GEORGIA IN TRANSITION State-building and democratization in the Caucasus A COLLECTION OF RESEARCH ESSAYS FROM THE 2019 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO INTERNATIONAL COURSE MODULE Table of Contents Introduction Robert C Austin i ‘Reel’ Prospects of Integration: The Role of Georgia’s Film Sector in EU Integration Massimo Chiarella 1 LGBTQ Rights and Georgia’s European Union Aspirations Gloria Dragić 17 European Integration Through Education: A Case Study of Georgian Education Reform Mia Đurković 34 An Analysis of the Regional Development Programme of Georgia 2015-2017: Its Successes and Failures in Ameliorating Regional Disparities and Facilitating European Integration via Supporting Agriculture Mathuja Jeyakumar 52 Dealing with Saakashvili’s Legacy: Georgia’s Transitional Justice Efforts and Reforms to the Justice System Anahid Najafizadeh 72 Feminism v Patriarchy: Georgia’s European Integration Efforts Through Female Political Participation Tami Piovesan 89 Silencing the Georgian People: Freedom of Expression, Government Interference, and Structural Constraints on Georgia’s Media Environment Sanjana Shah 109 Introduction I am delighted to say a few words of introduction about the wonderful student essays that follow. But first, some context. The International Course Module (ICM) is funded by the Faculty of Arts and Science at the University of Toronto. Additional support comes from my home unit, the Centre for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. I have been travelling with students for field research for 15 years. We have gone to Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Tunisia. These trips have been with groups of graduate students and undergraduate students. The ICM I supervise has been around since 2006 and we spent eight years going to Kosovo. I remember fondly a trip in 2008 when we were on-hand for Kosovo’s independence declaration in February 2008. For the past four years, I have been taking students to Georgia. I changed from Kosovo to Georgia for professional and personal reasons. The ICM is embedded into a third-year course I teach that examines, among other things, the enlargement process of the European Union (EU). While Kosovo is almost guaranteed membership in the EU at some point, Georgia is not on the same list. However, while Kosovo’s elite makes noise about their EU ambitions, I decided they were not very serious. What I read about Georgia gave me a different impression and that was confirmed with our first ICM to Georgia in 2014. Despite the bigger challenges Georgia faces, they were simply working harder. Since then, with one year off when I was on leave, we are still going to Georgia. We will go again in 2020. In 2019, I had seven students with me. I must say that this was a really special trip. As you can read from the essays, the team worked extremely hard. They did multiple face- to-face interviews and took part in several group interviews with a variety of people in Georgia. The point of the ICM, at least for me, is to get out of your comfort zone. Students need to find people to interview, follow-up on appointments, navigate the—often chaotic—streets of Tbilisi while being punctual and conduct interviews with high-level stakeholders. This group did an exceptional job at that and the results are obvious. I believe that offering students the chance to do real field work at the undergraduate level is one of the best things we can do at the University of Toronto. Having done multiple international programs for our students, I can say that the ICM is the most transformative for students even though it is a short time frame. We pack a lot in. Most students rank it as the best part of their entire undergrad degree. I am extremely proud of the work that follows. The students identified distinct areas of interest and the topics were approved. This collection has work that really captures some important aspects of Georgian society. We have film by Massimo Chiarella. Film is one of the many areas where Georgia punches above its weight. Gloria Dragić tackles LGBTQ rights and how this impacts Georgia’s internal and external political life, particularly with the EU. Mia Đurković studies Georgia’s educational reforms and how this can impact the EU integration process. Mathuja Jeyakumar provides insight into regional integration and highlights some very interesting projects taking place. Anahid Najafizadeh looks at the legacy, both good and bad, of Georgia’s controversial president Mikheil Sakaashvili. Tami Piovesan looks at the role of women in Georgia and what I think are Georgia’s laudable efforts to increase female political participation. Finally, Sanjana Shah tells us about Georgia’s always highly fluid media atmosphere and what it means for Georgian democracy. i Finally, trips like this are truly team efforts. Another great outcome of the ICM is that the students learn how to really work as a team and they become life-long friends. For me, the ICM is a great team. In our first year in Georgia an undergrad from Victoria College named David Kitai joined us to research a prison abuse scandal. He obviously loved Georgia because he secured his own funding for the next year and joined us again. He then decided to work in Georgia’s always interesting food and wine world and joined us again in 2019. A better guide to food, history and wine would be hard to find! We are grateful to David for his insights and good humor throughout. I will also be forever grateful to my former student Daria Dumbadze, who now works at the Munk School, for suggesting Georgia in the first place. Since then, with one year off, she has travelled with me and been an invaluable friend to me and along with an extraordinary mentor for each and every student. She impacts them on so many levels that the trips would be impossible without her. All aspects of the ICM, from our pre- meetings, to helping identify people to talk to, to managing logistics like nobody else I have ever seen, depend on her. I am happy with what we do. I hope you enjoy the research that follows. Robert C Austin, Associate Professor, Centre for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (CERES), Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto ii ‘Reel’ Prospects of Integration: The Role of Georgia’s Film Sector in EU Integration Massimo Chiarella Introduction The Georgian National Film Center was founded on December 5th, 20001. While the organization, in name, may be new, the culture and institution of film in Georgia dates back to a time when it was considered one of the top film creators for the Soviet Union2. Since Georgia’s seccession from the Soviet Union in 1991, the creative endeavors that its film industry has undertaken have not only served as a means of rebuilding its bankrupt cinema sector3, but also as a driver to accomplish its newly realized democratic and liberalized objectives. Among the South Caucasus states, Georgia is the country that has demonstrated the greatest willingness to join the European Union (EU) through the implementation of integration reforms.4 As Georgia’s creative industries re-emerge free from Soviet control, they have the ability to act as a political tool to facilitate EU partnerships. For the people of Georgia, EU and potentially NATO membership, represents an opportunity to guarantee stability, economic growth, and security in the region, which has led to Georgian integration with the EU becoming a central foreign policy objective5. Similarly, the EU has expressed interest in bolstering the strength of their relationship with Georgia by way of supporting its democratic institutions, security, and economic integration through partnerships6. Cinema presents itself as a unique opportunity for Georgia to align itself more closely with regard to engaging with EU institutions such as Creative Europe and other programs which will be discussed later in this paper. Georgia has made tremendous progress in developing its cinematic industry and garnering international recognition with Oscar-nominated films such as Tangerines and the creation of a supposed new film school and festival by Twin Peaks filmmaker David Lynch7. While Georgian film is currently in its greatest condition since its exit from the Soviet Union, it is still plagued by many issues from its Soviet past, such as archival 1 Georgian National Film Center. “History and Goals of the Georgian National Film Center.” http://www.gnfc.ge/geo/page/151. 2 Kepley, Vance. “Federal Cinema: The Soviet Film Industry, 1924-32,” n.d., 14. 3 “Ex-Soviet Georgia Eyes Film Industry Rebirth.” Reuters, March 5, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55351520110305. 4 Efe, Haydar. “Foreign Policy of the European Union Towards the South Caucasus.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 3, no. 17 (September 2012): p.188 5 Efe, Haydar. “Foreign Policy of the European Union Towards the South Caucasus.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 3, no. 17 (September 2012): p.189 6 Ibid. 7 “Famed Filmmaker David Lynch to Launch Cinema Institute, Film Fest in Georgia.” Agenda.Ge. October 15, 2017. 1 access and preservation8, labour shortages9, and funding10 among others. The Georgian National Film Centre has developed a number of policies in an attempt to combat these challenges by encouraging collaboration from other countries11 as well as continue to distance Georgia from Russia via Georgian language laws in film12. Alongside domestic policies, international partnerships made with EU organizations such as the Creative Europe Programme and others are thought to help with certain aspects of film production, while furthering the country’s relationship with the European Union.