, Chu, Andrea Long Chu, ForLacan’s theoryof desireweconsulted Owen Hewitson’s entryonlacanonline.com. See The Females Females

SCUM Manifesto , 15 , 15. Females: A ConcernFemales: Females: A ConcernFemales: and the play, Desire and Gender Desire (New York: Verso, 2019), 15. 5 Up Your Ass Up Your Females: A ConcernA Females: of the other’s desire. Notwith (2019). Females 2 1 which affects all hu all affects which The book is partly a partly is book The , by Valerie Solanas. arepaginatedaccording 4 However, Lacan However, . and essays and 3 It ------11 10 9 8 7 6 that say could we terms, Lacanian into this put we If desire. else’s someone of expression “social the as one’s own sexuality” (sexual desire), of then gender can be understood expression social “the as understood be can orientation sexual If sexuality. to relation complementary a has gender independent, another.”of desires the case, every in expresses, it gender incomplete.” wildly it’s because but true, isn’t it because not decades for hollow rung has constructed socially is gender that claim “the it: puts succinctly she As gender. to substance or ground ontological give to strives Chu performative),as (gender gender of performativity social the neath be nothing there’s whom for Butler, Judith by established theory the of followers the to contrast In gender. of theory performative acclaimed the opposes implicitly Chu gender, of definition a such call ordinarily we what is available—this ally sociocultur and historically is what of terms the within maleness, formation reaction or a as oneconsciously develops unconsciously that mechanisms defense specific “the as ly, “one way the as gender define to on goes Other.the Chu of desire the for space make to order in self one’s sacrificing or self-negation presupposes it.” hates everyone and to female Chu is “everyone leads that proclamation extravagant sex” somewhat the universal “a as femaleness of conception The its mediators. with the symbolic order as the big Other or with the other people as either us, of outside something with encounter our from arise sires Chu, Ibid.,16. Ibid.,34. Owen Hewitson,“WhatdoesLacan Say.” Idem. Ibid. Female what the Other desires. desire and our own recognition by asking the question of to desire in the second degree, finding a path to our own Lacan our desires are not even our own—we always have for Indeed, us. inside innate something not is desire Our gender— , 15. copes with the substance of gender, as it were—is the fact that Identities 9 7 Chu will therefore argue that “what makes “what that argue therefore will Chu The reason why everyone hates it is that it that is it hates everyone why reason The being female” or, to put it more precise more it put to or, female” being 6 else s sexuality,” ’s gender against 10 .” Far from being from Far 8 By deploying By 11 someone n’ fe one’s - - - - say, objectsofthe Other’s desire. blondes” dumb all are “we gender, of perspective the from that manner provocative her in write will why Chu is sire. This situates oneself in relation to the enigmatic object of the Other’s de one way the but relationality all from stripped identity gender inner some express indeed not does gender of performativity social the 15 14 https://medium.com/@kemenatan/gender-desire-vs-gender-identity-a334cb4eeec5 example Amanda Roman, “GenderDesirevs. Gender Identity,” 13 12 cess is always constituted on the plane of immanence where effects pro desiring the terms, Deleuzian effects. in of it question put a To also but objects) bad or (good objects of question a only not is this beyond the aforementioned opposition. We would add though, that between good and bad; in other words, that desire by definition goes core problems regarding desire, which is that it doesn’t differentiate Liking the of piece, one Women.”short into former dives the Chu In before the book—“My New Vagina Won’t Make Me Happy” and “On published essays her of two in given is transition own her in played desire role central the of account strongest the likely most is What me, like atongueoffire,oraninfection—ormental illness.” book, “wanting to be a woman was something that descended upon nal force.” “exter an as desire of understanding her abandons Chu essays her in that mean not does this However, desire. of force the phasizes em she essays the in people, other the of desires the to conform simply view, her in or, respond always desires our how i.e., desire, of character interpersonal the highlights Chu book her in Whereas book. the in out laid theory the with conflict in be to first at seem might essays her in desire of workings the describes Chu way The own personalexperience. her on primarily based is transition gender of “theory” Chu’s that remind to useful be may it continue, we Before of transition. the process gender in role its specifically desire, of understanding her analyze further to order in to essays Chu’sturn to going we’re Now However, thereareothertranspeoplewhohavecomeoutwithsimilar experiences. See for Ibid.,64. Idem. We mightalsocallit“analien force.” See Chu, 14 Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 As she describes it poetically (and half-ironically) in the in half-ironically) (and poetically it describes she As Desire and Gender Transitionand Desire 13

Females , 15. Medium (September 11,2019). 12 , that is to is that , . 15 - - - -

71 72 Andrija Koštal Cultural Studies 16 to. That it expect don’t I fact, happier.In me make will it guarantee want, I what is “This happier: her make it not that might knew she although it do to decided and wants she what is outcomes) its of all clear, with this it (operation that out figured she siring process in relation to the effects it might lead to. As she makes de the of autonomy relative the emphasized she way vagina. This forthcoming operation (bottom surgery) by which she would get her that coincidental not is It the anticipating piece short her wrote Chu tually disappointus. even but while a for us allure might desire of object ultimate isting non-ex the substitute to come that objects the c) and afterwards, or lead to can be good produce or bad but appear as such to might consciousness only desiring of process the that effects the b) able, unattain is desire a satisfy could that object real the a) following: To summarize, our three main theses regarding desire would be the which ledherthroughthetransition. desire of object an as woman a being characterizes Chu Women,” but adherents its without diminishing their desire. disappoints constantly which desire, of object an as functions feminism whereby today, feminism to relationship women’sclaims, she example, for politics. is, including Such things, various to (attachment) relationship people’s describe to desire of us. structure disappoint this eventually uses it, replace Chu to come which objects and desire; of object (ultimate) final no is there that say can we that point the to unattainable remains always aware, ly The object of desire, on the other hand, as Chu seems to be perfect us. for bad out turned desiring our that say can we that retrospect in only is it So unpleasurable. or pleasurable only but bad or good either called be yet cannot themselves) (actualize place take that essays/on-liking-women/. 17 Andrea Long Chu, “OnLiking Women,” See Andrea Long Chu, “TheImpossibilityofFeminism,” give youwhatwant. Now it dawns on you that your object will probably never doesn’t. it day, one Then, want. you what you give will it yourself, tell you on TV.day, it One watch you, with it carry around, it Youfollow object, this to yourself attach | Andrea Long Chu andthe Trouble withDesire , 30.1(2019). n+1 30 17 16 (2018), https://nplusonemag.com/issue-30/ Similarly, in her essay, “On Liking differences : A Journal ofFeminist but there is no is there but - - - - - interpret what Lacan meant by saying that one should not give way give not should one that saying by meant Lacan what interpret can we that ways the of one exemplifies by Chu expressed attitude transcendent. is happiness while immanence) in (or immanent is desire that it, formulate would we 22 larval-subjects.blogspot.com/2006/06/lacanian-ethics-and-superego.html. 21 psychic/bodily state. 20 19 medicine.html 2018), 18 the on claims, and raised were they which into one the from ferent dif gender a to belonging of feeling inner the of because transition people which to according theory the rejects Chu this, stating By long-distance femalefriendship,andsoon. of intimacy telephonic the movies, the at crying mascara, and stick gender female lip compliments, and gossip for: with transitioned she that (femininity) associated objects and acts) (performative way” ademic that by this she doesn’t mean being a woman in “some abstract, ac to come to be the subject of our desire.“ but desire, our delay to or desire our off put longer no to desire, our betrayal of our desire is to take responsibility for our desire, to avow the indicates that guilt the escape to way only “the suggests, ant) Bry Levi (presumably blogger anonymous one As desire. one’s on to affirm that “desire and happiness are independent agents” shouldn’t disqualify me from getting it.” 25 24 she insistsonthecentral roleofdesireinthetransition. 23 decided tofollowherandsimplyequate the two. woman. a become to desire her of because transition because of the inner feeling of already being a woman but didn’t she that insists she narrative, usual the to contrast in where, of gender transition in her by now famous essay “On Liking Women” Chu draws further theoretical implications from her own experience pier ornot? wants she what is this because operation, the undergo to decides she when does Chu One shouldnotethat Chu avoidsusingtheverbbecomingincontextoftransition,even as Levi Bryant, “LacanianEthicsandthe Superego”, Ibid. Andrea Long Chu, “MyNew Vagina Won’t Make MeHappy,” Chu, “MyNew Vagina.” We could notethat Chu doesn’t make adistinction betweenwantinganddesiring,sowe Happinessis,inouropinion,alwaysattached fromtheoutside(asasignifier)tocertain Chu, “OnLiking Women”. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/opinion/sunday/vaginoplasty-transgender- . 24 but goes on to list all those stereotypical behaviours stereotypical those all list to on goes but 22 and regardless of whether it will make her hap her make will it whether of regardless and 20 We could argue further that the that further argue could We LARVAL SUBJECTS 18 21 By stating that, Chu wants And isn’t this exactly what 23 25 The New YorkNew Times The And she makes it clear makes it she And

(June6,2006). http:// (November 19 or, as - - - - - information aboutthe exactpagelocationofcertainparaphrases andcitationsaremissing. 30 the-daddy-dialectic/. Daddy Dialectic,” 29 28 27 26 ties, who demanded the withdrawal of women from men, not just in seven the of feminists radical the that claims project. Chu political nism” Femi of Impossibility “The article academic the and Women” ing Lik “On essay discussed previously the in mostly topic the on view her elaborates Chu politics. (feminist) and desire between relation the of question the to turn will we essay, this of section last the In writings. their in testified have others some and as Chu transition, gender of sire. de identificatory it call could identification? We gender of process the behind runs which desire, sexual the to opposed necessarily not but from different desire, of type a be behind there could identification. So a force as desire designates it that is significant oretically the potentially and startling proclamation makesthis what But al). ego-ide as someone regarding someone, like be (to and identification object) an as someone taking someone, be (liking distinction desire a tween with operates sentence this that notice to easy is It them.” like be to wanting from women liking differentiate to able been never have I is, truth “The confession: striking a us offers essay, Chu her of beginning the At identification. and desire tween be relation the about question fundamental the to us leads all This meaningful (substantive) concept. the role of desire in the formation of gender, that gender becomes a sire in the thing we call gender.” deny,de totally of to bracket,role not the if “to is function primary she thinks, is becoming more and more of an empty concept whose one desire.” a of force the but identity an of truth the not expresses “transition that contrary, Idem. Unfortunately, weweren’tableto obtain theaccess tothearticleagain. That iswhythe Idem. We’re borrowing thisconceptfromthetextby Jordy Rosenberg. See Jordy Rosenberg, “The Idem. 29 is It would be this same desire that drives (guides) the process the (guides) drives that desire same this be would It , but of what one 30 in both of which she discusses lesbian separatism as a failed a as separatism lesbian discusses she which of both in Los Angeles ReviewofBooks Identities Desire and(Feminist)Politics 26 wants For Chu, transness is “a matter not of who of not matter “a is transness Chu, For .” 27 28 Gender identity, on the other hand, (March2018), https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/ Again, it is only by acknowledging ------outcome of seventies’ feminism, Chu concludes that “nothing good feminism, “nothing seventies’ that of concludes outcome Chu historical this from Drawing program. political one’s fit to it for der or in desire his/her curb simply cannot one that means case this in which desire, of autonomy relative the again, is, Chu, for indicates ungovernability.” “desire’s of problem a encountered comes of forcing desire to conform to political principle.” the sphere of the economy, but on the level of relationality as such, 36 right-to-sex. 2018), 40.6,https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v40/n06/amia-srinivasan/does-anyone-have-the- 35 34 33 32 31 although words, other In shape. its gaining traverses, through desire which infrastructure semiotic the of analysis critical the at aim therefore would It system. economic and political broader a inside desire of formation the addressing means primarily it that suppose sire.” de of grounds the “interrogate to is do to ought and theory,can of moralism. to leads forms necessarily other also but feminism, What desire of critique political any that Chu with agree doesn’t nivasan women but also by other oppressed groups. by suffered misrecognition and exclusion of injustices the discuss to wants that feminism any for unacceptable finds she which sire, de of critique political the of rejection total the toward leads it that to Right the Have Anyone “Does essay her in Srinivasan, Amia reactions. voked pro expectably has them them/follow to submit to except desires, our about do can we nothing is there that conviction implicit Chu’s this: remains the same and, in a somewhat extended version, sounds like conclusion general the but article academic aforementioned the in orates her analysis of seventies feminism in the U.S.A. in more detail See Chu, “TheImpossibility ofFeminism.” Ibid. See Amia Srinivasan, “Does Anyone HavetheRightto Sex?”, Chu, “OnLiking Women.” Chu, “TheImpossibilityofFeminism”,?. Srinivasan, “Does Anyone.” 36 way youwantthemto. to how people tell […] cannot them Yousimply for bad are that things to attachment people’s restructuring ciously effica of capable submit, I program, political no is There Although she doesn’t explain what she means by it, we can we it, by means she what explain doesn’t she Although feel, at least with the result that they start feeling the Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Sex?”, notices the dangers of Chu’s position and warns and of position Chu’sdangers the notices Sex?”, 34 35 London ReviewofBooks Most importantly, Sri 32 33 ht this What She elab (March - 31 ------

73 74 Andrija Koštal (June, 2020), Pfannebecker, “Fully Automated Luxury Veganism: Desireina Post-Labour World,” open orclosespaceforcertainfutures.For thislineofthinking,seeforexampleMareile future oflifeonthisplanetdependlargely onourabilitytorecognizehowpresentdesires 38 37 the ethicsofpsychoanalysis lie. one’s of subject a becoming of process other words, no one is born a subject of his/her desire and it is in that tent that it is possible, through an often difficult and long process. In say that they have to be discovered and turned conscious, to the ex roots reside and as such, they are initially unknown to us, which is to deepest their where unconscious the in originate desires our cause someone we never thought we towards would lust after,or or love.” go, ever would we imagined hadn’t we somewhere us “leading us, surprise can desires our notices, beautifully Srinivasan as Secondly, given. not definitely is it and fixed, nor flexible pletely com neither is desire because right are theorists Both (plasticity). its “childlike” character, Srinivasan rather points toward its flexibility objects), certain on fixed remain to tendency (its desire of bornness stub the emphasizes whereas Chu So, wills.” own our of operation preferences) the under “sometimes and time of course sexual the over alter do and can about writes (she desires our that is them of things. important One other few a essay,at her points In Srinivasan desire pertainsonlytotheformer. faction. satis accessible easily more toward subject direct and desiring of process the obstruct to tend which desires defensive or false called so- and does) one what and is one who defining for central is that desire (the desire “true” between differentiating of psychoanalysis, Lacanian by highlighted especially importance, the with connected and would it mean anything for our actions?” This question is tightly consciousness (critical) such by get we do “what still is question ing which through done. than and said easier is taketheythis although shape, remain The which in infrastructure the changing by than themselves) reshape to them (allowing desires changing of way ter bet no there’s simply, it put Toembedded. are desires our which in (economic)ground, material its with together infrastructure, otic lies), moralism i 40 39 t does not make much sense to criticize desire as such (this way (this such as desire criticize to sense much make not does t See Chu, “OnLiking Women.” Never wasthisprobablymoreimportantthantodaywhenoursurvivalasaspecies andthe Srinivasan, “Does Anyone.” See: Bryant,“LacanianEthicsandthe Superego.” 38 It follows that Lacan’s expression not to give way on one’son way Lacan’sgive that to follows not It expression https://arcdigital.media/fully-automated-luxury-veganism-ce149507f845 | Andrea Long Chu andthe Trouble withDesire 37 we can and should ask ourselves about the semi the about ourselves ask should and can we 40

desire that Lacan thought Lacan that desire 39 This is be Arc Digital . ------as in her essays Chu elucidates the role played by desire not only in only not desire by played role the elucidates essays Chu her in as book her In studies. trans and gender feminism, of focus the into again once desire bring to helped has Chu Long Andrea writing, of style provocative and daring her With 42 (Frebruary 2020), 41 phenomena ofhumanexperience. different understanding for desire of importance the about insights us offer can Lacan, by Jacques formulated desire of theory the with supplemented and caution of dose a with taken if writings, Chu’s that show to tried have we shortcomings, these Notwithstanding it meanstobeamanorwoman. what of representations stereotypical and norms existing the to ing object of (identificatory) desire, does nothave to suppose conform an as woman a being or man a being experiencing that means this else.” or “submit, external) or internal is why the desiring process cannot be reduced to the demand (either importantly, which desire, of aspect creative more the is ignores completely what Chu even Maybe objects. their of representations we toward stance desires, critical a take desires, our of our subjects as also, should of perspective the from speaking just of Instead sometimes. approach bilateral) (or dialectical a adopting of use have would Chu that Junco, del Comay Elena with agree, can We not leavetheoryhelplessandcritiqueuseless. changed proceeding from the political demand, this, however, does be cannot and principles political to conform not does desire that warns she when right is Chu that say to fair seems it son. Although have shown themselves to be especially controversial, and for a rea desire, toward stance fatalistic and helpless her in grounded pol itics, and desire between relation the on writings Her such. as der gen of formation the in also but transition gender of process the See Elena Comay del Junco, “Killingthe Joke: On Andrea Long Chu’s See Comay del Junco, “Killingthe Joke?.” https://thepointmag.com/criticism/killing-the-joke-andrea-long-chu-females/ Conclusion 42 Females: A ConcernA Females: In the case of trans people, trans of case the In Females , ” The Point , as well as ,

41 - - - - .

76 Amalia Louisson mental artificial alteration is seen to corrupt the “sacred” character “sacred” the corrupt to seen is alteration artificial mental funda because foreclosed or pre-emptively species—are atmosphere nonhuman the engineering as fate—such this change might that avenues and futures, climate-altered in survive not will species many efforts, preservation despite because, self-undermining are practices protection biodiversity left contemporary in trends Global of nature. Like Walter Benjamin’s of the real can spur the conceptual and technological innovation technological and conceptual the spur can nihilism real the of the confronting how and degradation, environmental and fantasies psychoanalytic between relationship the on focuses Science PhD student at the University of Melbourne. Her research Bionote: Angels oftheFuture Protecting BiodiversityviaMetaphysical Amalia Louisson tion, KaterinaKolozova, futurism. Keywords: a traumaticinstanceofphysicality. biodiversity can sever capital’s claim over the future by prompting its eyes to the future. It will be argued that preparing the future for casts that environmentalism an promote to Prometheus of figure School for Politics and Critique 2020 takes the recently resurrected ISSHS the at presented paper this Instead, capital. to future the predicted future conditions, but focusing on the past has forfeited in survive to unable be species many will only Not future. the for prepare to failing while conditions, ecological past resurrecting on fixated are they because self-undermining are practices tion Abstract: philosophy withrealpoliticsandthefuture. reconnecting advocates degradation. She that address to needed | Protecting Biodiversity via Metaphysical viaMetaphysical Biodiversity |Protecting Angels oftheFuture mla oisn s tahr rsace, n Political and researcher, teacher, a is Louisson Amalia Global trends in contemporary left biodiversity protec biodiversity left contemporary in trends Global geoengineering, prometheanism, biodiversity protec biodiversity prometheanism, geoengineering, [email protected] University ofMelbourne Angélus Novus , the green left mel - - - - the futurebypromptingatraumaticinstanceofphysicality. over claim capital’s sever can biodiversity for future the preparing that argued be will It interventionism. utopian to eschatology litical po from us carry will wings whose future, the to eyes its casts that environmentalism an promote to Prometheus of figure resurrected recently the takes talk this Instead past. the encircles ancholically way thatdoes not ensuretheirsurvivalinthe future. a in species protect to trying storms. in and point fires little is There floods, droughts, as such threats weather extreme increasing to ble vulnera are and climates, warmer in survive to able be not will cies areas of pristine wilderness is an illusory fix. Significantly, many spe protecting pollution, and destruction habitat of drivers the dressing ad directly without because self-undermining actually is approach preservation the devotion, unequivocal left’s green the despite But past (a nature without humans)anddrawing the present. them into the of captures past—freezingfabricated angels romanticized a in trapped by guided are preservationists that appears It “original” ecosystem. their within flourish to place a has species each that so nature of balance pre-human sacred the preserve to power our in everything do must humanity that argue nature—they untouched as thing a such longer no is there that point the to Earth altered ly we have entered the Anthropocene—where humans have profound that accept preservationists though Even nature. of needs the with one” “at as seen are they because interference human as perceived not are ecosystems into interventions managerial heavy-handed balance. organic its with odds at stand to seen are Their that nature while mistrusting artificial life, especially artificial interventions into dichotomy the of side nature the privileging divide, nature–culture stark a endorse and form accordingly Preservationists wildlife. ing releas and breeding and species, invasive as removing reforestation, such methods involves disturbance human of traces Erasing historical baseline. pre-human pristine a resembling something to areas disturbed restoring and pro areas wilderness undisturbed tecting by nature “untouched” of fortresses create Preservationists loss. species consequent and degradation habitat from nature wild shelter to areas reserve protected aside preservation—setting by dominated been have strategies protection biodiversity left Green ------2 Robin Mackayand Armen Avanessian (Falmouth: Urbanomic, 2014), 469. 1 to limit no is there that idea the is general in Prometheanism ect. with biodiversity protection; it is a profoundly anthropocentric proj venture. concerned Traditionalisn’t Prometheanism environmental the form of geoengineering, despite it being a traditionally capitalist in environmentalism Promethean appropriate should left green the future, postcapitalist a to move to and Toinadequacies its confront signify theinadequacyofanapproachthatabandons future. future. the of condi tions Yetstrategies preservation the of contradictions the facing of burden the from and wrongdoing of soul the absolve to works redemption of promise humanity.The of purities that never was: encircling a false Eden, a holy nature void of the im endurance (environmental redemption), yet repeating a golden past for reason a position to means a as past the re-enact to compulsion neurotic a on fixated one, melancholic a become has politics Green conviction thatnothingnewcanever happen.” morose the into there [which]lapses way the on new something be must that hope messianic’ ‘weak “the between oscillates simply even to “impossible is it because that writes submission, this of apostle the Fisher, Mark violence. potential with oneself taint than deadened, taminated purity, for itisbetter to remain pure and leave the future fantasy.”totalitarian dangerous a as denounced routinely is justice and equality of ideals violence in its path: “the idea of remaking the world according to the and exclusion of trail a leave will capitalism replace and to dismantle ambition political large-scale that fearful or bounds, its within imaginations our trapped wholly has capital that future, convinced the either abandoned since long has politics Left politics. left in trends fatalist broader of reductions—typical emission advocating to merely trying to restrain the effects of the global market through on large-scale ambition of building a post-capitalist future, resigned up given has left green the Nonetheless, consumption. excess by es against the unsustainable demands placed on Earth’s finite resourc fight and biodiversity, on degradation water and soil air, severe of impacts detrimental the acknowledge undeniably Preservationists RayBrassier, “Prometheanism andits Critics,” in MarkFisher, imagine Capitalist Realism:Is There No Alternative? a coherent alternative” to capitalism, the left now left the capitalism, to alternative” coherent a Identities 1 Such fatalism endeavours a politics of uncon of politics a endeavours fatalism Such Accelerate: The Accelerationist Reader Accelerationist Accelerate: The (Winchester: Zero Books,2009), 2-3. 2

, eds. - - - - - by capitalist forces can make resources infinite, replacing diminish replacing infinite, resources make can forces capitalist by the fuelled as ingenuity human that that trusting resources, finite has Earth idea the rejects loosely environmentalism transformed. Promethean be can transformation human limit that conditions actively strive to should transform the given into the made, where humanity even the that and world, the transform can humans how n ogr atn mtra sts ie negon o i te ocean. the in or underground like sites material lasting longer in carbon trapped the injecting atmosphere, the from carbon existing trap carbon before it is released into the atmosphere, and removing that filters solvent with factories fitting both includes capture bon Earth). reaches Car it before sun’s light the diffract to space in wire a thin (planting grating diffraction or eruptions), volcanic of effect the mimicking rays, sun’s the reflect to atmosphere the into clouds dioxide sun’ssulphur the (injecting reflect injection to aerosol rays), ocean the over clouds in droplets of number the (increasing ening bright cloud marine as such examples includes management ation radi storage. Solar and capture carbon and management radiation warming. solar forms: two Geoengineering theclimate manifests in ronmental processes, directed at countering anthropogenic climate ing is the deliberate large-scale manipulation of geological and envi artificial. Geoengineer the from separate fundamentally be should or can nature that idea the derailing forward, looks that way a in els lev safe to climate the takes geoengineering life, human by fected af been not had it if as balance atmospheric an recover to attempt left’s green the to contrast In limit. given or natural any overcome can be—technology could what limiting as present the and past the of conditions the see not does it that in futurist is Prometheanism Earth, itishumandutytoimprovetheworld. on life of pinnacle the arguably and that, of part a are humans and universe, the in everything for stands nature if argue, day,they the tive job in nature’s functions than nature itself. Besides, at the end of provements to Earth because they believe humans do a more effec im artificial for look to way their of out go generally Prometheans enterprise. human of projects fuel to world natural the of sacrifices the distinction between nature and artificial life, demanding godless collapse projects environmental Promethean most artificial, the of affirmation total by example). bees Seduced for pollinators, robotic with extinct (replacing ones synthetic with resources natural ing Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 ------

77 78 Amalia Louisson seen, actually to the detriment of biodiversity protection. biodiversity of detriment the to actually seen, is it While scendental distinction between natural and unnatural is, as we have tran arbitrary preservation’s by Abiding unnatural. and natural as count methods environmental what between disman distinction by the tling loss biodiversity and change climate confronting for opportunities promising presents Prometheanism that, of top On dangerous formsofunpaid/underpaidlabour.” as instability,well economic as cataclysm, environmental tools, ical pharmacolog and reproductive to access unequal combat to ogies technol engineering in lies task ultimate the unrealized… remains Xe future. the over technology of potential emancipatory real “[t]he write, nofeminists claim capital’s unsettling for and world the re-engineering for avenues different opens technology developed markets,capitalist by newly produced each innovation that arguing scientific and technological appropriating and accelerating vocate from within. Left accelerationist movements like Xenofeminism ad if subvert and innovation, for hunger undeniable and pace its on ize than trying to slow capitalism, it would be more effective to capital to enabling species to survive in predicted future conditions. Rather consequently and change, climate to response effective most the be could climate the engineering that possibility the to allergic ing be stop to has left green the unfruitful, severely been far so have cause be existing efforts to limit economic growth and reduce Nonetheless, emission irreversible. and incalculable are its consequences because dangerous nature, over domination artificial of nacle pin the as geoengineering against stands left green the general In tion toperpetualeconomicgrowth. marketa as solu treated is it that free-marketin ideology capitalist to ties strong has Geoengineering soil). the in stay to carbon tured cap the encourage to soil the into materials organic incorporating modified longer-rootedgenetically or and capturecarbon, to plants cals to trap carbon dioxide), or carbon farming (planting unmodified bottom of the ocean when they die), direct air capture (using chemi to sink it let and dioxide carbon atmospheric absorb which growth, phytoplankton stimulate to ocean the in fertilization (dumpingiron fertilization iron as such examples includes sequestration Carbon laboriacuboniks.net 3 Laboria Cuboniks, “Xenofeminism: A Politics for Alienation” (2015), | Protecting Biodiversity via Metaphysical viaMetaphysical Biodiversity |Protecting Angels oftheFuture , 0x03. 3

http://www. ------will vastlyexpandthearrayofresourcestoprotectbiodiversity considered un-sacred because denaturalizing conceptions of nature ness that surround them. No act of biodiversity protection sacred should be of bounds the strip must we time same the at ecosystem, evolutionary their in flourish only to shown been have species able vulner many as areas, protected support to continue to important Automaton,” 4 narratives symbolic existing within fit not does just impossible—it makes symbolic unification or resolution with the real difficult, if not real the of instance an as matter organic and machine of continuity physicality. of instance traumatic hu a the in of man signification humanist ruptures body” animal the and machine of continuity ‘bestial’ “the humanism: undermines tually ac that way a such in it with continuity physical a forms and body, human the of constitution organic material the exposes humanity of adaptation technological the physicality), organic of constraints humanist the of freer exponentially reinforcing as (conceived human the of of conceptions instead how explains Kolozova cyborg, Haraway’s Donna on drawing example, For it. of captures symbolic undermines thus and exceeds fundamentally actually that way a in another one affect real components pre-symbolic because the bolic sym the and real the of irreconcilability the exposes dyad radical A generally relyondenyingthisdisjuncture. two. the systems between Symbolic ensues inevitably disjuncture a that meaning symbolic, the to excess in always is real the thought, explain and account for the real. Yetto because seeks the real is always foreclosed to symbolic The bypassed. is symbolic the that other, the such to real the of role the plays each that way a in another one towards positioned unilaterally are that physical, and symbolic both is which automaton, signifying a and component real physical a entails Kolozova, to according dyad, radical geoengineering. A of potential political disruptive the advocate to non-philosophy and cyborg the on Kolozova’soeuvre Katerina paraphrase will I talk the of remainder the For nature. given of disregard its subvert to nities opportu offers dyad radical a represents geoengineering way the innovation, capitalist by and nature control an to desire thropocentric the by driven is environmentalism Promethean though Even KaterinaKolozova, “Subjectivity withoutPhysicality:Machine,Bodyand the Signifying Subjectivity, Vol. 12(2019), 53. 4 The uncanny physical uncanny The . ------6 Philosophy andPatriarchy 5 as nature over mastery have humans that claims narcissistic man hu undermines it because both capital, of narrative self-sufficient the into fit not will geoengineering of unpredictability monstrous hybridity.such The of predictions humanity’s by abide and inways not will that ofsignification regardless other na the affect of ture—will modifications technological the na and hybridized nature of ture—organic side physical Each world. the transcendental about contemporary narratives into reinscribed simply be cannot foreignness it’s that way a such in together nature—coming that of the automaton on the other—the symbolic and and technological alteration hand, one the on nature real pre-technological and bolic pre-sym represents it because dyad radical a is nature Engineering in itsstubbornphysicality. ue. The political potential of geoengineering is therefore positioned val pure of system transcendental capitalism’s into reinscribed be easily cannot that way a in real the expose they because potential ing the nobility of pure transcendence.” insult vulgarity inorganic and organic of mess embarrassing ence, of our own animality or of physicality ue: “an aspirationtoerase trace oftheembarrassing any remainder incrementally distant from physicality towards a system of pure val become to itself allowing value, of system its with real the unifies capital real, material the of exploitation via value (commodity) ing creat value. Through pure of system self-sufficient transcendental a of aspiration in real physical the erasing on depends that totality a to detrimental foundations—something material capital’s poses ex it because capitalism against politicized be can dyad radical A tion viathetranscendental.” unifica or mediation no is there that is positioning unilateral such underpins, and is foreclosed to, the symbolic: “[t]he consequence of real the that reminder constant a is senselessness/monstrosity—it its of because capture symbolic disrupt constantly will dyad radical the disjuncture, fundamental such deny to methods are there see, soon shall we as While, constraints). fleshly our escape can manity about how the world works (such as the humanist narrative that hu KaterinaKolozova, Kolozova, Capitalism’s Holocaust of Animals, Capitalism’s Holocaust of Animals: A Non-Marxist Critique of Capital, (London:Bloomsbury Academic, 2020), 123. Identities 5

46. tout court tout 6 Radical dyads hold political , as that ‘dumb’ pres ------2007), xi. ter each other in ways that humanity has no control over. But the But over. control no has humanity that ways in other each ter al will hybrid the of components machine and organic the that in potential ruptural similar have modification, genetic like hybridity, organic-machine of cases Smaller artificial. the for) resource mere a (or from separate as nature over claims transcendental derwrites un and exceeds wholly it because and resource, forceless mere a ern i mt Klzv’ wr hs hw ta te traditional 7 the that shown has work Kolozova’s met. is neering geoengi by exposed real the how on depends potential this Still, of natur treatment its and innovation, technological over claim capital’s ing salism, or at least heretical revolt. It is a powerful source for subvert univer a realist for a source sufficiency—potentially capitalism’s cosmological from break to opportunity an presents therefore ing pre-symbolic meaningless nature through the dyad of geoengineer of experience basis. The material of void system value a of fantasy its and real the over claims transcendental capitalism’s to threat a thus is geoengineering of dyad radical the by created foundations material its of reminder persistent very not The control. are human universe under the of forces results, predict to try can we while humanity; of insignificance the reveals actually that project centric self-undermininganti-anthropo a become will capability human of greatness the illustrate anthropo to aim by Promethean The narratives. uncapturable centric being by symbolic the of synthetic production the exposes constantly it because meaning of void and it hospitable.” make to order in it over drape would we which ‘meanings’ and ues’ ‘val the to oblivious and existence our to indifferent “is it, puts ier The dyad of geoengineering exposes that the universe, as Ray Brass of humanmasteryputsthoseclaimsontheline. aspiration Promethean the from starts and intentional is gineering anthropogenic changes to Earth’s atmosphere, the way that geoen the in significantly most seen time, the all happening is artificial the and nature of hybridisation the retracted. while be And cannot that turn a creators, their from severed life a on take that behemoths ly world own; its on world the remake will unleashed, once projects, its con unprecedented, is rewards, and risks its of geoengineering, of scale RayBrassier, sequences being extensive and irreversible—geoengineering and extensive being sequences e asamereresourcefortheartificial. Nihil EnlightenmentandExtinction Unbound: Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 7 Geoengineering exposes that the real is incongruous (Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan, ------

79 80 Amalia Louisson 8 cal understandingsofnature (non-nature). non-philosophi constitute that narcissism human from freer cepts con radical produce can geoengineering of effects real the scribing not try to interpret the real into a relational system of meaning. De describes the real in a way explain.” that affects and isto affected by it, andaspires does it reality the behind real ungraspable an of rule uncontrollable and “uncompromising the affirming by real the and symbolic the of irreconcilability the acknowledging from starts ting to the fact of thought’s finitude.submit In other words,is, non-philosophy real the what about decision holistic a making without hybrid.” the phize and dialectical resolution isseeking to naturalize and anthropomor unification for “[s]eeking geoengineering: by produced ruptures of sense make to rushing from refrain should left the that means This a newrighteousdogma. actuality,from project learning will from divorced if meaning, of ise away.turns philosopher the dyad, radical the by Yetprom new any presented diremption the of anxiety the confront to Unable world. its within it for place a finding by in it draws method philosophical philosophy’swhich es accountcannot or not has for, cosmology the emerg real the of part a when Instead, philosophical. the disprove longer no can that value creating for resource mere a as functions from its cosmology, rather than the real itself, meaning that the real world the about answers seek can philosophers that in real, the es the real and philosophy’s transcendental decision seemingly replac together into a complete cosmological system. The amphibology of account for everything can through weaving different parts of the world that absolute, an as real the about decision that projects and is, real the what about decision a makes philosophy world, the of sense making In knowable. is real the that the mistakenpresupposition by facilitated world, the of sense” “making through reality of form higher a creating on centred is method philosophical on. The capitalize can capitalism that meaning of cosmologies into lessness sense its reinscribing by real the depoliticizes actually that move a indistinguishable, become two the that so it of conceptions our with real the synthesize to works generally method philosophical Columbia University Press,2014), 62. 9 Kolozova, “SubjectivitywithoutPhysicality,” 53. KaterinaKolozova, | Protecting Biodiversity via Metaphysical viaMetaphysical Biodiversity |Protecting Angels oftheFuture Cut oftheReal: Subjectivity inPoststructuralist Philosophy 8 Non-philosophy is a method to describe the real the describe to method a is Non-philosophy (New York: 9 It ------iuul oe te uue o nxetd aeil xeine of experiences material unexpected to future the open tinuously con will humanity creation, violent In destruction. and rebirth for order. Yet embodied in suchriskyhybriditylies equally the potential highest the of risks taking requires real the of instance traumatic a future. the of difficulty the to Unmasking past the from gaze fearful We thus require an angel who plants their feet and boldly turns their ture. Without risk,therecanbenolife. The futureinsistsonitsdue. fu the over claim capital’s rupture further can hybridity monstrous whose methods of array experimental more a stimulating real, the - -

82 Ivana Mancic

play the personal narrative to address the issues of war, loss and loss war, of issues the address to narrative personal the play dis to is which of purpose the installations and videos artworks, multi-disciplinary of production the at aimed practice art on cus Nottingham fo Trentat the Design University, with U.K.,and Art Bionote: Women of Yugoslavia Outside ofMemories We Belong, Ivana Mancic and nurses, their efforts in rebuilding the country and subsequent and country the rebuilding in efforts their nurses, and combatants as battle in women of participation and War World steps in their history, from the emancipation following the Second certain follows communist and Yugoslavia,in women concerning of issues different tackles article members. The family female est clos my of lens the through communism during women of lives the into insight an allows narrative visual a as photography of age of Yugoslavia, their efforts and struggles for emancipation. The us period the after and during women of treatment and position the moment. At the same time, photography is a means to investigate session, brings closer these ghosts of the past times to the present pos family personal my from originate which photographs the ly once were, yet no longer remain. The work with archives, especial communist of period historical Yugoslaviathe which to belonging artifacts human and buildings life, of ways people, of terpretation in female the on focuses thus It 1999. in NATO by Serbia of ing bomb of operation “Merciful Angel“ the and nineties the in tions sanc and war to exposure the from resulting disappearance and loss to relation in narrative personal my offering by Civil War slav Abstract: between thepresentandpast. on war experiences and current world crises through intersections in the written form through artworks, texts, essays and reflections presented is narrative personal art. The contemporary in pacifists order to contribute to developing of the female voice of artists and ex-Yugoslav the in of context specificity the to related belonging, | Outside ofMemories We Belong, Women of Yugoslavia Ivana Mancic is a Ph.D, researcher in Fine Art, School of School Fine Art, in researcher Ph.D, a is Mancic Ivana This article addresses the issues surrounding the Yugosurrounding issues the addresses article This [email protected] Nottingham Trent University ------Sociology of Sport Journal of Sociology 4 Research Social Qualitative 3 J 2 1 while data primary is experience personal the self, the through ety soci and culture of understanding an on focuses ethnography Auto methodology. research proper a of status its for fight to needs still which method research valuable a as questioned frequently prac therefore is disciplinary and tices of boundaries the at located is it Nevertheless, cultural experience. of facets illustrate to order in experience personal my of behalf on testifying and witnessing enables method research a as nography words. disembodied become theory and knowledge story, personal a Without understanding. social extend to order in researcher a of experiences the from draws accountthat personalized highly a is such as and data research of source a as ory self,mem on uses focuses method research a as Autoethnography Hannah Arendt, Carolyn Ellis, Tony E. Adams and Arthur P.“Autoethnography:Overview,”Bochner, An Arthur and Adams E. TonyEllis, Carolyn Carolyn S. Ellisand Arthur P. Bochner, “Analyzing Analytic Autoethnography an Autopsy,” Andrew C. Sparkes,“Autoethnography of Narratives and Reflections Self: on in Criteria Action,” ournal of Contemporary Ethnography the importance of female voice and activism in the constant battle society and their subsequent clash. In addition to this, it celebrates of Yugoslav values and culture of understanding narrative deeper a allows personal with combined method research a as raphy it. Autoethnog marked that conflicts and war Civil Yugoslavof start the at occurred which values patriarchal of establishment re research, femalevoice practice-based archive, family photography,women, Yugoslavia, Keywords goslav societyandpoliticalcircumstancessurroundingit. war post- and Yupre- the of understanding deeper a form which stories individual into insight an allows research practice-based war.Photographic of nature patriarchal and responsibility edging acknowl by it defy to chose who women and patriarchy against committing theerrorofdefiningit Storytelling is an activity which ‘reveals meaning without Men indarktimes : autoethnography, personal narrative, emancipation of 4 17.1. (2000): 21-43. 12.1.(2011): Art 10. 3 (Massachusetts:HoughtonMifflinHarcourt, 1970),94. 35.4.(2006): 429-449. 1

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Hannah Arendt 2 Te sg o autoeth of usage The - - - Forum: - - - - 2003). 7 401, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2655287. 6 5 needed linearity. Therefore, alternative means of expression are sometimes requires it, present to use we language the though even narrative linear, and it is at times hard to identify and describe it using a linear One of the pitfalls of autoethnography is that memory is not always the writtennarrative. times determined by the quality of my memories presented through at are dignity of loss and life, physical possessions, of loss longing, be of sense a of NATO loss identity, the of Loss 1999. and in Serbia of War Bombing Civil Yugoslav the after and during grations mi and conflicts of consequences the from derives testimony My der toillustratefacetsofculturalexperience. or in experience personal my of behalf on testify to me allows and witnessing enable to medium a as serves research, based practice of element an as photography, in while Yugoslavia,women of tion Yugoslav Civil War, and, as such, investigates the steps of emancipa the surrounding chapter historical the marked have that belonging and memory loss, of issues the addresses narrative personal my od, meth research a as autoethnography using and this to relation In their impetusareelementsofthesocietyaswell. family and community, therefore the narrators that recall them and with relationships social the within set were lives Personalsociety. the within life a of parts integral are histories and geographies bols, the society itself. Systems of language, values, power, culture, sym of qualities and values very the by shaped were society the within lived lives the since individual and social both with deal they such, tage point that allows for a unique contribution to social science. As van new a is societal the and personal the of intersection very this and individual and society history, of works are narratives Personal flective writing. on the basis of individual experience, self-reflection, analysis and re of an auto ethnographer is to achieve a wider cultural understanding the individual narrative of thesociety.forms abigger story The goal See: Jenny Edkins, Heewon Chang, BarbaraLaslett,“Personal Narrativesas Sociology,” 7 and photographic practice-based research can help in this in help can research practice-based photographic and Autoethnography asMethod Trauma andtheMemoryofPolitics 5 Identities (London:Routledge, 2008), 49. Contemporary Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6 28.4. (1999): 392- 28.4.(1999): ------which the traumatic experience occurred, and their retrieval is ex is retrieval their and occurred, experience traumatic the which in context the to related cue a or association an to response tional emo an as emerge memories implicit them, Unlike preferences. and activities daily affect not do they inform, to mainly is aim their ories. While explicit memories are based on episodic knowledge and mem my of some of quality the test to me allows also it as respect, of Speech of 11 Journal ofInternational Women’s Studies 10 researchgate.net/publication/312699643_Pierre_Janet's_Treatment_of_Post-Traumatic_Stress. traumatic stressdisorder,” 9 Feelings, andBehaviors 8 work energies the enforces,” and objectifies, demands, constrains, and delegitimized. female writing is more personalized morality,but as such, might at times, and be silenced logic of systems male on based scholarship abstrac “impersonal by characterized tion.” is paradigm” “male The ment, responsibilityandmemory. voice female war. emerging and society the of nature patriarchal the criticize to art ists pacifists, women, certain war, to response a as and this to importance. transnational of huge were effects its and world the across women and feminists both on impact great a lost rapes, had gender, and national identity—both mass and hope lost homelands, cleansing, ethnic as well as brutality, immense and horrors its for world The the Yugoslavaround Civil War,known person’s identity. a of totality the and story life someone’s into trauma of memories integrating by narrative flexible a in them framing thus terpreted, in are they which in way the change way that in and them riencing expe re by with dealt be can they that suggest memories implicit danger. avoiding at and person a protecting at aimed immediately are and thinking and behaviour attention, influence directly can these as such Memories emotions. initial the to similar properties with emotion current a as perienced Lawrence J. Sanna andEdward C. Chang, J Onno Van derHart,PaulBrownandBessel Van derKolk, “Pierre Janet’s Treatment ofpost- Carole Blair, Julie R. Brown and Leslie A. Baxter, “Disciplining the Feminine,” the Baxter,“Disciplining Leslie A. and Brown R. Blair,Julie Carole Jelena Batinić, “Feminism,Nationalism,and War: The ‘Yugoslav Case’ inFeminist Texts,” from ex-Yugoslavfrom scene public the on appeared countries, 80.4.(1994):389-409. codn t taiinl cdmc aecnrd om of forms male-centred academic traditional to According Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2006), 285. 9 11 Journal of Traumatic Stress Contrary to masculine energy that “intimidates, ersns uiu se o acknowledg of step unique a represents 3.1.(2001): 1-23, http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol3/iss1/1. udgments Over Time: The Interplay of Thoughts, of Thoughts, Interplay Over Time:The udgments 8 Sm teaetc ramns of treatments therapeutic Some 2.1.(1989):195-210,https://www. 10 Wt regards With Quarterly Journal and art and using This ------

83 84 Ivana Mancic 15 York: The FeministPressatthe City University ofNew York, 1996),734. is Sisterhood Global: International The Women’sMovement Anthology 14 Project 13 cgi?article=1011&context=tqr. Qualitative Report 12 future the ensured and domain public the of sphere another quered con who ones the are combat in participated actually that those but nurses as deployed were them of most Pantelic, to According women actuallyparticipatedinbattle. the Partisan War effort against the Nazis, and an estimated 100,000 support to order in mobilized were they first, At emancipation. steps of basic the for allowed men, with side by side lines, front the equal” are already they so law, by sumed the equality between women and men. “Women have rights as also equality, class on insisted which system political new-born After the Second World War in Yugoslavia, the main postulates of the es “gobetweenandbridgeratherthatcutthrough.” approach male to contrary who mediators, are researchers female fuses fixity, that allows us to think between, or to think “as if”. These re that unknowingness or knowingness of kind “a accepting and it rethinking space. started and They time patriarchal of organization the questioning started they it, of result a as and/or this of quence conse a language. As and law logic, of principles male by confined were women opinion, their In connected. naturally are categories two these that rela state and subjectivity, the and space explore between tionship who feminists two Irigaray, Luce and Braidotti Angels, the to Tribute A the on Rendell, Jane witnessed, andthey wouldbepermittedtoheal. be could nature true their day, of light the into out them bringing writing about events from my past that were buried deep within. By of process the guides inside voice feminine My work. theoretical of element an as emerge to subjectivity of forms new and nerability, vul allow to potential the create can writing feminine through ing Jane Rendell, “Conductor: A Tribute to the Angels’, Jane Prophet: ‘Conductor’,” ‘Conductor’,” Prophet: Jane Angels’, the to TributeA “Conductor: Rendell, Jane Batinić,“Feminism, Nationalism, and War.” Dwayne Custer, “Autoethnography asa Transformative Research Method,” T Rada Iveković and Slavenka Drakulić, “Yugoslavia: Neofeminism—and its Six Mortal Sins,” in Sins,” Mortal Six its Neofeminism—and “Yugoslavia: Drakulić, Slavenka and Iveković Rada (2000), https://www.janerendell.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/conductor.pdf. | Outside ofMemories We Belong, Women of Yugoslavia 19.37. (2014): 1-13, https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent. Site Writing Site Women in Yugoslavia Women Jane Prophet: ‘Conductor’,” Jane Prophet:‘Conductor’,” website, in her essay “Conductor: essay her in website, 14 The fact that women fought in fought women that fact The 15

12 e.Rbn ogn (New Morgan Robin ed. , 13 he uts Rosi quotes The WappingThe ------ideology. socialist the propagate to task a had also of and Yugoslaviaitation rehabil the in engaged were they war the after as the domain, public of sphere the conquer to managed potentially women to order work, in house the leaving By life. public in women of position 18 in BosniaandHerzegovina inthe20th Century 17 16 to women have theirworkappreciatedandrespected. allowed emancipation sudden This sphere. public the enter and housework leave to women required development trial indus fast factories. for the need in The work perform and railways roads, build to women welcomed and allowed of Yugoslavia party Communist the by organized actions voluntary country.These the rebuild help to importance. work cial voluntary in participated They spe gained women circumstances, new these In workforce. the in need increased an was there war the of consequences the from try Five-Yearthe proclaimed FRY the After coun the rebuilding of Plan Aida Spahić, Amila Ždralović and Arijana Aganović, Batinić,“Feminism, Nationalism, and War.” Batinić,“Feminism,Nationalism,and War.” revolution. communist unfolding the of by-product inevitable an as war the during promised equal rights to women, seeing gender equality movement Partisan Communist The 16 18 (Sarajevo: Sarajevo Open Centre, 2014), 74. Women Documented: Women andPublic Life 17 - - - - Figure 2. Shoe Factory Figure 1. Voluntary Action in1977 Yugoslavia, mymotherMirjana Kvaic (on theleft) (on theleft)withcolleaguesworking, photographtaken frommypersonalfamily with afriend,photographtaken frommypersonalfamilyarchive,Ruma, Serbia. Identities Fruska Gora, archive, Ruma, Serbia. Ruma, Yugoslavia, mygrandmother MilicaKvaic factories. Women were given roles which required little responsibil in existed which system self-management the and politics in both equally, women and men to offered not were opportunities same the this, to addition In homes. their in and sphere public the both in working lives their spend to had women most that meant tually ac communism during emancipation as appeared what reality, In price offeelingrespected. the at harder even work could they that so men to equal were they that belief the women to offered Emancipation these. fulfil to ed the extra work hours would be noted, and every worker was expect of of all introduced which factories Workers’in food. Some cards their most produced they as agriculture and chores house children, their of care taking continue to had they work hard their after and factory shoe a in life whole their worked grandmothers my of Both ity andofferedthemlimitedprospectsofbuildingacareer. Figure 3. colleagues fromashoefactory Women and Tito Women Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 , mygrandmother, MarijaPuskas,secondontheright,with family archive,Ruma, Serbia. Fruska Gora, Ruma, photographfrommypersonal - - -

85 86 Ivana Mancic Figure 4. The insideoftheFemale Workers’ Card Shoe Factory Figure 5.MygrandmotherMaraRakos, in1944,age 16,workinginashoefactory, 1947, Yugoslavia, withthenameofmygrandmotherMaraRakos, photographof photograph taken frommypersonalfamilyarchive,Ruma, Serbia. | Outside ofMemories We Belong, Women of Yugoslavia items frommypersonalfamilyarchive,Ruma, Serbia. Fruska Gora, Ruma, dle class and some of these people, our parents, were born in houses and optimism which arose after WW2 led to the creation of the mid socialist system marked the leap from poverty because the progress new the families, other many and family my For propaganda. only people in my vicinity was shaped very much by propaganda, but not of of experience experience Yugoslavia“My and words: Hemon’s In 20 https://www.newyorker.com/culture/personal-history/my-mother-and-the- 2019). failed-experiment-of-yugoslavia 05, (June 19 erhood andequalityarenobleintheircore. with this belief and she still believes stood that these subtle also ideas of broth women, other many like mother, My it. lived and ideal communist this in believed People coast. Adriatic the on holidays summer take to and houses, weekend cars, jobs, steady degrees, The communist regime allowed citizens to get an education, college with dirtfloors.” Aleksandar Hemon, “My Mother and the Failed Experiment of Yugoslavia,” The New YorkerNew Yugoslavia,”The of Experiment Failed the and Mother “My Hemon, Aleksandar Ibid. Figure 6.MymotherMirjanaKvaic (on theright)in1985 Yugoslavia, skiingwith friends, photographtaken frommypersonalfamilyarchive,Ruma, Serbia. the Partywerethatsystem. and Tito better; country the making to committed tem sys the in believed wealth. She of distribution fair a and generosity,justice, social in does) still (and believed She 19 20 - - - 431-444. 23 when-the-word-for-peacemaker-was-a-woman-war-and-gender-in-the-former-yugoslavia. ,https://www.zenskestudie.edu.rs/en/publishing/online-material/women-s-studies-journal/296- Gender intheFormer Yugoslavia,” 22 21 nation. the of reproduction the of charge in those as role ological bi their emphasizing thus occurred, nation the of symbols and ers tations of women changed as the tendency of seeing them as moth expec and role discredited. The be to including were equality gender of values, that many that meant communism of rejection The ing thepopulationforwar. roles. This was the basis for the militarization of society and mobiliz an society and an essentialist conceptualization of dominant gender of re-patriarchalization the seen had era pre-conflict The Yugoslavi which precededthe Yugoslav Civil War. discourse, nationalist developing for values patriarchal the of tion reinven the by marked decadence subsequent a by followed was emancipation ostensible women. This of emancipation sudden the to values patriarchal from jump the by marked was nineties, the in period in Balkan history, from the end of WW2 to the armed conflicts peaceful relatively turbulent. rather,The but linear, not was pation emanci to road the therefore and society the of needs and stances circum the on depended treated were women which in ways The ceding thearmedconflictsof1990s. pre followed, soon nationalism of rise the and society patriarchal the of premises old the of re-establishment subsequent the cialism, Aside from that, and despite the fast emancipation of women in so of womenincommunismdidnotrunsmoothly. emancipation the how and were society communist the within cies why. Through her struggle I realized how obvious these inconsisten understand I today and unfairness of sense this feeling I remember and well, this remember I and bathroom, a have not did in lived she one The women. for especially gain, to easy always not were apartments These system. communist the in divorcee a being life, through struggle her remember I but apartments, state free, the of one acquire to managed eventually mother my divorce, the After MajaKorac, “IsthereaRight Time for Gender-Just Peace?,” Spahić etal., Sonja Lichtand Slobodan Drakulić,“When the Word forPeacemaker wasa Woman: War and Women Documented Identities Research onRussiaandEasternEurope , 81. 23 22 21

Gender andEducation 2 (1996):111-139 28.3(2016): ------Studies These new gender roles adapted individuals to war roles and for the nation throughtheroleofmother. the regenerate to but values its defend and work through socialism build to longer no was task woman’s a and born, was womanhood patriotic of idea the ideology, nationalist of rise the of result a As 25 Studies InternationalForum 24 I much. When too was burden the strain, psychological it. The face not could people, ordinary the We,disappeared. sense the all if As ing grey from the inside—as if someone took all of the colours away. the capital of Vojvodina, was covered in flames. It felt as if I was turn Sad, Novi everywhere. smoke and fire was destroyed. There ready al were Vojvodinaof province northern the and Serbia connected that bridges the All nineteen. was I bombing. the remember also I of myparentstryingtomake somesenseinmadness. faces worried the were childhood my of edge the died. at us There, is that it did not really happen to us, we did not get killed but parts of horror.of foresight the all was, it it of there irony childhood The my of edge the At good. anything promise not do that skies lead with so poor and some of them suddenly so rich. Those days were heavy, con demned were by men who wanted to equality play war. and The days in which brotherhood we were which in days The equal. be childhoods. should our we that forget to were we which in days The of days dark The it. sensed all we and air the in there, was it hand other the on and eleven, only was I as it about know not away.did I news from the war zone. Yes. They did really wage wars only an hour gloomier and gloomier instead, but good, any bring not did It days. together with the soaking soil. That rain could not wash off the dark the raindrops on the concrete and the surrounding nature breathing of dance merry the seeing by just rejoiced one when childhood, of gloomy. That rain had nothing in common with the simple pleasures fies. But those days that marked the dusk of Yugoslavia were simply puri that rain the solemn, and peaceful is it and way different a in rains it Sometimes days. rainy and times dark were followed What profound changesingenderrelationsarenecessary. wars, ending of sake the for fundamentally change to system war Charlotte Bunch, "Feminism, Peace, Human Rights and Human Security," Human and Rights Human Peace, "Feminism, Bunch, Charlotte Wendy Bracewell, “Women, Motherhood, and Contemporary Serbian Nationalism,” Serbian Contemporary and Motherhood, “Women, Bracewell, Wendy 22.2.(2003): 6-11. Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 18.1-2.(1996):25-33. 24

25 Canadian Woman Women’s - - - -

87 88 Ivana Mancic them. Regardless of this, activists are still seen as traitors and are and traitors as seen still are activists this, of Regardless them. against act to choose and projects and discourses nationalist reject can women that ensure should it and building peace in engage to women of right the to essential is principle, democratic a as ance, activities that have an effect on their lives. In that sense, gender bal the of all in say a have should therefore war,and and peace in both decision-making, the in participate to and heard voice their have to right the have some do they humanity, of half a conflicts, as that, realized women and clashes constant the through Nevertheless, with war, hungerandcrises. coexist simply to forced them of most time, their of circumstances me, I can conclude that women have been dragged into the political around women the of experience the and mine From systems. cal politi by misused and betrayed were post-Yugoslavera in and via in women Yugoslapurposes. Therefore, media for them using and discourses political in them involving always by Yugoslavia, after and in women of treatment the marked that relationship ocritical hyp this is It women.” “our raping are who men refugee the about EU countries, women are remembered again, in frequent narratives with borders the cross to attempts their in Serbia in stuck migrants the with crises, migrant the of era the in today,even Nevertheless, flames andsmoke. through prevailed, of knew, women YugoslaviaI the we, existence, own our of frailty the realizing of Regardless smoke. through ways life, through travel I how is this that think sometimes I misery. to humiliation, to hunger, to pain, and sorrow to resilient all odds and that is how I survived- through the flames, and I became against prevail to willingness their in miraculous are beings But human hiding. of senselessness the all of aware was I second. any at us hit could bomb that that aware was sky.I the towards elevating smoke black Thick flames. in disappearing beliefs and hopes Their disappearing. dream The disappearing. workers communist so many of effort the distance, the in burning factories the remember I windowpane. the through burn country my at looking remember I someone hadstrippedthemofevery meaning. like feel colour. They no have simply they days, those to back look ujgtd o h gnrl otmt n rjcin y hi own their by rejection and contempt general the to subjugated | Outside ofMemories We Belong, Women of Yugoslavia in smoke, al smoke, in - - - - - 2011), 57. portance offemaleactivismandthevoice. im the lies fact this in and process ongoing an is product its as war are deprived of supportandappreciation. order,as existing such the Womenundermine Black, Serbia, thus in communities 27 26 Vjollca Krasniqietal., Ibid. 26 and those women who choose to defy patriarchy and Feminism andNationalism, Yugoslav Feminisms 27 Fighting patriarchy and patriarchy Fighting (Belgrade:ProFemina, -

90 Gala Naseva CEIPI, program MA the Strasbourg finishing now is and University at Law Property Intellectual in LLM her completed Naseva form. Plat Balkans the from journalists Young of Association tilingual mul the of editor main the currently is She artist. terdisciplinary Bionote: Women ontheFrontline Against COVID-19 The Chasm of Structural Discrimination: Gala Naseva discrimination, healthcaresystem Keywords: surviving onalreadyunsteadygrounds. barely is that system a improve to necessity the and level global a several perspectives, trying to fleetingly show its severe impact on from women on pandemic the of effects negative the highlights briefly text complications. This health numerous of subsequent development of risk the increases itself COVID-19 with infection that fact the given group, critical most the to belong diseases ic specif with women pandemic, the of onset Balkans. the the With on focusing primarily development, social of levels low the in and sues dishevelled in the gendered and obsolete state management is of dozens revealed have that complications of wave new a ed Abstract: gal actswithEUlegislation. le domestic various harmonizing of process the in engaged been has She (ODIHR). OSCE and Institute Democratic National The USAID, Rights, Human of Committee Helsinki the for consultant legal a as worked Naseva departments). Musicology and Theatre Studies (Applied Germany University, Liebig Justus at student visiting a was She Macedonia. North ISSHS, at Studies Gender in | The Chasm of Structural Discrimination: Women Frontline the on Against COVID-19 Gala Naseva (1992, Skopje) is a legal researcher and in and researcher legal a is Skopje) (1992, Naseva Gala The swift and unceasing spread of COVID-19 has creat has of COVID-19 spread unceasing and swift The lbl rss wmn CVD1, gender-based COVID-19, women, crisis, global [email protected] Researcher ------altered immensely—its turnaround point started to emerge on the on emerge to started been point turnaround immensely—its has altered another, one with communication our functioning, cial so continuous and ordinary our from away shift sudden the dent, evi more become to started pandemic the of progression the As women-en.pdf. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/policy-brief 2 alert-european-countries-maintaining-movement-business-restrictions-may-20 Restrictions asofMay,” 1 report. Takinglatest that UN’sthe to according violence, increased and livelihood, of loss fatalities, and transmission COVID-19 of risk higher even an at are countries underdeveloped in societies alized based on their gender. Additionally, solely women who are part of margin violence and care health to accessibility work, care derpaid un or unpaid independence, economic from starting spheres, ent differ in inequalities pre-existing of amount the considering men, than more pandemic the by struck being are particular, in women, brief The policy 2020 care. Nations’ health United basic access to opportunities the nor resources the have not do people some spreading, restlessly is pandemic the when times these during even and margins, the on citizens of ber num vast a place to continue society of structures the since zens, citi all on impact same the have not do regulations COVID-19 The nomic impactithasonwomenagloballevel. eco the showing primarily institutions, state underdeveloped and course regarding the inequalities that occur due to gendered politics needed. clearly The emergence of COVID-19 reopened pollution—are an ongoing and relevant dis and heat air, in alterations abrupt as change—such climate by caused inevitably and directly are that state executives that the long-awaited preparation for emergencies reminding globally, areas urbanized of resilience the of factors key and indispensable both are society, segregated our of continuous alterations the as well as environment, the preserve we way The society. of spheres all out fill to started pandemic the as just globe, dividual in a state of oblivion that has rapidly spread throughout the many variations of mutual communication, and by that, left each in movement day reality. All of the ongoing changes in terms of the restrictions of surface when distance became the most vital element of our day-to- World Aware, “COVID-19 Alert: European Countries MaintainingMovement&Business United Nations, “Policy Brief: The Impactof COVID-19 on Women,” 1 due to COVID-19, some of them unprecedented, led to led unprecedented, them of some to COVID-19, due World Aware (May 20, 2020), Introduction 2 lal sae te esn why reasons the states clearly https://www.worldaware.com/covid-19- -the-impact-of-covid-19-on- Relief WebRelief (April9,2020), . ------and-eastern-europe https://www.socialeurope.eu/one-virus-diverse-impacts-the-pandemic-and-women-in-central- impacts-the-pandemic-and-women-in-centraland-eastern-europe. Eastern Europe,” 6 https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/pages/publication15155_en.pdf 5 equality-inthe-wake-of-covid-19. COVID-19” (2020), https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/09/gender- 4 covid-19-economic-impacts-on-women. UN Women 3 women are now facing a vast amount of newly presented issues that ly members is a freight to be carried around on their shoulders only, primary care-takers, as if care for the youngest and the elderly fami women. – members vulnerable most its struck again once has Balkans Westernthe in prevails that kinship family the of element multi-generational the that meaning structures, ic econom unsteady and inequality gender poverty, of percentage high with coping still are that countries on impact negative cerning con more even an have only can level global a on burden heavy a as itself presents that crisis a that means grounds shaky already on resources. existing already away taking and capital man hu the affecting economies, shaky already our to setback major a causing and spheres social valuable most the of affecting periods transition, long the with hand-by-hand goes that vulnerability of fluctuations state the worsened and past economic the in the WesternBalkans struck had painful rather and long Five countries. an Europe Eastern in prevalence incessant its and dichotomy labour out-of-date the of omnipresence the considering growth, societal five to ten years should not be professed nor confused for complete last the in countries Balkan Westernthe in spheres social critical in improvement impartial ongoing The narrative. exploitation the by struck primarily is group societal which depending consciousness, and communities that tend to create collective consciousness or un bodies international from influence the with reciprocity in society, the of context historical the in entwined profoundly caretakersis ry pay gap (16%).” gender pay gap in the health sector is higher than the overall gender not on par economically with their male counterparts. still are they but women, are globe the around responders first and workers health of 70% approximately that considering concern, al into consideration, the other part of the story is also causing a glob UN Women, “COVID-19 anditsEconomic Toll on Women: The storyBehindtheNumbers,” European Commission, “The Western Balkansin Transition,” Ginette Azcona and Antra Bhatt,“FromInsightsto Action: Gender Equalityinthe Wake of Dasa Šasic c, “One Šilovi Virus, Diverse Impacts: The Pandemicand Women in Central and (September 16,2020), https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/feature- Social Europe 4 Reconstructing the idea of young women as prima Identities (July, 2020), https://www.socialeurope.eu/one-virus-diverse- Occasional Papers 46 6 Appraised as being as Appraised 3 “At 28%, the (May, 2009), 5 Walking . ------rprint ices i wmns nmlyet hc i later affecting theiroverallworkingtimebysignificantlydecreasingit. is which unemployment women’s in increase proportionate dis a is there education, proper without women young leaving and increasing again once is gap education the men, pushed than poverty into are women pandemic—more the along strolling on keep 11 https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/29354761.html. 10 9 https://www.dw.com/en/fateful-elections-in-macedonia/a-36711063. 8 covid-19- economic-impacts-on-women. UN Women 7 a “spare” doctor,” as thing such no “there’s past, the in times few a out pointed been already has it As growing is) still (and was virus the by struck were that people of number the while itself present to started inevitably that burden the with cope to capacity institutional the diminishing country the in workers care health of number the of downfall consistent the that to In addition complications. health numerous of developments subsequent of risk the increases itself that COVID-19 fact the given groups, ical pandemic, people with malignancies belong to one of the most crit coronavirus the of onset the institutions. With health in performed merous interventions and diagnostic procedures that were regularly nu of cessation complete a was there Macedonia, North in antine the very beginning of the pandemic, especially during the 24/7 quar from progression, of way its and virus the of specificity the to Due gone throughsignificantly equality.gender and rights man ruined core values and fundamental principles of the rule of law, hu remains unchanged in regards to its, what we could call, profoundly which but surface improved an presents that one discourse, litical po strange very a caused has This communities. marginalized of exploitation the as such questions, valuable of articulation political the transform crucially to managed not has liberation of wave pal 2016, late to up 2006 from core, socio-democratic their gone had Balkans Western the in alterations deliberate and transformations painful many through in countries the of all Although UN Women, “COVID-19 andits Economic Toll on Women: The storyBehindtheNumbers,” ElizabetaMiloshevska, “FaithfulElectionsin Macedonia,” United Nations, Zaria Gorvett, “WhyMost COVID-19 Deaths Won’t befrom the Virus”, Mirjana Spasovska, “Doctors Continue toLeaveMacedonia,“ (September 16,2020), https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/feature- Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Universal DeclarationofHumanRights Cancer treatmentduring COVID-19 11 especially not since the pandemic began, when began, pandemic the since not especially 10 is also worsening the ongoing crisis, ongoing the worsening also is 9 The already Westernhave Balkans (1948). Deutsche WelleDeutsche Radio FreeEurope BBC (December09, 2020), (May, 2020), 8 (August, 2018), the princi the 7 ------

91 92 Gala Naseva 13 releases/2020-09/eofr-nrr092920.php. Treatment and Care,” 12 virus. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200528-why-most-covid-19-deaths-wont-be-from-the- face may patients that dangers the to Due cancer. with diagnozed be to about are day per people two twenty of average an and nia, Macedo North in year per cases diagnosed newly 1200 about were 2018, in Globocan by conducted research the to According tal healthsupport. men proper receive to them enable would what is link missing this reassurance or support to freely reach for medical aid, meaning that need simply women-patients of lot a that show results quently,the anxiety.Conse and depression to to connected generally are that symptoms develop to started women of percentage bigger a and ask for medical help or assistance during the coronavirus pandemic, to likely less generally are women that showed study The antine. quar of periods long and distance social on measures continuous the of because restricted be will support that expected, as cluded, seek help from their breast cancer physician. In addition, it was con to likely less were 15% and aftercare their on pandemic the of fects less likely to seek help from their GP, 27% were worried about the ef nization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, 31% of women were According to one of the latest cancer studies by The European Orga in mostcases. that an early diagnosis means easier and more successful treatment considering hold, on put if well respond to going not cancer,are as such diseases, basis. Some monthly a on cases cancer 1,600 mately approxi detect to workers healthcare of incapability the to led this across the U.K. since the beginning of the pandemic lockdowns, and paused currently are programmes screening cancer of amount vast process smear tests, later do cancer screenings and or help take people at can immediate risk. that A workers healthcare of availability of lack the in noticed easily be can that issue—one insurmountable way a in bigger,and a causing immediately was personnel and ities as COVID-19 carries around. Globally, its heavy toll on medical facil such disease unpredictable and novel a that burden ponderous the workershealthcare successfulthe on focused primarily of reduction yugoslav-republic-of-macedonia-fact-sheets.pdf. 2018," International Agency forResearch on Cancer, “TheFormer Yugloslav Republic ofMacedonia Claudia Bargon,“NewResearch Reveals Effects of COVID-19 on Breast Cancer Screening, Globocan | The Chasm of Structural Discrimination: Women Frontline the on Against COVID-19 (2018), https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/807-theformer- EurekAlert! 12 (September 30,2020), https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_ 13 there ------from cancer: suffering people for recommendations the announced publicly gy, and Radiotherapy the Oncolo University for with accordanceClinic on pandemic, the during year,this 11 April in Health, of Ministry the pochituvaatpreporakite-za-zashtita-od-koronavirus/?cn-reloaded=1. radioterapija-ionkologija-funkcionira-neprecheno-i-vo-uslovi-na-kovid-19-pacientite-da-gi- During COVID-19 Conditions,” (April11,2020), http://zdravstvo.gov.mk/klinikata-za- 14 the coronaviruspandemic. during are facing patients cancer that situation explained years, the three past the in Skopjein BORKA for coordinators program the of medication. need who Zorica country the across one Adzievska,ing liv people of lists daily making and started Radiotherapy Oncology Against Cancer - BORKA, the Red Cross and the University Clinic for Fight for Association the therapy, oral adequate of the receipt enable timely to and virus the to exposure with associated risks the from treatment cancer receiving currently are who people protect scheduling follow-up examinations during the pandemic. In order to there are certain complications that arise due to the impossibility of cancer,with patients all inevitablefor are that examinations low-up monitoring of medical therapy (oral or subcutaneous), as well as fol constant the for need the despite that given obstacles, of number a facing continuously are they diseases, malignant from suffering Despite the recommendations and counselling addressed to people MinistryofHealth“The Clinic forRadiotherapyand Oncology Functions Smoothly University and Radiotherapy for Clinic informs Oncology cologists give out a report, and start preparing therapy preparing start and report, a out give cologists doctors—on day, next we The day. then every list and the residence, forward of city and data, therapy leave us, required call patients The home. their to icines to med deliver to need who people all decided of lists making start we Oncology, and Radiotherapy University for the Clinic and Cross Red the with cooperation In be taken byapatient’s familymember. should therapy tablet the that recommended is it time, same the At radiotherapy. receiving patients as well as appointments, regular for call should immunotherapy and chemotherapy receiving Patients ma diseases. of lignant specificity the to due COVID-19, of conditions in and smoothly operates institution the that patients 14 ------pina. mk/4111-borbata-so-rakot-za-vreme-na-pandemija/. 15 cause anunwanted distortionindataandthus diagnosis. therefore and lost, be not must examinations of continuity the that that cannot always be done in their hometowns, taking into account and specialist, a by specifically examined be to have who patients some are met—there be must criteria some However,way. this in working started already has Kavadarci in department gynaecology city.The capital the in appointment doctor’s regular their get can prevent people from leaving their to homes and towns just order so that they in Macedonia, North across towns different in specialists of system rotation ongoing women. an are Currently,donia is there Mace North throughout treatment cancer distributing of process the in help to volunteering are who individuals the of tionally,most Addi organs. reproductive women’s of cancers and cancer breast across North Macedonia, and cities more specifically, specialists that in treat oncologists especially professionals, medical enough not an unstable health care system can have, considering that there are pandemic and that has managed to show all of the implications that the during noticeable more become has that problem another lies larger plan for a the successful of mobility of doctors part across the country.actually Herein is which Skopje, to travel not do patients disperse cancer therapy in other cities in the oncology wards so that to decision a made therapy.government interrup cancer current in The tion no be must there although available, not are need they taketo ones forced are the because substitutes as drugs alternative or days ten for medication without left often PeopleCOVID-19.are for testing awaiting are who people of amount vast the as well as process, to time more takes that procurement their for protocols the to due medicine of shortage a facing is country the present, At Gala Naseva, “TheBattlewith Cancer DuringaPandemic,” is novacuum. is communicated ten days before it the delivery so that and there month, every made is order new a times, eral sev some once, sent is therapy—one oral with support given been have who patients registered 112 are there country our in only total, In varies. number the still, but - three forty patients, of number largest the had we 8, costs.financial their reducing and travel from On August them way,protecting this in patients helping started we May, of beginning the From cities. the through therapy the carry volunteers Cross Red Then, patient. each for Identities 15 PINA (September, 2020), https:// - - - - and the ones who are still underpaid, yet overworked. In addition, In overworked. yet underpaid, still healthtreatment are who need ones the who and ones the – most the suffering rently cur are who women of benefit the for spheres social chang essential ing of possibility the diminishes care institutional of lack The onwomen-en.pdf. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/policy-brief 18 bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives. 17 STAGES 16 cept. ac simply or see read, to eager are we than input valuable more us less access to protective equipment, showing that the statistics give who are also part of the majority of the medical staff generally have women are globe the around workers healthcare the of 70% about that, to addition In economy. informal the of part a are countries on women, approximately 70% of the women who live in developing latest UN report the in crisis. stated health global is a it from As regress social tangle disen to impossible almost is it that considers one if norms, family also significantly harmed by the slow but steady return of traditional ing the most affected by the pandemic at their workplaces, they are equality,”for disaster a be to potential the has “COVID-19 enough. As states, Caroline Whaley not simply is issue global away a to pushing solutions and on alterations long-term keeps that inequality gender with intertwined profoundly are that issues the of all address systematically would sidering that launching a so-called “structural change” strategy that con issue, primary a as perceived be should once for that ination discrim gender-based implicit ways many in and structural the is them of one and state, vulnerable most its at is humanity when ing margins. COVID-19 has managed to open old the wounds that keep on reappear on women for systems care create to willpower the science, on emphasis an with fields, scientific all in oppression gendered ongoing the cause that structures The urgency. an be should present incessantly still are margins the on Balkans the in women put the perpetually that values entwined deeply why reason the understand help will that studies conducting Maddy Savage, “How Covid-19 is Changing Women’s Lives,” United Nations, “Policy Brief: The Impactof COVID-19 on Women,” European Commission, “Structural Transformation to Achieve Gender Equalityin Science,” (November, 2015), https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/guidelines_stages_5.pdf Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 18 based on the inevitable impact that COVID-19 has 17 considering that apart from women be women from apart that considering Conclusion BBC 16 -the-impact-of-covid-19- (July 01,2020), https://www. the same time lack time same the ReliefWeb (April9,2020), ------

93 94 Branislava Petrov of Philosophy,of Zagreb, Materialism Historical Croatia; Conference Institute by 2018,”organised Nietzsche, Friedrich Druskowitzand being: them Workshop“Helene of some Europe, over all ferences Novi in con based Sad, various at work Serbia. her presented She Bionote: Emerging Subject inMarx’s PhilosophyofHistory The Immanenceandthe Transcendence ofthe Branislava Petrov with an immanent one, remains essentially flawed. The cause of cause The flawed. essentially remains one, immanent an with subject transcendental its replace to and world the of image ical Marx’sfurther claimthat Hegelian teleolog overcome attempt to will Author The immanence. emerging an as subject of idea the namely, Marxism, in subject the of explanation satisfying the is most believes she what offer, first will author the so, do to der or In ideology. patriarchal the of influence the under occur that history,such of subject the of Marx’sunderstanding in distortions Abstract: writer andtranslator. She speaks Englishand Greek languages. freelance a as works Philosophy,She Zagreb, of Croatia. Institute by organized Future,” and Present Europe—Past, South-Eastern in Philosophers “Women conference online at presented be will which Identities,” and “Feminism titled piece a on working rently modern day liberal, as well as so called radical feminism. of She is critical cur is She feminism. Wave Second of works the on cusing 2020same. the fo groups of reading edition online organizes She in published been has Ideology” Transgenderof Problem the to Feminist Approach Liberal and Feminist Radical Marxist Between Difference “The title: the under work Her conference. mentioned last the of edition 2019 in published been Domestic has Violence” of Problem the Behind Structures Social and “Ideology title: the under work Her etc. 2020., and 2019 Kharkov,Ukraine, of versity Uni Medical of Conference Scientific Internatiolal Essen; many, Athens 2019, Athens, Greece; Feminist Futures Festival 2019, Ger Branislava Petrov is a philosopher and a feminist author feminist a and philosopher a Petrovis Branislava | andthe The Immanence Transcendence oftheEmerging Subject in Marx’s ofHistory Philosophy The

Author’s aim in this paper is to expose the hidden the expose to is paper this in aim Author’s Philosopher andFeminist Author [email protected] ------the development is self-actualization of what is already there. already That is what of self-actualization is development the of moment each and outset, very the at it in potentials its of all has Spirit is like a germ that is striving towards its final form, therefore it in itself but also for itself, an absolute spirit that knows itself as such. truth only not is that truth—spirit absolute the is however,history, Each moment of such development is truth in itself; the final goal of truth. its is that development this is it and history through veloping de is Idea development. historical its in truth its has it in erything ev that means historicity own its has world the metaphysics. That becomes history Hegel, with it; to essential is it and historicity own its has world principle—the a is itself history but principles, certain by governed is history that only not is It structured. historically are the world. The mind of and the world, the subject and as well as the object, mind the of part constitutive a is that itself history is it but tory. It is not only that history is rationally structured and organized, is not simply a science that deals with the principles that govern his mind in has he what history of philosophy about talks Hegel When briefly now. it history.through of go philosophy WeHegel’swill in found be can elements three All coincidence. for room no leaves it. Teleology of part substantial a is moment every whose course rational a be to the and goal; the towards moving the ements: el three of existence the implies history of image teleological the sense, logical the In therein. implied subject the of transcendence inevitable an as well as materialism, Marx’shistorical in found tions implica teleological Hegelian the of problem the to solution a as emergence. seen historical is a idea as This subject of idea the posit question, even conundrum. One of the possible ways to solve it is to open an remains philosophy Marx’s in subjectivity of problem The ogy, historicity, sex based division of labor, unpaid labor, feminism Keywords: feminism asthekey theoryforovercomingthiscontradiction. name will author the conclusion, the In subject. of idea Marx’s to inherent contradiction the in find will author the shortcoming this goal transcendence, immanence, subject of history,teleol of subject immanence, transcendence, of history; the history; of subject unity of the process—history has process—history the of of history, as that which is which that as history, of ------marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845-gi/%20part_a.htm. 2 resolution withinthe givensystem,notinrevolution. 1 follows alienation unity, then primitive comes first oppositions; the of unity the and antithesis namely—thesis, well, as development of stages three the over takes he and stages, through develops which process dialectical a as history of process the sees Marx LikeHegel, as givenwellthosethey producethemselves. find they existence—those their of conditions material the and ities activ their individuals, development,real its rather and but spirit of potency the of one not is history Marx’s of of view premise first The the differenceintheirverynature. find to is then for hope only can we what Marx, in them of three all of history, the goal of history and the unity of the process. If we find subject history—the the of image teleological the in needed ments ele three the revisit shall we Marxism in historicity defend to order understood in Hegelian way implies teleology, as we have shown, in historicity because But implications. teleological the refuses world, he but the of historicity the of idea Hegelian the over takes Marx lished incapitalism. estab is freedom absolute it; in goal its achieves spirit as society, geois society.capitalist ends in history of words, thecourse In other bour liberal in achieved is moment third the Hegel, to According 2. Alienation 3. Unity onahigher, concretelevel. ation and its overcoming. These moments are: 1. Primitive harmony alien of moments the through pattern: dialectical a follows history of course the through spirit the of development the process, This the history. of subject transcendental the is Spirit spirit. the of process is tory His mind. the of logos the is historicity but mind, the by governed is History goal. its meet to spirit for means being actors and events its all subjectivity, of logic the through develops and subject with starts that process a is history goal; the to subordinated all are that moments of succession through self-actualization being goal its ry, histo such of subject the is history.Spirit of image teleological a is Although Hegeldoesnotdenyinnerproblemsofcapitalist society, hebelieves intheir KarlMarx, The German Ideology The German Identities 1

(Moscow:ProgressPublishers, 1968). Available athttp://www. 2

------of his own development—he is his own means and goal. and means Accordingown development—hehis own is his of producer a is but spirit, of development the of means a as serve not slavery of the majority. Furthermore, in the in Furthermore, majority. the of slavery the by for paid is few a of freedom the that way a such in organised is which society, bourgeois in achieved be not can Marx, for dom, free of history,stage of the development the of stage ly,latest the production of development the of stages are but spirit, of velopment de the of stages not however,are Marx, stages For these freedom. level of the on finally, level occurs, unity and higher a it, a on unity a method Philosophy 3 The BritishHegelianphilosopherF. H.Bradley pointsout: of such aprocess? subject the is who or what so, If process? historical the of goal teleological a as seen be communism Can communism. in society classless of establishment the posits spirit, absolute of realization structured process led by progressive tendencies, but in place of the logically as history of idea Hegelian the over takes Marx plication. im teleological a has struggle class of goal ultimate the as munism com of idea the that said often is It occurs. problem the where is however,communism. This, in happen only can that and achieved, is freedom once begin will humankind of history real struggle. The freedom—class for struggle of history the is it because prehistory is Marx talks about the whole of human history to date as prehistory; it Sean Sayers, “MarxismandtheDialectical Method: A Critique of G.A. Cohen,” It becomes what it is; and, if this is nonsense, then evolu become. not could it else or not, is It developed. has end It is, or it could not be it which develops, and which at the not. is and itself,is evolves both or develops, which That evolution. no is there beginning, the at was which that from different is end the at is what unless further, And meaning. no with word a is evolution then beginning, the at there was what as same the and end, the at there not is ning begin the at there is what If same. the and one is which evolution, the of subject a throughout, identical thing some imply all “Evolution,””development,””progress,” 36:1(1984):https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/marxism-and-the-dialectical- and accordingly, of modes of production. of modes of accordingly, and Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 CommunistManifesto 3 man does As Radical means of means ------

95 96 Branislava Petrov Theories fromMachiavelli toMarx: Volume Two 5 4 Still it. governs that logic and conscience devel compatible a the of opment by followed survival, of mechanisms similar relatively developed they nature, master and overcome to efforts their in er; the common denominator, nature eventually brought them togeth as Serving nature. hostile untamed, in survive to striving world, the around scattered people only either.are pre-plan There no is there thus and may outset, the at history of them subject no redundant. is be There determines that transcendence a as spirit absolute of idea the conditions, material man’s of out grew laws social if Thus, own ends. their pursuing independently and separately individuals—each and from the myriad social interactions of different agents—households emerges development of pattern regular a contrary, the contingent On result. or accidental, arbitrary, merely a chance, of outcome mere a is it that say to not is However,that activities. independent and separate numerous of together coming the through sequence, con unintended and unforeseen an as arises It subject. such no is there for subject, pre-existing a of activity the of outcome the not a by governed process a not is it subject, single a of development of process teleological a not is subject, human the of creation the hence and capabilities, man hu of and forces productive the of development progressive The But: 6 Sayers, “Marxand Teleology,” 50. John Plamenatz, Sean Sayer, “Marxandteleology,” Ibid.,50. way toothers. tion, thought and feeling endure for a time and then give ac of modes certain whom among and die, and live and born are who men are There events. of course a only is theyin theways as itchanges identity its describe; there is the enduring subject […] There is nothing which retains speaking of changes of which anything easily identifiable When Marx speaks of a course of social change, he is not the contradictionceases,evolution ceases. when and, contradiction; a is Evolution nonsense. is tion 6

Man and Society: A Critical Examination of Some Important Social andPolitical | andthe The Immanence Transcendence oftheEmerging Subject in Marx’s ofHistory Philosophy 5

Science & Society Science n intended goal from the outset. It is It outset. the from goal intended n , (London:Longman, 1963),429-30,quotedin 83.1.(January2019): 47-8. 4

- - - - - He and from that point on we can talk about man as a historical subject. the point when it was acquired, social laws started to be established, structured process, history required a certain level of complexity. At organisations. social complex more into grow Tologically a become scattered, theydevelopbegan to independently, technology andto of capitalism. – humansandnature. Marxbelieved thoseoppositetendencieswillresult intheself-destruction other, the logicofindefiniteaccumulation isinoppositionto the definitenatureofitsresources hand, capital’s essentialfeatureisitstendencytowardsindefiniteaccumulation, whileonthe emphasize thatMarxseescapitalismasinherently builtuponcontradictionsbecause,onone 7 its from detached construct mere a is but change, conditions terial ma time each renewed itself conditions, material reproducing ever with relation dialectical living a in is that such thought, alive not is of contradictions, world existing the explain to serves that formalism abstract an in themselves under trap they instance, higher a by governed as they them stand but actors, its by produced as world the of dynamics see not do they Because quo. status the keep to serves philosophy whose philosophers as Hegelians and Hegel criticizes Marx subject. transcendental not is subject Marx’s differs: that it in subject the of nature the is it because precisely so does It form? the from content talks he which the divide in materialism historical does how spirit. So absolute about sense the is this form; and content of unity a is spirit Hegelian content. in differ they form, in similar are methods Hegel’s and Marx’s see. Although Let’s sense? teleological the in ry histo of goal the represents it that communism of said be it Could has thisrelationalstructureasitssubstance. object and a subject, but they exist as a unity, an active process that ated by man’s work. The world and man do not face each other as an medi already always is man, to appears it as world, the here: work plies a im process historical the Thus, it. from deduced be longer no can society as a unity organized by logos, such that its simpler elements establish theyestablished turn once in but coincidence, a of quence process. conse the a during are Theyemerges processes, historical it of structure logical the history.as of of just force Subject, moving a as think not should we and beginning the to back projected be In is nota“germ”ofsubjectivityfromtheoutset. We can notgohereintothedetailsofcontradictionscapitalism.Itshallbeenough to The German ideology The German emerges qualitative change qualitative as a subject, as a consequence of his own actions; there actions; own his of consequence a as subject, a as 7 but not to change it. Their thought, therefore, thought, Their it. change to not but Mr wrs ht h sbet hud not should subject the that warns Marx , . . at pattern dialectical ultimate an is There ------often goesunrecognisedispatriarchy. that ideology fundamental such One such. as humanity of instead people of groups certain of service in practically and distorted cally ideologi - universality at aim that systems—systems philosophical entire of production in results recognition of lack This recognized. un go often they that fundamental and ancient so being them of some themselves, among however,differ Ideologies, it. of aware is researcher good a and history throughout work at always are ogies Ideol facts. historical in distortions ideological recognize to where and how on instructions us give not does it that fact the is it in cles obsta main troubles. however,the search, its of without One not is re Historical research. historical requires history of subject manent from philosophy to history. Task of further understanding of the im research further the move we immanent, as subject the positing By its logicalconsequence. is history,it of goal teleological a not is It before. seen never extent the to potential human of liberation the see will society a such Only free. is everyone where society a in only freedom full its achieves man, subject, emerging Marx’s spirit. of world, forms emergent material mere are their as well as people, individual because Hegel for possible is It free. not are majority the where society a society, bourgeois in fulfilment its achieves history.”Hegel’ssubject of ning of end history.” Marx sees the establishment of “the communism as begin “the as spirit absolute the of realization the of talks Hegel such formalismthatwillmarkthebeginningoffreeworld. structed formalism. It is preciselly the disappearance of the need for con of free come shall change that But change. to however,needs world, The world. the of conditions existing the of justification for co in differ methods Marxist and Hegelian that statement the by meant was what is This change. of principle immanent being subject this history, of subject a as man produces that freedom, for struggle a ondary importance. For Marx, on the contrary, it is class struggle, as of history and its moving force, class struggle can only be given sec history, which is class struggle. With spirit as transcendental subject of force moving real the of drained specter lifeless base, material ntent. In the need for transcendental principle Marx sees a need Identities *** ------could onlybetaken asagivenwell. a of status the acquired soon labor of division sex-based a munities, com primitive first, very the in Occuring predisposition. biological as irremovable as be to seems criterion no but divided; be will labor the how deciding in role a play can that criteria of variety a is There the labor needed. The strict social units in a way that will provide the most efficient execution of form people however; organizing, such in arbitrariness no is There communities. complex more ever in organizing and technology ing develop needs, his satisfy to ways for searching man a with starts history outset; the at nothing is there emerges subject the Before 11 10 Prilog KriticiPatrijarhalnog Uma 9 8 of humankind,andwomantranscends towardsitaswell. future the is that future the of doors the opens Man well. as values tition. (nature-like)repe mere overcomes that project a such presuppose that phenomena such in only peculiarity its recognizes Humankind exception. no with transcendence, of side the on defined is Value Reproduction of life remains it.” risking by but life, giving by not animal above rises man paths; war from excluded is she fact the is damnation “Woman’sbiggest is largerthanthelifeitself. sist of risk, which gives value to life because what the life is risked for con they because war.activities and prestigious hunting are These primitive in labor of labor,reproductive from Free tribes. as duties such in engaged men division based sex the of because slave and master as posited are woman and man her, to According woman. and man between relation the conceptualize to slave and master of repetition. and confirmation mere give that activities such values as recognises humanity reason that for of idea the with connected as values human cifically book her In Celia Amorós, Simone deBeauvoir, Idem. Ibid.,112. given life meaning by giving it reasons for existence that exceed its exceed that existence for reasons it giving by meaning life 10 . Whatever consequences it produced from that point on, it on, point that from produced it consequences Whatever . For that rea that For Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Prilog KriticiPatrijarhalnog Uma The The Second The Sex

Second Sex, Sex-Based DivisionofLabor son, woman strives towards male-established towards strives woman son, , 111. (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 93,quotedin Amorós, division of labor of division Simone de Beauvoir writes about spe about writes Beauvoir de Simone immanent , trans. Ana Markovic (Karpos,2017), 11. 8 Beauvoir uses Hegel’sdialectics uses Beauvoir ; it is a fact with no meaning. plays a crucial role here. transcendence 11 ------9 :

97 98 Branislava Petrov does not look back, he leaves the woman in the dust. From then on, man produced, once history.But of subject the as act to possibility his and conditions man’smaterial produces labor, woman ductive a unpaid, neverdoing By recognized,neverrepro domestic analysed Marxism, womanisnot. in history of subject the is Man human. male but human, universal a not is It humankind. of abstraction an is Marxism in history the of subject the because so be can it Marxism; in distortions patriarchal the of because so be can It transcendental. remaining yet Marxism, in immanent being history of subject the of question the to answer the lies there Simultaneously,philosophy. his of outcome very the distorts that work Marx’s in work at ideology patriarchal the is This man. the and capital masters—the two have to doomed is woman home at staying By himself. to subordinated as woman the see to starts man the valuable, as capital) (and him for provides she work the recognize to not system the by Encouraged man. of mediation the through only indirectly, only wage the with touch in is hand, er oth the on woman, factory,the evil the of out home, at staying By for the benefit of capitalist, it is only the man who gets paid directly. looks the fact that, while both, woman and man, toil their lives away over he that means That capitalist. the benefits it more, even but “natural” (and unpaid) work done by women at home benefits man, the that however,is overlooks, Marx it. What to applied analysis ist Marx the need not does it natural, is it because And function.” ral “natu as describes he work domestic endless morally.”The them “spoils work hard the because home, at remain and factories of out in factory,and force. According to him, women are too fragile for the rough work in work male of production about surprisingly talking when a approach essentialist takes Marx private. the of sphere place—the takes labor unpaid womens where sphere a is It to. method own his ply ap not does he sphere one out, leaves he sphere one is there it, to inhrent mechanisms the and society class the analyzes Marx When this contradictioncomefrom? of subject he must acquire the status of transcendence. Where does status the acquire to hand, other the on but process, historical the of immanence emerging an be to said is man history, of subject sal Here wea contradiction. aremetwith the onehand,asauniver On his approach to her can be humanitarian—he can offer her help, or help, her offer can humanitarian—he be can her to approach his | andthe The Immanence Transcendence oftheEmerging Subject in Marx’s ofHistory Philosophy Capital,vol.1 he openly advocates for women to stay to women for advocates openly he ------the possibility to act as the subject of history. But as the value of value the as But history. of subject the as act to possibility the of her stripping immanence, into woman imprisons man ideology), capitalist for fool useful a as also serving so, doing by (and ideology principle of the historical process. Serving as an agent of patriarchal transcendental a as serve can he so existence his of conditions very the from himself detaches Man egalitarian. never guidance—but emerge initsunity. may subject historical the distortions, its from Free ideology. chal patriar dismantle shall it so doing By reproduction. re in value and affirm recognize must it as just given, as labor of division based sex the of idea the dismantle of history.must of Feminism subject the problem the to answer to feminism of task the therefore, is, It humankind—and gobacktotranscendence. ly” in it (but not before using its producing value)—the female half of “earth is what off kill to just earth,” the “leaving without explained be can world the of processes material the how show and subject losophy “upside down” to free his dialectics from the transcendental Hegel’sphi turning is Marx contradiction. walking a as emerges he it, subjectivity,denying own by his into woven is labor reproductive - - - -

III. INTERVIEW 102 Neda Genova andMijke vander Drift London and the Royal Academy of Art, the Hague. They are a Re a Hague. are Royalthe of They the Art, Academy and London Art, of College Royal the at tutor is Drift der transformation. Van social about research multi-disciplinary a in point focal a as ethics Bionotes: Anti-Colonial Politics A Conversation on Transfeminism as Mijke vanderDrift Neda Genova in Conversation with tivist-academic magazine ac Bulgarian-language the of collective editorial the of member a is She culture. digital post-communist and laughter and mour hu of politics the theory, postcolonial and feminist in interested is theory.She cultural and media and studies post-communist of intersection the at situated is research Her Goldsmiths. from ies in Ph.D.Cultural Stud a holds and Bank University and London South London of University Goldsmiths at teaches Genova Neda ed. Jennifer Cooke, with Cambridge University Press. Interventions Critical Twenty-first-century Studies: Feminist New in published recently is Raha Nat with co-written Encapsulation” Neoliberal Escaping Ethics Anti-Static as Trans Transfeminism: titled ally ect focuses on multilogical ethics and generosity, and is provision a Ph.D. from Goldsmiths, University of London. Their current proj Ethics: normative of Dynamics The TransFormation book their on working currently is Drift der van addition, In the of the University and Western Economics of don School Cape. of the Revolutionary Papers project, in collaboration with the Lon search Associate at the University of Cambridge in 2020-21, as part The Logic of Loss in Bonding Loss Logic of The Royal College of Art/University of Cambridge Philosopher and educator Mijke van der Drift works on works Drift der van Mijke educator and Philosopher London Bank University/Goldsmiths, [email protected]. Mijke [email protected] dVERSIA | A Conversation on Transfeminism as Anti-Colonial Politics ( dВЕРСИЯ . The book chapter “Radical chapter book . The ). . obtained They Non ------, unarticulated, some words not shared, some connections not made. irking me in the days and weeks that followed: some thoughts were kept and on lingered Dunya of midst the in business” “unfinished which I remain grateful. And yet, for me, a sense of having left some people—for interesting and kind with conversations of full ishing, nour and stimulating warm, otherwise were which the days, two other of experience the eclipse completely didn’t incident this that saying without goes oppression. it capitalist course, and Of colonial project of building solidarities across different modes of patriarchal, feminist a to harmful deeply believe, I also, but unimaginative, and anger and frustration at a discourse that is not only profoundly retrograde my suppress to trying so did and School the of day second the on prematurely leave to had I reasons, unrelated For Critique. and Politics for School the of edition 2020 the at moment ti-trans an an by provoked immediately most was pages few next the on Neda Genova: ae fr o a eiit ovrain e ics te historical the discuss We conversation. feminist a of form takes that learning and exchange of space a up open to aim we text this with claims, exclusionary reductive, its and discourse anti-trans of “rebuttal” mere a in engaging of Instead 2020. September in Critique and Politics of School the during place took that ment Abstract: ethics ofcare Keywords: isolation fromoneanother. in act or think never we that insight the actualizing thus idarity, sol of politics trans and anti-colonial feminist, black stakesof the formulating in engaged many of practice and writings the from lessons on draws conversation The transfeminism. radical of tial poten emancipatory the and on light shed anti-Blackness exploitation—we colonial in feminism bourgeois white of complicity the or determinism biological of schemata in politics feminist of capturing the impasses—as some political and appraising intellectual unfortunate Critically fore. the to agenda anti-colonial an hold always will politics trans solid a why emphasise to projects anti-trans and capitalist colonial, of entrenchment political and For this piece we were provoked by an anti-trans mo anti-trans an by provoked were we piece this For trans politics, feminism, anti-colonialism, relationality, The wish to engage in the conversation that unfolds that conversation the in engage to wish The - - - - - feminist Marxism to include the politics of Black women, against a against women, Black of politics the include to Marxism feminist rethought collective this 1970s the In Collective. River Combahee but it is always worthwhile to recall that the term has its origin in the Mijke vander Drift: can wethinktranspoliticsotherwise? of trans as an identitarian or exclusionary category, would you? How thinking a advocate wouldn’t you politics, identity simplified wards NG: cial transformation. so and learning of routes exchange, for spaces collective flight, of seeks to generate different connections, questions, theoretical lines also it discourse, anti-trans of rebuttal mere a being than more that ends. transformative and affirmative more means to This itself lend a as mode that enacts a form of learning and transfeminism listening that will hopefully on conversation this set we approaches such the guise of a not always precise theoretical production). So, against under (cloaked realities self-evidential and essences determinism, straight-jacketingof terrain the on politics and biological of notions theory feminist re-territorialize also but solidarity feminist for bility struggles). These anti-trans approaches not only preclude the possi trans and anti-colonial between link crucial the (as today of issues pertinent most the of some through think to transness of practice political and production theoretical significant the seriously take to refuse that and politics identity of version caricature-like a to ness trans of potential emancipatory the reduce that accounts sisting re actively more: something means also However,it politics. trans around conversation the of to propositions set political and another perspectives yet adding means proceedings conference the of this collaborative text into and in relation to the other contributions wedging of act the me, Toit. in participate to agreed they that ful thank extremely am I and struggle of site transformative and tory emancipa an as politics trans on conversation a in engage to Drift Mijkeder ally van and colleague friend, my ask to decided I change. ex political and intellectual for space of kind different a build help to as so rerouted and reshaped be can it how consider to also but tation to revisit and rethink some of the reasons for my initial anger, invi welcome a as came character processual its explore actually to proceeding conference of format the using of possibility the Thus, I know that as a firm anti-capitalist holding a scepticism to ascepticism holding anti-capitalist firm a as that know I Identities Identity politics currently has quite a bad name, ------Collective, Marquis Bey Marquis Collective, be. to came work their how and anarchic reading of inclusive politics against the strain of excluding of strain the against politics inclusive of reading anarchic Black a supports work their that show to order in manner pertinent mahtta Taylorpublished recently Keeanga-Ya identity. their include to drive—hence universalizing Review 3 AK Press,2020). 2 (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017). 1 women as being from in “danger” trans women (for example, in dis the of sue is special recent a in argued politics—as anti-trans of premises the NG: the poor. of detriment the to course, of colonisation—this, of project the in middle classes was to access power and privilege often by partaking centuries. eighteen and seventeenthe by voiced demand the There politics that has been instigated by the bourgeois revolutions of the a follows equality and rights for striving a sense, that forms In duress. different of shoulder also who femmes, and women other of liberation the with power their aligning in interest without used is have do women bourgeois white that power social the because but real, not is circles bourgeois in misogyny the because wrong—not went feminism” “white where is sphere. This social the in included not otherwise are or precarious, poor, are they because pressures anti-Blackness; especially and racialization of pressures of part as misogyny of target a are that femmes and women instance for en, edged that certain pressures do not reach in the same way all wom acknowl be should it Simultaneously, others. for access removing lives: it is a homogenizing duress that enables access for some while between differences and complexities undo pressures social Such misogyny.in rooted are pressures these because women non-trans and women, trans femmes, trans between shared instance, for are, lend mutual support. This means that there are social pressures that tween different positionalities and identifying differences in order to solid trans politics is looking for shared or parallel lines of duress be a for away take can we points key the of one think I universalities. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Ruth Pearce, Sonja Erikainen,andBen Vincent, “TERF Wars: An Introduction,” Marquis Bey, Marquis

This question of misogyny is important in relation to some of some to relation in important is misogyny of question This 68.4.(2020):677-98. Anarcho-Blackness: Notes Towards a Black Anarchism Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 Sociological Review How We and the Free: Black Get Feminism CombaheeRiver Collective 2 proposes how to do this in a particularly a in this do to how proposes on TERF war, TERF on 1 Tothe River from Combahee learn How We Get Free WeHow Get 3 the positioning of cis of positioning the (Edinburgh and Chico, CA: Chico, and (Edinburgh about this group this about The Sociological The ------

103 104 Neda Genova andMijke vander Drift that the lives, safety and the possibility of the flourishing of Black of flourishing the of possibility the and safety lives, the that means nature—this in anti-colonial thereby is politics trans solid A lonial training. co Europe’s from emerging punish—are and surveil, ing—exclude, flourishing.or survival for needed are think carceral of forms These that resources and discussions, spaces, from femmes and women trans exclude propelled? to discussion is the aim is The means what by and stake at is whole—what a as discussion the at look we how inform then could This that. of ourselves reminding bears really it ship: slave a was prison modern first the but example, one is lance here. Surveil back brought and colonies the in created were duress and oppression for tools the how acknowledging precludes this but we are discussing the issue, colonialism is exported over its borders, where Europe, in that point a really mandates. is colonial This from emerges encapsulation and surveillance which in framework wider the is overlooks often transmisogyny around discourse the What trade. slave the of beginning the since surveilled been have bodies to the import of aggression, rather than the removal of it, and Black course that as soon as surveillance is drawn into any scene this leads of is issue The aggressive. as them read to order in bodies femme they that interesting very and women Black “masculinising” as racialization to attention draw is It account. an such propose indeed Ben Vincent and Erikainen Pearce,Sonja landscape—Ruth pluralist and lively a as feminism see us helps then misogyny of terms the over debate a posit misogyny.To of form a is transmisogyny how MD: and anti-transpoliticshaveincommon? racism anti-Blackness, do what valid—i.e., are arguments such that point about the racist “undertones” of such discourses. Do you think ent ways. Further to this, Pearce, Erikainen and Vincent also make a differ very in course, of yet, femmes, other and women trans en, wom cis affects structure misogynist “safeguard”—its or “protect” to meant supposedly is it those on also back falls always argument trans-exclusionary the that understand to crucial is it So, men. cis to relation in “weakness” and “fragility” female of notions solidified safety”) draws from a reservoir of historically courses around “toilet the agenda of trans politics. This in turn implies that there is no sin no is there that politics. implies trans turn of in agenda This the on firmly be, should and are, femmes and women Indigenous and Transmisogyny is often explained like that, which underlines which that, like explained often is Transmisogyny | A Conversation on Transfeminism as Anti-Colonial Politics ------politics to decide what counts as liberation and safety. The question Black (trans) women and femmes—it is not up to a white Eurocentric for counts consideration similar returned. A resources and territory their as well as autonomy their have should communities in digenous Instead, models. statist Western through liberated not are en wom indigenous namely liberation, for used be can that model gle N.C.: Duke University Press, 2015). Arsenal Pulp Press, 2018); Eli Clare, 4 priv to call Haraway’s of reading the this, for alliances—and build to desire the than rather identities fixed from depart that politics of terms in as is latter the understood always have I way the because politics,” “identity than different identification” of “politics is Also, identification needs agency and an understanding of relationalities? NG: the workofEli Clare orLeahLakshmiPiepzna-Samarasinha see instance, (for agency of stripping a to lead to need not should this yet surface, the on carried is marker every politics—not ability This is also why there is a link between transfeminisms and Crip/Dis scene. that of outside valid not are they that mean doesn’t this but scenes, specific quite in world-making out sort to roles, local very play recognition of forms Some surface. the on carried always not are that relationalities of understanding deep a and agency namely needs— identification of politics a what of understanding deeper a to leads that claim basic a merely is recognition contrary, the On politics. trans to is there all is recognition that claim to reductive is accompanyingits erasure and of duress the to However,violence. it response a as comes often saviourism. recognition on insistence An upon predicated not is that solidarity of politics a of sense strong a fore the attendant need for mutual care and mutual aid, which adds there and isolation, social of understanding deep a from starts tics poli trans because is overlaps. This in also and differences in ested This means that instead of ignoring difference, trans politics is inter plural. necessarily thereby is and is liberation what of notions centralized on lean cannot politics trans that show examples These pressures. social strongest the to subjected been have that communities and marginalized peoples of perspectives centring involves liberation of Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha, Lakshmi Leah

I wonder if you could expand a bit on this claim that a politics of Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation Care Work: Disability Dreaming Justice (Vancouver, B.C.: (Vancouver, 4 ). (Durham, ------Twentieth Century,” in 5 might they though (even women” “trans vs. “women” of one is up dominantly from white cis women. The comparative contrast drawn pre coming statements in discern can we that innocence” “white T tive relationalpoliticsarealwaysalreadysituated. Affirma relative. and subjective as exposed is this terms relational as exclusion their of terms the specify need to then campaigns such that are included in the term “women” by anti-trans campaigners. If women many by shared not is differences excluding on relies that politics a because stage, this at relationality this emphasise to ing neither liberate but nor protect anything assumptions. It is interest politics exclusionary Such insights. relational these bypass politics, anti-trans within emerge see we certainty,that epistemic to claims Reductive violence. that into insights different very with come we or limited: very be might violence social of awareness shared the Even politically. nor economically, socially, neither all: at common in much so not have Jenner Caitlin and me say, Let’s liberation. of politics a pursues woman non-trans every not like just lationality, re of politics a has woman trans every However,not violence. and assumptions hegemonic by interrupted are relation of modes how of awarenesssimultaneous a as well as relationality to mative claim affir the of awareness an be to needs there So, displacement. and scrutiny,to up one opens it realm, social the in ble erasure violence, tangi and visible are inscriptions when that means surface the on carried relationality A contexts. different across translation require with an acknowledgement that relationalities are specific, local, and affinity, to close comes that relationality of form a indeed is sense this in Identification potentiality. liberatory a foreclosing without is trans femme or a trans woman holds the social actuality in regard, modes of sociality including forms of liberation politics. To state one various the into taps that proposition, relational a is categories, ble MD: difference? of markers and vulnerability (bodily) of sense the in do this mean you surface,” the on carried […] “relationalities of write you when identities” not “affinities, ilege Donna Haraway,Donna “A CyborgManifesto: Science, Technology,Late the in Feminism and Socialist he relational as prior to the categorical contrasts with a politics of politics a with contrasts categorical the to prior as relational he A claim to a trans identity, rather than a claim that relies on sta The HarawayReader Identities (New York and London:Routledge, 2003), 7–45. 5 a be vr iprat Finally, important? very been has ------only been recipients of violence. This is markedly untrue. Elizabeth untrue. markedly is violence. This of recipients been only have women white if as innocence, imaginary an proposing by ect proj colonial the in women white of complicity the erases position Federici Silvia of work the (see project lonial co the in misogyny foundational a is there While victimhood. and innocence of positions claim women cis which term),in this use not Press, 2016). 8 2018). 7 6 anti-rac to attending without liberation trans any be cannot there Lorde. This is why white politics are colonial politics at their root, Audre and paraphrase to house, master’s the uphold that tools the are manner.different a in However,context each in these but contexts, various in operate can they that tools: racialisation of nature the is play.is at This there when than severely less quite works people trans white against levied innocence of politics a that and realms, different in differently operate tools these that noted be should It realms. political different across moves it if even there, alive kept and structures racist in honed is that tool a foremost and first is it that while this innocence is used against trans women and femmes, Innocence women. to innocence and men Gloria to aggression Wekker’s assigns that divide patriarchal the of part as project colonial the in honed been has that is innocence weaponized a that thus is into, innocence tapped categorical the and accusations categorical of form the takes violence anti-trans because relations” “actual about talking here not are we Mind, norm. the uphold that attacks in used been often have that attitudes colonial the in situated be innocence, to needs weaponized a such in rooted as women trans against claims the of understanding the So, trope. that into tapped rectly di Cooper Amy communities. marginalized towards violence uate perpet to used been often have that tropes racist the with aligned directly be can messaging anti-trans in features often that nocence in of trope man. The Black a is who relation), (no Cooper Christian by behaviour irresponsible for out called being against retaliate to police the called Cooper Amy woman white the when case the in witnessed be recently could over not laws. is racist history this That of maintenance the for lobbying and upholding, supporting, for al foundation were women white when era, Jim Crow the in violence McRae Gillespie Elizabeth Gillespie McRae, Gillespie Elizabeth Gloria Wekker,Gloria Silvia Federici, Silvia 8

Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 is a great book that unpacks this trope. It should be noted Caliban andthe Witch White Innocence: White Paradoxes of Colonialismand Race 7 recently published a great work mapping out the out mapping work great a published recently Mothers of Massive Resistance Massive of Mothers (New York: Autonomedia, 2014). (New York: Oxford University Press, (New University York:Oxford 6 ), the claimed juxta claimed the ), (Durham: Duke University Duke (Durham: White ------

105 106 Neda Genova andMijke vander Drift Molly Geidel (Cambridge, UK andMedford,MA:Polity Press,2020). 9 tele such make to in Ancient Greece possible been have not would le there was a quite total separation between theory and practice: it tialist metaphysics. However, it is worth noting here that for Aristot essen Aristotle’sof right the to one places essence” “biological to intellectual poverty of the anti-trans messaging. Tothe reduce social shows life statement a such out putting that think I Furthermore, hard againstsuchclaims. so fight to had she feminist a as because extent large a to ments, state such encountering when livid often is mother My destiny. as biology of claim reductive this against working explicitly been has a as claims” claiming of means “biological such making of audacity the rather by often stunned am I Furthermore, statements. these behind hiding claims ofviolent history entire an There’s difference”? “biological of notions such with go to ready proponents their are else where arises question the essence, biological a into sociality and relations, economic ethics, reducing by self-objectification of readiness litical po anti-trans an With overlooked. often is notion this to inherent reduction the of character racist the reality” “biological a of macy different social categories. Also, in these propositions about the pri in differently actuated get differences these are—but there course differences—of and realities physical not are there that mean not does This such. as relevant not are terms “biological” the because or world, the of parts and communities different in terms different in organized is social the because partly places, different in ralised” not Europe. accountis in biological invented A science sign of reality, at minimum misses the point that biology is a cultural MD: am whatIsayam”? “I of model the following identity-formation” “tautological being it of terms in binary gender a from departing of possibility the card NG: North acrossthecolonialdivide,as Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui to South from traveling also are itself, theory or politics, liberatory fashion similar a In politics. anti-colonial and anti-patriarchal, ist, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui,

What do you make you do What A binary in “gender” or, even more hilariously, “biology” as a as “biology” hilariously, more even or, “gender” in binary A Ch’ixinakax Utxiwa: Decolonization of and Discourses On Practices feminism of accounts that implicitly or explicitly dis explicitly or implicitly that accounts of . A large part of the feminist movement . feminist the of part large A | A Conversation on Transfeminism as Anti-Colonial Politics per se 9 notes. “natu , trans. ------are the politics that he imposes upon a model of agential fluidity.agential of model a In upon imposes he that politics the are these because patriarchal is Aristotle So, politics. is rest the open, is space this once and agents; of formation ethical an for space the holds ethics Aristotle’s of reading practical A work. his of reading later eugenic the really is space, which social or simple function a to will, you so “species,” or “genders” reduce that statements ological (peer reviewed) article on the on article reviewed) (peer closure. whole found a and is time There over held been have bates de these perspective philosophical a From biology. to politics and sociality trans a reduce to understood be can distraction similar A that undergirdthesetransformations, don’tyouthink? politics aggressive quite the from distract to works really ity.This transformation that are reduced to language, aesthetics and moral MD: ical spaceof“sexorgender”? post-polita claim readings biological abovementioned the that ing though, so can you say a few words about what you mean when say much, too digress to want don’t I sphere. public (post-communist) the of accounts totalizing and dull very in result they paradoxically that think I but perspective, leftist explicitly an from made are ses diagno such Often terms. aesthetic or cultural moral, in concerns articulate only can rather but discourse, political with away done have allegedly that transformation of processes post-communist describe to used is it when notion this with issue take often I here. NG: plain whatisfaced. ex and link to level social the on work but categories universalizing only not along. Termsare carries man this insights and life, duress, the on out missing is “woman” a is man trans pregnant a claim to way same the In contexts. social in doing are terms what of point and social insights; to treat them as tautological is quite missing the relationalities, memory, store that relationality of modes nuance to contexts local in function can terms earlier, upon remarked As on thebasisofone’s physicality. It’s quiteflatand even eugenic. or gender” that is mind-bogglingly conservative: it prescribes action “sex for space post-political a claim readings” “biological contrast, t s neetn ta yu noe h tr “post-political” term the invoke you that interesting is It I like your astute remark about processes of post-communist of processes about remark astute your like I StanfordEncyclopaedia Philosophy of ------

10 only liberationistotalliberation. Kelley Robin As essentialisms. as such bulwarks, lences, their historically ingrained effects—including their epistemic vio those undo to done be to needs that work the embracing than rather violence, structural of heart the at are that concepts and es discern is this huge investment in retaining and honing the languag categor emphasisi by complexities these evades feminism Right-wing duress. of politics a by undermined actively is that set skill ethical complex a require all communities indigenous to resources the and land returning and and people; Black colonialism of enslavement for reparations activating transphobia; and queer misogyny, by created disparities the undoing accountability; ality. of work harder much Takingthe of direction the in discussions soci on debates of heart the at distancing, than rather care, put to survival among a host of people that receive pressures and also how social for networks make to how solidarities, create to how about discussions difficult real the from debates of lot a diffuses It point. political any make to way only the is oppression structural of ogy terminol the if as majorities, dominant by into tapped is timization of vic of language austerity.times the and Curiously, aggression right-wing these in needed is which women, cis and be women solidarity tween existing is there where distance create to aim they Raha Nat as means, financial the lack they because granted been have that rights the access to out left is who overlooks often inclusion of politics a However, inequalities. structural by enabled is Violence and queers. people trans of allyship the on out misses that society a in duress takenor theyallies are trans. be to for routes more Theycreate also en, trans femmes, and also against cis women and femmes, because such anti-trans debates instigate actual violence against trans wom tcher on “Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues” written by Talia Mae Bet (lecture, London School ofEconomics,London,England, 2019). 12 (2017): 632–46. 11 IG8XQmhzdONDhROe5OS7SaZH9w. plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/?fbclid=IwAR0FfT8WRC19OPAyxapr9NEQUlIgtX7FC ed. Edward N. Zalta (Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Fall 2020), https:// Nat Raha, “Transfeminine Brokenness, Radical “TransfeminineTransfeminism”,Brokenness, Raha, Nat Robin D.G. Kelley, “Internationale Blues: Revolutionary Pessimism and the Politics of Solidarity” TaliaPerspectivesBettcher,on “Feminist Transin Issues”, 11 10 eak.Ti mks nitas oiis xr sd because sad, extra politics anti-trans makes This remarks. about this. Tragic from a realistic perspective is of course that izations, rather than looking at relationalities. What we can we relationalities. What at looking than rather izations, Identities ng distance and reliance on reliance and distance ng Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy South AtlanticSouth Quarterly 12 reminds us, the us, reminds 116-3 ------, well-being of trans children, immediately offered immediately offered children, trans well-being of em their Rowling Mermaids the life for many non-famous trans women and femmes. This is why is threats. This death even messaging, nasty really receive who ing likeagitators Rowl anti-trans J.K. famous only not is it and it, of lot Tointernet—therethe on makeviolence a on is here remark small a times. com/international/2020/09/judith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual- Times”,” “Anti-Intellectual 13 innocence, white of tropes racist explicitly using norm, masculine white, the defending as politics anti-trans of think we When tion). separa school and postcodes between link the of contem accounts porary at look also but account historical a for McRae (see tion segrega defending by instance for child, masculine the defending the first norm that will be defended. Secondly, we see white women is whiteness masculine, inherently are politics white Since gender. Trump,trumps whiteness women: of harasser a be to known is who for vote women white many so why explains partly norm. This the of guardians the been often women—have bourgeois only not but women—especially ends? Unfortunately,white what to and whom, or what control to wants who arises: then, question, A control. of service the in put are categories Homogenizing for. are orders tain cer what interrogate to interesting becomes life—it social and ries into being—this means that there is some distance between catego M.D.: certain logicsofordering? undoing with i.e., work: your to important is know I which theme a with do to has women and men between binary a of reality” ical “biolog the to difference sexual of reduction a to resistance a that people all over the world… Finally, I wanted to trans ask what do against you think waged violence the about enquire not to perplexing quite is it harassment, suffer should anyone that think doesn’t while she point—that similar very a makes and Rowling against used Butler NG: lot. Somehow thisdisappearsfromessentialistdebates. a it receive they because violence, of aware intimately are people violence. with experience Transpast her recounted she when pathy Judith Butler and Alona Ferber, “Judith Butler on the Culture Wars, J.K. Rowling and Living in Living and Rowling J.K. Wars, Culture the on “JudithButler Ferber, Alona and Butler Judith

Yes, I actually remember reading a recent interview with Judith 13 Once we are on track to question how certain orders are called in which she is asked to comment on the abusive language abusive the on comment to asked is she which in , the U.K. based organization working for the rights and rights the for working organization based U.K. the , Journal forPolitics,GenderandCulture/Vol.17,No.1-22020 New Statesman Spebr 2 22) https://www.newstatesman. 2020), 22, (September ------

107 108 Neda Genova andMijke vander Drift robust politicsofliberation. a for basis the form that aid mutual and collaboration listening, of politics a on rests which set, skill ethical complex a offers It action. political wider a of part as and relations making of politics a as care shape the same community. There is a deep and profound politics in dren and cared for their communities, partly because they share and chil raised loved, collaborated, forever have women straight allied that nomer. Trans and of cis lesbians, bi outside women and femmes, as as well as well as “trans” nomer the within both fall that ences differ many the with flourishing about is politics trans end the In course todesist. dis anti-trans requires that politics a merely or simply than rather politics, anti-colonial an as politics trans a inform should exclusions are racialised. An understanding of these interlocking pressures and ing a full life under this same white regime, and certainly when they liv from excluded historically been have who femmes, and women trans of incursion the against defended is norm the that clear is it | A Conversation on Transfeminism as Anti-Colonial Politics - - - -

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