DOCSLIB.ORG

Eruption Probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and Regional

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eruption Probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and Regional Eruption Probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and Regional Volcanism, Northern California, and Probabilities for Large Explosive Eruptions in the Cascade Range Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5176–B U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Eruption Probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and Regional Volcanism, Northern California, and Probabilities for Large Explosive Eruptions in the Cascade Range By Manuel Nathenson, Michael A. Clynne, and L.J. Patrick Muffler Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5176-B U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS This report and any updates to it are available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5176/b/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Nathenson, M., Clynne, M.A, and Muffler, L.J.P., 2012, Eruption probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and regional volcanism, northern California, and probabilities for large explosive eruptions in the Cascade Range: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5176-B, 23 p. (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5176/b/) iii Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Chronologies ..................................................................................................................................................2 Probabilities ....................................................................................................................................................4 Lassen Volcanic Center .......................................................................................................................7 Regional Mafic Vents .........................................................................................................................12 Probability of Large Explosive Eruptions in the Cascades ....................................................................16 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................19 Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................21 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................21 Figures 1. Time history of eruptive events for the Lassen Volcanic Center ..................................................4 2. Time history of cumulative area and volume of erupted lava for the Lassen Volcanic Center. ......... 5 3. Time history of events for eruptive sequences of regional mafic vents for models I and II ..............8 4. Time history of all eruptive events for regional mafic vents for models I and II ........................8 5. Time history of cumulative area of erupted material for regional mafic vents for models I and II ...........................................................................................................................9 6. Time history of cumulative volume of erupted material for regional mafic vents for models I and II ...........................................................................................................................9 7. Probability that an eruption will occur in a time less than a given time interval between eruptions ........................................................................................................................10 8. Conditional probability that an eruption will occur at the Lassen Volcanic Center in the next year, given a time since the last eruption .................................................................10 9. Probability that an eruption in the Lassen Volcanic Center or from a regional mafic vent will have a volume or area greater than a given value ..........................11 10. Probability that an eruption will occur at a regional mafic vent in a time less than a given time interval after the previous eruption ........................................................12 11. One minus the probability that an eruption will occur at a regional mafic vent in a time less than a given time interval between eruptions .....................................................13 12. Transformed (Weibull) plot of the probability that an eruption will occur in a time less than a given time interval after the previous eruption .........................................14 13. Conditional probability that an eruption will occur from a regional mafic vent in the next year, given a time since the last eruption .................................................................15 14. Cumulative number of eruptions versus age for all the data in table 4 with volumes >≈5 km3 and also for only those eruptions with volumes ≥10 km3 .....................17 15. Cumulative number of eruptions versus age for volumes >≈5 km3 for the past 15 thousand years.....................................................................................................17 16. Probability that an eruption will occur in a time less than a given time interval since the previous eruption .................................................................................................................20 17. Probability of an eruption in the next year for various events in the Cascades. .....................20 iv Tables 1. Chronology of eruptions less than 100,000 years old in the Lassen Volcanic Center .........................3 2. Chronology of eruptions less than 100,000 years old for the mafic vents in the surrounding area of the Lassen segment of the Cascade Range ............................................6 3. Parameter values for the Weibull distribution for the straight-line solution and root solution for the eruption chronologies for models I and II for the regional mafic vents .......................15 4. Compilation of data on large explosive eruptions in the past 1.2 million years in the Cascade volcanic arc ........................................................................................................18 Eruption Probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and Regional Volcanism, Northern California, and Probabilities for Large Explosive Eruptions in the Cascade Range By Manuel Nathenson, Michael A. Clynne, and L.J. Patrick Muffler Abstract Introduction Chronologies for eruptive activity of the Lassen The Lassen Volcanic Center and its predecessors are Volcanic Center and for eruptions from the regional mafic distinguished from the surrounding regional mafic volcanism in vents in the surrounding area of the Lassen segment of the northern California by their greater longevity, larger volumes, Cascade Range are here used to estimate probabilities of and broader range of silica concentrations (Clynne and Muffler, future eruptions. For the regional mafic volcanism, the ages 2010). Clynne and others (2012) provide chronologies for eruptive of many vents are known only within broad ranges, and activity at the Lassen Volcanic Center and for eruptions from the two models are developed that should bracket the actual regional mafic vents in the surrounding area of the Lassen segment eruptive ages. These chronologies are used with exponential, of the Cascade Range for the past 100,000 years (for geographic Weibull, and mixed-exponential probability distributions extent covered, see Clynne and others, 2012, fig. 4). We use to match the data for time intervals between eruptions. For these chronologies to calculate probabilities of future eruptions. the Lassen Volcanic Center, the probability of an eruption Areas and volumes of lava flows and domes have been estimated in the next year is 1.4×10-4 for the exponential distribution on the basis of geologic mapping (Clynne and Muffler, 2010; and 2.3×10-4 for the mixed exponential distribution. For M.A. Clynne and L.J.P. Muffler, written commun., 2010), and the regional mafic vents, the exponential distribution gives these values are presented in time histories and used to calculate a probability of an eruption in the next year of 6.5×10-4, probabilities of sizes of eruptions. but the mixed exponential distribution indicates that the An underlying assumption of past U.S. Geological Survey current probability, 12,000 years after the last event, could (USGS) volcano hazards assessments for Cascade Range be significantly lower. For the exponential distribution, the volcanoes in Oregon and Washington has been that the probability highest probability is for an eruption from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Itinerary: Mt. Rainier Loop
    Itinerary: Mt. Rainier Loop Length: 78 miles Time to Allow: 4-5 hours Open Season: The route is usually snow-free by mid-June and remains open through late October. The road closes each year due to winter snowfall from November to early June. Driving Directions: From Packwood, travel northwest on Forest Road (FR) 52, also called Skate Creek Road, 23 miles to State Route (SR) 706. Turn right on SR 706 and travel east 41.9 miles into Mount Rainier National Park to SR 123. Turn right on SR 123 and travel south 5.4 miles to US Highway 12. Turn right on US Highway 12 and travel 7.3 miles west back to Packwood. Experience the grandeur of Mount Rainier, old-growth temperate rainforest, waterfalls, and impressive vistas! An excellent introduction to Mount Rainier National Park. Start: Begin this mountain adventure in the rural mountain community of Packwood located on Highway 12. Restaurants, car services, lodging, and campgrounds are available. Stop 1: Skate Creek Nestled deep in the forest, watch bubbling Skate Creek as you drive its namesake road. Along this winding, paved, but primitive road, see countless waterfalls cascade along the roadside. See blankets of drooping mosses and experience the beauty and serenity of this little gem. Memorable fall color displays have earned this road the honor of “Best Sunday Drive in Lewis County for Fall Color”. In the wintertime, this road is closed to vehicle traffic and the Skate Creek Sno-Park becomes a popular destination for the snowmobiling crowds. Stop 2: Nisqually Entrance Welcoming visitors to Mount Rainier National Park at the Nisqually Entrance stands a wooden entrance arch built in 1922 and reconstructed in 1973.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyroclastic Flow Hazards
    Pyroclastic Flow Hazards Lecture Objectives -definition and characteristics -generation of pyroclastic flows -impacts and hazards What are pyroclastic flows? Pyroclastic flows are high- density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds. Generation Mechanisms: -explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both. -non-explosive eruption of lava when parts of dome or a thick lava flow collapses down a steep slope. Most pyroclastic flows consist of two parts: a basal flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow. Ash may fall from this cloud over a wide area downwind from the pyroclastic flow. Mt. St. Helens Effects of pyroclastic flows A pyroclastic flow will destroy nearly everything in its path. With rock fragments ranging in size from ash to boulders traveling across the ground at speeds typically greater than 80 km per hour, pyroclastic flows knock down, shatter, bury or carry away nearly all objects and structures in their way. The extreme temperatures of rocks and gas inside pyroclastic flows, generally between 200°C and 700°C, can cause combustible material to burn, especially petroleum products, wood, vegetation, and houses. Pyroclastic flows vary considerably in size and speed, but even relatively small flows that move <5 km from a volcano can destroy buildings, forests, and farmland. On the margins of pyroclastic flows, death and serious injury to people and animals may result from burns and inhalation of hot ash and gases. Pyroclastic flows generally follow valleys or other low-lying areas and, depending on the volume of rock debris carried by the flow, they can deposit layers of loose rock fragments to depths ranging from less than one meter to more than 200 m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science Behind Volcanoes
    The Science Behind Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so- called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Eruptions
    Volcanic Eruptions •Distinguish between nonexplosive and explosive volcanic eruptions. • Identify the features of a volcano. • Explain how the composition of magma affects the type of volcanic eruption that will occur. • Describe four types of lava and four types of pyroclastic material. I. Volcanic Eruptions A. A volcano is a vent or fissure in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock and gases are expelled. B. Molten rock is called magma. C. Magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface is called lava. II. Nonexplosive Eruptions A. Nonexplosive eruptions are the most common type of volcanic eruptions. These eruptions produce relatively calm flows of lava in huge amounts. B. Vast areas of the Earth’s surface, including much of the sea floor and the Northwestern United States, are covered with lava form nonexplosive eruptions. Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii Island III. Explosive Eruptions A. While explosive eruptions are much rarer than non-explosive eruptions, the effects can be incredibly destructive. B. During an explosive eruption, clouds of hot debris, ash, and gas rapidly shoot out from a volcano. C. An explosive eruption can also blast millions of tons of lava and rock from a volcano, and can demolish and entire mountainside. Alaska's Mount Redoubt eruption in March 2009 IV. What Is Inside a Volcano? A. The interior of a volcano is made up of two main features. B. The magma chamber is the body of molten rock deep underground that feeds a volcano. C. The vent is an opening at the surface of the Earth through which volcanic material passes.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Volcanoes, Based on Recent Seismic Activity; There Are Over 200 Geological Young Volcanic Centres
    Volcanoes of Canada 1 V4 C.J. Hickson and M. Ulmi, Jan. 3, 2006 • Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Where do volcanoes occur? Driving forces • Volcano chemistry and eruption types • Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows and surges Lava flows Ash fall (tephra) Lahars/Debris Flows Debris Avalanches Volcanic Gases • Anatomy of an Eruption – Mt. St. Helens • Volcanoes of Canada Stikine volcanic belt Presentation Outline Anahim volcanic belt Wells Gray – Clearwater volcanic field 2 Garibaldi volcanic belt • USA volcanoes – Cascade Magmatic Arc V4 Volcanoes in Our Backyard Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics In Canada, British Columbia and Yukon are the host to a vast wealth of volcanic 3 landforms. V4 How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? • Erupting now about 20 • Each year 50-70 • Each decade about 160 • Historical eruptions about 550 Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics • Holocene eruptions (last 10,000 years) about 1500 Although none of Canada’s volcanoes are erupting now, they have been active as recently as a couple of 4 hundred years ago. V4 The Earth’s Beginning Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 5 V4 The Earth’s Beginning These global forces have created, mountain Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics ranges, continents and oceans. 6 V4 continental crust ic ocean crust mantle Where do volcanoes occur? Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 7 V4 Driving Forces: Moving Plates Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 8 V4 Driving Forces: Subduction Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 9 V4 Driving Forces: Hot Spots Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 10 V4 Driving Forces: Rifting Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Ocean plates moving apart create new crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Event
    VOLCANIC EVENT DEFINITIONS: Composite Volcano – typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash and tephra. Typical features include a crater at the summit, which contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents connected to a conduit system through which magma from a reservoir deep in the Earth’s crust rises to the surface; sometimes called stratovolcanoes. Debris Flow – fast-moving slurry of rock, mud, and water that looks and behaves like flowing wet concrete; similar to but coarser and less cohesive than a mudflow. Lahar – an Indonesian word describing mudflows and debris flows that originate from the slope of a volcano; pyroclastic flows can generate lahars by rapidly melting snow and ice. Lava – molten rock or magma that erupts, or oozes onto the Earth’s surface. Lava Dome – a mound of hardened lava that forms when viscous lava is erupted slowly and plies up over the vent rather than moving away as a lava flow. Lava Flow – streams of molten rock or magma that erupt relatively non-explosively from a volcano and move slowly downslope. Magma – molten rock located below the surface of the Earth. Mudflow – a fast-moving slurry of rock, mud, and water that looks and behaves like flowing wet concrete; similar to but less coarse and more cohesive than a debris flow. Pyroclastic Flow – a hot, fast-moving avalanche of ash, rock fragments and gas that moves down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses.
    [Show full text]
  • A) Precipitation of Minerals from Evaporating Seawater B
    1. Which process could lead directly to the formation of pumice rock? A) precipitation of minerals from evaporating seawater B) metamorphism of unmelted rock material C) deposition of quartz sand D) explosive eruption of lava from a volcano Base your answers to questions 2 through 4 on the map below. The black triangle represents Mt. Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settled on Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, 1947. Point X is a location on the surface of the ash. 2. At the time of the eruption, the wind direction was primarily from the A) east B) west C) north D) south 3. How many centimeters thick was the ash beneath point X? A) 0 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 4. In addition to the ash, solid rock formed on Mt. Hekla from the lava extruded during this eruption. This rock is most likely A) light-colored metamorphic B) dark-colored metamorphic C) fine-grained igneous D) coarse-grained igneous 5. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows an area of the northwestern United States affected by a major volcanic eruption at Crater Lake during the Holocene Epoch. The pattern of distribution of the ash from the volcano was most likely caused by the direction of the A) magnetic field B) force of the volcanic eruption C) flow of surface water D) atmospheric air movements 6. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section and map of a portion of Earth's crust shown below.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Rainier National Park, Washington
    NATIONAL PARK . WASHINGTON MOUNT RAINIER WASHINGTON CONTENTS "The Mountain" 1 Wealth of Gorgeous Flowers 3 The Forests 5 How To Reach the Park 8 By Automobile 8 By Railroad and Bus 11 By Airplane 11 Administration 11 Free Public Campgrounds 11 Post Offices 12 Communication and Express Service 12 Medical Service 12 Gasoline Service 12 What To Wear 12 Trails 13 Fishing 13 Mount Rainier Summit Climb 13 Accommodations and Expenses 15 Summer Season 18 Winter Season 18 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs 20 Horseback Trips and Guide Service 20 Transportation 21 Tables of Distances 23 Principal Points of Interest 28 References 32 Rules and Regulations 33 Events of Historical Importance 34 Government Publications 35 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • Harold L. Ickes, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Arno B. Cammerer, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • 1938 AN ALL-YEAR PARK Museums.—The park museum, headquarters for educational activities, MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK may be fully enjoyed throughout the and office of the park naturalist are located in the museum building at year. The summer season extends from early June to early November; the Longmire. Natural history displays and wild flower exhibits are main­ winter ski season, from late November well into May. All-year roads make tained at Paradise Community House, Yakima Park Blockhouse, and the park always accessible. Longmire Museum. Nisquaiiy Road is open to Paradise Valley throughout the year. During Hikes from Longmire.—Free hikes, requiring 1 day for the round trip the winter months this road is open to general traffic to Narada Falls, 1.5 are conducted by ranger naturalists from the museum to Van Trump Park, miles by trail from Paradise Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the 2006 Explosive Activity of Ubinas Volcano, Peru M
    Evolution of the 2006 explosive activity of Ubinas volcano, Peru M. Rivera (1), J. Mariño (1), L. Cacya (1), V. Cruz (1), J.-C. Thouret (2) (1) INGEMMET, Dirección de Geología Ambiental. Av. Canadá 1470, San Borja, Lima - Peru. [email protected] (2) Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise-Pascal et CNRS, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Fd, France. Ubinas (16o 22’ S, 70o 54’ W; 5675 masl.) is known as the historically most active volcano in southern Peru, with 24 episodes of high fumarolic activity since the XVI century. Approximately 5000 people live in 6 towns located near the volcano. In Au- gust, 2005 Ubinas registered a slight increase in fumarolic activity. On 27 March 2006 ash fall occurred in the town of Querapi (4 km SE of the volcano). Between 28 March and 13 April, fumarolic activity was intense. At 18:25 on 14 April the first notable explosion occurred, and the associated gray, ash-laden eruptive column rose to 800m above the volcanos summit. On the 19th, a 60-m-diameter incandescent body of lava was observed in the summit crater. At 10:50 on the 20th, an ash column was propelled to 3 km above the crater rim, with dispersal to the west. From the 14th to 23rd of April, ash (with a thickness of 6 cm inside the caldera) and hydrothermally altered blocks (up to 70 cm in diameter) were emitted. The blocks were deposited only within the caldera rim, and were probably emitted on 20 April. These characteristics suggest that the activity at Ubinas through to 23 April was phreatic in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Plume Height, Volume, and Classification of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions Based on the Weibull Function
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Bull Volcanol (2013) 75:742 DOI 10.1007/s00445-013-0742-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Plume height, volume, and classification of explosive volcanic eruptions based on the Weibull function Costanza Bonadonna & Antonio Costa Received: 30 January 2013 /Accepted: 10 June 2013 /Published online: 25 July 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract The Weibull distribution between volume and volume of tephra deposits and the height of volcanic plumes square root of isopach area has been recently introduced for and for the classification of eruptive style. Nonetheless, due to determining volume of tephra deposits, which is crucial to the the typically large uncertainties (mainly due to availability of assessment of the magnitude and hazards of explosive volca- data, compilation of isopach and isopleth maps, and discrep- noes. We show how the decay of the size of the largest lithics ancies from empirical best fits), plume height, volume, and with the square root of isopleth area can also be well described magnitude of explosive eruptions cannot be considered as using a Weibull function and how plume height correlates absolute values, regardless of the technique used. It is impor- strongly with corresponding Weibull parameters. Variations tant that various empirical and analytical methods are applied of median grain size (Mdϕ) values with square root of area inordertoassesssuchanuncertainty. of the associated contours can be, similarly, well fitted with a Weibull function. Weibull parameters, derived for both the Keywords Tephra . Maximum clast . Mdϕ . Uncertainty . thinning of tephra deposits and the decrease of grain size (both Eruptive style .
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California by Michael A
    Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California By Michael A. Clynne and L.J. Patrick Muffler Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 2899 Lassen Peak and the Devastated Area Aerial view of Lassen Peak and the proximal Devastated Area looking south. Area with sparse trees marks the paths of the avalanche and debris-flow deposits of May 19–20, 1915 (unitsw9 ) and the pyroclastic-flow and fluid debris-flow deposits of May 22, 1915 (unit pw2) (Clynne and others, 1999; Christiansen and others, 2002). Small dark crags just to right of the summit are remnants of the May 19–20, 1915, lava flow (unitd9 ). The composite dacite dome of Lassen Peak (unit dl, 27±1 ka) dominates the upper part of the view. Lithic pyroclastic-flow deposit (unitpfl ) from partial collapse of the dome of Lassen Peak is exposed in the canyon of the headwaters of Lost Creek in center of view. Ridges flanking central area are glacial moraines (unitQta ) thinly covered by deposits of the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak (Christiansen and others, 2002). Small permanent snowfield is seen on the left lower slope of Lassen Peak. Area east of the snowfield is the rhyodacite lava flow of Kings Creek (unitrk , 35±1 ka, part of the Eagle Peak sequence). Dacite domes of Bumpass Mountain (unit db, 232±8 ka), Crescent Crater (unit dc, 236±1 ka), hill 8283 (unit d82, 261±5 ka), and Loomis Peak (unit rlm, ~300 ka) are part of the Bumpass sequence. Photograph by Michael A. Clynne. 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • MOUNT • RAINIER NATIONAL • PARK Wbtm
    wBtmmm wcy«yS&jfli .V&2Smmmmmmm\ fmWk\ mmmWmZfWmVWm W&* M §?'/*£¥&LWrnA Ur+Jmmmm m$af •5-t'' s '•* f •' •' '• Jvfl MOUNT • RAINIER NATIONAL • PARK r~Wask inatopis Trail Guide MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK Washington This Trail Guide is printed in such a way that the Wonderland Trail Section 1 is the Carbon River area. By starting a trip in this section of the park (such as the one around Mount Rainier on the Wonderland Trail) the hiker may come out periodically at devel­ oped areas, such as Longmire or Yakima Park, to renew supplies or to dry off if the weather has been wet. However, the hiker may begin long trips anywhere, or short trips as he pleases, by noting the maps in this trail guide and the descriptions of the vari­ ous trails in each sec­ tion. 1 SECTION 1 about 50 feet in a setting of trees, "coasting" and the Mowich Lake Carbon River WONDERLAND TRAIL ferns, and moss-covered rocks. Trail intersection is reached. It is Up again out of the trees and into four-tenths of a mile from here to the sunshine of the alpine meadows beautiful Mowich Lake, which oc­ is a land of flowers and cool, pure cupies an old glacial cirque and is Summary of Trail head wall of a glacial cirque of water. Here are miles of open the largest body of water in Mount Mileages such enormous proportions as to trail through Seattle and Spray Rainier National Park. Mowich is stagger the imagination. At its Parks. In a few spots the trail a Chinook Indian word meaning There are 26.3 miles of the Wonder­ feet begin the ice masses of the Car­ reaches rocky country, snowfields, "deer." land Trail in this section of the park.
    [Show full text]