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US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip to Ethiopia in Support to USAID-Ethiopia of the Pastoral Livelihoods Initiative -II

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US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip to Ethiopia in Support to USAID-Ethiopia of the Pastoral Livelihoods Initiative -II US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip to Ethiopia In support to USAID-Ethiopia of the Pastoral Livelihoods Initiative -II Invasive Species Management Mission Dates: February 20 – March 19, 2011 Pastoralist women in Shinile Woreda, northern Somali Region, working to clear Prosopis juliflora. Picture courtesy of Redwan Getachew, Save the Children- UK, RAIN PC Report Submitted June 2011 by: Faith Ryan Rangeland Management Specialist Salmon-Challis National Forest U.S. Forest Service Acknowledgements- The success of this mission was a direct result of extraordinary support from Save the Children-US and USAID. The following staff of Save the Children-US in Addis Ababa were vital to the mission and deserve special thanks: Biruk Asfaw for his tireless efforts in planning and coordinating; Tsion Hailu and Absera Negussie for assuring everything was organized and all supplies were in hand; Jerry Farrell for providing overall strategic guidance and for his hospitality the first week in the SC-US Addis office; and Abomsa Kebede for openly sharing his practical wisdom which helped orient me to my mission. Before, during, and after this mission Dubale Admasu‟s (USAID) excellent insight, support, and advice were instrumental to moving forward. Alawis Ahmed of FARM –Africa in Awash and Mohamed Mohamud of the Afar Regional Government in Semera provided outstanding support at the invasives workshop. In particular Alawis‟ dedication to the pastoralist community and his assistance in translation of the pastoralist leaders‟ contribution to the Awash workshop was invaluable. Additionally Yohannes Assefa of Save the Children – UK, Mandrefo Gltsadik of CARE, Abdirashid Sheikh of Save the Children-US, and Redwan Getachew of Save the Children-UK are appreciated for their presentations which opened excellent learning opportunities for all at the workshop. The participants in the workshop are recognized for their commitment to improving the lives of the pastoral communities and their eagerness and ability to be top-notch natural resource managers. Jason Ko, Africa Program Specialist with the US Forest Service International Programs, provided strategic planning, support and valuable advice, from initial set-up through the implementation of the Scope of Work for the United States Forest Service (USFS) assistance to the Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative II. His quick wit, flexibility and communication skills were especially helpful. My thanks also go to the USFS team when we were travelling and working together. Their teamwork, sense of humor, professionalism and camaraderie contributed to a successful and enjoyable mission. The team provided support which assisted in accomplishing the invasives species management mission. Special thanks for project support are due to Paul Evangelista (Colorado State University, Research Scientist with a keen interest in the biodiversity of East Africa). The support of my supervisor, Stefani Melvin along with the vision of Frank Guzman, Salmon-Challis National Forest Supervisor, made my contribution to the mission possible. Thank you both. Lastly the SC-US drivers, both in Addis Ababa and the field, all deserve my gratitude for going above and beyond expectations, not only getting me where I needed to be, but to provide personal support in logistics, communications and day to day needs. Over the top were the field drivers‟ assistance in procuring a goat and all the fixings for a USFS team welcome barbecue on the patio in Negelle. Above all, their commitment to safety is most appreciated. Page 2 of 26 Executive Summary- The USAID Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative (PLI) is working with targeted pastoralist communities to increase their resiliency in the face of increased droughts and changing land uses, and to assist them in leading sustainable livelihoods. The United States Forest Service (USFS) has been sending technical teams to Ethiopia since 2005 through USAID to assist partners in all facets of the Initiative including invasive species management. The trip reports from these missions are available through the USFS International Programs website (http://www.frameweb.org/CommunityBrowser.aspx ). The second phase of PLI had three components at the time of this initial mission (Annex 4). USFS technical expertise for the accomplishment of these three components was provided by three prescribed fire specialists (Seth Carbonari, Riva Duncan and Michael Crook) and a landscape planning specialist (Kurt Wiedenmann), along with Faith Ryan (invasive species specialist); who met and worked with PLI partners in Ethiopia in February and March of 2011. The specialists worked and travelled together through much of the trip, assisting each other when possible while focusing on the components of their own particular missions. The objective for the invasives species management portion of the mission was building the capacity of the PLI II and government partners to minimize the ecological and social economic impacts of invasive species on rangelands, in particular that of Prosopis juliflora. Assignments were to: work with the landscape management planner to incorporate a strategy on invasive species management into the plan; and consult partners on Prosopis juliflora management and work with the Ethiopian research institute to formulate a training manual for PLI II consortium and government partner which would aid in managing Prosopis in the Afar and Somali Regions. Results of the mission were to: facilitate discussion of prescribed fire for management of Acacia drepanolobium in southern Ethiopia at the workshop held in Negelle (February28 –March 4). gather methods and results on invasive species management of several Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Stations and the Oromiya Regional government. create a draft reference guide for the PLI II consortium to promote the effective management and utilization of Prosopis juliflora and the management of Acacia drepanolobium. conduct a training workshop on the content and use of the draft reference guide, as related to Prosopis, for PLI II consortium and government partners in Awash (20 attendees, March 11-12). work with Save the Children US to finalize the reference guide for broader use and distribution by stakeholders. Background Prosopis juliflora, a thorny evergreen leguminous tree/shrub, was introduced by development and government agents into Ethiopia and neighboring Horn of Africa countries, by some accounts in the 1970s. The objective was to stabilize bare ground in arid environments. This species has a keen ability to spread from where it was first planted. Since 2008 the invasion is estimated to have grown from 800,000 hectares to one million hectares of land, with the highest infestations in the Afar Region, at 700,000 hectares. Indigenous, long-standing pastoralist communities have, until recently, sustained themselves as well as the soil, water and vegetation resources of the semiarid and arid ecosystems that are the lowlands of Ethiopia. Their traditional livelihood of livestock production is based on a grazing management system Page 3 of 26 for which the key is mobility. A number of pressures on this management system have been growing over the last three decades with resultant unraveling of the sustainability and food security of pastoralist communities. Increasing cover of invasive shrub species is one of those pressures. Many conferences have been called and papers written about the spread of Prosopis, its negative impacts on pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods in the Horn of Africa, and the difficulty of its control much less eradication. Major negative effects of Prosopis are loss of forage and indigenous trees with browsing value. This loss is compounded by increased grazing pressure where Prosopis has not yet invaded. A few of the other negative effects of Prosopis proliferation are: blocked access to lands, roads and watering points, mechanical injury to livestock and people, and ponding in the thickets thereby offering more breeding habitat for malaria bearing mosquitoes. A second major species of concern is a native Acacia (Acacia drepanolobium) which also has a tremendous capacity for increase under certain conditions. The striking negative effect of its increase is decreased forage production and access for livestock grazing. Understanding A. drepanolobium’s ecology is essential so that effective grazing management and control practices are used to sustain the resources upon which pastoralist livelihoods depend. Two other components of this PLI II mission taking place at the same time provided training on prescribed fire planning, implementation and monitoring (Carbonari, Duncan and Crook); and developing a rangeland management plan (Wiedenmann). Invasive species management was integrated into these two components. MISSION ACTIVIES Week One (February 20 – February 26): Addis Ababa and travel to Negelle The mission began with Faith‟s arrival in Addis Ababa on February 20. Biruk Asfaw had pre-arranged for Faith to meet with Ato Fayyissa Xaafaa of the Oromiya Pastoral Area Commission and Ato Rezene Fesseha of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research during the week in Addis. Jerry Farrell assisted with details of the week – confirming the appointments, introducing Faith to other SC-US staff, getting set up with internet access and other logistics. Doing business across town in Addis Ababa sometimes required a considerable part of the day with the thick of traffic taking time. A scant system of street addresses occasionally added to the
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