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Proceso Constituyente, Constitución Política De 1991 Y Régimen Político Electofáctico En Colombia

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Proceso Constituyente, Constitución Política De 1991 Y Régimen Político Electofáctico En Colombia UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Proceso constituyente, constitución política de 1991 y régimen político electofáctico en Colombia MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Hernando Llano Ángel Directora María Esther del Campo García Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Hernando Llano Ángel, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL PROCESO CONSTITUYENTE, CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE 1991 Y RÉGIMEN POLÍTICO ELECTOFÁCTICO EN COLOMBIA. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Hernando Llano Ángel DIRECTORA Esther del Campo García Madrid, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Programa de Doctorado Título de la tesis doctoral PROCESO CONSTITUYENTE, CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE 1991 Y RÉGIMEN POLÍTICO ELECTOFÁCTICO EN COLOMBIA Doctorando HERNANDO LLANO ÁNGEL Director de la Tesis DRA. ESTHER DEL CAMPO GARCÍA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Madrid, 2017 A Celmira y Marina, que me alimentaron con los sabores vitales y me enseñaron los saberes esenciales. Agradecimientos Mi sincera gratitud al Rector, padre Luis Felipe S.J, y a la doctora Ana Milena Yoshioka, Vicerrectora Académica, pues en virtud de su confianza incondicional y estímulo personal, dispuse del tiempo y la motivación para culminar esta investigación. A la directora de esta tesis, la catedrática y doctora Esther del Campo, mi aprecio y agradecimiento por su inagotable paciencia y la permanente disponibilidad para brindar sus acertados y oportunos consejos, sin los cuales esta investigación hubiese naufragado en la dispersión y la controversia interminable. Y a mis estudiantes, gratitud imperecedera, por su entusiasta acompañamiento, sumados a su vitalidad, optimismo y alegría, sin los cuales la desazón y el tedio me hubiesen vencido. Contenido Introducción ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Capítulo I ................................................................................................................................................... 18 La Violencia como ruptura irreconciliable entre lo social y lo político-institucional ......................... 18 Capítulo II ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Una coyuntura de verdad ......................................................................................................................... 60 2.1. Principales reformas políticas promovidas por Belisario Betancur y reacciones de los poderes de facto ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 2.2 El poder de facto institucional de la fuerza pública .......................................................................... 78 2.3. Conclusión ....................................................................................................................................... 89 2.4. El hito del palacio de justicia ........................................................................................................... 90 2.5 El poder proteico del narcotráfico ................................................................................................... 141 2.6 Principales hitos institucionales de los poderes de facto criminales ............................................... 179 Capítulo III .............................................................................................................................................. 185 El laboratorio constituyente ................................................................................................................... 185 3.1. La “Matrix” política-constitucional ............................................................................................... 208 3.2. De la ilusión del consenso constitucional democrático a la realidad de un consenso constitucional fáctico .................................................................................................................................................... 219 3.3. Realidad sincrética y actores mutantes .......................................................................................... 221 3.4. El poder constituyente sincrético ................................................................................................... 225 Capítulo IV .............................................................................................................................................. 234 La coyuntura constituyente: entre la transición democrática y la instauración del régimen político electofáctico ............................................................................................................................................. 234 4.1. De la inconclusa transición democrática al régimen político electofáctico ................................... 250 4.2. De la inconclusa transición democrática ........................................................................................ 251 4.3. Del régimen electofáctico .............................................................................................................. 257 4.4. Elección presidencial de Ernesto Samper y proceso 8.000 ............................................................ 266 4.5. Elección presidencial de Andrés Pastrana en 1998 y proceso de paz con las FARC-EP ............... 272 4.6. Álvaro Uribe Vélez y la parapolítica ............................................................................................. 276 Conclusiones Generales .......................................................................................................................... 302 Anexos ...................................................................................................................................................... 317 Anexo 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 317 Atentados contra la Policía Nacional .................................................................................................... 317 Anexo 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 323 Atentados contra funcionarios judiciales .............................................................................................. 323 Anexo 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 326 Atentados o crímenes contra agentes DEA y edificios o autoridades norteamericanas ........................ 326 Anexo 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 327 Atentados contra funcionarios de Policía Judicial (DAS) ..................................................................... 327 Anexo 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 329 Atentados contra políticos destacados, ministros, gobernadores y alcaldes ......................................... 329 Summary This thesis analyses the Constituent Assembly process which took place in Colombia between 1989 and 1991, with the purpose of clarifying its nature and specifying to what extent it affected the Colombian political system. It explores whether there was a change of political system, a change in the political system or, conversely, whether it was the beginning of a political- democratic transition process that has not yet run its course – a complex process derived from the emergence and consolidation of a new syncretic political system which, due to its main dimensions and characteristics, such as the fusion of democratic elections and political violence, will be referred to as a “electofáctico” regime. The analysis is framed in a theoretically broad and eclectic way, which is delineated in the Introduction. The complexity of the critical political period to be studied requires a theoretically diverse and holistic approach. From a philosophical perspective, which interrogates the meaning of politics, the thesis draws on Arendt (1993, 1997, 2005), Badiou (2007), Panikkar (2005), and Schmitt (2005). In relation to the emergence of political institutions it draws on Castoriadis (2002) and Flores (2006), as well as on the main theoretical perspectives in relation to their function and dynamics – Douglas (1996), Peters (2003), McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly (2005), along with an array of authors who focus on neo-institutionalism and its historical, sociological, contextual, discursive and informal dimensions, amongst which stand out North (2007, 2009), Nholen (2006), Helmke and Levitsky (2003), Vivien Schmidt (2008), and Thelen and Steinmo (1992). The thesis also draws on the foundational literature on path dependence and critical junctures, such as Collier and Collier (1991), as well as on the literature on processes of political change and transition in Latin America by the likes of O’Donnell (1997), Lynn Karl and Urquidi (1991), and Di Palma (1988). This broad theoretical framework provides the parameters for analysing the main historical events in relation to
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