Geoconservation Value of the Periglacial Landforms in Rila
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JOURNAL OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol. 60, Part I, Geology and Geophysics, 2017 GEOCONSERVATION VALUE OF THE PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS IN RILA Dimitar Sinnyovsky1, Natalia Kalutskova2, Nikolai Dronin2, Valentina Nikolova1, Nadezhda Atanasova1, Iliyana Tsvetkova1 1 University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia, [email protected] 2 Moscow State University “M. V. Lomonosov”, Moscow, [email protected] ABSTRACT. The effects of freezing and thawing drastically modify the ground surface in a periglacial environment. The types of modification include the displacement of huge amounts of soil materials, rock boulders, and the formation of unique landforms. Along with the typical glacial formations like cirques, glacier valleys and carlings, periglacial landforms also have their place in the concept for development of Geopark Rila. Despite the low geodiversity of the mountain, the glacial forms give an alpine appearance to its relief and a high aesthetic value of the high mountain landscapes. The main challenge in presenting geological information to the general public is the interpretation of glacial and periglacial processes. The choice of representative geosites implies a balance between their scientific rationale and the opportunity to be prɟsented in an interesting and attractive way to the visitors to the geopark. That is why the aesthetic, ecological and historical aspects of the geosites are added to the high scientific value. The highly expressed fossil glacial relief of Rila, inherited from the last Würm ice age, continues to be the subject of modern geocryogenic processes and undergoes an active periglacial processing, which can be demonstrated in the most visited high parts of the mountain. Along with the well-known horns, cirques and glacier valleys, which are typical glacial landforms, many geocryogenic formations due to desquamation and solifluction processes, are encountered: periglacial moraines (scree slopes), cryonival cirques, avalanche channels with erosional scree cones, as well as the rounded regolith covered peaks, which have their own specific name in Rila – chals. The periglacial landforms and the fossil glacial relief are an integral part of the modern high mountain landscape of Rila, which attracts thousands of admirers of the alpine nature. The implementation of a holistic concept of conservation, education and sustainable development of Geopark Rila in combination with all other aspects of the natural and cultural heritage can bring the desired economic benefits and prosperity to the whole region. Keywords: Geopark Rila, periglacial landforms ȾɀɉɅɉɈɌɀɋȽȻɑɃɉɈɈȻ ɌɍɉɄɈɉɌɍ ɈȻ ɊɀɋɃȾɆȻɑɃȻɆɈɃɍɀ ɋɀɆɀɏɈɃ ɏɉɋɇɃ Ƚ ɋɃɆȻ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɋɢɧɶɨɜɫɤɢ1, ɇɚɬɚɥɢɹ Ʉɚɥɭɰɤɨɜɚ2, ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱦɪɨɧɢɧ2, ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜɚ1, ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜɚ1, ɂɥɢɹɧɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ1 1 Ɇɢɧɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɠɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ "ɋɜ. ɂɜɚɧ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ", 1700 ɋɨɮɢɹ, [email protected] 2 Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, [email protected] ɋɀɂəɇɀ. ȼɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɪɴɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɪɴɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɹ ɞɪɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɟɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɤɚɥɧɢ ɤɴɫɨɜɟ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɧɢ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ. Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɫɢ, ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɥɢɧɝɢ, ɩɟɪɢɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɩɚɪɤ Ɋɢɥɚ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɢɫɤɨɬɨ ɝɟɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɬɚ, ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬ ɚɥɩɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɠɤɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ. ɂɡɛɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɝɟɨɬɨɩɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɚɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɩɚɪɤɚ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɹɬ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɨɩɢɬɟ. ɋɢɥɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɢɹɬ ɮɨɫɢɥɟɧ ɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɧɚ Ɋɢɥɚ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ȼɸɪɦɫɤɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɝɟɨɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɢ ɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɬɚ. ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɢɬɟ ɯɨɪɧɢ, ɰɢɪɤɭɫɢ ɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɬɭɤ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɤɜɚɦɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɮɥɸɤɰɢɹ: ɩɟɪɢɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɪɟɧɢ (ɫɢɩɟɣɧɢ ɜɟɧɰɢ), ɤɪɢɨɧɢɜɚɥɧɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɫɢ, ɥɚɜɢɧɧɢ ɭɥɟɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɩɟɣɧɢ ɟɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɢ ɤɨɧɭɫɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚɨɛɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɨɥɢɬ ɜɴɪɯɨɜɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜ Ɋɢɥɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɱɚɥɨɜɟ. ɉɟɪɢɝɥɚɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɢ ɮɨɫɢɥɧɢɹɬ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɫɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɧɚ Ɋɢɥɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɢɱɚ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɥɩɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɩɚɪɤ Ɋɢɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɬɟ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɡɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ. Ʌɦɹɲɩɝɣ ɟɮɧɣ: Ƚɟɨɩɚɪɤ Ɋɢɥɚ, ɩɟɪɢɝɪɚɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ Introduction unlimited possibilities for interpretation of the varied glacial processes for the general public. The development of The glacier formations are at the basɟ of the concept for the promotional materials and their presentation in an attractive development of Geopark Rila. Despite the low geodiversity of and accessible way for the tourists will increase the public the mountain, the glacial landforms give an alpine shape to its awareness of Rila's geological history and the opportunitiy to relief and high aesthetic value to the high mountain develop sustainable all-season tourism. Simultaneously with landscapes. The well expressed fossil glacial relief of Rila the remarkable glacial landforms - horns (carlings), cirques and (Glovnya, 1969), inherited from the Würm Ice Age, provides glacier valleys, the higher parts of the mountain are affected by 51 JOURNAL OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol. 60, Part I, Geology and Geophysics, 2017 the modern geocryogenic processes, which further shape the characterization of the metamorphic rocks developed for the fossil glacial landforms. Viewing the most characteristic purpose of Geological mapping of the Republic of Bulgaria at a supraglacial forms - the cryogenic cirques and supraglacial scale 1:50 000 (Hrischev et al., 2005) – Chepelare motley moraines, it is difficult to set the boundary between glacial and metamorphites of the Rupchos metamorphic complex post-glacial activity. For this reason, the periglacial landscapes (Sinnyovsky, 2014, 2015; Sinnyovsky, 2014; Atanasova, are a wide field for demonstrating the results of the typical Sinnyovsky, 2015; Tsvetkova, Sinnyovsky, 2015). They crop glacial activity during the Würm Ice Age and recent frost out between Sapareva Banya and Blagoevgradska Bistritsa weathering modifying the high mountain relief. In this article, a River. In the southwest part of Rila metamorphic rocks are retrospection of the most frequent landforms of frost represented by the Maleshevtsi Group of Zagorchev (1984) weathering is made, with an emphasis on accessible and (Ograzhden Lithotectonic Unit after Sarov et al., 2011b) and demonstrable sites with well-developed periglacial processes Troskovo Group of Zagorchev (1989), respectively Maleshevtsi and phenomena in the most visited higher parts of Rila and Troskovo metamorphic complexes after Milovanov et al. Mountain. (2009). Here crop out also the motley metamorphites of the Predela metamorphic complex (Milovanov et al., 2009). Among the metamorphic complexes are located Urdina, Malyovitsa, Geodiversity Dzhendema, Monastery and Pearl Lakes, as well as part of the Seven Rila Lakes. The rest of the Rila’s tarns are among the Rila Mountain is built mainly of granitoids and partially by granitoides of the Rila-West Rhodopean Batholith. Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks cropping out in its northern, western and southern parts. For this reason, the fossil glacial landscape, formed during the Würm Ice Age, was mainly Geocryogenic landforms developed in granitoid rocks belonging to the Rila-West Rhodopean Batholith characterized by Valkov et al., (1989) as Geocryogenic (periglacial) processes and phenomena are a a complicated igneous massive, with four phases of magmatic collective term to denote the various cryogenic processes activity. The first phase includes rocks of granodioritɟ to occurring during the freezing and thawing of soils and rocks: quartz-diorite composition, forming several separate bodies: frost weathering, cryoclasticism, geocryogenic denudation, Belmeken, Kapatnitsa and Grancharitsa. During the second gelifluction, cryosolifluction. Matthes (1900) introduced the phase, medium and coarse-grained biotite granites are term “nivation” to designate all aspects of frost weathering by introduced, which are most widely represented within the the late-lying snow patches in summer. The geocryogenic batholith forming four bodies: West Rhodopes, Musala, landforms created as a result of these processes are the Mechivrah and Shpanyovitsa, situated around the bodies of the consequence of the periglacial weathering associated with the first phase. Three bodies are outside of the batolith: Kalin repeated daily and seasonal freezing/thawing in the high- pluton, Badin and Banya bodies. The third phase includes fine- altitude belt at 2200-2800 m above sea level. The most grained granites to plagiogranites, forming several small common geocryogenic landforms in Rila