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Rethinking the History of Conversion to Christianity in Japan: 1549-1644

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Rethinking the History of Conversion to Christianity in Japan: 1549-1644 RETHINKING THE HISTORY OF CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN: 1549-1644 James Harry Morris A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2018 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15875 This item is protected by original copyright Rethinking the History of Conversion to Christianity in Japan: 1549-1644 James Harry Morris This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews July 2018 1 Candidate's declaration I, James Harry Morris, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of PhD, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2014. I received funding from an organisation or institution and have acknowledged the funder(s) in the full text of my thesis. Date Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand, unless exempt by an award of an embargo as requested below, that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that this thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use and that the library has the right to migrate this thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I, James Harry Morris, confirm that my thesis does not contain any third-party material that requires copyright clearance. 2 The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: Printed copy No embargo on print copy. Electronic copy No embargo on electronic copy. Date Signature of candidate Date Signature of supervisor Underpinning Research Data or Digital Outputs Candidate's declaration I, James Harry Morris, hereby certify that no requirements to deposit original research data or digital outputs apply to this thesis and that, where appropriate, secondary data used have been referenced in the full text of my thesis. Date Signature of candidate 3 Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 5 General Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 6 Funding .......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 12 Theories of Conversion and the Study of the History of Christianity in Japan ................ 12 The History of Christianity in Japan ....................................................................................... 13 Defining Conversion .............................................................................................................. 26 Context and Conversion ........................................................................................................ 41 Christianity as a New Religious Movement ............................................................................ 55 The Non-Exclusivity of Conversion ......................................................................................... 73 Problematizing Traditional Explorations of Conversion in the Kirishitan Century ................... 79 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................. 91 Christianity and the Evolving Context of 16th and 17th Century Japan ............................ 91 The Arrival of the Jesuits in Japan .......................................................................................... 93 Sengoku Jidai ...................................................................................................................... 100 Hideyoshi ............................................................................................................................ 104 The Tokugawa ..................................................................................................................... 120 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 173 Chapter Three ............................................................................................................. 179 The Context and Circumstances of the Mission ............................................................ 179 The Limitations of Personnel ............................................................................................... 180 Language and Education ...................................................................................................... 191 The Press and Publications .................................................................................................. 202 Isolation from Europe, Limitations from External Interference, and Finances ...................... 217 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 222 Chapter Four ............................................................................................................... 224 Conversion in the Kirishitan Century Rethought .......................................................... 224 Communal Conversion and Relationality ............................................................................. 226 Factors in Conversion .......................................................................................................... 236 Missionary Approaches and the Nature of Conversion ........................................................ 258 Engagement in Symbols ...................................................................................................... 267 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 281 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 284 4 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 293 Bateren tsuihō rei 伴天連追放令 ................................................................................ 293 The Decree .......................................................................................................................... 293 The Notice ........................................................................................................................... 295 The 1612 Injunction ..................................................................................................... 300 Hai Kirishitan bun 排吉利支丹文 ................................................................................ 301 Nikō seigen rei 二港制限令 ......................................................................................... 307 Kōsatsu from 1682 ...................................................................................................... 309 Addendum: Rethinking the Arrival of Christianity in Japan – Keikyō and Japan ............ 312 The Possibility of Pre-Táng Transmission ............................................................................. 314 The Possibility of Transmission from Táng dynasty China .................................................... 322 The Possibility of a Christian-Japanese Encounter during the Yuán Dynasty ......................... 332 The Contextualization of Theories and their Implications for Conversion in the 20th and 21st Centuries ............................................................................................................................. 337 Conclusions: The Real Church of East in Japan ..................................................................... 350 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 354 University Teaching and Research Ethics Committee Approval Letters .... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5 Abstract This thesis explores the history of Christianity and conversion to it in 16th
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