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The Effects of Flooding Disturbance on the Distribution and Behaviour of Riparian Arthropods Along a Lowland Gravel River

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The Effects of Flooding Disturbance on the Distribution and Behaviour of Riparian Arthropods Along a Lowland Gravel River THE EFFECTS OF FLOODING DISTURBANCE ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR OF RIPARIAN ARTHROPODS ALONG A LOWLAND GRAVEL RIVER KEVIN LAMBEETS Ghent University Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC) Academic year 2008 - 2009 The effects of flooding disturbance on the distribution and behaviour of riparian arthropods along a lowland gravel river De effecten van overstromingsverstoring op de verspreiding en het gedrag van oevergebonden arthropoden langsheen een grindige laaglandrivier by / door Kevin Lambeets Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (Ph.D.) in Sciences. Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen. Promotor: Prof. Dr. Dries Bonte Co-promotor: Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Maelfait MEMBERS OF THE READING BOARD : Prof. Dr. Dries Bonte (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Maelfait (Research Institute for Nature and Forest) Dr. Achim Paetzold (Universität Koblenz-Landau, Germany) Dr. Pieter Vanormelingen (Ghent University) REMAINING MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINATION BOARD : Dr. Ir. Kris Van Looy (Research Institute for Nature and Forest) Dr. Peter Breyne (Research Institute for Nature and Forest) Dr. Julien Pétillon (Université de Rennes, France) Prof. Dr. Luc Lens (Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Wim Vyverman (Ghent University, chairman) The research reported in this thesis was performed at the Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. http://www.ecology.ugent.be/terec/ This study was funded by a Ph.D. Grant of the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-Vlaanderen, N° 41328). Frontcover: View at the riverine landscape at Maasmechelen (Photo: Kevin Lambeets) Backcover: Male Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777), a rare, psammophilic wolf spider of high conservation interest… (Photo: Rollin Verlinde, Vilda) DANKWOORD “Binnen een maand staat hij hier weer.”, een uitspraak gericht naar mijn persoon tijdens m’n 16 e levensjaar. Ondertussen staat de wereld een luttele 10 jaar verder, zelf steeds verder struinend. De queeste die toen begon, bereikt een mijlpaal, een volgend baken. Per aspera ad astra. Edoch, zonder de hulp van een bont allegaartje mensen zou deze scriptie nooit het daglicht hebben gezien, noch worden neergelegd. Zij stonden me niet enkel bij met raad en daad... Velen onder hen hijsten, in beider betekenis van het woord, de krakende vracht, die ikzelf ter tijd en stond durfde te lossen, weer zorgvuldig op m’n schouders. Vandaar, een scriptie kan niet aanvangen zonder een oprechte dankbetuiging. Talrijke veldexcursies doorheen de (resterende) natuurpracht van België, ettelijke late avonden te Buzenol en de gevoelige snaar die een begeleider wist te raken... Sinds dat laatste jaar Biologie aan den unief, veranderde m’n leven. Dries, zonder jouw doortastende maar voor mij vatbare woorden was ik al lang alle paden bijster! Ondertussen heb je het lyrische doorbroken met harde, wetenschappelijke feiten, enigszins, en me de betekenis van efficiëntie geleerd. Telkens wist je de zindering voor ecologisch onderzoek weer te doen ontvlammen. Zonder jou was er geen “boekske”, was ik niet wie ik (geworden) ben. De wijze woorden van een wijs man “Je moet je elke keer weer bewijzen, heel je leven lang.”, aan de toog in Den Tobbe tijdens het 16 th I.C.A. (aug. 2004), staan in mn geheugen gegrifd... Jean-Pierre, van in den beginne stond je telkens klaar voor elke vraag en werd ik steeds hartelijk ontvangen. Op den TEREC, in den Tobbe of de Speakers Corner, op het INBO en bij je thuis, altijd maakte je tijd voor een praatje. Tussen porto (jij) en pint (ik) volgde vaak spitsvondige en gevatte zinssneden die mij aan het denken zetten. Ik ben je veel dank verschuldigd voor de afgelopen jaren JP, zeker voor je oprechtheid van spreken! Het doet me hartzeer dat je ons vroegtijdig verlaten moest... één van de negen plaatsen vormt een leemte, die niemand anders invullen kan voor mij. “…our Ways are unfathomable for old-skool reasons.” Iedereen heeft een gids nodig, zowel overdag als ’s nachts. Het technische vernuft van Hans werd maar al te vaak aanroepen als de software-goden weer roet in het eten smeten. Maar ook daarnaast ben ik Mateef veel verschuldigd... Viki, zonder jouw vaardigheden in het labo en/of ten velde had ik ongetwijfeld een aantal hoofdstukken op m’n buik kunnen schrijven. Ma alléé! Bij de studenten sta ik sinds een tijdje bekend als “den Kevin”. Kris, moest jij je data niet hebben vrijgegeven nog vóór die lastige beursaanvraag, sja, dan was er ook geen scriptie geschreven aangaande het wel en wee van spinnen en loopkevers langsheen de Grensmaas. Je beantwoordde telkens weer een amalgaam aan vragen en bezorgde me massa’s informatie, bedankt! Dat de banken extreme habitats zijn zal wel duidelijk worden nadat je je doorheen deze turf geworsteld hebt. Maar een proefschrift schrijven omhelst tevens het verzamelen alsook het verwerken van massa’s data! Vandaar dank aan: Thesisstudenten: Martijn (Mars) Vandegehuchte (en voor het nauwgezet nalezen van mn “verbose writing”), Iwan Lewylle, Jelka Van Ranst, Hans De Wandeler; Field-Crew: Otto Cuppens, Roeland Vandevelde, Rien Dekeyser, Ann Dedeyne, Carl Van Colen, Stoffel Janssens, Raf Baeyens, Seth Martens, Klaas Hendrickx; soortsbepaling & controle: Marc Janssen, Konjev Desender (spijtig dat je er niet meer bij kan zijn...), Tim Struyve, Marc Pollet ,Léon Baert; Ba-proefstudenten: Davy Bosman, Sarah De Schutter, Derek Hendriks, Liesbeth Van de Moortel, Kim De Crem; Statistiek: Frederik Hendrickx, Carl Vangestel; logistieke ondersteuning: Luc Lens (het ter beschikking stellen van de TEREC-faciliteiten edm.), Johan Jacobs & Erik Conings ea. medewerkers van N.V. De Scheepvaart – 2e district, District Maas, Alexander Van Braeckel, Stijn Vanacker; Genetisch platform INBO: Peter Breyne, Ann Vanbeusegem ea.; “De Coolerds”: Boris (Boffie) Pellegroms (bedenker Food- Bot, ET-wiz & Secretary of the Illustrious Islay’nists), Debbie Eraly, maar tevens de rest van den TEREC voor de bruisende sfeer (!); fotomateriaal: Rollin Verlinde, Maarten Jacobs, August Verbruggen; Lay-out tips: Anneleen Denhaerynck; Discussies edm.: Koen Van Keer & ARABEL, Jinze Noordijk, Julien Pétillon, Pieter (Ormie) Vanormelingen. Ook de talrijke studentenstages & veldexcursies hebben m’n dorst naar kennis gelaafd en me heel wat bijgebracht (danks Maurice, Bea, Bram 2, Charlotte, Toon & Val, Eddy,...)! De onvergetelijke tijden op (en buiten) “het appartement” vormden een fundamenteel onderdeel van het leven in Gent: Nicolas, merci eh maat!!! Ge zijt de max maat! De wekelijkse klimpartijen zijn al even zoek, maar Brecht, die traditie moet we terug leven inblazen! David “Billy” Herman, ge zijt ne mutte. De talrijke escapades met J.T.V., Natuurpunt (Ronny Huybrechts, Ben en Luk Lambeets) of J.N.M. brachten soelaas tussendoor. Robin, Griet en de andere Biologen anno 2004, jullie zijn (nog steeds) suuuper! Vanuit het thuisfront te Linter werd meer voorzien dan enkel een telefoontje om te vragen: “Hoes est doowe?” . Plastieken geleiders, innerte netjes, de “orientator”, den releaser en nog zoveel meer! De handen van onze Pa Marcel zijn goud waard, maar dat weet Jan-en- alleman, tevens, zijn hart is ervan gemaakt... Papa, bedankt voor al de zorgen en inspanningen die ook jij leverde (zelfs als de zon toch nèt iets te hard scheen op de grindbanken). Zonder oech làg dèis bukske ter zèiker ni! Telkens werden de overnachtelijke veldgasten verwelkomd met de overheerlijk kookkunsten van Mama Marie-Claire, en met haar opgewekte en immer-positieve ingesteldheid lapte ze mij (en anderen) in tijden van nood weer op. Mama, jouw jonge uitstraling geeft ook mijn leven nog steeds kleur! Carlo & Mieke & (sinds kort) Kobe, bedankt voor jullie opgewekte woorden! Kobe zal later, ongetwijfeld, eens mee door de verrekijker van nonkel Kevin turen. Trienemien, “Rock my World and you face my Demons...”, maar jij wist hen telkens weer de kop in te drukken, of moet ik stellen, af te houwen?! Katte & Krekke Kevin Lambeets, 09 februari 2009 PPPUUUNNNKKK IIISSS……… A BBBELIEF THAT THIS WORLD IS WHAT WE MAKE OF IT ,,, TTTRUTH COMES FROM OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY THINGS ARAREEEE,,, NNNOTNOT FROM THE BLIND ADADHERENCEHERENCE TO PPPRESCRIPTIONS ABOUT THE WAY TTHINGSHINGS SHOULD BE ... TAKEN FROM “A“A“A PPPUNK MMMANIFESTO ””” BY GGGREG GGGRAFFIN TABLE OF CONTENTS Dankwoord I. Introduction and Thesis outline II. Environmental constraints for riparian arthropod assemblages II.1. Assemblage structure and conservation value of spiders and carabid beetles from restored lowland river banks II.2. Understanding the impact of flooding on trait-displacements and shifts in assemblage structure of predatory arthropods on river banks II.3. Integrating environmental conditions and functional life-history traits for riparian arthropod conservation planning III. Movement behaviour of riparian arthropods III.1. Do riparian arthropods proactively evade annual flooding by seasonal migration? III.2. Movement behaviour of riparian wolf spiders as a response to visual stimuli III.3. Interdemic variation in homeward orientation behaviour in two riparian wolf spiders III.4. Plasticity in flood-avoiding behaviour in two congeneric riparian wolf spiders IV. Population genetic structure of riparian arthropods IV.1. Spatial genetic variation of a riparian wolf spider Pardosa agricola (Thorell, 1856) on lowland river banks V. Synthesis and Conclusions References
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