Grade 7 Science

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Unit 2: Heat Chapter 4: Temperature describes how hot or cold an object is. How does temperature affect your daily life? Why do you feel warm playing outside on a cold winter’s day? Place one hand in cold water, one hand in “hot” water for 1 minute. Then at the same time put both hands in the luke warm water. Describe what each hand feels. How hot or cold something is The human body Boiling point of water Freezing Point of water Comfortable room temperature Early Thermoscopes... 1. Galileo’s Air Thermoscope: As the air heats, the liquids drops and rises when air is cooled. 2. Early Liquid Thermometer: Liquid rising up the tube shows the temperature is rising. Activity 4-1A “Building a Thermoscope” Page 121 Scales are necessary for temperatures to be accurate and comparable. 3 commonly used scales are: 1. Fahrenheit 2. Celsius 3. Kelvin Developed by Daniel Fahrenheit The first to be widely used Developed by Anders Celsius. Based on the freezing and boiling points of water. Developed by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) Scale starts that the coldest temperature possible – absolute zero (-273 ˚C) 1. The Liquid-in-glass Thermometer The lab thermometer contains colored alcohol rather than mercury for safety. 2. The Thermocouple Made of two wires of different metals. A temperature difference causes a current to flow through the wires. This current is measured by a meter. Can measure higher temperatures than typical thermometers. 3. The Resistance Thermometer (digital thermometers) 4. Bimetallic Strip (thermostat) Made of two different metals fused together. These metals expand and contract at different rates causing the strip to bend when heated. Heating and Cooling a Bimetallic Strip 5. Infrared Thermometer (thermogram) Converts infrared radiation into colors that can interpret a temperature difference. Can be used to measure heat loss in your home.

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Grade 7 Work Packet
Grade 7 Work Packet Student Name:_____________________________ Dear Student, The work in this packet will help you continue to practice what you have been learning in school. We recommend that you complete the assignments for each subject based on the schedule below. You can use the Table of Contents on the next page to quickly move through the packet. Packets are due completed to your teacher when you return to school. Thank You, Teaching and Learning Team Day Assignments Day 1/2 ● ELA: Text Reading and Questions ● Math: Fluency Practice and Mixed Practice ● Science: Earth’s Structure Reading and Questions Day 3/4 ● ELA: Text Reading and Questions ● Math: Fluency Practice and Mixed Practice ● Science: Changing Earth Reading and Questions Day 5/6 ● ELA: Text Reading and Questions ● Math: Fluency Practice and Mixed Practice ● Science: Energy Transformation Reading and Questions Day 7/8 ● ELA: Text Reading and Questions ● Math: Fluency Practice and Mixed Practice ● Science: Thermal Energy Transfer Part 1 Day 9/10 ● ELA: Text Reading and Questions ● Math: Fluency Practice and Mixed Practice ● Science: Thermal Energy Transfer Part 2 1 Table of Contents: ● ELA Day 1/2……………………………………………………………………………………….Page 3 ● Math Day 1/2………………………………………………………………………………………Page 6 ● Science Day 1/2…………………………………………………………………………………..Page 11 ● ELA Day 3/4……………………………………………………………………………………….Page 16 ● Math Day 3/4………………………………………………………………………………………Page 24 ● Science Day 3/4…………………………………………………………………………………..Page 29 ● ELA Day 5/6……………………………………………………………………………………….Page 35 ● Math
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Thermometer 1 Thermometer
Thermometer 1 Thermometer Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer (from the Greek θερμός (thermo) meaning "warm" and meter, "to measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles.[1] A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer). A clinical mercury-in-glass thermometer There are many types of thermometer and many uses for thermometers, as detailed below in sections of this article. Temperature While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. There is today an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 K (−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) to approximately 1358 K (1085 °C; 1985 °F). Thermometer Thermometer 2 Development Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Cornelius Drebbel, Robert Fludd, Galileo Galilei or Santorio Santorio. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. Philo of Byzantium and Hero of Alexandria knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.[2] The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.
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Galilei-1632 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei ([ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science". Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances", inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses, and using the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the observation of Saturn's rings, and the analysis of sunspots. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to geocentric models such as the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture". Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant.
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How Does the Thermometer Work?
How Does the Thermometer Work? How Does the Thermometer Work? A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature of things. The name is made up of two smaller words: "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. You can use a thermometer to tell the temperature outside or inside your house, inside your oven, even the temperature of your body if you're sick. One of the earliest inventors of a thermometer was probably Galileo. We know him more for his studies about the solar system and his "revolutionary" theory (back then) that the earth and planets rotated around the sun. Galileo is said to have used a device called a "thermoscope" around 1600 - that's 400 years ago!! The thermometers we use today are different than the ones Galileo may have used. There is usually a bulb at the base of the thermometer with a long glass tube stretching out the top. Early thermometers used water, but because water freezes there was no way to measure temperatures less than the freezing point of water. So, alcohol, which freezes at temperature below the point where water freezes, was used. The red colored or silver line in the middle of the thermometer moves up and down depending on the temperature. The thermometer measures temperatures in Fahrenheit, Celsius and another scale called Kelvin. Fahrenheit is used mostly in the United States, and most of the rest of the world uses Celsius. Kelvin is used by scientists. Fahrenheit is named after the German physicist Gabriel D. Fahrenheit who developed his scale in 1724.
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Santorio Santorio and the Thermometer by Robert Mulcahy
Read the following passage about Santorio Santorio (March 1561 - February 1636), a physician and professor. Then answer the questions based on the text. Santorio Santorio and the Thermometer by Robert Mulcahy 1. Galileo built the first working thermoscope. He took a small glass tube filled with air and rubbed it in his hands to warm it up. Then he turned the tube over and put the open end in a small bowl of water. As the air in the tube cooled, water rose into the tube. 2. Since cooler air takes up less space than warm air, there would be more space for the water as the air in the tube cooled. The water rising slowly in the tube showed that the air was cooling. When Galileo rubbed the glass tube again, the air inside would heat up, and the water level in the tube would slowly drop because the warmer air took up more space than the cooler air. Although the increase and decrease could be seen, the thermoscope could not measure the degree of the change in a mathematical way. 3. Despite this lack of precision, Galileo had constructed a wonderful invention. Yet, he considered it to be a useless toy and even called it a “little joke.” As far as anyone knows, the famous physicist, mathematician, and astronomer never tried to adapt the thermoscope into a device to measure the temperature of the human body. 4. It was Santorio Santorio, the physician who had devoted his life to measurements, who realized that he could use the thermoscope to measure body temperature.
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Stillwater, Oklahoma Title Ot Study: a SYNOPSIS of SCIENCE
I € I ,--~' I I Vt'l,,-f ::J; ft,6 0 u 29¢3 -. Name: Gerald Hershey Date or Degree: May 24, 1959 Institution: Oklahoma State University ' - Location: Stillwater, Oklahoma Title ot Study: A SYNOPSIS OF SCIENCE HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF MOTIVATIO?T -IN HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CLASSES Pages in Study: 67 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Major Field: Natural Science Scope of Study: Science appreciation, interest and concepts beyond the prescribed course in classroom teaching is an important phase of a high school students science education. One logical means of motivating the student toward these objectives is to approach the field ot study from a historical background. This report in volved the study of the htstory of science from the dawn of history until the present day. The object was to select from the history of science, the data in regard to a basic idea from the time it was first conceived until it became scientific fact, and compile this data as a synopsis of the history of science. This historical data to be introduced into classroom teaching as the instrument of motivation to create within the student these more desirable objeetiv.ee. The .materials used in this report were acquired from a series of reference books concerning the history of science. A SYNOPSIS OF SCIENCE HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF MOTI.ATION IN HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CLASSES By Gerald Hershey Bachelor of Arts Tarkio College Tarkio, Missouri 1949 Submitted to th~ faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College in pa~tial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1959 A SYNOPSIS OF SCIENCE HISTORY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF MOTIVATION IN HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CLASSES Report Approved: ACKNO\'VLEDGEMENT The writer wishes to express his appreciation and grati tude to Dr.
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What Is Kinetic Theory?
Kinetic Theory Approaches to Large Systems C. David Levermore Department of Mathematics and Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland, College Park, MD [email protected] presented 22 February 2013 during the KI-Net Workshop Kinetic Theory for the Emergence of Complex Behavior in Social and Economic Systems held 22-24 February 2013 at the Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ What is Kinetic Theory? The theory that heat was the kinetic energy of microscopic molecules was introduced by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738, but was neglected by just about everyone including himself until it was championed by Rudolph Clausius in the late 1850’s. It was dubbed the kinetic theory of heat by Lord Kelvin in the 1860’s. This was quickly shortened to kinetic theory when it became clear that the theory then being developed by James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann explained far more than heat. Maxwell’s 1866 masterpiece uniﬁed what were three separate theories: 1.the theory of heat and work — later dubbed thermodynamics, 2.the theory of gas dynamics — which it also completed, 3.the theory of microscopic particles interacting by a potential. Kinetic theory was not widely accepted. Physicists did not believe in atoms. Boltzmann’s 1872 paper gave a microsopic interpretation of the entropy. This led Boltzmann to introduce equilibrium statistical physics in the 1880’s, which was signiﬁcantly advanced by Josiah Willard Gibbs in his 1902 book. Some of Boltzmann’s arguments were adopted by Max Planck in his 1900 paper that heralded the dawn of quantum theory.
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Letter from the Desk of David Challinor September 2002 the U.S
Letter From the Desk of David Challinor September 2002 The U.S. Weather Bureau has reported that this is the hottest summer yet recorded on the east coast. There have been other summers almost as hot while at the other extreme we find the infamous year (1817) "without a summer." During 1817 New England had snow in all 12 months because of an enormous volcanic eruption in the East Indies. Heat and cold affect us greatly; this month's letter is about temperature and how it came to be measured. Early in human history people began to measure space such as distances between two points. Markers were commonly used along the roads of ancient Greece, and scholars such as Eratosthenes in 3 BC had measured with reasonable accuracy (5%) the radius of the globe. Aristarchus in the same century estimated, also with reasonable accuracy, the size of the sun and the moon and the distance of earth from each one. Time, however, for the ancients was more difficult to measure, but in the 16 th century hour glasses and water clocks were refined as timers. It wasn't until the 18th century that long-term accurate chronometers were developed. Dava Sobel's superb book Longitude describes in vivid detail the race to build an accurate chronometer and how Englishman John Harrison finally won the £10,000 prize. Accurate time was crucial for determining how far east or west of the Greenwich (UK) prime meridian a ship was positioned. The calculation of latitude while under sail was relatively easy compared to determining longitude at sea, knowledge of which was crucial for any major maritime nation.
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History of 'Temperature': Maturation of a Measurement Concept
History of ‘Temperature’: Maturation of a Measurement Concept John P. McCaskey Accounts of how the concept of temperature has evolved typically cast the story as ancillary to the history of the thermometer or the history of the concept of heat. But then, because the history of temperature is not treated as a subject in its own right, modern associations inadvertently get read back into the historical record. This essay attempts to lay down an authoritative record not of what people in the past thought about what we call ‘temperature’ but of what they thought about what they called ‘temperature’ (or one of its cognates), from medieval times to today. It is found that invention of the thermometer had little impact on the concept of temperature. Much more significant were Fahrenheit’s invention of a reliable instrument and William Thomson’s effort to make a degree of temperature a unit of measure. Overlapping definitions of temperature then emerged in the late nineteenth century, and twentieth-century scientific developments forced physicists to reconsider temperature’s conceptual boundaries. It turns out that the concept of temperature has evolved through stages that correspond to four increasingly sophisticated types of measurement. Its maturity sheds light on the philosophy of conceptual change. 1. Introduction 2. Prior studies, sources, and methods 3. At first, ‘temperature’ meant mixture, including of hot and cold 4. Thermometer itself had little effect on the concept of temperature 5. After Fahrenheit, temperature became degree of heat 6. In a generation, the post-Fahrenheit concept became the norm 7. Thomson sought to replace the ordinal scale with a cardinal one 8.
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Galileo by Phyllis Naegeli
Name _____________________________ HR: ___________________ Galileo By Phyllis Naegeli 1 Vincenzio Viviani sat with his teacher to begin an interview for the biography he was writing. Galileo, now blind, was reviewing his life with his pupil. 2 "I have been in this home for four years now," said Galileo. "I am condemned for believing in Copernicus's teaching that the sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe. I am grateful to have you here with me as a student and a friend." 3 "And I am grateful for what I have learned from you," said Vincenzio. "Please tell me the story of the telescope again." 4 "I was given this spyglass," said the old man, holding up a small scope. 5 "It can magnify things three times, but I wanted to see the stars. So I improved it and developed this one," said Galileo, pointing to a much larger version of the spyglass. 6 "With the larger telescope, objects are magnified more than twenty times," he said with pride in his voice. "I was able to look at the moon and see its mountains and valleys. I discovered that Jupiter had four moons orbiting around her. That was an amazing discovery for me. It convinced me that the Earth was not the center of everything, as has been taught for more than a thousand years. Because the four moons revolved around Jupiter, I knew that not everything revolved around the Earth. Then I was able to verify the phases of Venus. The shadows that crossed over Venus showed that the sun was the center of our universe, not the Earth," Galileo finished.
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1 Thermometry Thermoscope Galileo Thermometer Reading a Galileo
Thermometry Source: http://val.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/modis_sst/index.html Thermoscope Designed by Galileo (1597) Something similar built by Santorio (1612) Thermoscope video Is there a problem with the thermoscope as a temperature sensor? It responds to changes in pressure! It’s also a barometer. MODIS SST Imagery Dr. Christopher M. Godfrey University of North Carolina at Asheville ATMS 320 – Fall 2011 ATMS 320 – Fall 2011 Galileo Thermometer Reading a Galileo thermometer Also termometro lentos If some bulbs are at the top, some are at the Ferdinand II built the first Galileo bottom, and one is floating in the gap: thermometer (1641) T = average of the gap bulb and the top bulb Each ball has a weight-to-volume ratio If no bulb is in the gap: such that it will rise or fall in a T = value on lowest floating bulb hydrocarbon fluid as the density of the fluid changes When fluid is less dense, balls will sink ATMS 320 – Fall 2011 ATMS 320 – Fall 2011 Hook Thermometer Robert Hook developed an alcohol (“spirit”) thermometer with a scale (1664) Each “degree” represents 1/500 of the volume of liquid at the freezing point of water (which is zero degrees) First intelligible meteorological records use this scale ATMS 320 – Fall 2011 1 Fahrenheit Scale (°F) Réaumer Scale (°Ré, °Re, or °R) 1724: 1731: 0° = Temperature of sea salt, ice, and water An 80-point scale 30° = Temperature of ice and water 80°R = boiling point of water 96° = Temperature “obtained if the thermometer is placed 0°R = freezing point of ice in the mouth so
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Scope SITE LESSON PLAN
Later Elementary Science Forces and Motion Interactions, Interrelationships, and Interdependence within the Natural World Student Resource Name Push or Pull Let’s see if we can use the force of gravity pull our car. We need to have a force that is greater than the force of friction on the parts of the car. Procedure: 1. Make a punch hole in the front of your car. 2. Make a hook for the front of your car with a paper clip. 3. Make another hook with a paper clip. Tie it to a 100 cm string. Tie the other end of your string to the hook on the car. 4. Carefully put your car near the tapeline on the table. Hang the string and the hook off the end of the table. Make sure the car and the table are very still. 5. Make a prediction. How many washers do you think it will take to pull the car? 6. Put one washer on the hook very carefully. Does your car move? Do not bounce or pull it. 7. Next put another washer on the hook very carefully. Describe what happens. Do this for each washer until your car moves smoothly. Then stop. Trial Number of What Happens? Washers 1 2 3 4 5 July 23, 2002 SCoPE SC040303 Page 1 of 2 Later Elementary Science Forces and Motion Interactions, Interrelationships, and Interdependence within the Natural World Student Resource Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei is one of the most famous scientists of all time. He was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564.
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