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Gendered Living and Responding to Pastoral Stressors in Borana, Southern Ethiopia

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Gendered Living and Responding to Pastoral Stressors in Borana, Southern Ethiopia Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2019:34 Gendered living and responding to pastoral stressors in Borana, southern Ethiopia Kjønnsbaserte perspektiver på, og responsstrategier til, stressfaktorer i pastoralt levesett: en studie fra Borana, sørlige Etiopia Abiyot Eliyas Anbacha Gendered living and responding to pastoral stressors in Borana, southern Ethiopia Kjønnsbaserte perspektiver på, og responsstrategier til, stressfaktorer i pastoralt levesett: en studie fra Borana, sørlige Etiopia. Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Abiyot Eliyas Anbacha Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric) Ås 2019 Thesis number 2019:34 ISSN 1894-6402 ISBN 978-82-575-1593-5 Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... vii SAMMENDRAG ................................................................................................................................. viii 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction and problem statement ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives of the thesis ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Organization of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 4 2. GENDERED LIVING AND RESPONDING TO PASTORAL STRESSORS – A LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Concepts of vulnerability ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2. Concepts of adaptation ............................................................................................................ 6 2.3. Gendered experiences and responses to stressors ................................................................... 8 2.3.1. Gender as analytical category ......................................................................................... 8 2.3.2. Livelihood diversification and women .......................................................................... 10 2.3.3. Social security network in responding to stressors ....................................................... 12 3. A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING GENDERED EXPERIENCES AND RESPONSES TO STRESSORS ........................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Vulnerability context ............................................................................................................ 13 3.2. Climatic stressors .................................................................................................................. 14 3.3. Non-climatic stressors ........................................................................................................... 15 3.4. A framework on gendered living and responding to stressors .............................................. 17 4. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 19 4.1. A description of Borana zone................................................................................................ 19 4.2. The research design ............................................................................................................... 22 4.3. Methods of data collection .................................................................................................... 22 4.3.1. Household survey .......................................................................................................... 24 4.3.2. Key informant interviews .............................................................................................. 25 4.3.3. Focus group discussion ................................................................................................. 26 4.3.4. Group interviews ........................................................................................................... 26 4.3.5. Observation ................................................................................................................... 27 4.4. Data analysis and interpretation ............................................................................................ 27 4.5. Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................... 28 4.6. Research challenges .............................................................................................................. 29 4.7. Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................. 29 5. SUMMARY OF THE PAPERS ................................................................................................... 30 5.1. Gendered perspectives of climatic and non-climatic stressors (Paper I) .............................. 30 ii 5.2. The dynamics of gender relations under pastoral changes (Paper II) ....................... 31 5.3. Women and men in pastoral livelihood diversification (Paper III) ........................... 32 5.4 %RUDQDZRPHQ¶VVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQKRXVHKROGIRRGVHFXULW\ 3DSHU,9 .................. 33 5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 34 6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 37 LIST OF FIGURES )LJXUH$IUDPHZRUNIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJSROLWLFDOHFRQRP\RISDVWRUDOOLYHOLKRRG«..«« Figure 2. Map of Borana zRQH««««««««««««««««««««««« LIST OF PAPERS This thesis is based on four individual but interrelated papers, which are referred to in the text by the Roman numerals I to IV. 3DSHU,$QEDFKD$EL\RWDQG.MRVDYLN'DUOH\³*HQGHUHGSHUVSHFWLYHVRIclimatic and non-climatic stressors in Borana, sRXWKHUQ (WKLRSLD´ Journal of Arid Environments, Accepted for publication on 20 February 2019. Paper II. $QEDFKD$EL\RWDQG.MRVDYLN'DUOH\³7KHG\QDPLFVRIJHQGHUUHODWLRQVXQGHU recurrent drought conditions: a study of Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia.´ Human Ecology, under revision for resubmission (deadliQH $SULO EDVHG RQ UHYLHZHUV¶ comments. Paper III. Anbacha, Abiyot and Kjosavik, Darley. ³Women and men in pastoral adaptation: Gendered livelihood diversification in Borana, southern Ethiopia´ Journal of Rural Studies, submitted on 19 December 2018. Paper IV. Anbacha, A. E., & Kjosavik, D. J. (2018). ³%RUDQD ZRPHQ¶V Lndigenous social network-marro in building household food security: Case study from Ethiopia´ Pastoralism Journal, 8: (29). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0128-2 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am thankful to Almighty God for His help and Guidance. Many organizations and individuals have contributed a lot to bring this study to completion for which I express my appreciation to all of them. I owe my deep sense of appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Darley Kjosavik for her careful professionalism in supervising and providing me insightful theoretical and methodological guidance, follow up and prompt comments that I regularly received throughout the study years. Her consistency and constructive comments have been valuable assets for writing my thesis. I cannot forget your encouragement even when I was losing hope, thank you very much. I am also grateful to Professor Gufu Oba who supported me a lot in providing constructive comments, and guidance on how to write a scientific paper. I am thankful to him IRUWKHGLVFXVVLRQVDQGSULFHOHVVFRPPHQWV,JRWIURPKLPµJDODWRPD¶ My appreciation also goes to NORAD for funding my research and Qouta Scholarship for stipend. I am thankful to the project leaders, Prof. Yosef Mamo and Dr. Andargachew Gedebo from Hawassa University, and Dr Trygve Berg and Dr. Kjell Esser from NMBU. I am also grateful to Noragric- Department of International Environment and Development Studies, and the department staff members for providing a good working environment. I am solemnly thankful to Josie Teurlings for her nice understanding, help, guidance and encouragement throughout the study period. My appreciation also goes to Anders Dysvik, for answering my endless and tiny questions on IT related matters and Liv Ellingsen for her guidance to satisfy my literature needs. I acknowledge with much gratitude the enriching comments I received from Professor Siri Eriksen, Noragric and Dr Gutu Olana (University of Helsinki), Dr Getachew Sime and Dr. Rata Hailu (from Hawassa University), and Selam Atakilt on my different draft papers. I am also thankful to Borana Zone Administrative Office for granting me research permission, and to Administrative Offices of Yaballo and Dirre Districts, for facilitating my fieldwork. I express my deep sense of appreciation and gratitude for the unreserved cooperation of the Borana pastoralists in Harowayu, Dida
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