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Makedonya Krizi Ve Odgp'nin Rolü

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Makedonya Krizi Ve Odgp'nin Rolü T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ AVRUPA B İRL İĞİ VE ULUSLARARASI EKONOM İK İLİŞ KİLER ANAB İLİM DALI MAKEDONYA KR İZİ VE ODGP’N İN ROLÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Murat SO ĞANGÖZ Ankara-2007 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ AVRUPA B İRL İĞİ VE ULUSLARARASI EKONOM İK İLİŞ KİLER ANAB İLİM DALI MAKEDONYA KR İZİ VE ODGP’N İN ROLÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Murat SO ĞANGÖZ Tez Danı şmanı Doç.Dr.Ça ğrı ERHAN Ankara-2007 İÇİNDEK İLER Sayfa İÇİNDEK İLER..............................................................................................................i KISALTMALAR.........................................................................................................iii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................1 BİRİNC İ BÖLÜM AVRUPA B İRL İĞİ ’NDE DI Ş POL İTİKA ENTEGRASYONUNUN GEL İŞİ Mİ VE ODGP A. ODGP’N İN TAR İHSEL ARKA PLANI…………………………….……….6 B. MAASTRICHT ANTLA ŞMASI VE ODGP……………………….……….18 C. AMSTERDAM ANTLA ŞMASI İLE ODGP’YE GET İRİLEN YEN İLİKLER…………………………………………………….…………29 D. NİCE ANTLA ŞMASI İLE ODGP’YE GET İRİLEN YEN İLİKLER ……...35 E. SAVUNMA ALANINDAK İ GEL İŞ MELER: AVRUPA GÜVENL İK VE SAVUNMA POL İTİKASI’NIN ORTAYA ÇIKI ŞI …..................................37 F. DE ĞERLEND İRME………………………………………………………...57 İKİNC İ BÖLÜM TAR İHSEL OLARAK MAKEDONYA SORUNU VE MAKEDONYA’NIN BÖLGE AÇISINDAN ÖNEM İ A. OSMANLI DÖNEM İNE KADAR MAKEDONYA.....................................61 B. OSMANLI DÖNEM İNDE MAKEDONYA ………....................................71 i C. 1945 YILINA KADAR MAKEDONYA …..….....…..................................90 D. TİTO’NUN YUGOSLAVYA’SINDA MAKEDONYA.............................102 E. DE ĞERLEND İRME.....................................................................................106 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MAKEDONYA KR İZİ VE ORTAK DI ŞİŞ LER İ VE GÜVENL İK POL İTİKASI’NIN ROLÜ A. YUGOSLAVYA’NIN DA ĞILMASI VE MAKEDONYA’NIN BA ĞIMSIZLI ĞI…………………………………………………………...109 B. BA ĞIMSIZLIK SONRASI ULUSLARARASI ALANDA MAKEDONYA’NIN KAR ŞILA ŞTI ĞI SORUNLAR………………….....115 C. MAKEDONYA’DA ARNAVUT SORUNU VE MAKEDONYA KR İZİ………………………………………………………………………128 D. MAKEDONYA KR İZİNİN ÇÖZÜLMES İNDE VE İST İKRARIN SA ĞLANMASINDA ODGP’N İN ROLÜ…...…………………………….154 E. DE ĞERLEND İRME……………………………………………………….163 SONUÇ………………………………………………..…………………………...167 KAYNAKÇA……………………………………………..………………………..176 ÖZET ABSTRACT ii KISALTMALAR AKÇT Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Toplulu ğu AT Avrupa Toplulu ğu AG İT Avrupa Güvenlik ve İş birli ği Te şkilatı AS İ Avrupa Siyasi İş birli ği AET Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu ğu AGSP Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası ASNOM Makedonya’nın Ulusal Kurtulu şu için Anti-Fa şist Konsey AVNOJ Yugoslavya’nın Ulusal Kurtulu şu için Anti-Fa şist Konsey BAB Batı Avrupa Birli ği BİO Barı ş İçin Ortaklık BM Birle şmi ş Milletler COREPER Daimi Temsilciler Komitesi DPA Arnavutların Demokratik Partisi ECHO Avrupa İnsani Yardım Ofisi EURATOM Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Toplulu ğu IMRO Makedonya İç Devrimci Örgütü IPA Katılım Öncesi Mali Yardım Aracı KLA Kosova Kurtulu ş Ordusu iii NATO Kuzey Atlantik Antla şma Örgütü NLA Ulusal Kurtulu ş Ordusu ODGP Ortak Dı ş ve Güvenlik Politikası PDP Demokratik Refah Partisi SAA İstikrar ve Ortaklık Anla şması SAP İstikrar ve Ortaklık Süreci SNOF Slav Ulusal Kurtulu ş Cephesi YFSC Yugoslavya Federal Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti iv GİRİŞ Avrupa Birli ği’nin kurulması büyük bir barı ş ve siyasal entegrasyon projesinin hayata geçirilmesi çabalarının sonucudur. II. Dünya Sava şı’nın getirdi ği büyük yıkım, uluslararası ili şkilerde önemli bir a ğırlı ğı bulunan Avrupa’nın dünya siyasetindeki ba şatlı ğını kaybetmesine neden olmu ş ve Avrupa bundan sonra Amerika Birle şik Devletleri (ABD) ile Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli ği (SSCB) gibi iki süper gücün mücadele alanı haline gelmi ştir. Batı Avrupa ABD’nin etki alanına girerek ABD ile birlikte SSCB tehdidine kar şı NATO askeri ittifakı içerisinde yer almı ş, Do ğu Avrupa ise Sovyet nüfuzu altında kalarak NATO ve Batı Avrupa Birli ği’ne (BAB) kar şı SSCB liderli ğinde kurulan bir askeri ittifak olan Var şova Paktı’na katılmı ştır. İki sava ş arası dönemde seslendirilmeye ba şlanan ‘Birle şik Avrupa’ fikri bu dönemde daha çok taraftar bulmaya ba şlamı ş, Winston Churchill de 1946 yılında Zürih’te yaptı ğı ünlü konu şmasında ‘Avrupa Birle şik Devletleri’nin kurulması gerekti ğini belirtmi ştir. Bu konu şma, iki sava ş arası dönemde temelleri atılan federalizm fikrini savunanları cesaretlendirmi ştir. 1 İtalyan Altiero Spinelli’nin ba şını çekti ği federalistler Avrupa uluslarının derhal bir siyasi birli ğe giderek federal bir Avrupa devleti kurulmasını ve Avrupa’da sava şın ancak bu şekilde 1 Derek W. Urwin, The Community of Europe: a history of European integration since 1945 , First Edition, Longman Group UK Limited, New York, 1991, s. 29. 1 engellenebilece ğini savunmaktaydılar. Jean Monnet ise Avrupa’da federal bir yapının kurulmasını uzun bir süreç olarak de ğerlendirmi ş ve yeni i şlevselcilik teorisini benimsemi ştir. Buna göre Avrupa’da siyasal entegrasyonun temelleri ekonomik bütünle şme ile atılacak ve yayılma etkisi sonucunda siyasal entegrasyon sa ğlanacaktı. 2 1951’de Paris Antla şması ile Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Toplulu ğu (AKÇT), 1957 Roma Antla şmaları ile de Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu ğu (AET) ile Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Toplulu ğu (EURATOM) kurulurken de Jean Monnet ve onun gibi dü şünenlerin fikirleri esas alınmı ştı. Dolayısıyla, daha 1950’li yıllarda Avrupa Toplulukları kurulurken Toplulukların tamamen ekonomik alanlarda yetkilendirilmesi yanıltıcı olmamalıdır. Esas hedef yukarıda da belirtildi ği gibi siyasal entegrasyonu gerçekle ştirmektir. Avrupa Toplulukları bu vizyonla kurulmu ştur. 1992 yılında imzalanarak 1993 yılında yürürlü ğe giren Maastricht Antla şması’nda da bu vizyonun yansımaları vardır. Bu antla şmayla Avrupa Toplulukları, Avrupa Birli ği adını almı ş ve 1970’te kurulan Avrupa Siyasi İş birli ği (AS İ) mekanizması daha da ileri götürülerek AB’nin bünyesine Ortak Dı ş ve Güvenlik Politikası (ODGP) katılmı ştır. 3 Ancak siyasal entegrasyon yolunda atılan bu adımlar AB’nin uluslararası alanda tutarlı ve yeknesak bir dı ş politika olu şturmasına yetmemi ştir. Özellikle güvenlik ve savunma konularının tartı şılarak karara ba ğlandı ğı ODGP sütununda karar alma AS İ’nin i şleyi şindeki gibi hükümetlerarası usulle devam etmi ş, tüm üye 2 Avrupa’da federalizm için bkz., Desmond Dinan, der., Avrupa Birli ği Ansiklopedisi , C I., çev. Hale Akay, İstanbul, Kitap Yayınevi, 2005, s. 29-33. 3 Dominic Mc Goldrick, International Relations Law Of The European Union , Longman, London and New York, 1997, s. 138. 2 ülkelerin veto hakları saklı tutulmu ştur. 4 AB’nin güvenlik ve savunma konularındaki zayıflı ğı kendisini 1990’lı yıllarda Balkanlarda çıkan etnik çatı şmalarda göstermi ştir. Yugoslavya’nın kanlı etnik sava şlar ile da ğılması ve Kosova’da ya şanan çatı şmalar sırasında AB duruma müdahale etmekten aciz bir görüntü sergilemi ş ve bu da kendi kıtasında çıkan çatı şmalara etkin bir şekilde müdahale edemeyen bir AB görüntüsü yaratarak AB hakkında yapılan ‘ekonomik dev, siyasi cüce’ yakı ştırmalarını haklı çıkarmı ştır. Eski Yugoslavya’da çıkan etnik çatı şmalardaki ba şarısızlık AB üyesi ülkelerin bu durumdan bazı dersler çıkarmasını sa ğlamı ştır. Kriz durumlarında AB’nin ne kadar yetersiz kaldı ğını gören üye ülkeler, 1997’de imzaladıkları Amsterdam Antla şması ile ODGP’ye yeni yetenekler kazandırarak ‘ODGP Yüksek Temsilcili ği’nin kurulmasına, ODGP kapsamında Siyasal Planlama ve Erken Uyarı Biriminin olu şturulmasına, ODGP sütununda oybirli ğinin nispeten yumu şatılmasına karar vermi ş ve Batı Avrupa Birli ği’nin (BAB) AB örgüt yapısına alınması hedefini belirtmi şlerdir. 5 Avrupa Güvenlik Savunma Politikası’nın (AGSP) ortaya çıkı şında dönüm noktası ise 1998 yılındaki St. Malo zirvesi olmu ş; bu zirvede bir araya gelen Fransa Cumhurba şkanı Jaques Chirac ile İngiltere Ba şbakanı Tony Blair, AB bünyesinde bir güvenlik ve savunma politikası olu şturulmasının gereklili ği üzerinde anla şmı şlardır. 1999 Köln Zirvesi’nde ise bu karar resmiyete dökülerek AGSP’nin ODGP bünyesinde ba şlatıldı ğı ilan edilmi ştir. Zirvede, AB’nin krizlere müdahale edebilmek 4 İrfan Kaya Ülger, Avrupa Birli ğinde Siyasal Bütünle şme: Ortak Dı ş ve Güvenlik Politikasının Olu şumu , Gündo ğan Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002, s. 88-89. 5 Ibid., s. 97-102. 3 için gerekli kapasiteye sahip olması gerekti ği belirtilmi ş ve bu amaçla en geç 2003 yılına kadar 50-60 bin ki şilik bir acil müdahale gücünün olu şturulmasına karar verilmi ştir. 6 AB bünyesinde ortak bir güvenlik ve savunma politikası olu şturulurken Balkanlarda yeni bir krizin de i şaretleri görülmekteydi. Makedonya’daki Arnavut azınlık ile Slav Makedon ço ğunluk arasındaki gerginlik giderek tırmanmakta idi. Nitekim bu gerginlik 2001 yılında silahlı çatı şmalara dönü şmü ş ve silahlı Arnavut örgüt Ulusal Kurtulu ş Ordusu ile Makedonya güvenlik güçleri arasında 6 ay boyunca çatı şmalar devam etmi ştir. Avrupa Birli ği Makedonya’da çıkan bu krizde önceki Balkan krizlerinden ders alarak daha tutarlı bir politika izlemi ş, ABD ile birlikte gösterilen çabalar sonucunda 13 A ğustos 2001’de Makedon ve etnik Arnavut liderlerin Ohrid Çerçeve Antla şması’na imzalamasıyla Makedonya’da devam eden şiddet sona erdirilmi ştir. 7 Makedonya Krizi AB’de henüz olu şmaya ba şlayan AGSP yetenekleri (özellikle kriz yönetimi) açısından önemli bir test olmu ştur. AGSP çerçevesinde gerçekle ştirilen ilk AB askeri operasyonu olan
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