Current Research in Neuropterology. Roceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Neuropterology. BagnBres-deLuchon, France, 1991. Canard, M., Asflck, H. & Mansell, M.W. (Eds). Toulouse, France, 1992. Pp. 291 - 301.

Aspects of biogeography and phenology of Chrysopidae from the Republic of (Insecta : Neuroptera)

Peter OHM & Herbert HOLZEL Zoologisches Museum, Kiel, Briickl, Austria

ABSTRACT

A collection of 1 200 specimens of Chrysopidae, mostly from light-traps on the edges of cultivated areas in the Nile Valley in northern Sudan, was investigated. Together with some additional specimens from different museums, the material contains 16 species in strikingly dif- ferent numbers. The species belong partly to the Afrotropical and partly to the Palaearctic faunas. Some species inhabit smaller areas in the savanna or occur only in northeastern and Arabia. The phenology of some species living in cultivated areas is briefly discussed.

Key words : Chrysopidae, Sudan, zoogeography, phenology, catalogue.

INTRODUCTION

The chrysopid fauna of the Republic of Sudan and the other northeastern parts of Africa is almost unknown. ESBEN-PETERSEN(1915, 1931) recorded only two species from Sudan, Chrysopa geyri Esben-Petersen and Chrysopa congrua Wal- ker. From September 1961 to August 1962, Reinhard REMANEworked at Hudeiba Agricultural Research Station in Sudan on pests of field crops. There he collected the present material of about 1 200 chrysopid specimens comprising 15 species. Chrysopids were mainly collected at Hudeiba Station in the Nile Valley near the mouth of Atbara. Most of these specimens were caught in light-traps. Occasio- nally other places in the Nile Valley were visited, south to Wad Medani on the Blue Nile to collect material. In April and the end of June 1962, expeditions were organized to Erkowit in the Red Sea Hills and into the coastal area of Port Sudan. P. Ohm & H. Halzel

In addition to REMANE'Smaterial, other chrysopid specimens from Sudan can be mentioned. The specimens recorded by ESBEN-PETERSENare in the Zoologisk Museum K~benhavn(ZMK) and the Museum Alexander Koenig, (MAK), as well as some other specimens in the same museums, which are listed. We also studied the material collected in 1962 and 1964 in the district of Wadi Halfa by L. KAISILA,M. MEINANDERand S. PANELIUS,which is now in the Zoological Mu- seum Helsinki (ZMH) .

LOCALITIES AND HABITATS OF CHRYSOPIDAE IN SUDAN (Fig. 1)

1961/1962, R. REMANEleg.

1. Port Sudan, 19'37'N - 37"13'E. Gardens in the coastal plain. Khor Arbaat, near Port Sudan. Coastal slope of the Red Sea Hills, 100 m. Gallery forests (Tamark, low vegetation) in barren rock formation. 2. Erkowit, Red Sea Hills, 18'49'N - 37"11fE, 1 100 - 1 300 m. Sparse evergreen shrub- and tree vegetation : Acacia sp., candelabra Euphorbia (E. erythraea), grasses ; cloud-moisture. 3. Hudeiba, 17'35'N - 33 "57'E, 380 m, mean annual rainfall 70 mm. Steppe with Acacia shrub and tuft grasses. Agricultural Research Station in the Nile Valley : irrigated fields with peanut (Arachis), wheat (Triticum), Ricinus, Henna (Lawsonia inermis) , durrha (Sorghum), various Cucurbitaceae ; irrigated lawn (Cynodon) ; fruit-, ornamental- and shade trees. Most of the material from two light-traps in agricultural areas : one near the bank of the Nile, another near the border of the steppe. Ed Darner, Aliab, Bauga, near Hudeiba, the same circumstances. 4. Shendi, S Hudeiba, 16'42'N - 33 "25'E, Ricinus field. 5. Khartoum, 15'36'N - 32"31qE,about 380 m. Irrigated parks, gardens and fields, Acacia shortgrass area. 6. Wad Medani, 14"24'N - 33"31rE, about 400 m. Irrigated parks, ornamental and kitchen gardens.

1962 and 1964, Zoological Museum Helsinki

7. Wadi Halfa District : Abka, Artinassi islds, Ashkeit, Dibeira, Farras W, Gezirah Ashkeit, Sharta and Wadi Halfa, all about 22"N - 3 1 "E, leg. J. KAISILA, M. MEINANDERand S. PANELIUS. Atbara, near Hudeiba, leg. S. PANELIUS.

1910 and 1912, Expeditions Alexander Koenig

8. Bahr el Abiad, about 10-lSON- 32"E. 9. Bahr el Zeraf, about 9"N - 31 "E. 10. Bahr el Ghazal, about 7-9"N - 28-31 "E. 11. Nubia, Kasr Ibrim. 12. Northern Darfur, Wadi Howar, about 17"N - 26"E (leg. 1980, in MAK). Chrysopidae of Sudan

Fig. 1. Map of localities in the Republic of Sudan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED AND SYNONYMY

Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan, 1875 Hudeiba, 4.11.62, 2 spms, 17.11.62, 2 spms, 16.111.62, 1 spm.

Chrysoperla congrua (Walker, 1853) Hudeiba, 15-24.VII.62, 34 spms ; Wad Medani, 10-12.IX.61, 7 spms, 1- 3.VIII.62, 3 spms. P. Ohm & H. Holzel

Chrysoperla camea (Stephens, 1836) Hudeiba, 654 spms (Fig. 7) ; - swept from wheat, 3.X.62, 10 spms ; ex pupa, 20.1.61, 1 spm ; Bauga, 18.X.61, 2 spms, 13.11.62, 6 spms ; Shendi, swept from Ricinus, 4.X.61, 11 spms ; Aliab, 10.11.62, 1 spm ; Wad Medani, 10.1X.61, 1 spm ; Port Sudan, 18.1.62, 2 spms ; Wadi Halfa Distr. : Abka, Artinassi islds, Ashkeit, Dibeira, Farras W, Gezirah Ashkeit, Sharta, Wadi Halfa : 28.IX.- 9.X.62, 40 spms, 29.111- 13.IV. 64, 117 spms, Atbara, 20.X. 62, 4 spms ; Khar- toum, 13.1V.10, 1 spm (ZMK) ; Nubia : Kasr Ibrim, 4.11.13, 1 spm (ZMK) ; Northern Darfour, Wadi Howar, NE Rabit Wells, XII. 1980, 1 spm (MAK).

Chrysoperla pudica (Naviis, 1914) Hudeiba, 84 spms (Fig. 8) ; Shendi, Ricinus field, 4.X.61, 9 spms ; Wad Medani, 10-12.1X.61, 13 spms ; Erkowit, 2.VII.62, 1 spm ; Port Sudan, 18.1.62, 2 spms ; Wadi Halfa Distr. : Sharta, 30-31.111.64, 6 spms.

Chrysoperliz mutata (McLachlan, 1898) Wadi Halfa Distr. : Dibeira, 31 .III.64, 1 spm ; Sharta, 30.111.64, 2 spms ; Wadi Halfa, 28.111.64, 3 spms, 30.111.64, 2 spms, 13.IV.64, 6 spms.

Brinckochrysa chlorosoma (Navk, 1914) - nov. comb.

Chrysopa chlorosoma Naviis, 1914 : 35, holotype d, Kenya, Mbuyuni dans le Pori (Muskum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris - seen). Chrysopa inconspicua Navh, 1914 : 87, fig. 4, holotype d, W-Africa, Kisombo (Zoologische Staatssammlung Miinchen - seen) - nov. syn. Chrysopa geyri Esben-Petersen, 1915 : 85, fig. 7, lectotype 9 hereby designated, Sudan, Bahr el Ghazal, 5.111.1913 (MAK) - nov. syn. Chrysopa michaelseni Esben-Petersen, 1928 : 219, fig. 3, neotype d designated by TJEDER1966. - Namibia : Kaokoveld, Zesfontein. - nov. syn. Chrysopa (Brinckochrysa) michaelseni : TJEDER1966 : 365, figs 1237-46 (nec 1247-53 !). Brinckochrysa michaelseni : CANARD& LAUDEHO1977 : 70 ; HOLZEL1980a : 172.

Hudeiba, 280 spms (Fig. 8) ; Ed Damer, 12.X. 6 1, 1 spm ; Shendi, Rkinus field, 4.X.61, 2spms ; Port Sudan, 15.1V.62, 1 spm ; Erkowit, 18, 21 and 22.1V.62, 6.spms ; Wadi Halfa Distr. : Ashkeit, 8.X.62, 2 spms, Dibeira, Sharta and Wadi Halfa, 31.111.-13.1V.64, 4 spms ; Bahr el Ghazal, 1.111.13, 1 Q , 5.111.13, 1 9 ; Bahr el Zeraf, 10-11 .III. 13, 1 d ; Bahr el Abiad : Gebel Achmed Aga, 22.111.13, 1 Q (MAK) ; Bahr el Ghazal : Dabba el Gardega, 7.111.13, 1 9 ; Bahr el Zeraf, 16.111.13, 19 (ZMK).

Brinckochrysa phgata (Naviis, 1929) Hudeiba, 16.IX. 61, 5 spms. Chrysopidae of Sudan

Brinckochrysa alfierii (Navh, 1926) Hudeiba, 17.11.62, 1 spm; 21-31.111.62, 6 spms, l.IV, 14.V, 19.V, and 3.VI.62, 6 spms ; Aliab, 10.11.62, in grass tufts, 10 spms ; Port Sudan, 12.1V.62, 2 spms ; Khor Arbaat, 23.VI.62, 2 spms ; Erkowit, 23.VI.62, 2 spms, 27.VI.62, 1 spm.

Mallada nicolainus (Navh, 1929) Wad Medani, 3 .VIII.62, 2 spms, 10-12.1X.61, 1 sprn ; Khartoum, 9.1X.61, 1 spm.

Mallada venosus (Rambur, 1842) Hudeiba, 16-17.11.62, 3 spms ; Erkowit, 18.1V.62, 2 spms.

Mallada spadix Holzel, 1988 Hudeiba, 14.11.62, 1 sprn ; Erkowit, 18-21.1V.62, 12 spms.

Mallada phlebius (Navh , 1927) Hudeiba, 16.11, 16.111 and 27.VI. 62, 1 sprn each.

Suarius caviceps (McLachlan, 1898) Hudeiba, 15.11, 2.111, 5.VI and 6.VII.62, 4 spms ; Erkowit, 23 .VI and 1 .VII.62, 2 spms ; Wadi Halfa Distr. : Sharta, 2.1V.64, Wadi Halfa, 28.111.64, 1 sprn each.

Suarius walsinghami walsinghami Navsis , 1914 Hudeiba, 26-30.111.62, 3 spms, 17-28.V.62, 13 spms, 3-6.VI.62, 16 spms, 15- 16.VI.62, 6 spms.

Chrysemosa andresi (Navls , 191 5) Hudeiba, 4.11. and 23.111.62, 1 sprn each ; Khor Arbaat, 23.VI.62, 2 spms ; Khartoum, 18.VIII.86 (MAK), 1 spm.

Chrysemosa mosconica (Navh, 1930) Erkowit, 18.IV.62, 2 spms, 23 .IV.62, 2 spms, 19.VI-1.VII.62,40 spms.

REMARKS ON ZOOGEOGRAPHY

The chrysopid fauna of Sudan is composed of different biogeographical ele- ments (Table I). All the species also occur on the Arabian Peninsula. The Nile Valley enables Afrotropical species, which are distributed southward to South Africa, to reach the northern parts of Sudan (M. nicolainus, Fig. 2). On the other hand, species that originate from the Palaearctic eremial zone, may cross the Sa- harian desert belt in the same way (Ch. sogdianica, Fig. 3). The Afrotropical Ch. pudica, extending southward to South Africa, meets the closely related Palaearctic Ch. mutata in the Wadi Halfa district on the northern border of Sudan. Brincko- chrysa plagata (Fig. 4) represents an Afrotropical species which inhabits a more restricted area by living only in the Sahel belt. P. Ohm & H. Holzel

Mallada nicolainus

20 LO go

Fig. 2. Distribution of Mallada nicolainus (after Hbum & DUELU 1990 ; H~UEL& OHM 1990, 1991 ; Hbum, OHM& STEIZLin prep. ; TJEDER1966 ; coll. Holzel).

Fig. 3. Distribution of Chrysopa sogdianica (after H~UEL1967, 1980a, 1980b ; ZELEN+ 1972 ; coll. Esben-Petersen in ZMK, coll. Holzel& coll. Ohm).

296 Chrysopidae of Sudan

Fig. 4. Brinckochrysa plagata (akr HOLZEL1988 ; HOuu& OHM 1991 ; HOUEL, OHM & STUZL in prep. ; wll. HBlzel).

Mallada phlebius + Mallada spadix r Brinckochrysa alfierii

Fig. 5. Mallada phlebius, M. spadix and Brinckochrysa ayierii (after H~LZEL1980a, 1988 ; coll. Holzel, coll. Ohm).

Chrysemosa mosconica - L

Fig. 6. Chrysemosa mosconica (after HOLZEL 1980a ; HOLZEL& OHM 1991 ; coll. Holzel). P. Ohm & H. Holzel

Table I. Chrysopidae recorded in the Republic of Sudan and their known distribution.

r! 8 8 E S J .-$ 4 4 E further distribution a

Ch. andresi (Navis) ##### Mongolia Ch. sogdianica McLachlan # # # # # SW- Europe, Mongolia M. venosur (Rambur) ##### S. caviceps (McLachlan) #### S.W. walsinghami Navk #### Ch. mutata (McLachlan) #### B. alfierii (Navis) ### M. phlebius (Navk) ###

Ch. mosconica (Navis) # # M. spadix Holzel # #

Ch. carnea (Stephens) (#) # # # # # # Asiatic and European continents

In addition to the widespread Afrotropical and Palaearctic species, there are others which are restricted to Arabia and northern Africa : M. phlebius and B. alfierii are only known westward to Tunisia and Algeria in Africa, and M. spadix only in Sudan (Fig. 5). Chrysemosa mosconica (Fig. 6) occurs in Oman and southern Arabia and from Sudan to southern Somalia in Africa. In all other regions of the continent, it is replaced by allied species of the genus. Finally, Ch. carnea, which is distributed over the Asiatic and the European continents, must be mentioned. It invades tropical Africa up to Casamance in southern Senegal (H~LZEL,Om & STELZL,unpubl. data) and the middle of Sudan.

REMARKS ON PHENOLOGY

At present we know little about the phenology of African Chrysopidae. The light-traps at Hudeiba have provided enough material to enable us to give some accounts. It must be considered, howewer, that during REMANE'Sabsence from the station the traps were run by local assistants. Some additional material was handnetted, mainly in the crops. Despite this, we think that they provide sufficient data. Chrysopidae of Sudan

Chrysoperla carnea (Fig. 7)could be found in the fields throughout the year. In 1961-62 it was most abundant in the traps in February and March, during the winter season of many field crops. In January the wind blows constantly from the North, the daily temperature reaches 20°C and during the night it is noticeable colder. In February and March, the wind comes from the South by day and the temperature becomes higher ; in April and May it is very hot.

Fig. 7. Chrysoperla carnea in light-traps, Hudeiba, September 1961-August 1962 (n =653). Another species, which shows a remarkable peak of adult activity in tlle traps in nearly the same season, is Brinckochrysa chlorosoma (Fig. 8). On the Cape Verde Islands, many imagines of this species appeared suddenly after a short rain (HOLZEL& OHM 1991). By contrast, Chrysoperla pudica (Fig. 8) could be found constantly except during the time between the middle of October and the begin- ning of February. P. Ohm & H. Hiilzel

Brinckochrysa chlorosoma n = 306

Chrysoperla pudica n= 84

Fig. 8. Brinckochrysa chlorosoma in light-traps, Hudeiba, September 1961-August 1962 (n=306). Chrysoperla pudica in light-traps, Hudeiba, September 1961-August 1962 (n = 84).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are obliged to Professor REMANEfor providing us with this interesting material and much information. We want to thank Dr Nils P. KRLSTENSEN,Zoolo- gisk Museum K~benhavn,Prof. Dr M. MEINANDER,Zoological Museum Hel- sinki, and Dr H. ULRICH, Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexan- der Koenig, Bonn, for the opportunity to see the Chrysopidae from Sudan housed in their museums. Dr J.F. LEGRAND,Mus6um National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris and Dr E. BURMEISTER,Zoologische Staatssammlung Miinchen, enabled us to investigate the type specimens of Chrysopa chlorosoma Navis and Chrysopa inconspicua Navds. We also want to thank Mrs W. ROHE-HANSEN,Kiel, for the illustrations and Miss Elke BEDER,Graz, for the English translation.

REFERENCES

CANARD,M. & LAUD~HO,Y. 1977. Les Nkvroptbres capturks au pikge de McPhail dans les oliviers en Grke. 1. L'fle dd'Aguistri.Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 7 : 65-75. Chrysopidae of Sudan

ESBEN-PETERSEN,P. 1915. Neuropteren und Embiiden aus Ober-Aegypten und dem Aegypt. Sudan. Entomologische Mineilungen 4 : 79-87. ESBEN-PETERSEN,P. 1928. Neuroptera Planipennia. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Land- und SUP- wasserfauna Deutsch-Siidwestafrikas. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Deutschsiidwestaj?. Studienreise 1911 2 : 203-221. ESBEN-F~ERSEN,P. 1931. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der mit Unterstiitzung der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien aus der Erbschaft Treitl von F. Werner unternommenen zoologischen Expedition nach dem ~n~lo-~~~~tischenSudan (Kordofan) 1914. XXVII. Neuropteren. Denhchrift der Akademie der Wusenschaften Wen, Math.-Natunv. Kkasse 102 : 201-206. HOUEL, H. 1967. Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens. 11. Chrysopidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundli- chen Forschung in Siidwestdeutschland 26 : 19-45. HOUEL, H. 1980a. Insects of Saudi Arabia. Neuroptera : Fam. Chrysopidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 2 : 164-173. HOUEL, H. 1980b. Planipennia aus den zentralen und westlichen Teilen der Mongolei mit Bemerkungen zur Synonymie mongolischer Chrysopiden. Mineilungen aus dem Zoologi- schen Museum in Berlin 56 : 191-194. HOUEL, H. 1988. Neuroptera of Arabia : Fam. Sisyridae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae (Part 2) and Myrmeleonidae (Part 3). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 9 : 52-67. H~UEL,H. & DUELU,P. 1990. Remarks on the Chrysopidae of Madagascar (Insecta : Neu- roptera). In : Mansell, M.W. & Asflck, H. (Eds) Advances in Neuropterology. Procee- dings of the nird International Symposium on Neuropterology. Berg en Dal, Kruger National Park, R.S .A,, 1988. 271-275. Pretoria, R.S.A. HOUEL, H. & OHM, P. 1990. Verbreitung und Phanologie kapverdischer Neuropteren (Insecta : Planipennia). Courier Forschungs-Znsritut Senckenberg 129 : 139-145. HOUEL, H. & OHM,P. 1991. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Chrysopidae von Somalia (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Entornofauna 12 : 49-70. NAVAS, L. 1914a. Planipennia et Mecoptera. In : Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeanne1 en Apique Orientale (1911-1912). Risultats Scienhfiues 1-52. Paris. NAVAS,L. 1914b. Neuroptera Nova Africana, Serie 1. Memorie della Pontiicia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei (Roma) 32 : 81-90. TEDER, B. 1966. Neuroptera Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In : Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (Eds) South Afiican Animal Lfe, Resulrs of the Lund University Expedition in 195&1951 12 : 228-534. ZELENQ,J. 1972. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans. Neuroptera. Acta Mwei Mo- raviae 57 : 183-188.

Addresses of authors :

Dr Peter Ohm Mr Herbert Hijlzel Zoologisches Museum der Universitiit Eppersdorf 1 Hegewischtrasse 3 A-9371 Briickl D-2300 Kiel Austria Germany Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 7303

Reference Citation: Ohm, P.; Hölzel, H. 1992 [1992.06.??]. Aspects of biogeography and phenology of Chrysopidae from the Republic of Sudan (Insecta: Neuroptera). Pp. 291-301 in Canard, M.; Aspöck, H.; Mansell, M. W. (eds.). Current Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Neuropterology (24-27 June 1991, Bagnères- de-Luchon, Haute-Garonne, France). Privately printed, Toulouse, France. 414 pp.

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