Elmundo.Es and Elpais.Com El Papel Educativo De La Prensa Digital Ante La Integración De Los Inmigrantes En España: Elmundo.Es Y Elpais.Com

RESEARCH

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Requested: 06-07-2011 / Received: 02-09-2011 brought to you by CORE Accepted: 11-10-2011 / Published: 01-03-2012 l Vicente Llorent provided by idUS. Depósito de Investigación Universidad de Sevilla Seville (Spain) http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-03-05 The Educational Role of the Digital Media in the Integration of Immigrants in Spain: elmundo.es and elpais.com El papel educativo de la prensa digital ante la integración de los inmigrantes en España: elmundo.es y elpais.com

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study is to highlight the importance of online newspapers in the formation of public opinion, by discovering whether they promote positive or negative attitudes towards immigration or contribute to increasing awareness about the impact of the digital press in educational and developmental terms. With this in mind, we carried out a comparative study of the digital versions of the two widest selling, broad-based daily newspapers in Spain: el mundo.es and el pais.com. We used the same methodology as that used in Comparative Education, analyzing the content of articles published between January 2009 and June 2010. Although there are many simila- rities between the two newspapers and both coincide in supporting the process of integrating immigrants into Spanish society, they differ in the strategies to be followed for achieving the sought-after goal of peaceful coexistence between migrants and the host community. «El Mundo» tends to favour adopting strategies that encourage immigrants to adapt to the established norms and guidelines of the host society; in the articles of «El País», on the other hand, the requirement for them to adapt is not regarded as necessary. However, the various ideological lines expressed in the articles that we analyzed enable us to draw the conclusion that they do not coincide to a significant degree with the editorial line of the newspaper publishing them. ABSTRACT (Spanish) El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en poner de relieve la importancia de la prensa digital en la formación de opinión que tienen los ciudadanos, detectando si fomenta actitudes positivas o negativas en torno al hecho migratorio y coadyuvando a una mayor toma de conciencia sobre la incidencia educativa y formativa de la misma. Con esta pretensión se ha realizado un estudio comparado de las ediciones digitales de los dos diarios generalistas de pago con mayor tirada en España (elmundo.es y elpais.com), utilizando la metodología propia de la Educación Com pa- rada y el análisis de contenido de los artículos publicados entre enero de 2009 y junio de 2010. Aunque son nume- rosas las similitudes halladas entre ambos diarios y coinciden en su apoyo al proceso de integración de los inmigrantes en la sociedad española, difieren en las estrategias a seguir para alcanzar la deseada convivencia. «El Mundo» se muestra más bien partidario de la adopción de estrategias que pasen por una adaptación de éstos a las normas y pau- tas establecidas en la sociedad de llegada. Mientras que en los artículos de «El País», esta adaptación no se contempla como un requisito imprescindible. Sin embargo, las diversas líneas ideológicas puestas de manifiesto en los artículos analizados nos permite inferir que no muestran un significativo grado de coincidencia con la línea ideológica del diario que los publica. KEYWORDS Informal education, stereotypes, readers, media education, digital press, immigration, social media, information society. Educación informal, estereotipos, lectores, prensa digital, inmigración, medios, sociedad de la información.

v Dr. Vicente Llorent Bedmar is Professor of the Department of Theory and History of Education and Social Pedagogy at the Faculty of Education Sciences of the University of Seville (Spain) ([email protected]).

Comunicar, n. 38, v. XIX, 2012, Scientific Journal of Media Education; ISSN: 1134-347; pages 139-146 www.comunicarjournal.com 140 Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 ady drawn attention to the sheer quantity of the infor the of quantity sheer the to attention drawn ady alre- had McLuhan and Carpenter institutions. school of potential formative the even and role, informative through the press and other mass media go beyond the interests and attitudes of dissemination the and nions merely a of education on nature. mechanical focused overly are that systems school traditional in inherent reductionism the beyond move thereby and society, equitable and just more a conjunction shape help to education, in of forms other with medium, support complementary a be as systems school of confines narrow the beyond used could it drawbacks, become and possibilities we its of Once aware appraisal. and study proper ves consequences deser- it that such are its potential and magnitude Its are. if even didactic, simply being tion inten- or aim its without arises unexpected it Since an consequence. is this though even didactic, just not is intention and aim its since action diffuse called be well equally could it doubt; all beyond are education Introduction 1. eahd rm t cmo tuk, n concerned and knowledge». and information trunks, of transfer the with common its from detached altogether, space distinct a as perceived increasingly but intersect… communication and education where place the just not «Educommunication» space, scientific new a as arisen has years, recent Galindo «In Garcia 10): of (1999: words the In education. of poly mono alleged schools’ the of fallacy the expose nally occasio- they that role dominant a such acquired have they and position prime a occupy media mass the tors, fac these Among receives. the old– or young generation, –whatever everyone that education the or tems sys school in feature not do that factors educational of number huge the of significance increasing the to attention draw to want do we far, too system» cation «edu and system» «school between gulf well-known height. force now that the so-called knowledge society is at its greater with reiterated be only can statement the ped, develo less far were media mass the when Sixties the in pronouncement this with concurred people many If 236). 1974: McLuhan, & (Carpenter expression» of powers unique and new with languages new but illusion, of worlds creating for gimmicks mechanical simply not are media new the that notice to beginning are we «today classroom: the of walls very the open cracked has which media mass the from flow mation The transmission of values, the formation of opi - of formation the values, of transmission The Nowadays, the importance and impact of informal n eet eae, h sceis f Western of societies the decades, recent In In fact, without wishing to pursue the matter of the ------tuk u i a e drcin Pitd newspapers, Printed direction. new press a Spanish in the out version, struck digital its unveiled Avui to easy grow. and free is to continues great, already while influence, press its access, digital most since more, Further influential. so are they that now particularly The «different». are education, who citizen’s the in role significant a play media those of «other», the of conceive we way the on impact direct a has lives our throughout acquire all we that education the indeed, the idea of lifelong learning is more relevant than ever; cept of society and his relationship with others. Today con- his person, a as development his in role mental funda a plays receives individual every that education The press. the especially media, the is information of source main their school, left have they once citizens, tion of foreign groups. For the vast majority of Spanish integra- the hindering or helping and population, ving recei- the of opinions and attitudes mindsets, the ping tory phenomenon is a key element in creating and sha migra- the and immigrants about thinking of ways ting identity. own its retains it that ensure to going is ture cul every that fact the overlook to as naïve so be not should we that time, same since the At cultures, undesirable. be would and groups foreign of possible the isolation overcome to promoted and devised those be in particularly easy, must Strategies fundamental. be to considered aspects always not is country’s importance. great such on takes press the of action formative the that regard this in precisely is it And live. to have zens citi foreign the whom among population, receiving the at aimed measures of adoption the to given been one has thought any hardly denominator: common general nevertheless is There state, flavor. national, local and a regional of measures different of liferation European country is developing its own strategies, causing a pro the each policy, common of this Despite 17). 2010: Journal Union, (Official (…)» diversity linguistic and cultural rich its «respect and immigration of matter the in measures appropriate promote would it that specifically a stating policy, immigration design common to commitment Union’s European the ced Treaty, Lisbon reinfor 2009, 1, December on force into came which The populations. immigrant of tion integra- been the improve have to measures significant they adopting immigrants, receiving countries As character. in multicultural increasingly become have particular, in society, Spanish and general, in Europe, rm pi 1 19, hn h diy newspaper daily the when 1995, 1, April From construc- in media mass the of role the Inevitably, host the with cultures immigrant Combining © ISSN: 1134-3478 • e-ISSN: 1988-3293• Pages 139-146 Pages 1988-3293• e-ISSN: • 1134-3478 ISSN: ------141

along with others offering an online edition only –pio- García-Garrido and Llorent, who view Comparative neered by «La Estrella Digital» [The Online Star]– gra- Education as an education science characterized by dually swelled their numbers. On the threshold of the the study of education systems using the comparative twenty-first century and at the height of the crisis in the method. sector, there was a surge in the growth of digital news- Given that this research has an obvious social bias, papers, at the same time as business strategies were the interdisciplinary nature of it must be stressed. Using being redefined in search of the best returns possible the methodological approach developed by Professors from digital editions. García-Garrido (1991: 150-162) and Ferrer (2002: Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 The aim of this study is to highlight the importance 95-104), we then followed each of the stages for carr- of the online press in shaping people’s opinions, and to ying out a comparative research study proposed by find out whether it fosters positive or negative attitudes Professor Llorent (2002). about the migratory phenomenon. With this in mind, In the latest «Estudio General de Medios» [Gene - we carried out a comparative study of the digital versions of the two biggest-selling daily newspapers in Spain (elmun- Constructing social reality is the responsibility of everyone; do.es and elpais.com), in which content ana lysis was nonetheless, certain social agents and the mass media wield particularly relevant, showing a considerable amount of influence, with the press having a the growing importance of this kind of press and contributing major share. «El País» and «El Mundo» are among the to raising awareness of its educational and formative impact. Spanish daily newspapers with the greatest influence on public opinion; they have a considerable impact on shaping 2. Material and methods After selecting the subject both public and published opinion in so far as the attitudes matter relating to the field of study –articles on immigration– to be adopted towards new groups who comprise our and defining what the unit of multicultural society are concerned. comparison was going to be –limited to the digital editions of the daily newspapers «El Mun - do» and «El País»– we analyzed all articles published ral Media Survey], published on April 7, 2011, «El on the subject in these two editions between January País» was top of the list of paid-for generalist newspa- 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010, that is a total period of a pers by a considerable margin, with a daily average of year and a half. Any article during this period that 1,997,000 readers, followed by «El Mundo», with included the terms «educación» [education] and 1,245,000 (prnoticias, 2011). In fact, «El Mundo» and «inmigrantes» [immigrants] was selected. «El País» are the two generalist daily newspapers with 344 articles met these conditions in elpais.com and the highest sales and circulation in Spain. Although «El 133 in elmundo.es. Content analysis was applied País» has the edge in its printed format, it is not the objectively and systematically to all the articles in the case with the digital version, since elmundo.es is the study. A selection was made of the categories emplo- Spanish-language digital newspaper that receives the yed, of the units of analysis and of the system for coun- most visits; it occupies eleventh place on the list of ting the information obtained. This technique with its most-visited web sites, and is first among generalist qualitative characteristics, which certainly does not newspapers in Spain. Elpaís.com, on the other hand, exclude quantitative ones,1 enabled us to codify diffe- is twelfth and second, respectively (Alexa, 2011). rent parts of the message emitted and transform them In 1990, «El País» became the second Spanish into analyzable data by drawing up exclusion catego- newspaper to offer an electronic version. Its pionee- ries. Once the content analysis had been effected, a ring system of payment, introduced on November 18, comparative study was performed using the methodo- 2002, caused a sharp drop in the number of visits, to logy appropriate to Comparative Education. The star- such an extent that, in June 2005, it returned to its ting point was the conceptual approach of Professors previous system of free access. However, since then,

and until the present day, «El Mundo» –whose elec- find a link between immigration and the wellbeing of tronic version started in October 1995 with free the population, in the sense that the majority of the access from the outset– took the lead among Spanish analyzed articles stressed the prosperity that the native- digital editions (Delgado, 2009), outstripping its main born population enjoyed in comparison with immi- competitor, elpais.com. In short, both newspapers’ grant groups; this emphasis was more pronounced in digital editions have a great impact in the media. the case of elpais.com. On numerous occasions, issues have arisen –rela-

Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 3. Results ting to the use of religious symbols in schools and To analyze the results, a series of categories were public places, clothing, the construction of buildings established that were to be of assistance in understan- for worship, and so on– where religion has been lin- ding the comparative study. First of all we focused on ked with immigration. These issues have in fact been the aspect that immediately attracts the reader’s atten- sources of controversy with considerable impact on tion: pictures. The use of pictorial representations to public opinion; however, we found that 96.2% of the illustrate the content of an article is a powerful tool for articles in «El Mundo», and 84% of those in «El País» conveying information and, is therefore, an educatio- did not focus on the religious aspect and when they nal medium of great interest. 46.6% of the articles did refer to it, the treatment was not negative in «El analyzed in «El Mundo» were illustrated and 33.4% in Mundo» and there were only sporadic negative refe- «El País». In the latter paper, pictures of immigrants rences in «El País» (just 27 articles). (27%) and political figures (23.5%) appeared most fre- The last indicator analyzed in this category was quently; likewise in «El Mundo», the pictures were of the differential treatment between men and women similar kinds, although photos of politicians assumed immigrants; we found no difference of treatment in greater significance (41.9%) to the detriment of the 94.7% of the articles in «El Mundo» and 94.8% in «El immigrants themselves (24.2%). In the same political País». In the rare cases where a distinction was made, vein, we noticed that political figures or parties were it was almost always in favor of women (85.7% and frequently named, or otherwise referred to, in the texts 72.2% respectively). of both dailies: 72.9% in the case of «El Mundo» and The third category of analysis focused on the inte- 71.5% in the case of «El País». These data lead us to gration of immigrants in the host society. The data consider that the topic of immigration is, to a certain obtained showed that this process was supported in extent, politicized. Analysis of the pictures used to illus- 69.2% of the articles analyzed in elmundo.es, while trate articles showed that more than half of them gave the figure in elpais.com was 50.6%. However, when a neutral view of migration (54.9% in «El Mundo» and we looked further into how integration should be 56.6% in «El País»), although the percentage of cases accomplished, we found that 84.7% of the 98 articles reflecting a positive (32.2% and 30.4%) and a negative published in «El Mundo» on this topic expressed the (12.9% and 13%) viewpoint, respectively, is by no view that the wished-for coexistence between immi- means negligible. grants and the native-born population had to be achie- Secondly, we focused on the view of the migra- ved by the former adapting to the norms and standards tory phenomenon that was transmitted by the two of the host society; by contrast, 171 articles referred to digital newspapers. A majority of articles mentioned the topic in «El País» and 53.8% of them did not con- some particular group –either from the society of origin sider adaptation to be a prerequisite. or the host society– that was directly affected by the The two newspapers again showed differences in news story: 65.4% in «El Mundo» and 72.1% in «El their views of the coexistence between immigrants and País». A careful search for terms or adjectives associa- the host society. A relative majority of articles in the onli- ting the immigrant community with negative values ne edition of «El Mundo» adopted a positive standpoint revealed only a minority of instances, in both elmun- towards the topic; on the other hand, those in «El País» do.es (8.3%) and elpais.com (13.1%). took a largely negative stance. Pursuing the topic further, In the Spanish welfare state, where the national we noted that although a very high proportion of articles economy is one of the chief concerns of citizens, it did not associate immigration with criminal activity came as a surprise to discover that the dailies we (91.7% and 87.2%), we found a small, but not insignifi- analyzed made relatively little connection between cant, proportion that did make this analogy. Finally, we immigration and the current economic crisis. In fact, a point out that a similar percentage of articles in both link was established in only 22.6% of cases in «El papers were based on official sources (39.8% and 43% Mundo» and 24.1% in «El País». Nonetheless, we did in «El Mundo» and «El País», respectively).

4. Discussion so on, are imponderables that are difficult to make The long-standing but unresolved debate about neutral. However, the absence of pure objectivity whether journalism can be objective is beginning to be must not distance us from the desire to remain impar- superseded by the increasingly widespread concept of tial when reporting, which does not in any case have social responsibility. It is totally unrealistic to isolate a to be at odds with committed journalism. news item from its context, eschewing its interpretive Furthermore, not only does every journalist see and evaluative dimension. We would not even pre- things from a different point of view, but his or her sume to suggest that we were absolutely neutral in cognitive structure– consisting of experiences and Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 planning, developing and later analyzing this research; knowledge acquired over a lifetime –is a mental neu- it is simply impossible to be completely objective. rophysiological support system to which new informa- Nevertheless, the journalist has to stick as closely as tion is constantly being added, while undergoing con- possible to the facts and avoid distorting them at all tinuous assimilation and adaptation2. This implies a times, while freedom of opinion, on the other hand, unique personal subjectivization of the news. A similar should never be called into question. process occurs when the reader reads the news. So The necessary utopia of an objective journalism in the reader should not expect to be presented with a which there is complete transparency of information single true reality; even if he were, he would inevitably must be the compass guiding journalistic activity. But take it upon himself to give it his own personal inter- this indispensable guide cannot make us forget that it is pretation. For a person to acquire knowledge, an difficult to describe the bare facts exactly as they hap- interpretive process must take place which prevents pened. From the relativistic approaches of Prota goras the existence of an ontic reality far removed from and the interpretive ones of Nietzsche, who told us man’s here-and-now existence: «Objectivity is the illu- «There are no facts, only interpretations» (Nietzs che, sion that observations can be made without an obser- 1980: 315), to the Talmud when it states «We do not ver» (Heinz von Foerster in Watzlawick & Krieg, see things as they are; we see things as we are» leaves 1994: 19). In any case, hermeneutic ontology did us in no doubt that each observer perceives reality dif- away some time ago with any suggestion that the ferently. Even the words used to communicate a news objectivist principle of reality could be taken seriously. item, the approach used, the author’s intentionality, None of this need prevent the journalist—cons- the place occupied by the item in the newspaper, and cious of this reality and faced with the difficulty of eli-

Table 1: Other results of interest.

minating ideological elements and connotations—from • The first question asked: «In your opinion, what respecting a minimal code of ethics and leaving the is the main problem in Spain today? And the second? reader, as far as possible, to be free to process the And the third? After unemployment and problems of information received. We consider that, even though an economic nature, immigration came third with it is practically impossible to achieve complete objecti- 19.1%. vity, the journalist’s subjectivity should be no excuse • In Question 9, respondents were asked to rank for distorting the news. Moreover, it is no less true that the importance of particular aspects that should be

Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 when most of us read a newspaper, we expect to find taken into consideration when allowing a foreigner to particular ideological positions expressed in its pages. come and live in Spain. The most frequent response Constructing social reality is the responsibility of was that the immigrant should be prepared to accept everyone; nonetheless, certain social agents and the the country’s way of life. mass media wield a considerable amount of influence, • Question 36 asked: «In your view, what basi- with the press having a major share. «El País» and «El Mundo» are among the Spanish daily newspapers with the greatest influence on public opinion; they have a considerable impact on shaping both public and published opinion in so far as the attitudes to be adopted towards new groups who comprise our multicultural society are concerned. This is particularly so if we agree with Montesquieu (2010) when he declares: Figure 1: Foreigners in Spain with a registration certificate or a valid residence card. «We receive three educa- (Ministry of Labor and Immigration, 2010). tions: one from our parents, one from our teachers, and one from the world. The cally influences people’s opinions about immigration?» third contradicts all that the first two teach us». After indicating personal experience as the main The immigration question is neither trivial nor influence, the second one was the news in the mass minor, but an issue that affects an enormous number media (19.8%). of people. The United Nations’ report on migration • Question 37 asked the respondent «Do you think and development on June 6, 2006 (UNO, 2006) the image projected by the mass media is…?». Most pointed out that there were 191 million immigrant citi- responded that it tended to be negative (46.3%), whe- zens on the planet, of whom 64 million were in reas only 21% answered that it tended to be positive. Europe. Therefore, if we wish to construct the Eu - The growing importance of the use of the Internet ropean Union and Spain in a realistic way, it is essen- in recent years is unquestionable. For this reason, it is tial that we take into account this huge group of immi- enough to briefly highlight some data for 2010: grants who currently live in both territories, without • The total number of dwellings with access to forgetting those who will arrive in the near future. the Internet in Spain was 9,039,764 (Instituto Nacio- In Spanish and European societies increasingly cha- nal de Estadística, 2010a). racterized by multiculturalism, it is essential for people to • 57.4% of Spanish homes (nearly 8.8 million learn to live alongside the «other», those who are «dif- dwellings) had a broadband connection to the ferent». The way to achieve this is to take the actual Internet, which represented an increase of nine hun- situation as the starting point and the best way to find dred thousand homes over the previous year (Instituto out Spanish opinions on the matter is to use the survey Nacional de Estadística, 2010b). on Attitudes to Immigration, carried out by the Center • The number of Internet users grew by 7.1% in for Sociological Research (CIS) in 2009. The following the last year, to more than 22.2 million people (Insti- responses are of particular interest (CIS, 2009): tuto Nacional de Estadística, 2010 b).

The considerable difference between the two Although it is perfectly clear that the selection of newspapers in the number of articles analyzed –344 in newsworthy events is not only closely related to the elpais.com and 133 in elmundo.es– may be due to the objectivity of the facts, but also, in this case, to the dif- relative importance each attached to the phenomenon. ferent views and interests of the editors, the various Given that newsworthy events often have a negative ideological lines that appeared in the articles analyzed character, when we analyzed the pictures used to enabled us to conclude that they did not coincide sig- illustrate the articles, we were struck by the clearly nificantly with the ideological stance of the newspaper positive slant that both «El Mundo» and «El País» put that published them. Truthful information not distor- Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 on immigration. This, together with other results, indi- ted by political and economic interests must become cates quite a trend in the editorial line of these news- the driving force of a society that seeks to have free citi- papers. zens with a respect for cultures other than their own. When we looked into whether the migratory An education based on equality and pluralism must be question transmitted in the news was evaluated as the pillar on which any society that claims to be fair positive or negative towards the societies of origin of and democratic rests (Ruiz Echeondo, Medina & Gar- the immigrant groups, we discovered a substantial dif- cía, 2001). ference between the two newspapers. We observed In our analysis of the informational discourses, we that there were more positive connotations than nega- reaffirm the existence of different contextualizations, tive ones in elmundo.es, while in elpais.com the rever- interpretations and evaluations of reality, demonstra- se was true; there were more negative than positive ting the impossibility of maintaining a so-called neutral connotations. The outcome was similar when we stance. Isolated events cease to exist when they come checked for the type of effect that it had on the recei- into contact with the senses and minds of both journa- ving society. In «El Mundo» the positive outweighed list and reader; their interpretations place us squarely the negative, whereas in «El País» the results were in the field of hermeneutics. reversed, with the negative accounting for 52.3% of the articles on this particular topic. Notes The small, but real, percentage of articles that 1 Although, Berelson, the founder of content analysis, would state associate criminal activity with immigration are a cause that this is «a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communication» (Be- for concern. Without doubting the veracity of the relson, 1952: 18). correlation in particular instances, care should be 2 We agree with Jean Piaget, who pointed out that our intelligence taken lest part of the readership extrapolate the infor- is constructed on the basis of our biological inheritance, which limits mation and use it to form undesirable opinions. its existence and at the same time makes it possible. In this, there is Both newspapers support the process of integra- a continuous process of adaptation whereby two complementary processes are produced simultaneously: A. Assimilation of the exter- ting immigrants into the host society, but differ to a cer- nal world to our mental structures B. Accommodation of the mind tain extent in the strategies that should be followed to to new knowledge. Both involve continuous cognitive restructuring, achieve the coexistence they are looking for. «El through which our mind is constructed and our thoughts are shaped. Mundo» tends to favor employing strategies that requi- re the immigrants to adapt to the established norms References and standards of the host society, while this is not ALEXA (2011). Top Sites in Spain. The Web Information Com pany. regarded as a necessary prerequisite in the articles in (www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/es) (24-04-2011). BERELSON, B. (1952). Content Analysis in Communication Re- «El País». There are, moreover, considerable differen- search. Nueva York: Free Press. ces in the way each newspaper views coexistence bet- CARPENTER, E. & MCLUHAN, M. (1974). El aula sin muros. Bar ce- ween immigrants and the host society, with «El País» lona: Laia. being much more negative than «El Mundo». CIS (2009). Actitudes hacia la inmigración (III), Estudio 2.817. There are numerous points of similarity between (www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/2800_ - 2819/2817/Es2817.pdf) (04-05-2011). the two daily papers. In percentage terms, they both DELGADO, A. (2009). Quince años de prensa digital en España. In coincide in their use of official sources, the relative CEREZO, J. (Dir.). La revolución de la prensa digital. Madrid: Évo - absence of negative connotations concerning immi- ca Comunicación e Imagen; 11-16. grants, the influence of this group on the welfare of the DIARIO OFICIAL DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (2010). Versión consolidada native-born population, the fact that immigrants are del Tratado de la Unión Europea. Comunicaciones e Informa cio - nes, marzo, C 83. seen as having little connection with the economic cri- FERRER, F. (2001). La educación comparada actual. Barcelona: sis, the dearth of references to religious questions, and Ariel. so on. GARCÍA GALINDO, J.A. (1999). Comunicación, educación y demo-

© ISSN: 1134-3478 • e-ISSN: 1988-3293• Pages 139-146 146 Comunicar, 38, XIX, 2012 G M digital). (edición Sevilla de ción y Emigración Inmi de Estado de Secretaría emigración. y inmigracióngra de co L (05-05-2011). hogares los en comunicación y información de tecnologíasEn de uso y equipamiento sobre cuesta M prensa. la en nacional política I (05-05-2011). =/t25/p450&file=inebase) hogares los en equi comunicacióninformacióntecnologíasy de de uso y pamiento cracia. I Dykinson. Madrid: rada. NSTITUTO NSTITUTO LORENT ARCÍA INISTERIO ARTÍNEZ Comunicar,13 G , ARRIDO V. (2002). V. S N DE N ALANOVA ACIONAL ACIONAL T , RABAJO J.L. (1991). J.L. (www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path (http://extranjeros.mtin.es/es/In for macion Esta dis , E. (1999). Leer críticamente las noticias de noticias las críticamente Leer (1999). E. , ; 10-12. ; Educación Comparada Educación DE DE E E I NMIGRACIÓN E STADÍSTICA STADÍSTICA Comunicar,13; Fundamentos de educación compa educación de Fundamentos (www.ine.es/prensa/np620.pdf) (2010 b). (2010 (2010). (2010a). . Sevilla: Universidad Sevilla: . 135-142. Anuarioestadísti Notas de prensa. de Notas nusa sobre Encuesta - - - - - tri albucionesconstructivismo. lisis de contenido. de lisis M (04-05-2011). tica/Anuarios/) municados/2006/06050kofimigraciondesarrollo.htm) (04-05-2011). ) 1 1 0 2 - 5 0 - 4 0 ( ) m t h . o l l o r r a s e d n o i c a r g i m i f o k 0 5 0 6 0 / 6 0 0 2 / s o d a P c i n u m ONU (2006). Gruyter/dtv. de N Le yes_ (13-05-2011). 01.html) (www.laeditorialvirtual.com.ar/Pages2/Mon tesquieu/Espiritu IV. a rna nbne a nercó d ls nirne e nuestra en inmigrantes los sociedad? de integración la onubense prensa la W R php/ (25-04-11). home/208/10065995) (www.prnoticias.com/index. Prnoticias lectores. 110.000 pierden P RNOTICIAS IÑUEL UIZ IETZSCHE ONTESQUIEU ATZLAWICK E CHEONDO , J.L. (2002). Epistemología, metodología y técnicas del aná- Comunicar,17; , (2011). EGM: F. (1980). F. , P. & K & P. , Boletín ONU, 06/050 , C.L. (2010). , A.; M A.; , © Estudios de Sociolingüística, 3 Sociolingüística, de Estudios ISSN: 1134-3478 • e-ISSN: 1988-3293• Pages 139-146 Pages 1988-3293• e-ISSN: • 1134-3478 ISSN: RIEG . Munich: Walter KritischeStudienausgabeMunich: . EDINA , 176-179. «El País» (-1,2%) y «El Mundo» (-6,3%) P. (1994). P. El espíritu de las leyes. , M. & G & M. , Barcelona: Gedisa. Barcelona: (www.cinu. org. mx/ pren sa/ co El ojo del observador.delCon ojo El ARCÍA , L. (2001). ¿Fomenta (2001). L. ; 1-42. ; Libro IV, Cap. - - - -