Narrative, Phantasia, and the Historical
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The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Communication Arts and Sciences PRESIDENTIAL IMAGINARIES: NARRATIVE, PHANTASIA, AND THE HISTORICAL U.S. PRESIDENT IN FICTIONAL FILM A Thesis in Communication Arts and Sciences by Lauren R. Camacci © 2014 Lauren R. Camacci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts May 2014 ii The thesis of Lauren R. Camacci was reviewed and approved* by the following: Kirt H.Wilson Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Director of Graduate Studies Thesis Advisor Rosa A. Eberly Associate Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences, and English Stephen H. Browne Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT Presidential Studies represents a robust facet of the field of rhetorical studies. Numerous distinguished scholars have shaped their entire career around the study of the United States presidency. Many other well-respected scholars of rhetoric focus their studies on the analysis of film. Both these areas of study have enriched rhetorical scholarship over the decades. Rarely, however, have studies of fictional film and studies of the historical U.S. president met. This is the intervention of this thesis. This thesis provides an in-depth examination of this phenomenon through an analysis of twelve feature-length fictional films. The project seeks to uncover the ways these fictional films portray the historical U.S. presidency, aided by the interactions of narrative and phantasia. After laying the preliminary theoretical background and structure of the thesis in chapter one, chapter two investigates the historical and contemporary presence of the U.S. president in popular culture, as well as the ways the president often becomes popular culture through various media portrayals. Chapter three of this thesis analyzes ten fictional films that feature historical U.S. presidents as characters, such as Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay. The analysis follows two emergent criteria for analysis, exploring (1) phantasia-influenced portrayals of access to the president and (2) Walter Fisher’s narrative rationality and the creation of “realistic” presidential interactions in the films. I argue that these ten films bend or break either narrative fidelity or rationality in a way that disrupts what viewers believe makes sense or know to be true. This gap created—between reality and the images brought “before the eyes” onscreen—creates space for viewers to use phantasia to “see” the U.S. president and presidency engaged in non-historically sound actions. The fourth chapter in this thesis presents a detailed examination of Abraham iv Lincoln: Vampire Hunter and FDR: American Badass!. Here I argue that these two films represent the entelechy of the historical-president-as-character in fictional film. These two films push the boundaries of how far the historical-president-as-character in fictional film can go and demonstrate the limits of phantasia in truly altering viewer understandings of the presidency and its interactions with popular culture. This project ultimately demonstrates three things: First, although the phenomenon of including the historical president as a character in fictional film outwardly appears to be reaching exceptional new levels, representations of the historical president in fiction tend to be remarkably conservative, reifying audience preconceptions of presidents like Abraham Lincoln. Second, considering the rhetorical concepts of narrative and phantasia as symbiotic facilitates an enriched understanding of each. Third, traditional boundaries protecting the president from the low-taste elements of the entertainment industry have deteriorated, creating the presidency as an extra “hook” for Hollywood films and ultimately opening the door for the president to become personally involved in fictional acting endeavors. By appropriating the historical president as a character, fictional films collapse the metaphorical distance between the president and the people. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction: Imagination, Popular Culture, and the U.S. President ................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Focus ....................................................................................................................... 4 Narrative and Phantasia .............................................................................. 5 Narrative .......................................................................................... 6 Phantasia ......................................................................................... 10 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 14 Rationale ................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter Previews .................................................................................................... 19 Notes ....................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: The President In and As Popular Culture ......................................................... 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 26 The President as Popular Culture ........................................................................... 30 The President in Popular Culture ............................................................................ 41 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 49 Notes ....................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 3: The Historical-President-as-Character in Fictional Film .................................. 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 57 Analysis .................................................................................................................. 60 Access to the President ............................................................................... 61 Interaction Based on Merit ............................................................. 62 Interaction Based on Equal Power .................................................. 65 Interaction Based on Chance .......................................................... 69 “Realism” and the Historical President in Fictional Film .......................... 75 Personalizing the President ............................................................. 76 Comedic Moments ............................................................. 76 Heartwarming Moments ..................................................... 78 Having a Snack ....................................................... 79 Setting the Tone ...................................................... 80 Sitting and Talking ................................................. 81 Use What You Know: Stereotypes of the President ....................... 82 General “Good” President Stereotypes .............................. 83 Individual President Stereotypes ........................................ 85 JFK .......................................................................... 85 Dubya ...................................................................... 85 Obama ..................................................................... 86 vi Nixon ...................................................................... 87 Creating Realistic Moments or Plots in Fiction .............................. 92 Presidential Images ............................................................. 93 Film Manipulation .............................................................. 94 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 98 Notes ....................................................................................................................... 100 Chapter 4: Hail to the Vampire Hunter: Entelechy and the President-as-Action-Hero in Supernatural Fiction ............................................................................................................ 104 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 104 Analysis .................................................................................................................. 107 Plot Synopsis, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter .................................... 107 Hail to the Vampire Hunter ........................................................................ 110 Images of Lincoln ........................................................................... 111 Themes of Lincoln .......................................................................... 117 Honest Abe ......................................................................... 118 Father of the Nation ...........................................................