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De Angelis Omnia Sunt Communia.Pdf In Common The architects of our lives are divided. There are those who insist that there is still no alternative to neoliberalism. Despite the many crises it has provoked, they continue to push for compe- tition in every sphere of life, to widen the wealth gap, to ignore climate change and to pursue the steady dispossession of our rights and commonwealth. Then there are those advocating change, those who seek to persuade us that capitalism can be saved from itself. They conceal capitalism behind a human face. They tell us that environmental disaster can be averted through technological solutions. They say that deeply rooted social injustices can be cured with a little more economic growth. That we’ll be safer with more police on our streets. And yet, we know that capitalism is dying, that its lies have been unmasked, that its grip on our world and our lives is maintained only through expropriations, dependency and commodified desires. In Common is a collection of works that see an end to capitalism without apocalypse. It provides us with techniques for building another world, and it narrates practices of alternatives and theories of hope. It is a glimpse into our shared present, for a future in common. In Common is published by Zed Books under the creative commons license. You are free to share this material, transform and build upon it for non-commercial purposes. Series editor: Massimo De Angelis Already published: Stavros Stavrides, Common Space: The City as Commons Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 1 01/03/2017 14:04 Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 2 01/03/2017 14:04 Omnia Sunt Communia On the Commons and the Transformation to Postcapitalism Massimo De Angelis Zed Books LONDON Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 3 01/03/2017 14:04 Omnia Sunt Communia: Principles for the Transition to Postcapitalism was first published in 2017 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK. www.zedbooks.net Copyright © Massimo De Angelis 2017 The right of Massimo De Angelis to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. This book is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0. International Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC 4.0). Typeset in Minion by seagulls.net Index by John Barker Cover design by Dougal Burgess All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-78360-063-2 hb ISBN 978-1-78360-062-5 pb ISBN 978-1-78360-065-6 pdf ISBN 978-1-78360-064-9 epub ISBN 978-1-78360-066-3 mobi Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 4 01/03/2017 14:04 Contents Tables, figures and boxes vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: Omnia Sunt Communia 1 PART ONE Commons as systems 1 Common goods 29 2 Systems 75 3 Elements 119 PART TWO From Elinor Ostrom to Karl Marx 4 Commons governance 143 5 The money nexus and the commons formula 173 PART THREE Commoning: the source of grassroots power 6 Mobilising social labour for commoning 201 7 The production of autonomy, boundaries and sense 223 PART FOUR Social change 8 Boundary commoning 265 9 Commons and capital/state 303 10 Towards postcapitalism 357 Notes 389 References 399 Index 419 Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 5 01/03/2017 14:04 Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 6 01/03/2017 14:04 Tables, figures and boxes Tables 1.1 Commons as a type of good 38 1.2 Types of commons, following Yochai Benkler’s rule 54 7.1 Property rights as a bundle of rights 254 9.1 Using the other system’s complex products 333 9.2 Principles of a commons resilience 342 Figures 2.1 Temporal subject (body) path through the 81 commons 2.2 An illustration of the system–environment relation 83 2.3 Commons as a social system 98 2.4 Force field 113 5.1 Capital’s boundless expansion conatus 179 5.2 Expanded capital circuit 186 5.3 Coupling between the production and 189 reproduction circuits 5.4 The circuit of the commons 193 7.1 The system’s reproduction of its own boundaries 244 8.1 Boundary commoning 293 8.2 The market assembly, the core institution of the 296 Campi Aperti, Bologna 8.3 Producers–consumers–markets–goods network, 299 Campi Aperti, Bologna 9.1 The iceberg model of the economy 314 9.2 Capital–commons structural coupling 330 Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 7 01/03/2017 14:04 viii TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES 10.1 A very high bird’s-eye view of society and regulation 376 10.2 Controlled society 378 10.3 Commons movements and social revolution 385 Boxes 1 Occupy 42 2 Greek self-organised clinics 46 3 Greek solidarity statistics 50 4 Water commons 91 5 The meaning of minga 130 6 Flores Rancho, 19 April 2010 159 7 Their parking, our park 164 8 No free water if you free-ride 248 9 School trespassing and temporary boundary 266 commoning 10 Food sovereignty 284 11 The co-op village, 26 March 2010 318 12 The point of struggles 350 Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 8 01/03/2017 14:04 Acknowledgements This book is the creation of many discontinuous encounters, with people, books, situations and life processes. Each of these encounters brought home to me a confirmation or a dissonance, a question or an exclamation mark. To search for the commons meant to leave the normalised part of me sitting silently in its cynical sulk about the world’s condition, and to open out for the warmth of human commoning. This was the only way for me to do research on the commons. As this work is not a literary piece, this warmth will not be greatly expressed through the book. But I would never have been able to carry out this research without having experienced the love, the friendship and the experience of community with many of the people who taught me about the commons. In the first place, unlike with many other subjects in science, the student of the commons cannot avoid examining also the position in which he or she, the author and researcher, is located in much of daily life and their immediate circle of affects and love. The micro-commons of my family, and the common- ers therein, became the most immediately approachable mirror for my ongoing internal dialogue on the system, on aspects such as the properties of the commons and the aporias of the process of commoning. I must therefore thank Dagmar and our two sons Leonardo and Nicola for their support in critical times and for their patience in having to deal with my never-ending Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 9 01/03/2017 14:04 x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS work on ‘the book’ in the midst of multiple other work and life pressures, and my often inappropriate attempts to consider the kitchen floor as a seminar room, although we still had lots of fun to common. In 2008, my family went to live in a small village in the Apennines near Modena. Since then, I have absorbed the schizo- phrenic and creative shock of working and living in two so incredibly different places: Monchio, a tiny dot on some – not all – maps, where life runs slow and an open valley crowned by mountains makes you smile in the morning; and London, the global city that never stops, in which community-less crowds run to get the tube in order not to be one minute late to work. This shock has been extremely formative for me and my under- standing of the commons, as I realised through my body the poverty of the metropolitan ‘well-off’, and the richness of the villagers ‘worst-off’. The key moment of realisation occurred one day when I felt hungry on the tube when travelling to evening class, while surrounded by people going home from work who were all eating crisps. I pulled my sandwich from my bag, and at the first bite I realised how rich I was: for every ingredient in my succulent sandwich, bread included, I knew the faces of its producers, I had joked with them and shared smiles; with some I had planned together, I could trust their method of produc- tion without the need for any organic certification, I could even celebrate some commoning for the tomatoes and salad leaves. From that moment, London appeared to me to be a mystery, even though I had lived there for almost thirty years and had enjoyed quite a good time: the traffic, the shopping malls, the full buses, the expensive transport, the replicant shops and brands, Omnia Sunt Communia.indd 10 01/03/2017 14:04 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi the alien food producers, the poverty in the midst of plenty, the high cost of living, the venal buzz of commerce, the young charity workers on busy streets appealing for money for some desperate cause to the spaced-out crowd, attempting to distract it from its collective delirium with a fun costume. While the fast and precarious life in the global city made it difficult to sustain commoning with others, the boring life in the village appeared to me as an amazing opportunity for commoning. Our kids went to school in the village, thus introducing us to other parents, and Dagmar and I began, with others in the village, to common.
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