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Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System

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Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System Iwona Kowalska-Bobko, Małgorzata Gałązka-Sobotka, Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz, Katarzyna Badora-Musiał, Karolina Piotrowska ▪ March 2021 Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System Authors: Iwona Kowalska-Bobko Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz of Health Care, Institute of Public Health, Cracow Katarzyna Badora-Musiał Małgorzata Gałązka-Sobotka Institute of Health Care Management, Lazarski Karolina Piotrowska University, Warsaw The Partnership for Health System Sustainability and Resilience (PHSSR). PHSSR was initiated by the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), the World Economic Forum (WEF) and AstraZeneca, motivated by a shared commitment to improving population health, through and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. The initial phase of the partnership, of which this report is a product, was funded solely by AstraZeneca. This report was produced on behalf of PHSSR as part of its pilot phase, in order to apply and test a framework for the analysis of health system sustainability and resilience. The positions and arguments presented herein are the authors’ own, and do not represent the views of AstraZeneca, the World Economic Forum or the London School of Economics and Political Science. For further information on the partnership, including further country reports, please visit https://weforum.org/phssr This report is commissioned via LSE Consulting which was set up by The London School of Economics and Political Science to enable and facilitate the application of its academic expertise and intellectual resources. LSE Enterprise Ltd, trading as LSE Consulting, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the London School of Economics and Political Science. The LSE trademark is used under licence from the London School of Economics and Political Science. LSE Consulting LSE Enterprise Ltd London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE (T) +44 (0)20 7106 1198 (E) [email protected] Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System Contents 1. Introduction 7 2. Executive Summary 9 3. Domain 1: Health System Governance 16 3.1 Sustainability 16 3.1.1 Governance structure and strategic direction 16 3.1.2 Inclusivity, transparency and accountability of decision-making 20 3.2 Resilience 23 3.2.1 Preparedness: how well prepared is the health system for crises? 23 3.2.2 Response: how well does the health system respond to crises? 23 3.2.3 Learning and adapting 25 3.3 Summary and recommendations 25 4. Domain 2: Health System Financing 28 4.1 Data on key trends in health system financing 28 4.1.1 Sufficiency, stability and flexibility 29 4.1.2 Coverage and fair financing 34 4.1.3 Paying providers 35 4.2 Summary and Recommendations: 35 5. Domain 3: Workforce 37 5.1 Key data on the health workforce in Poland 37 5.2 Migration mechanism of health professionals in Poland 41 5.3 Healthcare workforce during COVID-19 – resilience context 42 5.4 Summary and recommendations 44 6. Domain 4: Medicines and technology 47 6.1 Adoption of health technologies and Health Technology Assessment in Poland 47 6.2 Digital health 49 6.3 Research and development 50 6.4 Security of supply during COVID-19 51 6.5 Summary and recommendations 52 7. Domain 5. Service delivery 54 7.1 Efficiency measures 54 7.2 Quality 55 7.3 The role of primary care 57 7.4 Coordination of care and new care models 59 3 Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System 7.5 Focus on prevention and chronic diseases 61 7.6 Maintaining services in a crisis 64 7.7 Summary and recommendations 66 8. Case Study 1: skill-mix in Poland 67 8.1 Context 67 8.2 Goal 68 8.2.1 Skill mix in the context of health system sustainability 68 8.2.2 Skill-mix in the context of health system resilience 70 8.3 Examples of skill mix in Poland 71 8.4 Summary and recommendations 72 9. Case Study 2: Digital health 74 9.1 Context 74 9.2 Goal 74 9.2.1 Sustainability context 74 9.2.2 Resilience context 75 9.2.3 Regulations on digital solutions in health care system in Poland 77 9.3 Key Findings 79 9.4 Recommendations 79 10. References 81 11. List of legal acts 91 12. Appendix 95 12.1 Key actors in the governance of the health system 95 4 Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Alternative Meaning in Polish Meaning in English abbreviation ABM - Agencja Badań Medycznych Medical Research Agency AOS - Ambulatoryjna Opieka Specialised outpatient health care Specjalistyczna, AOTMiT - Agencja Oceny Technologii Agency for Health Technology Medycznych i Taryfikacji Assessment and Tariffs System ARM - Agencja Rezerw Materiałowych, Agency for Material Reserves CeZ - Centrum e-Zdrowia, E-Health Center CMJ - Centrum Monitorowania Jakości w Centre for Monitoring Quality in ochronie zdrowia Health Care CoM - Rada Ministrów Council of Ministers CSIOZ - Centrum Systemów Informacyjnych Centre for Health Information Ochrony Zdrowia Systems DiLO card - Karta diagnostyki i leczenia Oncology Diagnostic and Treatment onkologicznego Card DRG - Diagnosis-related group - FFS - Fee-for-service - GIS - Główny Inspektor Sanitarny Chief Sanitary Inspector (see: Sanepid) GUS - Główny Urząd Statystyczny Statistics Poland HNM MPZ Mapy Potrzeb Zdrowotnych Health Need Maps HTA - Health technology assessment - KOC - Koordynowana opieka nad kobietą Coordinated care for pregnant women w ciąży KOS - Koordynowana Opieka Coordinated specialist care Specjalistyczna KWRiST - Komisja Wspólna Rządu i Joint Commission of the Government Samorządu Terytorialnego, and territorial Self-Government IOWISZ - Instrument Oceny Wniosków Evaluation Instrument of Investment Inwestycyjnych w Sektorze Zdrowia Motions in Health Care JoL - Dziennik Ustaw Journals of Laws MoH - Minister of Health - MSWiA - Minister Spraw Wewnętrznych i Minister of the Internal Affairs and Administracji Administration 5 Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System NHF NFZ Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, National Health Fund NGO - Nongovernmental organisation - NIK - Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, Supreme Audit Office NIL - Naczelna Izba Lekarska, Supreme Medical Chamber NIPiP - Naczelna Izba Pielęgniarek i Supreme Chamber of Nurses and Położnych Midwives NIPH-NIH - Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia National Institute of Public Health – Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład National Institute of Hygiene Higieny P4P - Payment for performance - PES - Państwowy Egzamin State specialisation exam Specjalizacyjny PIF - Państwowa Inspekcja State Pharmaceutical Inspection Farmaceutyczna, PIOŚ - Państwowa Inspekcja Ochrony State Inspection for Environmental Środowiska Protection PLN - Polski złoty (nowy) Polish unit of currency PM - Prezes Rady Ministrów Prime Minister POZ - Podstawowa Opieka Zdrowotna, Primary health care PRM - Państwowe Ratownictwo Medyczne State Emergency Medical Services RCB - Rządowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Government Security Centre RZZK - Rządowy Zespół Zarządzania Governmental Crisis Management Kryzysowego Team Sanepid - State Sanitary Inspection system Państwowa Inspekcja Sanitarna SOR - Szpitalny oddział ratunkowy Hospital emergency ward SPZOZ - Samodzielny publiczny zakład Independent Public Health Care Unit opieki zdrowotnej SWD PRM - System Wspomagania Dowodzenia Support System for the State Państwowego Ratownictwa Emergency Medical Services Medycznego URPL URPLWMiPB Urząd Rejestracji Produktów Office for Registration of Medicinal Leczniczych, Wyrobów Products, Medical Devices and Medycznych i Produktów Biocidal Products Biobójczych 6 Sustainability and Resilience in the Polish Health System 1. Introduction Despite not being severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic in its early stages, Poland’s death toll has reached over 34,000 as of January 2021. It is already clear that the disease was a severe shock to the Polish health system. It has exposed or sharpened a variety of underlying issues. Lessons from this shock will be essential in understanding structural problems and in developing corrective measures for the future. As part of the Partnership for Global Health Resilience and Sustainability (PHSSR) this report uses COVID-19 as a critical event to evaluate the sustainability and resilience of the health system in Poland according to five key domains: Governance Health System Financing Workforce Medicines and Technology Service Delivery Sustainability concerns the health system’s ability to provide key functions such as provision of services, financial protection, resource generation and responsiveness to population needs in an ongoing way. Resilience refers to a health system’s ability to identify, prevent, mitigate and rebound from shocks while minimising negative impacts on population health, health services and the wider economy (see Table 1 for full definitions). Table 1: Definitions of health system sustainability and governance underpinning the analysis(1) Term Definition Health A health system’s ability to continually deliver the key health system functions of providing system services, generating resources, financing, and stewardship, incorporating principles of fair sustainability financing, equity in access, and efficiency of care, in pursuit of its goals of improving population health, and responsiveness to the needs of the populations it serves, and to learn and improve in doing so. Heath A health system’s ability to absorb, adapt to, learn, and recover in the wake of crises born system of short-term shocks and accumulated stresses, in order to minimise their negative
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