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Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
Pyramid of Unas : 11 Unas (Unis)(C. 2356
11 : Pyramid of Unas . Unas (Unis)(c. 2356 - 2323 BC) was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The pyramid dedicated to this king lies to the south of the Step Pyramid. The Pyramid of Unas (Unis) is in poor condition however, the burial chambers are worth the visit. In this chamber, you will find the earliest Egyptian funerary texts carved into the walls and filled with a blue pigment. These are referred to as the Pyramid Texts. They are the rituals and hymns that were said during the in the walls of the pyramids. burial. Before this time, nothing was engraved The pyramid, when it was complete stood about 62 ft (18.5 m). The core of the pyramid was loose blocks and rubble and the casing was of limestone. Today it looks like a pile of dirt and rubble, especially from the east side. Although the outside of the pyramid is in ruin, the inside is still sound. You may enter the pyramid from the north side. Trying to block the way, are three huge slabs of granite. Once inside the chamber, you will find the Pyramid Texts that were intended to help the pharaoh's soul in the afterworld. They were to help the soul find Re, the sun god. 12 : Pyramid of Pepi II . South Saqqara is completely separate from Saqqara. It is located about 1km south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara. South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs. -
The Organization of the Pyramid Texts
The Organization of the Pyramid Texts Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access Probleme der Ägyptologie Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Schenkel Antonio Loprieno und Joachim Friedrich Quack 31. BAND The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/pae Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access The Organization of the Pyramid Texts Typology and Disposition (Volume One) By Harold M. Hays Leiden • BostoN The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/pae 2012 Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 09:57:14AM via free access The digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hays, Harold M. The organization of the pyramid texts : typology and disposition / by Harold M. Hays. v. cm. — (Probleme der Ägyptologie, ISSN 0169-9601 ; 31. Bd.) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21865-9 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-23001-9 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-22749-1 (e-book) — ISBN 978-90-04-23002-6 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-22749-1 (e-book) 1. Pyramid texts. 2. Egyptian literature—History and criticism. I. Title. II. Series: Probleme der Ägyptologie ; 31. Bd. PJ1553.H39 2012 299’.3182—dc23 2012006795 ISSN 0169-9601 ISBN 978 90 04 21865 9 (hardback, set) ISBN 978 90 04 23001 9 (hardback, volume 1) ISBN 978 90 04 23002 6 (hardback, volume 2) ISBN 978 90 04 22749 1 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
Geometry and Perspective in the Landscape of the Saqqara Pyramids
GEOMETRY AND PERSPECTIVE IN THE LANDSCAPE OF THE SAQQARA PYRAMIDS MAGLI Giulio, (I) Abstract. A series of peculiar, visual alignments between the pyramids of the pharaohs of the 4th , the 5th and the 6th Egyptian dynasties exists. These alignments governed from the very beginning the planning of the funerary monuments of successive kings and, in some cases, led to establish building sites in quite inconvenient locations from the technical viewpoint. Explaining the topography of these monuments means therefore also investigating on their symbolic motivations: religion, power, dynastic lineage and social context, as well as getting insights on the skills of the ancient architects in astronomy and geometry. In the present paper we focus on the relationships between the Old Kingdom pyramids at Saqqara. Key words. Ancient astronomy. Ancient and sacred geometry. Egyptian pyramids. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 01A16, 51-03. 1 Introduction th It is known since the 19 century that an interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of th the 4 dynasty at Giza: the presence of a “main axis” connecting the south-east corners of the three main monuments and directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile [1,2,3]. This line is connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaohs which started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid, and th lasted up Menkaure, the builder of the third Giza pyramid [4,5]. The kings of the 5 dynasty moved - in spite of the presence of several favorable places to the immediate south of Giza - some 7 Kms apart on the plateau of Abusir. -
False Doors & History: the Sixth Dynasty
THE OLD KINGDOM ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE HELD IN PRAGUE, MAY 31 – JUNE 4, 2004 Miroslav Bárta editor Czech Institute of Egyptology Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague Academia Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague 2006 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 3 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contributors Nicole Alexanian, James P. Allen, Susan Allen, Hartwig Altenmüller, Tarek El Awady, Miroslav Bárta, Edith Bernhauer, Edward Brovarski, Vivienne G. Callender, Vassil Dobrev, Laurel Flentye, Rita Freed, Julia Harvey, Salima Ikram, Peter Jánosi, Nozomu Kawai, Jaromír Krejčí, Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, Renata Landgráfová, Serena Love, Dušan Magdolen, Peter Der Manuelian, Ian Mathieson, Karol Myśliwiec, Stephen R. Phillips, Gabriele Pieke, Ann Macy Roth, Joanne M. Rowland, Regine Schulz, Yayoi Shirai, Nigel Strudwick, Miroslav Verner, Hana Vymazalová, Sakuji Yoshimura, Christiane Ziegler © Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006 ISBN 80-200-1465-9 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 4 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contents Foreword ix Bibliography xi Tomb and social status. The textual evidence 1 Nicole Alexanian Some aspects of the non-royal afterlife in the Old Kingdom 9 James P. Allen Miniature and model vessels in Ancient Egypt 19 Susan Allen Presenting the nDt-Hr-offerings to the tomb owner 25 Hartwig Altenmüller King Sahura with the precious trees from Punt in a unique scene! 37 Tarek El Awady The Sixth Dynasty tombs in Abusir. Tomb complex of the vizier Qar and his family 45 Miroslav Bárta Die Statuen mit Papyrusrolle im Alten Reich 63 Edith Bernhauer False doors & history: the Sixth Dynasty 71 Edward Brovarski The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G. -
Stephen Mortlock Asks If the 10 Plagues of Egypt Were the Result of an Ecological Domino Effect Or Divine Intervention?
THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE SCIENCE THE BIOMEDICAL 18 SCIENTIST History History SCIENTIST 19 Stephen Mortlock asks if the 10 plagues of Egypt were the result of an ecological domino effect or divine intervention? s children, many of us will these might not have been referred have read how the Hebrew to the royal court for insertion in people living in Egypt were official chronicles. suffering under the cruel rule of the Pharaoh. Moses Recording history asked the Pharaoh to let When did the plagues occur and them return to their who was the tyrannical Pharaoh? homelands in Canaan, but The Greek historian Herodotus put the he refused. As a consequence, 10 plagues dates around 1570-1550 BC when Egypt Awere inflicted on the Egyptians in a was under the rule of the Hyksos (an divine demonstration of power and Asiatic tribe), but there was no Pharaoh, displeasure designed to persuade the until Ahmose I (1550-1525 BC) raised Pharaoh to reverse his decision. But were rebellion and overthrew the invaders. the plagues historical events or, as some During this time apocalyptic rainstorms, historians have suggested, simply devastated much of Egypt, and were passed-down accounts of several natural described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose disasters? Some scholars concede that I, these have been attributed to short- from an historical standpoint, the first term climatic changes caused by the nine plagues resemble natural events and Thera volcanic eruption on the island of while some are disconnected, others Santorini around 1630 BC (although it has appear to be part of a chain reaction with also been suggested that the storm set patterns and a rapid succession. -
Biblical Timeline (PDF)
Years from Adam (Anno Mundi – Year of the World) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Adam 0-930 Genesis 5:3-5 Seth 130-1042 Genesis 5:6-8 Enosh 235-1140 Genesis 5:9-11 Cainan 325-1235 Genesis 5:12-14 Mahalalel 395-1290 Genesis 5:15-17 Jared 460-1422 Genesis 5:18-20 Enoch And Enoch walked with God; 622-987 and he was not, for God took Genesis 5:21-23 him. Genesis 5:24 Methuselah Genesis 5:25-27 687-1656 Abel Lamech The Flood The Dates Unknown Genesis 5:28, 30-31 874-1651 Cain Noah Dates Unknown Genesis 5:32 1056-2006 Enoch Japheth Creation Dates Unknown Genesis 5:32, 10:21 1556-? Irad Shem Dates Unknown Genesis 11:10-11 1558-2508 Ham Genesis does not provide dates for the birth Mehujael or death of Cain or Abel or any of Cain’s Dates Unknown Dates Unknown descendants. The genealogy of Cain is Methushael shown here based on Genesis 4 with an assumed average lifespan of 900 years and Dates Unknown age of 75 at the birth of the next generation Lamech Dates Unknown Jabal Dates Unknown Father of those who dwell in tents. Genesis 4:20 Jubal Dates Unknown Father of those who play the harp and flute. Genesis 4:21 Tubal-Cain Instructor of every craftsman in Dates Unknown bronze and iron. Genesis 4:22 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Key Messianic Line Key Events Mentioned in Scripture References are to actual event Other historical figures ¶ Indicates prophetic reference Prophets 3300 BC 3200 BC 3100 BC 3000 BC 2900 BC 2800 BC 2700 BC 2600 BC 2500 BC 2400 BC 2300 BC 2200 -
Inclinations of Egyptian Pyramids and Finding of the Divine Essence
Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2015, 3(1), 1-27; http://aaatec.org/art/a_gs1 www.aaatec.org ISSN 2310-2144 Inclinations of Egyptian Pyramids and Finding of the Divine Essence Stanislav Arkadievich Grigoriev Institute of History and Archaeology, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The aim of this research is discovery of astronomical reasons in orientation of slopes of Egyptian pyramids used as tombs for pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The article contains results of statistical analysis of change in inclination of slopes of the pyramids (3rd – 2nd millennia BC) depending on time of their building. The first year of the corresponding pharaoh‟s reign has been accepted, as usually it is considered that building of pyramids ones started during either the first or second year of the reign. On the base of the obtained results a conclusion has been drawn that the average annual change of the angle of slopes of pyramids was close to value of the precession of the equinoxes. The sides were directed to the Sun at culmination, but a day for this procedure was chosen by the acronical rising of some stars after the autumnal equinox. In the course of research days of heliacal and acronical risings of some mythologically important stars have been determined for the first year of pharaohs reign. Within framework of the suggested hypothesis, the received days have been compared with days when the Sun was at culmination at height equal to the angle of slopes of a corresponding pyramid. Such comparison has made possible to discover that the inclination of the slopes of the earliest pyramids was connected with acronical rising of star Betelgeuse that has been connected with Osiris cult. -
Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin
1 Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum Past and present members of the staff of the Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings, especially R. L. B. Moss, E. W. Burney and Jaromir Malek, have taken part in the preparation of this list at the Griffith Institute, University of Oxford This pdf version (situation on 17 January 2012): Elizabeth Fleming, Alison Hobby and Diana Magee (Assistants to the Editor) and Tracy Walker Thebes. TT 1. Sennedjem. Dyn. XIX. i2.5 Outer coffin of woman, Tamakhet, in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 10832. Aeg. Inschr. ii, 323-9; Ausf. Verz. 174. Thebes. TT 1. Sennedjem. Dyn. XIX. i2.5 Inner coffin lid of Tamakhet, in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 10859. Alterthümer pl. 28; Ausf. Verz. 174-5. Thebes. TT 1. Sennedjem. Dyn. XIX. i2.5 Box of son, Ramosi, in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 10195. Kaiser, Äg. Mus. Berlin (1967), Abb. 582; Aeg. Inschr. ii, 274; Ausf. Verz. 197. Thebes. TT 2. Khabekhnet. i2.7 Relief, Kings, etc., in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 1625. L. D. ii. 20; Aeg. Inschr. ii, 190-2; Ausf. Verz. 155-6. <<>> Thebes. TT 23. Thay. i2.40(31)-(32) Relief, deceased with Western goddess, in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 14220 (lost). Scharff, Götter Aegpytens, pl. 32; Aeg. Inschr. ii, 218; Ausf. Verz. 148. Thebes. TT 34. Mentuemhet. i2.61 Statue-group of three ape-guardians, dedicated by deceased, formerly in Bissing colln., then in The Hague, Scheurleer Museum, now in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 23729. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings Griffith Institute, Sackler Library, 1 St John Street, Oxford OX1 2LG, United Kingdom [email protected] 2 Ä.Z. -
OBO.SA 27 (D. Ben-Tor)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2007 Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period Ben-Tor, Daphna Abstract: The present study deals with relations between Egypt and the Levant during the Second Inter- mediate Period, based primarily on contemporary scarabs from both regions. The potential contribution of scarabs for the historical reconstruction of the Second Intermediate Period, especially with regard to Egyptian/Levantine relations, has long been recognized. Yet the controversy over scarab typologies ruled out scarabs as a reliable historical source. This study proposes a new typology of scarabs of the first half of the second millennium BCE, which is now feasible owing to recent studies of ceramic assemblages from Egypt and the Levant. Based on these studies one can determine the relative and absolute dates of deposits in which scarabs and scarab impressions have been found in both regions, and substantiate the corrrespondence of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt with the Middle Bronze Age IIB in the Levant. The principal methodological difference between the present study and previous scarab studies is its treatment of the Egyptian and Palestinian series as two separate groups. The geographical classi- fication of the large corpus of scarabs, which previously had been dealt with as one entity, allowedfora systematic differentiation between Egyptian and Canaanite scarabs of this period and the establishment of separate stylistic and chronological typologies for each group. The historical conclusions presented in this study confirm the significance of scarabs as a primary source of information for reconstructing the history of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt and the Levant. -
Índex / Índice / Summary
Índex / Índice / Summary Deuda [Castellano] ABREU, Juan Debt [English] ABREU, Juan Guerra e paz em Angola AGUALUSA, José Eduardo Cave Writing: New Adventures in Mot-Town COOVER, Robert Nanotechnology and the Body: The Convergence of Technologies and Human Potential GOONAN, Kathleen Ann War — Past, Present, and Future HALDEMAN, Joe Cantos from the Upside-Down Island. The Book of Centhini [English] INANDIAK, Elizabeth D. Les chants de l’ile a dormir debout. Le livre de Centhini [Français] INANDIAK, Elizabeth D. To Write in the Language of a Small Nation [English] JANČAR, Drago Pisati v jeziku malega naroda [Slovenščina] JANČAR, Drago La cólera de Aquiles [Castellano] KADARÉ, Ismail Zemërimi [Gjuha shqipe] KADARÉ, Ismail El cuerpo en la guerra [Castellano] KEBO, Ozren The Body in War [English] KEBO, Ozren Tijelo u ratu [Srpski] KEBO, Ozren Duro corte [Castellano] KHAN, Shamshad Hard Cut [English] KHAN, Shamshad Richard III dans les guerres de la Yougoslavie MATVEJEVIĆ, Predrag Dark Ladies NADEL, Barbara Mr. Snow’s Parenthesis. Before and Beyond the Two Cultures SAFIR, Margery Arent Caóticas capilaridades [Castellano] SÁNCHEZ LIZARRALDE, Ramón Chaotic Capillarities [English] SÁNCHEZ LIZARRALDE, Ramón Destraduir Europa [Català] TORNER, Carles Destraducir Europa [Castellano] TORNER, Carles Detranslating Europe [English] TORNER, Carles Mortal Men, Immortal Crimes. My Life in Serbia VELIČKOVIĆ, Dušan KOSMOPOLIS. Fiesta Internacional de la Literatura Del 14 al 19 de septiembre de 2004 Barcelona – CCCB CAFÉ EUROPA – LA HABANA Café literario Juan Abreu; DEUDA 1-En la década de los setenta yo vivía en un país con un centro de delación por cuadra. Este centro se encargaba de la vigilancia y guía ideológica de los vecinos. -
The Ancient Egyptian Concept of Maat: Reflections on Social Justice and Natural Order
The Ancient Egyptian Concept of Maat: Reflections on Social Justice and Natural Order By Dr R. James Ferguson, Centre for East-West Cultural And Economic Studies, FSD, Bond University, Qld, Australia. Abstract: The ancient Egyptian conception of Maat includes connotations of ‘order’, ‘harmony’, ‘rightness’ and true witness. It is used in a wide range of religious, ethical and cosmological contexts. Maat as a goddess and idea constituted a fundamental touchstone of ancient Egyptian religion and social life. It emphasized harmonious cooperation as a social idea but also represented the constant cosmic struggle against chaos and disorder. The structural aspects of Maat moved beyond normative descriptions and came to reinforce individual piety, intercessory and confessional patterns of prayer, ‘lay’ religious associations and the emergence of saviour cults that became prominent from the Late Period onward. For modern thinkers, Maat provides a useful reflection point on human justice and its relationship to nature and the environment. Beyond the intergenerational justice required by the ecological need for sustainability into future generations and the intra-generational demands of social justice, we too need to conceive of the deeper interconnection between the human and natural orders. Contents: 1. Maat: A Unique Formulation 2. Maat as Social Order and Social Justice 3. Religious and Moral Dimensions 4. Maat as Royal Justice and State Order 5. Structural Patterns within the Maat Construct 6. Times of Disorder and Other Counter-Images 7. The Justified and Good Life 8. Popular Mentality and Social Discontent 9. Personal Piety and Prayer 10. Emerging Saviour Cults: Late Dynastic Period to the Hellenistic Age 11.