SURAU AS EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF MUSLIM IN (STUDY THE ROLE SHEIKH IN BUILDING EDUCATION SYSTEM OF IN MINANGKABAU 1100-1111 AH)

JEMMY HARTO

Abstract

Jemmy Harto Surau is one of the classical Islamic educational institutions Ibn Khaldun University present a kind of in the history of Islamic education in . Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan is the Email founder of surau as educational institutions in [email protected] Minangkabau. Surau education system aims to explore the m role of Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan in building the education system of surau, analyze the educational system, the objectives, programs, educational process and evaluation of education. The method used the qualitative research approach to field research and library research. The result of research obtained is the concept of education surau more emphasis on the authority of a tuanku / sheikh. Surau using a curriculum of book, a fakih (students) cannot ride without first mastering the kitab’s that have been determined. There is no time limit for study at the surau. The ability of students in mastering the kitab’s into the requirement of passing of the surau. Inculcation of adab within a fakih to be the key in the learning process. Surau is Islamic educational institutions in Minangkabau who gave birth to scholar title tuanku. Surau become pioneer founding pesantren Modern in Minangkabau. Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan intellectual heritage still exist and survive until today.

Keywords : Syeikh Burhanuddin, Surau, Education, Tuanku

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A. Introduction mereka kepada alam berfikir Barat, jang dengan demikian Pesantren as said by Muhammad ditjiptakanlah satu golongan, Natsir is mental a bulwark for the jang akan dapat mendjamin berlandjutnya kolonialisme defense of the centuries. During the Belanda di Indonesia ini.”1 existence of colonialism is important, as Pesantren which proved vital role the last bastion in the face and take the of history shows that the role of fight against the occupation of Dutch pesantren is very significant in the colonialism, as Muhammad Natsir struggle for Indonesian independence. explained, Ulema and is the frontline in the “Pesantren merupakan satu resistance against the occupation. This is ‘kubu pertahanan mental,’ terhadap kolonial Belanda, why in its development during the ‘kubu pertahanan mental’ bukan colonial period, pesantren often be semata-mata terhadap sendjatanja jang fisik, akan labeled as a gathering place for rebels.2 tetapi terhadap sendjata- sendjata jang bersifat mental As the traditional Islamic pula, dari politik-politik educational institutions, surau also take a imperialisme/ kolonialisme jang dipelopori oleh Prof. Snouck very big role in the independence Hurgronje, jang garis besarnya struggle. Long before colonialism ialah, measimilasikan bangsa Indonesia dengan bangsa entrenched in Minangkabau, surau plays Belanda, measosiasikan kedua a vital role as a center of education, bangsa itu didalam melakukan satu approach jang bersifat whether it be education Minangkabau kebudajaan. Dengan men- tradition () or education Islamic law. deislamisasikan pemuda-pemuda di Indonesia, bukan Surau is an Islamic educational mengkristenkan ; mereka itu lambat laun mentjabut dari institutions such traditional pesantren djiwa pemuda-pemuda jang especially the Malay Minangkabau. beragama Islam bangsa Indonesia itu keimanannja According , the new kepada agamanja, ketjintaanja terminology used in the schools at least kepada agamanja, ketjintaannja kepada tjara-tjara dan adat 1 M.Natsir, Kubu Pertahanan Mental istiadat keagamaan jang ada Dari Abad Keabad, Surabaja: DDII Perwakilan didesa, dikampung dan dirumah Djawa Timur, 1969, pp. 6-7. 2 Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara, Api tangganja sendiri. Mentjabut Sejarah, Bandung: Salamadani Pustaka Semesta, mereka itu dari urat-urat 2009 and Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara, Api kebudajaanja sendiri, membawa Sejarah 2, Bandung: Salamadani Pustaka Semesta, 2010. 72

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) three decades. In the education system, the advent of Islam, the process of the more familiar Islamization of the surau are indeed add with the terminology surau than and strengthen the role and function of pesantren. The phenomenon of the mosque as a place of learn reading pesantren in Java at first does not really the Qur’an and study Islamic sciences give effect to the concept of Islamic more, as well as the Islamization fully education in Minangkabau, until the Minangkabau.5 modernization of Islamic education The presence of the surau as 3 which led the Young Minangkabau. Islamic educational institutions in Azyumardi Azra explain this, the Minangkabau was first developed by mosque has its own characteristics Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan (died in 1111 compared with pesantren.4 Azra explain AH.) According to Buya Bagindo the position of the sheikh (Kiyai-in Java) Muhammad Letter, Chairman of the for example is a major figure in a surau. Foundation of Sheikh Burhanuddin At first surau is a place to meet, Ulakan Pariaman, surau developed assemble, convene, and the beds of men Sheikh Burhanuddin named Surau who have grown (baligh) and parents Tanjung Medan Ulakan who in his time are already aged. This is caused by was a kind university at this time. Surau sociological, Minangkabau society there in the 17th century, students who embrace matriliniar kinship. The boy did come from all over the archipelago.6 not have room in the , From this surau Islam spread throughout the boy should stay in the surau. With Minangkabau and the archipelago, surau into a science center and the center of

3 Samsul Nizar, Sejarah & Pergolakan da’wa Islam. Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam, : Quantum Teaching, 2005, p.99. See also Deliar Noer, Surau managed to build a culture Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1996. of Islamic scholarship, all the principles 4Call a teacher in a surau is Buya / Tuanku.Calls to students isfakih, and also Orang of social culture is based on the rules of Siak..Every Thursday surau activity on holiday and returned to work on Friday ba'da maghrib.During this holiday periodfaqihgo to 5 Azyumardi Azra, Pendidikan Islam, seek alms, socialize with the communityThis pp.163-164. term is known asmamakiah.See more Azyumardi 6Duski Samad, Syeikh Burhanuddin Azra, Pendidikan Islam Tradisi dan Modernisasi Ulakan dan Islamisasi di Minangkabau (Syarak di Tengah Tantangan Milenium III, Jakarta: Mandaki Adat Manurun), Jakarta: The Kencana Preneda Media Group, 2012. Minangkabau Foundation, 2002, pp.214-218. 73

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Islam. This science culture even became are lectures, readings, and memorize, customary in Minangkabau, in commonly centered on Halaqah. accordance with the philosophy "syarak Azyumardi Azra said, every surau has a mangato adaik mamakai" which means typical all-an individual or specialize in a Islamic law which sets then used particular science. For example Surau become customary rules. It is Kamang famous with power on the ilmu characterized by the establishment of a alat, namely ; Surau Kotogadang (new territory). , in ilmu Mantiq - Ma'ani; Surau Sumanik will not stand a village () if there in and Fara'id; Surau Talang and are no surau and mosques therein, terms Surau Talayo in Nahwu; Surau Koto Tuo the establishment of a village is also in Tafsir.9

7 surau and mosques stand there. At the beginning of the 19th Surau vital role is then able to century surau attendance began change the view of life which initially disturbed by the presence of the Minangkabau society of ignorance into invaders and the current Islamic reform. Islamiyah, it is then embedded in a string Dutch established many modern schools of words that expressed in the for staffing purposes. Coupled with the philosophy of life Minangkabau; presence of reformers demanding

“Adat basandi syara’, syara’ education reform surau. Those who basandi Kitabullah. Syara’ return from the land Hijjaz after mangato adat mamakai.Cermin nan indak kabua, palito nan studying the charismatic ulema Sheikh tidak padam.”8 Ahmad Khatib recorded as non-Arab Surau Education recognizes no ulema, Imam Shafi'i sect of the first rank or grade, but the division is based on the Hijjaz.10 in the ability of the competency of the The reformers known as the student in learning to master the books Kaum Muda attacking the Kaum Tua, (kitab), not the number of years spent. which generally are leaders and teachers The primary method of education surau in the surau. Kaum Muda accused the

7 , Ayahku, Jakarta: Umminda, 9 Azyumardi Azra, Pendidikan Islam, 1982, p.8. pp.163-164. 8 Idrus Hakimy Dt. Rajo , 10 Siradjuddin Abbas, Sejarah dan Rangkaian Mustika Adat Basandi Syarak di Keagungan Madzhab Syafi’i, Djakarta: Pustaka Minangkabau, Bandung: Rosdakarya, 1991. Tarbijah, 1972. 74

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) Kaum Tua with his practice of the the world view of Minangkabau society, congregation filled with heresy and which was originally ignorance become superstition, and therefore needs to be fully Islamiyah. Before the birth of eradicated. On this basis the Kaum Sheikh Burhanudiin Ulakan, there has Muda establish educational institutions been some preachers who come to the such as madrasas modern alternative in Minangkabau, however, not accepted lieu of surau.11 Islam Minangkabau people in total.

Upon consideration, the Only after Sheikh Burhanuddin returning researchers took several problems, so home from studying in to formulated as follows: What is the role Sheikh Abdurauf and established surau in of Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan; How the Tanjung Medan Ulakan, then the education system surau, related Minangkabau society aware of the glory objectives, programs, educational of Islam and embraced Islam completely. process and evaluation of education; When was the birth of Sheikh How far the influence of Sheikh Burhanuddin no one knows his place.12 Burhanuddin Ulakan in Minangkabau? In a note Duski Samad, Shaikh

This research is a field research Burhanuddin has ancestors who came and library research, using the resources from the first Minang, the village of literature related to the subject matter Guguk Sikaladi Pariangan of research. This study also uses sources Panjang, Luhak Tanah Datar, West 13 of books related to Shaikh Burhanuddin Sumatra. Her grandmother named Ulakan as the central figure of the Princess Aka Lundang, a nobleman with education existence surau in a degree Puti Minang. His grandfather Minangkabau. named Tantejo Gurhano. Father Sheikh Burhanuddin named Pampak Sati B. Discussion of Research Result Karimun Merah, a powerful and 1. The History Sheikh Burhanuddin respected society at large. His mother Ulakan was also a Puti, named Puti Cukuik Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan is Bilang Pandai. Minangkabau who managed to change

12 Duski Samad, Syeikh Burhanuddin 11 Azyumardi Azra, Pendidikan Islam, Ulakan, p.20. pp.155-156 13Ibid., p.19. 75

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Minangkabau society uses The period of alternating spins Matrilineal as the kinship system,14 which Kanun deliver to the adult nature so it outlines the descent to the mother, who has been able to distinguish the bad with is known by the tribe. Sheikh the good and understood the manners Burhanuddin tribes in Puti Aka Lundang, and customs have known the feeling of Guci that tribe, which have their origins humiliation and noble. At a time Kanun descendants of Kuwaek in Batu Hampar with his father and his mother to leave Putiah, on a slope of Mount Merapi. the land where blood was spilled to seek The area known their Buayo Putiah new lives and new ground as he headed Daguak, Galundi nan nan Baselo and to the shoreline near the coast.17

Sirangkak Badangkang. Noting the They walked through the area origins ancestor of both parties, Duski Malalo and continue to Asam Pulau near Samad said that the lineage is a person Kayu Tanam, from where they continue who has an important pedigree in along the Batang Tapakis that they came 15 Minangkabau society. to Nagari Sintuk, as the proverb Minang According to history are said: “Jauh mencari hindu dekat suku, scattered, some say he was born at the mamak ditinggalkan dan mamak pula beginning of the 17th century AD, in ditepati.”18 Then go see an uncle in the Pariangan Padang Panjang, and died in title Datuk Sati, then Datuk Sati give a 1111 hijriyah in Ulakan. His first name is piece of land to be used as the field and the Kanun of the family of cattle establish a residence and eventually they herders. Since childhood Kanun has been officially became the Sintuk.19 used to help parents in herding cattle. According to the illustrious He included a good boy and honest in history in the Minangkabau society, In relationships so many children are 17 friends with.16 In the beginning of Minangkabau tradition, used to go abroad to open up and develop a new territory. riak nan badabua area is an area of coastal shoreline, Pariaman. 18 Mamak is the brother of the mother. 14 Muhammad Radjab, Sistem In Minangkabau kinship, a mamak should be Kekerabatan di Minangkabau, Padang: Center responsible to his nephew. In accordance with For Minangkabau Studies, 1969, p.17. the adage Minang, “anak di pangku, kamanakan 15 Duski Samad, Ibid. di bimbing” means, in addition to a man 16 Martiwin, Sejarah Syeikh responsible for his son, he is also responsible to Burhanuddin, Pembawa Masuknya Islam ke the children of his sister. Minangkabau. Tidak diterbitkan. p.3. 19 Martiwin, Ibid. 76

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) the year 1037 AH, there came an 'alim Arif was very fond of him. Kanun was of to Tapakis, Coastal then given the title by the teacher with Minangkabau, Pariaman now. Ulema Faqih Samparono, which means perfect who first came to the coast this memory and a deep religious Minangkabau named Sheikh Abdullah knowledge.21 From the title given by the Arif known Tuanku Madinah, student of teacher then transformed calls himself, Sheikh Ahmad Al Qusyasyi Medina. with Faqih Samparono, abbreviated

Then Kanun came to Sheikh Faqih Pono, and continue then this Abdullah Arif to study Islam. He was the name is used to go to continue to learn first teacher. During the study with to Aceh, to Sheikh Abdurauf Singkil. Sheikh Abdullah Arif, Kanun friends who While Pono own all the lessons would become his main supporter, the he has received is passed on to the tribe Idris Koto, which comes from parents (there is no certainty of a history Tanjung Medan, Ulakan. Sheikh that explains whether they be Muslim), Abdullah Arif such preaching to the however both mother and father to trust Minangkabau society is still in a state of and sympathetic to the religion ignorance. professed by his son. Sympathetic parent

But so far efforts Sheikh Abdullah to his son's new religion, embodied by Arif to develop Islam in Minangkabau helping their son woke surau for his not satisfy his results. This is caused by teacher Sheikh Abdullah Arif. the properties of the village children are 2. Role Of Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan very firmly uphold customary and still In a note Miftah Arifin in his adheres to the old religion. They do not book entitled Sufi Nusantara. Biografi, want the development of the Islamic karya intelektual & pemikiran tasawuf religion, plus it is not a few obstacles stated that Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan faced and many enemies encountered in develop Islam and on the basis of his message.20

Kanun in the study of religion shows that a very high spirit, his courtesy to teachers so high, that Sheikh Abdullah

20Ibid.,p.4. 21Ibid.,p.71. 77

Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 the surau.22 Surau Ulakan flow of Sufism obtained the author, the sheikh developed tarekat Syatariah. Burhanuddin entire knowledge gained

Sheikh Burhanuddin continue the sheikh Abdurrauf Singkil is devoted to lesson with renowned scholars, the his star pupil. Sheikh Burhanuddin thus Ulema Mufti of the Sultanate of Aceh able to carry out their duties to develop during the Sultanah Syafiatuddin, Sheikh and broadcast da'wah Islamiyah treatise Abdurrauf Singkil who also had the same all corners of the country, especially teacher with his first teacher Sheikh Minangkabau. Abdullah Arif, namely Sheikh Ahmad Al As for the actual, Shaikh Qusyasyi Medina. In a history that is Burhanuddin Ulakan not only have recorded by Van Ronkel, cited by Karel authority in the tarekat Syatariah, but A. Steenbrink in his book Beberapa also the flow of the tarekat Aspek Tentang Islam di Indonesia, the Naqsabandiyah, Qadarites, and arrival of Sheikh Burhanuddin from Samanids. Buya Martiwin, Tuanku Minangkabau been reported beforehand Bagindo said, by Sheikh Ahmad Al Qusyasyi to his "Science of Sufism is the inner student Sheikh Abdurrauf Singkil that clothes of the soul, each person has their own clothes, causing there would be five people differences in the flow of Sufism Minangkabau who will learn to Sheikh which the respective charity."24 Abdurrauf. one of the five young men But then Sheikh Burhanuddin there were limping leg, instructed by more popular by many authors as the Sheikh Ahmad Al Qusyasyi to Sheikh developer institutes Syatariyah Sufism.25 Abdurrauf Singkil to be given the title Thesis on the authority of the Burhanuddin at a later date.23 congregation Sheikh Burhanuddin

Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan is the Syatariah Ulakan that not only deserves favorite student of the master sheikh to be explored and examined in more

Abdurrauf Singkil. In the history 24Interview with Buya Martiwin, Tuanku Bagindo. At 05 Desember 2015. 22 Miftah Arifin, Sufi Nusantara. Biografi, 25 Karel A. Steenbrink, Beberapa Aspek Karya Intelektual & Pemikiran Tasawuf. Tentang Islam di Indonesia, Jakarta: Bulan Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2013, pp. 80, 134. Bintang, 1984. See also, Miftah Arifin, Sufi 23 Karel A. Steenbrink, Beberapa Aspek Nusantara. Biografi, Karya Intelektual & Tentang Islam di Indonesia, Jakarta: Bulan Pemikiran Tasawuf. Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, Bintang, 1984, pp.179-185. 2013. 78

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) depth. Perhaps there is truth, because Before the presence of Sheikh Sheikh Burhanuddin studied to Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan, Islam in Abdurrauf Singkil which has a lot of Minangkabu been there, but authority in the congregation (tarekat).26 nevertheless there yet Islam is ingrained.

It can be understood why later in It was noted that many scholars who the development of mysticism in have attempted to convert the Minangkabau there are differences Minangkabau. Say Sheikh Abdullah Arif between Padang Rantau is Ulakan and Al-Madinah as Shaikh Burhanuddin Padang Darat is Cangking, and it is Ulakan first teachers, also Sheikh legitimate, as long as part of Ahlusunnah Burhanuddin Kuntu Kampar Kiri who 28 wal Jama'ah,as written by Buya Hamka from Arab origin. in Ayahku, The presence of the Surau as

“Yang memimpin gerakan tasauf Islamic educational institutions in di Ulakan ialah murid-murid Minangkabau was first developed by keturunan daripada Syeikh Burhanuddin, atau yang Shaikh Burhanuddin Ulakan (d.1111 H). menerima “Khalifah” daripada According to Buya Bagindo Muhammad beliau. Dan yang meminpin faham Cangking ialah Letter, chairman of the Foundation of yang terkenal . Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan Pariaman, Padahal Tuanku Nan Tuo di Cangking pernah juga berguru surau developed Sheikh Burhanuddin kepada seorang ulama yang Ulakan named Surau Tanjung Medan berguru di Ulakan, kepada Syeikh Burhanuddin sendiri, who in his time was a sort of university yaitu Tuanku Nan Tuo di at this time, this surau there in the 17th Mansiangan.”27 century. Students who came were from foreign countries, especially Southeast

29 26 See more, Oman Faturahman, Tanbih Asia. Islam spread from this surau in Al-Masyi, Menyoal Wahdatul Wujud, Jakarta: Mizan, 1999, p.70. in Tanbih Al-Masyi Book of Syeikh Abdurrauf Sinkil explained about sanadof teachers in tarekat. See also Aboe Bakar; P. 28 Muballigh Islam, Syeikh Abdul Rauf, Voorhoeve, Bayan Tajalli, (Bahan-bahan untuk Syeikh Burhanuddin, Syeikh Surau Baru, wrote mengadakan penyelidikan lebih mendalam over codex by Hermansyah M , Padang: tentang Abdurrauf Singkel), Pusat dokumentasi without the publisher, 2001, p. 55-58. See also dan informasi Aceh, 1980, p. 20. See also P. Mahmud Yunus, Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Voorhoeve, Bajan Tadjalli, Gegevens voor een Indonesia.Jakarta: PT Mahmud Yunus nadere studie over Abdurrauf van Singkel, Jaarg. Wadzuriyah, 2008, p.15. 1952, p.100. 29 Duski Samad, Syeikh Burhanuddin, 27 Hamka, Ayahku, p.12. pp.214-218. 79

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Minangkabau and the archipelago which (country) if there are no the surau and is a way to build a culture of science. mosques in it, the requirement is the

Science tradition that was passed establishment of a nagari the surau and on by Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan is mosques also stood there. Surau of education institution, a kind of The surau vital role is then able to pesantren in Java. Sheikh Burhanuddin change the view of life which initially Islamization surau, however the surau Minangkabau society jahiliya into role long before Islam remained on Islamiyah, it is then embedded in a string hold, Sheikh Burhanuddin strengthen the of words that expressed in the role of the surau as educational Minangkabau philosophy of life, “Adat institutions, science centers, with top of basandi syara’, syara’ basandi Kitabullah. scholars.30 Tuanku clerical title, is one of Syara’ mangato adat mamakai. Cermin the legacies of Sheikh Burhanuddin nan indak kabua, palito nan tidak Ulakan scientific traditions which still padam survive today. Anyone students who 3. Facts About Surau graduated from the surau, will be In infrastructure, the surau is a confirmed as a of scholars with the title substitute for building a mosque, a sort of the clerical tuanku.31 of langgar or mushola in Java. This science culture later became Culturally, the surau is the agency that customary in Minangkabau, in runs most of the role of the mosque, accordance with the philosophy "syarak such as holding a big celebration Islam. mangato adaik mamakai" which means In Minangkabau, the surau has a long Islamic Sharia law which sets then used history and an important role in become customary rules. This is one of sociological. them marked by the establishment of a At first, the surau is the nagari (new territory). Customary complementary buildings the Rumah law, will not stand a the nagari Gadang. As explained by Sidi Gazalba, 30 Arief Subhan, Lembaga Pendidikan the surau was used as a gathering place, Islam Indonesia Abad ke-20. Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2009, p. 67. take a consensus decision, the bed 31Interview with Buya Khaerudin, Tuanku Bagindo Basa, Head of Surau Pakuburan, Nagari Lubuk Pua, Sungai Sarik, kec. VII Koto, Pariaman. At 20 Februari 2016. 80

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) overnight, and the latter as a Alam takambang jadikan guru, madrasah.32 educating the sons Minangkabau

The role of the surau as a become wise. A nephew of one day be madrassa is distinctive in Minangkabau. come a Mamak. In the hands of a Educational institutions were first known mamak traditional order was valid. In in Minangkabau is the surau. Both are accordance with the legislation customary, the surau used as a Minangkabau, “kamanakan barajo ka Minangkabau traditional of education, mamak mamak panghulu barajo ka, ka Ninik Mamak transform the culture of barajo panghulu Andiko,” does it mean, science, traditional Minangkabau to the a mamak has the authority to educate nephew. and organize nephew, mamak fortune to panghulu ie Dato'. Dato' is the king The sciences are studied in the for his tribe of the family. However, the form of a science scholar the surau highest authority for dato' and all of martial arts also known as Silek Minangkabau society is Andiko. Andiko Minang.33 Ninik Mamak perform is said that unanimous, consensus. So regeneration nephew, teaches from the beginning all the decisions that philosophy of life as the Minang people. involve people, to be decided in a Teach wisdom, teaching martial arts, deliberation. Consensus he is the "king" learn from nature, that the concept of who has the highest authority in early of education the surau. Minangkabau. Philosophically expressed in the adage There is no lower and no higher Minang, alam takambang jadikan guru,34 does it mean, a lot to see, a lot of in Minangkabau social strata. In the listening, a lot to learn from this great tambo is told that since the beginning Minangkabau born of God's gifts. universe. Grandchildren Iskandar Muda, so said

32 Sidi Gazalba, Mesdjid, Pusat Ibadat the indigenous tambo.35 All the same, in dan Kebudajaan Islam, Djakarta: Pustaka Antara, 1962, p. 291. 33 Silek means , typical martial arts 35 Tambo is an old manuscript with Minangkabau and The Archipelago in general. Arabic-old Malay which tells about the history Silek famous of Minangkabau is silek tuo and and origins Minangkabau. The structure and silek harimau. contents Tambo Minangkabau been studied in 34Idrus Hakimy Dt. Rajo Penghulu, depth by Edwar Djamaris, interesting is, Tambo Rangkaian Mustika Adat Basandi Syarak di Minangkabau Malay Arabic script reads, it can Minangkabau.Bandung: Rosdakarya, 1991, p.1. be concluded that Islam is not only a worldview 81

Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 accordance with the laws of rupanya telah menyusun kebudayaan dan adat Minangkabau, samo randah, istiadatnya sendiri. Susunan adat tagak samo tinggi. Everyone dan pemerintahannya berdasarkan kepada dua, yaitu Minangkabau have high social strata. Koto Piliang dan Budi Caniago. Before the advent of Islam, tradition Setiap negeri menyusun masyarakatnya dengan dasar Minangkabau been formed. There is no kata mufakat dan maharaja division of social strata like the caste hanyalah sebagai lambang saja, sebab rakyat disusun diatap oleh system in the Hindu-Buddhist history of kepala sukunya masing- the Minangkabau. masing.”36

Although historically a king of the In the tambo, the first king who once powerful Hindu-Buddhist, pre- ruled in Minangkabau is Sultan Sri Islamic Minangkabau society does not Maharaja Diraja, the center of power in recognize the term slavery or caste in the Priangan, Padang Panjang. Sultan Sri Hindu-Buddhist system. The reigning Maharaja Diraja told as descended from monarch only be a symbol, does not Alexander the Great. Iskandar have any authority. Rather it was the Zulkarnain was the youngest son of prevailing adat rules, customs Adam. By angel Iskandar Zukarnain Minangkabau have formed a well- married to an angel of heaven. Of established, long before the advent of marriage they would receive three sons. Islam. Even before the existence of The third son became king in the three Hindu-Buddhist king's power first ruling countries.37The elder named Sultan Sri in Minangkabau. Buya Hamka said this, Maharaja Alif became king in the land of in his book Ayahku, Rum, the second Sultan Sri Maharaja Dipang became king in the land of “Meskipun rajanya memeluk agama Hindu atau Budha, China, and the youngest is named Sultan namun orang Minangkabau

of Minangkabau, Arabic script has become the first scriptused in writing culture Minangkabau. Before the arrival of Islam,Minangkabau people do not have a written tradition, but have a 36 Hamka, Ayahku, Jakarta: Umminda, strong oral tradition, from oral tradition gave 1982, p.3. birthmaxim-proverb, couplets, mamang, the 37 Edison MS dan Nasrun Dt. Marajo thimbles Minangkabau who teaches wisdom, Sungut, Tambp Minangkabau. Budaya dan see, Edwar Djamaris, Tambo Minangkabau, Hukum Adat di Minangkabau.Bukittinggi: Kristal Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1991. Multimedia, 2010, p.9. 82

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) Sri Maharaja Diraja became king in organize people with traditional Minangkabau.38 Minangkabau system.

The story of the origin of Dato' Perpatih nan Sabatang and Minangkabau nation is believed to be Dato' Katumanggunan are two of the hereditary by Minangkabau society. The key figures who told in Kaba Tambo story in own tambo as a legend. Each Minangkabau. Both of these figures bore Minangkabau people will tell his Minangkabau system is divided into two children and grandchildren, so as to Laras Laras, Laras Koto Piliang and Bodi form an independent spirit Chaniago. Similarly, a glimpse of the Minangkabau society, not surrender to history of the Minangkabau, but in this others, but only submit to Allah alone. study we will not discuss it in more

Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit power depth. Insha Allah on another occasion which is getting stronger aggression to the author will discuss it. the Minangkabau. Come envoy of The main research in this paper is Majapahit want power in Minangkabau, related to the existence of the surau in the Raja Adityawarman who holds Minangkabau. Surau as described above Udayadityawarman is very vital role in the history of Pratapaparakramarayendra civilization Minangkabau, because the Maulimawarmadewa.39 Finally surau as a place and a sacred institution, adityawarman became king in a transformation of traditional cultural Minangkabau with the central values of Minangkabau. However the government in Darmashraya, then surau no longer plays a strong role in the moved to Pagaruyung. He ruled from present. Except in some areas eg 1347 to 1375 AD.40 Although Minangkabau Pariaman, Pariaman Adityawarman power in Minangkabau, community here is still dependent on the which has the highest authority is the surau, especially the figure of a tuanku, Dato'. This is because each nagari has its leader of the surau. own king, the king of the title Dato', In general, boys, the bachelor in

Minangkabau society in modern times 38 Edwar Djamaris, Tambo Minangkabau.,pp.59-60. has had his own room in his house. 39 Hamka, Ayahku, p.2. Where before the modern era, is 40Ibid. 83

Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 abstinence for boys to sleep in the B) Surau Kaum; is a special the surau house. Plus the hard discipline of mamak certain people of certain tribes, such – mamak teach them in traditions, as the Sikumbang surau, the Koto politeness, and manners. surau, the Panyalai surau, the Piliang

The role of the surau as a bed surau, the Tanjung surau, the boy has been eliminated. Moreover, the Chaniago surau, etc. Where the surau role of the surau as educational function also as a place of worship institutions have also begun to erode. and a place to learn to read the Educational institutions have been Qur'an as well as education about dominated by public schools and the tradition Minangkabau. religious schools in the form of modern C) Surau Nagari; This surau is greater madrasas and pesantren. than the surau Kaum, and can be

Distinctive tradition of Islamic used by all those who came from the scholarship in Minangkabau is less same nagari in spite of a different popular in the present times. Academic race. degrees or scholarship that is tuanku, Surau Tuanku; surau here belongs had not appealed to the parents to put to teachers who have students who their children into the surau. Yet still called faqih or the siak. Everyone who there, the surau standing, and there is wants to learn more in-depth religious also the Minangkabau parents want their then they would go to the surau tuanku. children to become a of scholars with This Surau than as a place of worship as the title of tuanku. surau in general, is also used as a

Generally the surau in madrasah or pesantren. This is where Minangkabau there are several types, born religious scholars who later was that: given the title as a tuanku.

A) Surau anak Masjid; the surau which is 4. Educational Objectives Of Surau used as a place of prayer, learning to The purpose of education surau read the Koran that can be used by before Islam was to give birth to an all of society. intellectual,wise person. With the arrival of Islam further increase the role of surau in Minangkabau society structure.Not 84

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) only gave birth to Egghead,wise person. Educational orientation surau, surau later became the center of of purely just to deepen religious ulema cadre. knowledge. This might also be the

Someone who has been studying reason for the declining prestige of the surau in Minangkabau who became of surau as an educational institution. The scholars were given an honorary degree parents prefer sending their children to by the Minangkabau,The title is of public schools, which are then able to Tuanku. a student who had completed get a high school degree,to find work as his education was then given the title of an employee or workers of Tuanku. This is a distinctive clerical 5. Surau Education Program academic degree in Minangkabau In education surau, do not In surau educational objectives, is follow the curriculum that is common to not geared to an employee or to meet use public education, or modern the absorption of employment. One side pesantren. Educational curriculum surau of the surau educational objectives that is on the authority of a master. Surau are not work-oriented, it can make the tuanku are the property tuanku as an students who graduated from the surau educational institution, not tied to the confused as to what will work. On the education ministry's regulations. All other hand, the needs of the people to absolute authority in the hands of a the tuanku as a ulama figure is very teacher tuanku. large. Because it is not only educational However, at least in the institution that produces graduates to education of the surau has two main become workers. As the Qur'an At- programs, namely the Qur'an study and Tawbah: 122, Allah says, recitation of the Book. Determining That is, "and not fitting the what books used were all dependent on believers that everything went the teacher / tuanku. Each the surau has (to the battlefield). Why do some of each group among the authority and expertise of each. them is not going to deepen their religious knowledge and to A) The Qur'an recitation give a warning to his people when they have returned so that According to customs they can keep him. " Minangkabau, the boy who was 7 years

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Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 old already began to separate for bed, such as: perform ablution, prayer and so no longer at home, but at the the surau. forth; Faith; Morals (metaphor, story)

The children were staying overnight at The duration of study at this level surau while studying to read the Qur'an is not specified, depending on the to religious teachers in the surau. Read intelligence and craft of children in the Qur’an recitation is early education learning. Nothing learned 2,3,4 or 5 41 program at the the surau. years, there are children who can finish Learn the Qur'an reading is the the Qur'an in the past 2 or 3 years, then first Islamic education is the most basic in repeated back to correct readings. So the surau. Children learn by sitting cross- there are two or three times finished legged, not wearing a table and chairs. reading the Qur'an to expedite the They learn to read one by one to the reading. teacher, in this case the teachers who Even this basic recitation can be teach the Koran is the senior fakih, or divided into two kinds, namely a low often called by guru tuo, they are level that children who are just learning candidates for tuanku. The first lesson is to read the Qur'an. Then a high level, learning to read the letters hijaiyah, after which is learning to read The Qur'an reading the letter hijahiyah clever, with a tone or song Qur'an, Qasida increased reading the Qur'an. song, litany, recitation and book The surau education program, Parukunan science.43 today better known as TPA (Taman B) Recitation Book Pembelajaran Al-Qur’an). In addition to After the children finished recite reading the Quran, also taught as the Qur'an, some children will go to working purification ritual worship, school to continue their education, or to prayer, etc. Mahmud Yunus summarizes remain in surau to study at a higher basic education in this surau, as level, which is study book (kitab). follows:42 Reciting Al-Qur'an; Worship, As explained earlier that the surau there are four kinds, which is surau anak

41 Mahmud Yunus, Sejarah Pendidikan masjid, surau kaum, surau nagari, and Islam di Indonesia.Jakarta: PT Mahmud Yunus Wadzuriyah, 2008, p.30. 42Ibid., p. 31. 43Ibid., p. 32. 86

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) surau tuanku. Surau mentioned latter, 2) Advanced level, Science of Tawheed, which is surau tuanku whose role as an Nahwu, Shorof, and use the educational institution of Islam in book; Sanusi, Syeih Khalid, (Azhari, Minangkabau. The students come to 'Ashmawi), Kailani, Fath Mu'in etc. surau tuanku to learn religious High level, the science of Tauhid, knowledge and in depth. science Nahwu, Sharaf, and Fiqh plus The lessons learned have Tafsir, and others use the book; Kifayatul increased, not just recite the Qur'an, but 'Awam (Umm Barahin), Ibn' Aqil, Al- also the book classics, which is Mahalli, Jalalain / Baidhawi and so on. commonly used in traditional Islamic At this level also taught Mantiq science boarding schools (pesantren) in Java. At (logic), Balaghah science, the science of the level of instruction book, as has also Sufism, and so by using the book; Sulam, been noted by Mahmud Yunus, students Idlahul Mubham, Jauhar Maknun / learn Science Nahwu; Sharaf science; The Talkhis, Ihya Ulumuddin and others. science of jurisprudence; Tafsir science; 6. Surau Education Process And The Tauhid science; Sciences; Development Musthalah Hadith Sciences; The logic of Education surau, not the same as science (logic); Ma'ani science; Bayan public education, with a modern Science; Science Badi '; Science Usul Fiqh. boarding school education was not the Surau recitation book used until same. Surau education very closely to now, in accordance with Mahmud the sociological relationship 44 Yunus is considered a transitional Minangkabau society to the needs of period which is after 1900, the books scholars to teach Islam to the taught in surau remains the same. Minangkabau society. Reviewing the book also has levels, Surau and Minangkabau people which is: have a very strong bond, because it will 1) Basic level, Nahwu Sciences, Shorof, not form a Nagari (area) if it does not and Fiqh use the book; Al-Jurmiyah, stand surau in it.45So that the recruitment Matan Bina, Fath Qarib and so forth.

45 Hamka, Ayahku, p.8.see also Ibrahim Dt. Sanggoeno Diradjo, Tambo Alam 44Ibid., p. 53. Minangkabau, Tatatan Adat Warisan Nenek 87

Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 process was not as general education the child officially became a disciple which opens the opening of registration of tuanku / sheikh. Then the child and no selection process. Rather will settle down at the surau tuanku conscious society, entrust their children to finish reviewing the book and to tuanku / sheikh, to be educated as become ulama. scholars. C) Learning; As for the length of study Based on the observations of not specified limits. There are already researchers while in Pariaman, West 7 years or more but have not Sumatra. Some surau has educational completed their education also. process vary, but can be summarized as However, there are only 3 years, he follows: has been appointed ulama and given

A) Registration; no opening of the title of tuanku. All depends on registration, to enter the study at the intelligence and skill of students surau could at any time, no school in understanding and assessing the year. When there are parents who books taught. However, so, there is a want their children to be ulama, then level which must be achieved as consciously parents and children will standard. Ie if it has finished come before the tuanku / sheikh. reviewing the books of tafsir, then Then it was said that he intends to the child will be at the graduation leave their children in the learner had graduated tafsir. After graduating tuanku / syekih to be scholars. graduation book of tafsir, the child will learn advanced science to B) Reception; then tuanku / sheikh will graduate and become tuanku's test whether the child is able to recite degree. the Qur'an, if not then the child will

be put to recite Qur'an class to D) Halaqah; which is technically a graduate, or what is now known as teacher of reading and explaining the the class I'dad or classes preparation. lessons, while students listened. After graduating recite Quran, held a Similar to the lecture system, if the celebration event (mando’a), then lectures the students listen and record lessons from great teachers, in surau

Moyang Orang Minang, Bukittinggi: 2009, pp. students should listen to look in their 89-111. 88

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) books respectively. Students must practice exam. The extent to which first learn (muthala'ah) lessons to the he was able to teach his younger teacher. They are trained to students as guru tuo and the extent understand themselves, discuss their to which unused in the community. own straight from the books, and The level of science that became the then will be deepened by the teacher test. If a student is said to be pious / tuanku. Students were strong, and already high understanding of intelligent, and diligent in muthala'ah science, then the teacher will anoint will quickly clever and wise. as tuanku. Here the authority of a Moreover, if a teacher tuo and teach master is very big, he can find out younger siblings levels. where the his student already eligible

E) Mamakiah ; in the learning process in given the title of tuanku / ulama, and surau, there are activities mamakiah. which are not yet eligible. With a This activity is a mental test of the system like this surau, Mahmud students to socialize to the public. Yunus said, “Ijazah atau diploma Many have misunderstood this tidak diadakan, hanya cukup kealimannya itu bukan alang- educational process. Many have misunderstood this education kepalang melainkan sebenarnya 46 process. Considers mamakiah are alim”. beggars, who actually is each student G) Output; surau education results not comes from house to house to collect to be absorbed into the world of charitable. Even the few students work. However, children who are who mamakiah it in turn to to teach studying in surau, life sciences taught the Koran, held a celebration, there to always rely on Allah. many of are even some people who have tuanku surau graduates to meet their been "tagged", if it was to become needs became businessman. And tuanku will take into law. some are directly set up a surau in

F) Examination; in education surau no the village. surau educational periodic exams such as Middle outcomes is becoming scholars. Semester Exam or Final Exam, a test

that is applied at the surau is a 46 Mahmud Yunus, Sejarah Pendidikan, p.58. 89

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Surau developments have made senior students to manage all technical many assimilated by schools in general. living systems.

In the terminology, "pesantren" have Surau educator in empowering started to be accepted by the learners who hold senior (guru tuo), in Minangkabau society. Many surau have carrying out routine, surau not receive now been using the term "pesantren." education subsidies from the Call it a surau Cubadak, using the name government, the local government or of Pesantren Surau Cubadak, Surau the central government. Educators and Pakuburan Lubuk Puar use the name administrators surau not get benefits and Pesantren Madrasatul Ulum. wages at all. They support mobility and However, although the is hoping surau with the farming terminology has been using the term community self. pesantren, the charge of education surau The role of government, especially still retained. Surau pesantren graduates the for the care and remains confirmed with tuanku's degree. attention to the valuable intellectual

7. Evaluation Of Educational Surau heritage is urgently needed. At least the West Sumatra government can provide A) Educator educational allowances and subsidies for In education surau no evaluations are infrastructure development. structured as public education. Because it B) Method of Education is an independent, not bound by government rules, then in evaluating The method developed in education education surau all are within the surau still using classical education. authority of tuanku. From the Although the infrastructure has been management side, surau does not have shaped concrete building, educational formal institutions such as public schools methods halakah still maintained. This or madrassas to deal with managerial. caused many students drop out half However, to set the managerial system, way, because many students who can the role of guru tuo (seniors) is very big. not learn too long. On the other hand, So managerially, surau empowering this method will bear true ulama and pious scientific quality, but the quantity

90

Surau as Education Institutions:...(Jemmy Harto) is not much that successfully passed a D) Output of Education ulama and a tuanku's degree. In the inaugural event as a tuanku, not

C) Education Content many students are able to come to this

As said Mahmud Yunus, periodic scale final stage. different universities that test does not exist in the education could create thousands of system surau. The ability and religious undergraduate, masters and doctoral knowledge are a student, not because degrees. Being a tuanku requires a long they have graduated from the books he process, proven science, and mental had learned to teacher. Rather cleverly sturdiness. Mahmud Yunus said, in a teaching as an auxiliary teacher (guru hundred people there is only one person 47 tuo) and can hang tough books, as well who became tuanku. the surau have as to teach students, younger learners. If found Every Baralek kaji, the authors students are admitted religious find no more than ten people each year knowledge and understanding, sheikh / are confirmed as tuanku. teacher will examine and recognize his C. Summary religious knowledge and of The sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan understanding. Islamize society plays a major role in Being recognized by many people of Minangkabau. Surau is the educational his knowledge and religious knowledge, institution Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan then sheikhs / teachers will be called the intellectual heritage that still exist today. people to hold a thanksgiving ceremony, Surau is Islamic educational institutions a sort of graduation appointment and traditions. In the surau formed tuanku, commonly referred to as Baralek human a clever, intelligent, the wise and Kaji. In the graduation ceremony prudent. Sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan (Baralek Kaji) is announced to the strengthen surau be madrasah scholars people that the knowledge and religious makers. The sheikh Burhanuddin knowledge of the students, then Minangkabau influence in very large and strengthen our becoming a tuanku. still feels today. Surau as an educational institution of Islam in Minangkabau is

47Ibid. 91

Jurnal TAWAZUN Volume 9 No. 1 Januari – Juni 2016 the greatest legacy sheikh Burhanuddin Ulakan to .

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