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Fingerprint Analysis Quality Assessment and Origin Identication on Four Species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC Assay and Fingerprint Analysis Yu-Ling Ho HungKuang University Chi-Ren Liao Central Flagship Pharmacy Chun-Pin Kao Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management Kun-Chang Wu China Medical University Shang-Chih Lai Tzu Chi University Yuan-Shiun Chang ( [email protected] ) China Medical University College of Chinese Medicine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-2638 Research Article Keywords: Curcumae Radix, HPLC, assay, ngerprint, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, germacrone, curdione Posted Date: September 1st, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-838863/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Quality assessment and origin identification on four 2 species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and 3 fingerprint analysis 4 5 Yu-Ling Ho 1, Chi-Ren Liao2, Chun-Pin Kao3, Kun-Chang 6 Wu4, Shang-Chih Lai5 and Yuan-Shiun Chang6, 7*, 7 8 Affiliation 9 1Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, TAIWAN 10 2Central Flagship Pharmacy, 402, Wu Chuan Road, North Section, Taichung 40446, 11 TAIWAN 12 3Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, 13 Tao-Yuan 32544, TAIWAN 14 4Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 15 40402, TAIWAN 16 5Department of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 17 97004, TAIWAN 18 6Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, 19 College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, TAIWAN 20 7Chinese Crude Drug Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, 21 TAIWAN 22 23 24 *Corresponding author 25 Prof. Yuan Shiun CHANG 26 Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, 27 College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, TAIWAN 28 E-mail: [email protected] 29 Phone: +886-4-2203-0380 30 FAX: +886-4-2208-3362 31 32 33 Abstract 34 35 Background: 36 Curcumae Radix is a multi-source Chinese medicine called Yujin. It is derived 37 from the root tubers of four Curcuma species including Curcuma wenyujin, C. 38 kwangsiensis, C. phaeocaulis and C. longa. The identification of the root tubers of the 39 four Curcuma species often caused confusions. 40 Methods: 41 In this study, we developed HPLC/PDA methods to differentiate these four 42 species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis. The methods 43 developed were also validated with their precision, repeatability and accuracy. 44 Results: 45 Curdione could only be detected in C. wenyujin. For C. kwangsiensis, C. 46 phaeocaulis, if the relative peak area value of peak 1 and germacrone peak of the 47 samples was more than 1.024, it could be identified as C. phaeocaulis of Curcumae 48 Radix. Curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin could only be 49 detected in C. longa. We also developed a simple method to determine curcumin, 50 desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin in C. longa and germacrone in the 51 other three species of Curcumae Radix. 52 Conclusions: 53 Because of the definite difference of main ingredients between curcumin-free 54 group (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) and curcumin containing C. 55 longa from this study, four Curcuma species of Curcumae Radix in the pharmacopeia 2 56 should be separated into two monographs, with curcumin-free and germacrone 57 containing species as one and curcumin containing C. longa as the second 58 monograph. 59 The HPLC/PDA methods of HPLC assay and fingerprint analysis developed in 60 this study could be used for the quality control of these four species of Curcumae 61 Radix. 62 63 Keywords: Curcumae Radix, HPLC, assay, fingerprint, curcumin, 64 desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, germacrone, curdione 65 66 Background 67 Curcuma spp. (Zingiberaceae) is one of the famous condiments in food. There 68 are more than 50 Curcuma species used as herbal medicines and food in the world 69 [1-4]. Around 12 Curcuma species are distributed in China and some of them are used 70 as food and herbal medicines [5-7]. The rhizomes of Curcuma spp. are branched 71 and often with tuber bearing roots under the rhizomes [1] (Figure 1). 72 In TCM, the rhizomes and root tubers of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. 73 Ling, Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. and 74 Curcuma longa L. were used separately as different herb items. The root tubers of 75 four Curcuma species including C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis, C. phaeocaulis and C. 76 longa designated as Curcumae Radix are called Yujin. The rhizome of three Curcuma 77 species including C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis designated as 78 Curcumae Rhizoma are called Ezhu whilst the rhizome of C. longa known as turmeric 79 designated as Curcumae Longae Rhizoma is called Jianghuang [8-10] (Table 1). The 3 80 turmeric has been used for a long time in many Asian countries as a condiment, dye 81 and traditional medicine [11]. The description of the rhizomes and the root tubers of 82 these Curcuma species often confused the readers. Figure 1 showed the connection of 83 rhizomes and root tubers within a Curcuma species. 84 85 Table 1 The names of different medicinal parts of Curcuma species for TCM use Source Root tuber Rhizome C. wenyujin Curcumae Rhizoma C. kwangsiensis (Ezhu) C. phaeocaulis Curcumae Radix (Yujin) Curcumae Longae Rhizoma C. longa (Jianghuang ; Turmeric) 86 87 Curcumae Radix, Yujin , the root tubers of four Curcuma species, C. wenyujin 88 (Wenyujin), C. kwangsiensis (Guiyujin), C. phaeocaulis (Lusiyujin) and C. longa 89 (Huangsiyujin) were recorded in both Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) [8] and 90 Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia (III), 2018 [9]. In TCM, Curcumae Radix is used to 91 activate qi for resolving stagnation, clearing heart fire and cooling blood and 92 normalizing gallbladder to cure jaundice. It is used to treat illnesses like jaundice, 93 cholelithiasis caused by dampness-heat of liver and gallbladder and so on [10]. It is 94 also used to treat gastric cancer [12], diabetes [13], hepatitis [14], improve blood 95 circulation and remove blood stasis [15] in previous studies. 96 Chinese medicine was widely used in the world and the source identification 97 played a key role in the quality control, especially for multiple-origin Chinese 98 medicines, such as Curcumae Radix, Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, Gentianae 99 Macrophyllae Radix and Asari Radix et Rhizoma, etc [8,9]. Yujin, Curcumae Radix, 100 is one of the multiple-origin Chinese medicines. However, it is difficult to 4 101 authenticate their sources of crude drugs of Curcumae Radix in clinic because of their 102 similar morphological features. Even though a number of methods have been 103 developed on qualitative and quantitative analysis of Curcuma species, including TLC, 104 GC, HPLC and UFLC-Q-TOF-MS, etc [16-20]. However, there was no study to 105 investigate the analytical methods on how to distinguish these four species of 106 Curcumae Radix previously. Therefore, we developed a reliable method to 107 discriminate these four species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and fingerprint 108 analysis in this study. 109 In addition, there was no marker constituents regarding these four species of 110 Curcumae Radix had been stipulated in the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia [8] and 111 Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia [9]. Therefore, it is also important to develop a method 112 to evaluate the quality of these four species of Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay and 113 fingerprint analysis. Based on their chemical profiles, the chemical constituents of 114 these four Curcuma species can be divided into two categories. Germacrone, a 115 sesquiterpenoid compound, is an important bioactive component in the three species 116 (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) of Curcumae Radix. Germacrone 117 showed extensively biological activities including antitumor [21,22], antimicrobial [23] 118 and antiandrogenic [24] activities. However, germacrone was not found in C. longa of 119 Curcumae Radix [25]. Curcuminoids (curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and 120 bisdesmethoxycurcumin) are the major bioactive compounds in C. longa [26]. 121 Curcuminoids showed general biological activities including antioxidant activities 122 [27], neuroprotective effect [28], improvement of Alzheimer's disease [29] as well as 123 improvement of inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, arthritis and chronic 124 anterior uveitis [30]. In this study, we developed a simple method to determine 125 germacrone in C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis of Curcumae Radix 5 126 and curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin in C. longa of 127 Curcumae Radix by HPLC assay. Besides, the difference of germacrone content in the 128 three species (C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. phaeocaulis) of Curcumae Radix 129 was also investigated. Furthermore, a feasible method was developed in HPLC 130 fingerprint analysis and displayed the result with common characteristic peaks, 131 relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) in four species of 132 Curcumae Radix samples. 133 In this study, we not only established a scientific platform to discriminate the 134 sources of these four species of Curcumae Radix but also develop an analytical 135 method to evaluate the quality of these four species of Curcumae Radix by a sensitive 136 HPLC–PDA method. The results of this study can be used for the quality control of 137 these four species of Curcumae Radix and can provide reference for the future edition 138 of herbal Pharmacopoeias in the world. 139 Methods 140 Materials and reagents 141 The reference compounds, germacrone, curdione, curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin 142 and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (Figure 2) were purchased from the Shanghai Research 143 Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, minimum 98% purity. 144 HPLC grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from branch of Merck in 145 Taipei, Taiwan.
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