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Paléolithique

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Paléolithique Anthropologie et Préh'istoire, 102, 1991, 9-28 Présence de matières colorantes dans ltEurope paléolithique Marc GROENEN Abstract The operations und'ergonc by colouring matters - search, mining, transport, uari,ouspreparations, stocking - could, but intolae the whole of group, the and, must therefore be considercd as a social fact. On the other hand,, the Ttresence of colouring matter in id'entical hues, which has bcen attested, since the Low Palaeolithic - throughout a tenitory coaeting all Europe far as iron oxid,æ are concerned,, since the Middte Palaeolithic - mainly in France - regatding rncrnganeseoxid,e, ond since the Upper Palaeolithic - particularly in Germany, Austria and, France - with regord' to graphite, has to be consid'ered,as a witness whose import must be und,erstood,in cultural terms. Besid,es,the - examination of the conteats in which colouring has been d,iscoaered on the ground around,f,replaces, in graues, in caae art and art mobilief' on certain tools, on ad,ornments, sphcres of kncaded,ochre found, at Arcy-sur-Cure - shows that these colouring matters were part of most of ewryd,ay life actiaities of Palaeolithic men. Finally, careful consid,eration of two types of specific situotions has broaght up the existence of a symbolic link between rcd, haematite (oligist) and d'eath on the one hand, and, red, haematite and, feminity on the other hand. This giaes us an inkling of the fact that colouring matters n'ust hatte belonged,to a conplex symbolic system whose significance uaé polysemous. Zusammenfassung Die Ver-richtungen, uelchen d,ie Farbstoffe unterworfen wurd,en, - Suche, Fôrd,er-ung, Transport, aerschied,ene - Vorbereitungsweisen, Vonatsbild'ung konnten nur d,ie gesamte Gruppe implizieren, und, m,ti$en d,aher als Sozial- tat betrachtet uetden. Au$erd,em soll d,ie Anuesenheit aon Farbstoffen, in id.entischenFarbtônen, d,ie seit d,ern Alt- poliiolithikam und' d'urch ganz Europa, was d,asEisenoagd, anbelangt, seit d,ernMittelpatiiolithikum - hauptsâ,chlich in - Franlcreich bezûglich d'es Manganoxgd,s, und, seit d,em Jungpaliiotithikum - aor allem in Deutschlanâ, Ôskneich - und, Franlereich hinsichtlich d'es Graphits, bezeugtwird,, als Zeugen gehalten werd,en, d,essenTragweite mit kultarellen Worten aerstand,en werden mu$. Ûberd,ieszeigt tlas Studium dei Kàùente, worin Farbstoffe eitd,eckt wurden Bod'en utn d'ie Feuerstcllen, in Grôibern, in d,er Eôhlenbild,kunst und, in d,er beweglichen Kunst, an n,anchen Gerâten. an Schmuckgegenstd,nden,gclcnetete Oclcersphdren d,ie in Arcy-sur-Cure gefund,en wurd,en -. d,,afid,iese Farbstoffe zu d,en meisten Alltagsaktiuitâ,ten d,er Altsteinzeitmenschen gehtirten. Schlie$tich hat eine sorgfiiltige Prtifung aon zwei Arten uon spezifischenSituationen d'asBestehen eines symbolischenZusammenhangs zwischen rotem Hômàt;t (Roteisenerz) und Tod' cineneits, und' rotem Hiimatit and, Weiblichkeit and,ererseitszur Schau gestellt. Dies d,eutet an, àa$ Faùstoffe zu einetn leompleaensymbolischen Systen,, d,essenBedeutung aield,eutigwar, gehôrt haben m,ii$en. 1. INTn.oDUCTIoN je vais mtoccuper. Bien entendu, je nommerai de temps à autre les couleurs de ces matières colorantes, Les problèmesdirectement rattachés au domaine mais il stagit alors d'une appréciation faite selon nos de la perception, comme la gustation dtun plat, Itaudi- critères culturels, il s'agit autrement dit des couleurs tion de sons ou la vision de couleurs, pour diffi- telles q\e nous les nommons. ciles qu'ils soient déjà en anthropologie sociale, se Par ailleurs, la limite, tant géographique révèlent, dès lors que lthomme dont on veut traiter que chronologique,résulte du seul choix personnel. ntexiste plus, dtune difficulté très vite insurmontable. Il est important de se rappeler que les Ainsi, pour I'homme du Paléolithique, disparu depuis mêmes colorants se retrouvent encore non seulement après bientôt dix millénaires, que pouvons-nousespérer sa- le Paléolithi- que mais aussi hors d'Europe. voir de la façon dont il percevait les couleurs en l'ab- sencede quelconquetémoignage? Il nous faut, en ef- 2. Lns MATTERES coLoRANTEs (Tableau 1) fet, dtembléedistinguer dtune part la couleur, qui im- plique le phénomène de la vision faisant intervenir Les matières colorantes découvertesdans les gi- le physiologique (æil-cerveau) et le culturel (Tornay, sements du Paléolithique sont, en réalité, p€u nom- je 1978) dont ne peux, en I'absencede témoignages- breuses.Elles peuvent être regroupéesen trois caté- rien dire, et dtautre part les matières colorantes,qui goriesdistinctes. La première comprend des pigments constituent les seules traces objectives fournies par à base de fer, la secondedes pigments à basede man- Itarchéologie.Ctest donc de matières colorantes dont ganèseet la troisième des pigments à basede carbone. 10 Marc GnoBNBN o o oi^ o ^i <) È\ o\ o\ R6 o. cri O\ ô O. o\ ;q o\ oro\ o\ Ë H d ro rn r/) rô €à É F{Ê j co @ @ @ ôl cî (qÉ !< .x -: ; (g? --: o\ 0\ o. o\ o o (g --: ôl (d(I' Fa F{ r{ o o. o\ -q o\ E ûË o. Hs. (J qJ qJ o o oJ(u É F{ xo, xl/t v, vV> tâ u (gÉ (u È> n (uo (U (tl à ù- k god E o, o fil o F .n 6 F P 3g P ! L .^ a !N '50 o o .9 .(u oo\ o o o FO o o o vi O-t () U ÊaU cqu o o (J s? q, g P h (g o k 8H q) g Èi (, Ë(4 o €+ q, Eg .i: '6ô l< .E o o t (O (g gs 8 N'= N OJ tt o o P I u, .a (It go  E€ U x (g e ÉE (t (J (o (g CI N o o N o N N N k I +J .<u k ut <â tt) 6 q, st "d Ë L !< k a ! .g .o (J U (I (g .E o o o o o o q., q) B.e a o t& l& ca q= (J C/ (J cv o cP V) \O o (n x (d t{ u) Rg I .qJ ct ôo x x x k 6B Q ôl o Ê,1 x x x x x x x x o a^ x x L r{ F) a 6 q) .{J èo fi (g o x x x x x x x X x x x .o fi x X L. U x X x X <o <o a OJ CJ ! (^q) v, qJ (U bo oo oo èo G CJ o o o 'Fo èo bo bo bo bo o o U U E ! 'd .!) .a) 4) 4) v .(u .F 'r .rr H ! L H o o o t q, q) g (u qJ 4) L{ q O o o x x U o 4) .^ OJ o o c, N U E N aâ o 'l a s z F (J rl] Matières colorantes au Paléolithique 11 < rô (It 6 rô rô s \o q,) co o @ cj o, @ c.l tt) c.t o\ f.. o\ o. o\ rô r< \o \o o o o\ c}. v> f< o. o. o É U .9 .< o. o. (J U H Q É .t) F{ F{ Ê q,) o (d (Û o (u k k c,, o k L. lr N k lcO lco lr o k 'i co o .q)e o 3 D o o k o oo. oo\ o u (J (J o o h h È) r{ JF{ È' (u rc at, q) .oJ o ,{ b X U) (! .Jt x o o N o o .q.t o .g ! U U (E (u oo a o (J x 'I'o.lRS (!èo x x ûB ôt x x x x x CJ q v -) x b0 x x x x x x x x .o o x tt) .CJ rr .q,) o k o k J o o q) oo oo ù o o o OJ U U qJ q) g .g H k k k <o <J o o o (g o r'l (, f o a I o j I |.o G .7).r< o ,l 0 al (r, U o o Çl b0 l x ,v) q) o o o bo g u) e bo èo g Êa o a (u (It a o E g ol o k q q (, () (J v) Hs -j FA L2 Marc GnoBruBN Au premier groupe appartiennent essentiellement liséecomme liant plutôt que comme colorant. Son uti- la goethite (Fe2Os. HzO) qui présente une gamme lisation dans l'art est, du reste, comme nous le ver- colorée qui va du jaune au noir et dont la poudre rons, tout à fait exceptionnelle. broyée fournit un jaune olive (Munsell : ?,5YR 516), Oxydes de fer et de manganèse étaient donc (Fe2O3) et I'hématite dont on connaît deux formes : systématiquement exploités par des populations pa- I'hématite de couleur noire utilisée dans I'Antiquité léolithiques qui se rendaient aux gîtes minéraux pour pour la fabrication dtintailles, qui ne peut pas servir s'en approvisionner et ce à des distances parfois signi- de matière colorante, et lthématite de couleur rouge, ficatives.A titre dtexemple,lesrecherches de Couraud encore appelée oligiste, qui fournit une poudre colo- (1978) ont montré qu'en Haute-Garonne et en Ariège, rante rouge foncé (Munsell : de 5R 312 à 7,bR 3/8). les gisements à peintures préhistoriques se trouvent à Elle se présente sous ltaspect rocheux ou pulvérulent environ 11 km des gîtes de minerai de fer, et que et peut former des masses concrétionnées fibreuses, le manganèse de couleur noire provient de gisements réniformes ou oolithiques. Elle est riche en fer (jus- éloignés d'environ 19 km, ce qui représente une dis- que 68 et se travaille %) aisément (dureté b,5 à 0,5 tance déjà respectable.
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