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INFRARED PLASTIC SOLAR CELL REVIEW Manoj Kumar1, Dharni Dhar Yadav2, Durgesh Yadav3 & Mashaba Singh4

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INFRARED PLASTIC SOLAR CELL REVIEW Manoj Kumar1, Dharni Dhar Yadav2, Durgesh Yadav3 & Mashaba Singh4 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 INFRARED PLASTIC SOLAR CELL REVIEW Manoj Kumar1, Dharni Dhar Yadav2, Durgesh Yadav3 & Mashaba Singh4 1Assistant Professor ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP, India. 2, 3, 4Student in Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP, India. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: As we all know that electricity is very essential to us now days. It is very difficult for us to survive without electricity, with the help of electricity we are able to drive so many machines which are helpful to us but the biggest problem is that what happens if the coal is exhausted? Because most of the electricity is generated by burning of coal in power plants. Although burning of fossil fuels are the main cause of air pollution but there are many other ways to generate electricity for example: Turbines, Windmills, Solar cells etc. Our main focus is the use of solar cell, as the sun is the ultimate source of energy but we are able to consume only 1/10,000th part of sun’s energy. If we are able to consume its power more efficiently then we are able to solve so many problems of our planet without polluting the environment. Now days we are able to consume only Twenty percent of energy at most by CdTe solar panels but with the help of infrared plastic solar cell we can make it 30 percent more efficient, even the best plastic solar cells efficiency is only 6 percent. Keywords: PCBM, P3HT:C60, cadmium selenide, intrinsicallyconducting polymer (ICPs). 1. Introduction We all know that, we are not able to harness sun’s energy in cloudy days but with the help of infrared plastic solar cells we are able to do it. The basic origin of idea is that the visible rays of the sun are not able to pass through clouds while the infrared rays are able to pass through it. The fundamental of electricity by solar cell is photoelectric effect because sun light contains photons but the element we are using now is silicon and cadmium which eject electron by getting the energy of a visible ray photon. If we use those materials which eject electron by the photon of infrared region then we can produce photoelectric effect even on cloudy days. Sun V i s i b l e I n f r a r e d Earth Figure 1. Division of sunlight Review of literature: The first practical solar cell was publicly demonstrated at Bell Laboratories in 1954,the inventors were Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson but it has a efficiency of only 6%.In 1990 the Institute of energy conversion at “University of Delaware” develops Volume 8, Issue 7, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 142 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 the first thin solar films exceeding 10% efficiency .Now a days the efficiency of commercial solar panels is about 20% but these panels are bulky and costly and does not convert sunlight into electrical energy on cloudy days. After the discovery of conductive polymers in1887, a new type of solar cells is introduced this are polymer solar cells or plastic solar cells. They are compact in size, lesser weight, more flexible than conventional solar cell but they have poor efficiency of about 5% only which is lesser than conventional solar cell. [1, 2, 6] After getting the idea of plastic solar cell the work move towards that how should we increase its efficiency? A solution has been found which is that if PCBM blend films spin coated using either toluene or chlorobenzene then the efficiency of plastic solar cell increased as excepted but this is not enough. [3] A new ideation has been formed when Nanotechnology came into the picture because the properties of elements totally differ at Nano level. [7]So we need to find those materials which are useful for us at Nano level. A new plastic material was discovered which uses nanotechnology and contains the 1st generation solar cells that can harness the sun's invisible infrared rays. Nano particles called quantum dots are combined with a polymer to make the plastic that can detect energy in the infrared. [1, 2, 8, 13] Their efficiencies have been improved but they are costly because of its manufacturing and low production. But if we use screen printing technology then it will be easier to manufacture it and also its cost will decrease drastically. [8, 10, 11] 2. Comparison of infrared &visible region Radiation from the Sun, which is more popularly known as sunlight, is a mixture of electromagnetic waves ranging from infrared (IR) to ultraviolet rays (UV). It, of course includes visible light, which is in between IR and UV in the electromagnetic spectrum. In sunlight, there is about 44% of visible radiation and 53% of infrared radiation and rest is ultraviolet. [13] Figure 2. Spectrum of solar radiation (Earth) The understanding and control of matter at dimensions between 1 to 100 nm which involves imaging, measuring, modelling and manipulating matter at this length is called as nanotechnology. [7] There are so many elements whose behaviour is changed at nanoscale. It is observed sometimes that the conductor act as an insulator at nanoscale and vice versa. The colour of gold at nanoscale is observed as red, orange and sometimes blue when shape and sizes changes. We prefer nanotechnology because CdSe (cadmium selenide) which is used as a nanorod in plastic solar cell for transportation of electron becomes efficient and with sizes below 10 nm. At Nanoscale the material becomes stronger and more efficient. In order to the miniaturization of integrated circuits well into the present century, it is likely that present day, Nano-scale or Nano electronic device designs will be replaced with new designs for Volume 8, Issue 7, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 143 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 devices that take advantage of the quantum mechanical effects that dominate on the much smaller, nanometre scale .[2] Quantum dots: These are tiny semiconductor particles of nanoscale their optical and electronic properties differ from the bulky particles when a light ray strike upon the quantum dot an electron can be excited to higher energy order. [14] Infrared plastic solar cell: The organic polymer which conducts electricity is called conductive polymers or intrinsically conducting polymer (ICPs). In 1977,Alan J.Heeger, Alan Mac Diarmid and Hideki shirakawa reported similar high conductivity in oxidized iodine doped polyacetylene for research ,they were awarded in 2000 Nobel prize in chemistry” for discovery and development of conductive polymers”. As we have discussed earlier that half of the sun’s power lies in infrared region so this new material is able to harness infrared portion. The researchers combined specially designed Nano particles called quantum dots with a conduction polymer which can detect the invisible infrared light. Its particle is slightly based upon the first generation solar cells, i.e. silicon based solar panels (1950). [1][2] Structure and design:Its structure has mainly three parts; (1) Upper electrode(ITO) (2) Polymer and nanorod(P3HT &PCBM) (3) Lower electrode(Al,Mg,Ca) Today’s semiconductor based photovoltaic devices i.e. plastic solar cells can be manufactured in the solution without any need of heavy machinery, clean rooms or vacuum chambers. It is also manufactured by newly developed technology i.e. printing of solar cells. As we have discussed earlier about nanotechnology that recent developments have been made in the field of nanotechnology. So it is easier for us to develop nanorods and Nanocrystals. Nanorods are 7 nanometre and length of about 60 nm. These nanorods are embedded in the layer of a polymer P3HT (poly-3-hexylthiophene) which is a conducting polymer suitable for this job because of their covalent bond it has the tendency to flow electrons. The upper electrode is made up of ITO, ZnO etc. and the lower side is made up of aluminium or magnesium which acts as an electrode and the nanorods act as a wire. 3. Screen printing technology Printing technology was invented by Gutenberg in 1545, more than four hundred and fifty years ago. If printing technology could be used for the fabrication of solar cells, then we could produce low-cost, high efficiency solar cells in large quantities. In screen printing technology, the wafer based solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, the mesh, the buses of silver are printed on the front; furthermore the buses of silver are printed on the back. Subsequently aluminium paste is dispensed over the whole surface of back for passivation and surface reflection. One of the parameters that can vary and can be controlled in screen printing is the thickness of print. This makes it useful for some of the techniques of printing solar cells, electronics etc. From this standpoint, is the supreme technology for mass production of infrared plastic solar cell? The screen printing technology allows us to regulate the amount of substrate received by certain area in the production of large area energy system. It is required for us to manufacture a number of solar cell connected together. In industrial process, the thickness of film is generally greater than 0.5 mm. the thickness of polymer layer is manufactured by screen printing is less than 100mm,the organic light emitting diode as the entire transport layer have recently shown. When Poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) in a 150 nm thick film doped with polystyrene sulphuric acid [(PEDOT:PSS),Bayer]is spin cast from aqueous solution to a first indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate, whereas the thickness of ITO is 120 nm.
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