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Epos Technology Focus # 14 June 2019 FLUE AND PROCESS GASES Carbon capture and storage or utilisation (part 2) Technologies for industrial processes EPOS TECHNOLOGY FOCUS About the EPOS Technology Focus Within the scope of the EPOS project, extensive literature and market research reviews were performed in order to identify different technological, organisational, service and management solutions that could be applied to different industrial sites and clusters. The collected information will aid in establishing on-site and/or cross-sectorial industrial symbiosis opportunities; additionally, to enhance overall sustainability, performance and resource efficiency of different process industry sectors. Through the cooperation of project partners, a longlist of different technological options was created. Resource material for this list included: scientific articles, project reports, manufacturer’s documentation and datasheets. FLUE AND PROCESS GASES Emission of flue gas is one of the most desulphurisation, liquefaction of CO2, significant issues that process industries etc.). This resulted in the establishment must deal with. Flue gas is a result of of several IS options that are now combustion, taking place in ovens, commonly used. furnaces, boilers, etc. The composition Treatment of flue gas and utilisation of the flue gas relates to the type of of the opportunities that are offered source that is burned; mainly consisting by different technological options of water vapour, carbon monoxide, contributes not only to reduced carbon dioxide, particulates, nitrogen emissions and consequently, reduced oxides and sulphur oxides. costs from penalisation fees, but also Flue gas emissions have a significant offers new options for industries to impact on the environment, as generate additional revenue, i.e. from such, there were many incentives re-using or selling products obtained in the last decades from regulatory from flue and process gases (lime, liquid bodies and national governments CO2, etc.). in order to reduce emissions and The technology market screen identifies enhance sustainability of the critical techniques for the treatment of flue industry sectors. Numerous measures and process gases. The focus is on and environmental standards recovery and abatement of volatile were established. Industries were organic and inorganic compounds; encouraged to invest and develop recovery and abatement of new technologies for emissions particulates; carbon capture, storage reduction and utilise the remaining and utilisation techniques; utilisation of emissions for other activities on industrial waste fuel/methane and monitoring sites (e.g. lime production from the flue gas. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE OR UTILISATION (PART 2) Water-gas shift reaction and reverse water-gas shift reaction Sabatier process for methane production Photovoltaic assisted algal carbon conversion bioreactor Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle Production of methanol by synthesis of CO2 and hydrogen Artificial photosynthesis Utilisation of CO2 for urea production Utilisation of CO2 for production of the polyurethane CO2 liquefaction methods TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE OR UTILISATION Technology 1: Water-gas shift reaction and reverse water-gas shift reaction The water-gas shift reaction is a process where water vapour and carbon monoxide react with each other to form CO2 and hydrogen. The chemical reaction that uses the reverse principle is the reverse water-gas shift reaction. In the reverse water-gas shift reaction, hydrogen reacts with CO2 ; the resulting products are carbon monoxide and water. If the reverse water-gas shift reaction is combined with water electrolysis, methane and oxygen can be produced from CO2 (Sabatier process). A synthetic gas (methane) can be produced and valorised for other purposes, such as power generation, heat generation, transport, injection into gas networks, etc. 1 2 Figure 1 Water-gas shift reaction 2 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference The water-gas shift reaction is used as Emergent. Water-gas shift (WGS) an intermediate stage for hydrogen operation of pre-combustion enrichment and the reduction of CO2 capture pilot plant at the CO in synthetic gas. It is also used Buggenum IGCC. in the production of ammonia, hydrocarbons and methanol. The reverse water-gas shift can contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions in various industry sectors. Technology 1: Water-gas shift reaction and reverse water-gas Technology 2: Sabatier process for methane production shift reaction Sabatier process (or CO2 methanation) is a combination of: Reverse water-gas shift: CO2 + H2 ↔ CO + H2O Methanation of carbon monoxide: CO + 3H2 ↔ CH4+ 2H2O Based on the combination of the two previous chemical reactions, the Sabatier process can be described as: CO2 + 4H2 ↔ CH4 + 2H2O The Sabatier process is a reaction, which enables direct transformation of CO2 into methane and water. CO2 can be obtained from various sources (e.g. industry flue gases), while the required hydrogen can be obtained from the electrolysis of water using renewable energy. The process could be integrated into a “renewable power methane plant”, which could be used as an interface between electrical and gas networks. Other technologies can also be combined, such as an ORC, which can be used to valorise the waste heat generated in the process of CO2 methanation. Integration of the gas and electrical networks can be achieved since the process is reversible. There are also other options for the utilisation of generated methane (power generation, heat generation, transport, etc.). 3 Figure 2 Basic concept of renewable power methane plant 4 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference The Sabatier process could Emergent. Demonstration project MeGa- be used in various industry stoRE. sectors where there is a need to reduce and valorise CO2 emissions. Technology 3: Photovoltaic assisted algal carbon conversion bioreactor A novel bioreactor system, incorporating state-of-the-art renewable energy generation (PV), solar capture, light delivery and dispersion, and LED lighting technology. The photovoltaic assisted algal carbon conversion bioreactor is designed to be used alongside point-source carbon emitters. The bioreactor uses light and the CO2 from industrial processes, taking advantage of the natural photosynthesis process, to feed into an algal biomass. This biomass can be further utilised as: 5 Bio-fuels Protein feed Chemicals Bio-based materials Figure 3 Photovoltaic assisted algal carbon conversion bioreactor 6 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Photovoltaic assisted algal carbon Emergent. Photovoltaic assisted algal conversion bioreactors can be carbon conversion bioreactor, used to valorise carbon emissions collaborative project of produced by industry sectors; Canada and Israel. generating additional revenues from the production of valuable products. Technology 4: Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle The anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle transforms CO2, using a stable catalyst based on the metal ruthenium (Ru), into various products. These can include synthetic hydrocarbons, protein for animal feed and fuels such as methanol and dimethyl ether. CO2 can be captured from numerous sources, including from natural and industrial processes, human activities and the atmosphere. This can be done using absorption technologies, while the required energy can be obtained from clean energy sources such as wind, solar, water, etc. 7 Figure 4 Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle 7 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the reduction and valorisation Research stage. Anthropogenic chemical of carbon emissions produced by carbon cycle, scientific various industry sectors and other publication. carbon emission sources. New products and revenue streams can be realised. Technology 5: Production of methanol by synthesis of CO2 and hydrogen This chemical process produces methanol fuel by the synthesis of CO2 obtained from a given source (e.g. industry) and hydrogen, which can be obtained by the electrolysis of water. In order to reduce the overall carbon footprint, electricity, which is required for the process (mainly for the electrolysis) can be obtained from renewable energy sources (e.g. hydro and geothermal). 8 8 Figure 5 Production of methanol by synthesis of CO2 and hydrogen Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the reduction and Commercial. Vulcanol solution. valorisation of carbon emissions, produced by various industry sectors and other carbon emission sources. Technology 6: Artificial photosynthesis CO2 is converted into oxygen and organic materials in the presence of sunlight. Different approaches are under research in the area of artificial photosynthesis. Photocatalytic water splitting followed by CO2 reduction is believed to be the only true form of artificial photosynthesis. The process of photocatalytic water splitting does not require sunlight; individual protons can be used instead, in order to split the water directly using one catalyser. A second catalyser is used to reduce the obtained hydrogen using CO2 into methane, methanol or formic acid. 9 10 Figure 6 Artificial photosynthesis 9 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the reduction and valorisation Research stage. Panasonic artificial of carbon emissions, produced by photosynthesis system. various industry sectors and other carbon emission sources. CO2 could be used as a feedstock for the production of valuable resources such as methane, methanol or formic acid. Technology
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