DOCSLIB.ORG

Great Parks, Monuments & Memorials

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Great Parks, Monuments & Memorials Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Devils Tower National Monument Devils Tower Destination: The Black Hills Mount Rushmore The Minuteman Missile National Historic Site rises 1,267 feet above the Belle Fourche River, just National Memorial and Crazy Horse Memorial is significant in representing the only remaining across the Wyoming border. American Indian legend are located in the Black Hills National Forest in intact components of a Cold War nuclear missile has it that the rock sprang out of the earth and into western South Dakota. Miles and miles of green field. Standing as South Dakota’s first national the air, just in pine trees and shimmering mountain streams historic site, it brings to life time to save offer an area packed with things to do. See the the history of the Cold War two boys from a rugged beauty of Badlands National Park. Explore and the realities felt at the bear. The bear Custer State Park in search of wild buffalo. Take Great Parks, threat of nuclear warfare. below pawed a tour of one of the caves. Or, better yet, do it all! View an actual Minuteman at the rock, It’s easy since most of these attractions are within Monuments II missile and gain a sense of resulting in the an hour’s drive of one another. the true power behind the tower’s fluted & Memorials weapon. Tours are limited to appearance. Seattle, WA Minneapolis, MN six people. Located at exit Rapid City Salt Lake City, UT Sioux Falls New York City, NY 131 off Interstate 90 near Chicago, IL Denver, CO Cactus Flat. Kansas City, MO Los Angeles, CA For information contact: Miami, FL Minuteman Missile National Historic Site 21280 SD Highway 240 For information contact: Philip, SD 57567 Devils Tower National Monument Ph. (605) 433-5552 Fax (605) 433-5558 PO Box 10, Devils Tower, WY 82714-0010 Reservations (605) 433-5552 Ph. (307) 467-5283 Fax (307) 467-5350 www.nps.gov/mimi/ www.nps.gov/deto 1. Rapid City 2. Mount Rushmore National Memorial 3. Crazy Horse Black Wind Cave National Park Wind Cave National Memorial Jewel Cave National Monument Jewel Cave takes 4. Custer State Park Hills Park protects an underground wonderland more its name from the jewel-like calcite crystals that 5. Jewel Cave National National than 100 miles long, making it the fourth-longest line its passages. Stalactites, stalagmites, dog-tooth Monument Forest cave in the world. This natural wonder is filled spar, moonmilk and other unusual formations are 6. Wind Cave with incredible displays of boxwork, honeycombed- National Park found along the cave’s explored passageways. With 7. Badlands National shaped calcite that adorn the walls and ceilings. more than 135 Park On the surface, the park’s mixed-grass prairie and miles surveyed, 8. Devils Tower National ponderosa pine forest are home to many animals Jewel Cave is Monument including bison, 9. Minuteman Missile recognized as the National Historic Site elk, pronghorn, second longest and deer. Tours cave system in the For more information contact: are offered world. Rangers South Dakota Dept. of Tourism year-round. lead guided tours 711 E. Wells Ave. through the cave. Pierre, SD 57501-3369 1-800-952-3625 Ph. (605) 773-3301 (605) 773-5977 fax © CRAZY www.TravelSD.com HORSE MEMORIAL For information contact: For information contact: Jewel Cave National Monument Wind Cave National Park 11149 Building B12 RR 1 Box 190 US Highway 16 Hot Springs, SD 57747-9430 Custer, SD 57730 Ph. (605) 745-4600 Fax (605) 745-4207 Ph. (605) 673-2288 Fax (605) 673-3294 www.nps.gov/wica www.nps.gov/jeca The Spirit of a Nation The Story Behind the Mountain Exhibits in the Lincoln Borglum Museum tell the story of the people Badlands National Park This hauntingly beautiful Imagine trying to capture the spirit of an entire who turned a mountain into a tribute to a mighty nation in one sculpture. That’s the challenge Gutzon landscape arises mysteriously from the surrounding nation. Several exhibits focus on Lincoln Borglum’s prairie. The Badlands are a geological wonder Each of the presidents’ Borglum (1867-1941) faced in 1927 when he began father, sculptor Gutzon Borglum, whose ingenuity, featuring a maze of buttes, canyons and gullies ambition and pioneering spirit made the dream a faces measures 60 feet work on Mount Rushmore National Memorial, from forehead to chin. formed by millions of years of erosion. The unusual America’s Shrine of Democracy. Today, Borglum’s reality. You’ll also learn about the four presidents rock formations are home to wildlife such as coyotes, who inspired the sculptor. Interactive displays, 400 mule deer, pronghorn, jackrabbits and bison. Visitors massive granite carving towers majestically over artifacts and 300 photographs let you experience the the forests of the Black Hills, a symbol of the can explore the Badlands on mountain’s history through sight, sound and touch. ranger-guided nation’s rich history, rugged determination and Travel Tips tours, or they > Mount Rushmore National Memorial is open lasting achievement. A Message that’s Larger than Life Visitors to year-round. can venture off Mount Rushmore National Memorial are impressed by > Admission to the park is free. the trail into the magnitude of the carving. You can view the 60- > There is a parking fee. the Sage Creek foot presidential faces from several lookout platforms > The Avenue of Flags, featuring the 56 flags of Wilderness Area, around the memorial. For a closer look at the faces, American states and territories, leads visitors to where the only the Grandview Terrace. follow the scenic Presidential Trail, which takes you to path is made by > During the summer, you can tour Borglum’s studio, the tread of bison. the base of the mountain. which houses his major Rushmore models. > A lighting ceremony takes place nightly throughout The monument is a grouping of four leaders who the summer in an outdoor amphitheater. brought the country from colonial times into the 20th century. It memorializes the birth, growth, For information contact: For information contact: Gutzon Borglum preservation and development of the United States. Mount Rushmore National Memorial Badlands National Park PO Box 268, Keystone, SD 57751-0268 PO Box 6, Interior, SD 57750 Ph. (605) 574-2523 Fax (605) 574-2307 Ph. (605) 433-5361 Fax (605) 433-5404 www.nps.gov/moru www.nps.gov/badl Honoring American Indians Continuing the Dream Korczak’s wife, Ruth, and Custer State Park Custer State Park offers 71,000 seven of the 10 Ziolkowski sons and daughters have Travel Tips acres of spectacular views and abundant wildlife. “My fellow chiefs and I would like the white dedicated their lives to continuing the Crazy Horse > The sculptor’s studio-home and workshop, filled Scenic Needles Highway winds its way through pine- with fine art and antiques, are open to visitors. man to know the red man has great heroes, too,” dream. Using the sculptor’s models, they are building covered forests, past granite spires, around hairpin > Crazy Horse Memorial is open year-round. wrote Lakota chief Standing Bear when he invited upon his vision. They share Korczak’s financial > The mountain is lit nightly for one hour beginning curves and through narrow tunnels. The 18-mile sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski (1908-1982) to carve philosophy that Crazy Horse not be a government one-half hour after dark. Wildlife Loop cuts through prime wildlife country. The park’s famous bison herd Crazy Horse Memorial. Drilling and blasting on project, but rather it can be realized as a non-profit, > There is an admission fee to the non-profit memorial. humanitarian mission financed primarily from > “Legends in Light” laser light multimedia program roams freely here, along with the colossal mountain began in 1948, and the face admission fees. runs nightly Memorial Day – Native American Day deer, pronghorn, elk, coyotes, of Crazy Horse, completed in 1998, now stands as in mid-October. and prairie dogs. Visitors can the fifth granite face in the Black Hills. Current World’s Largest Mountain Carving Just 17 miles leave highways behind in favor work focuses on blocking out the 22-story-high apart, Mount Rushmore and Crazy Horse in-the- of miles of hiking, biking and horse trails that run through horse’s head. making are two wonders of the modern world. Each provides a stone illustration of different aspects of this nature lover’s paradise. American history. When completed, Crazy Horse will Stay at one of the four historic stand 563 feet high, 641 feet long, and it will be carved resorts or camp beneath the in the round. Drilling and frequent blasting on the stars in one of the park’s mountain can be observed from the visitor complex, seven campgrounds. which features scale models and a DVD presentation For information contact: on how and why the mountain is being carved. Crazy Custer State Park Horse is much more than the mountain. Tribes from HC 83 Box 70, Custer, SD 57730 all across the United States, Canada and Mexico have For information contact: Park Headquarters Crazy Horse Memorial Ph. (605) 255-4515 Fax (605) 255-4460 Korczak contributed artifacts to the Indian Museum of North Avenue of the Chiefs, Crazy Horse, SD 57730-9506 www.custerstatepark.info Ziolkowski America. The museum’s exhibits illustrate the past Ph. (605) 673-4681 Fax (605) 673-2185 Park Visitor Center and present lives of American Indians. www.crazyhorsememorial.org (605) 255-4464.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Black Hills of South Dakota
    The Black Hills of South Dakota History and natural beauty combine to create a monumental display in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Mount Rushmore National Memorial showcases the images of four United States presidents. These distinct images were actually carved into the granite, making the project an expression of creativity unlike any other in the United States. Historian Doane Robinson is noted to have presented the idea of carving famous people into the Black Hills. His idea was directly related to tourism and boosting commercial activity. While the preliminary plans were to sculpt in the Needles, Gutzon Borglum, a Danish-American sculptor, rejected the original idea. He felt that the stone’s poor quality would create havoc in creating a successful product, as well as upset Native Americans. Eventually, the current location of Mount Rushmore was selected, given its geographic angle and frequent exposure to the sun. While Robinson proposed featuring Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and other western heroes, Borglum settled on something more nationally focused. From there, the process of obtaining federal funding began. Actual construction of the area began in 1927, but the carvings were not completed until between 1934 and 1939. The untimely death of Borglum left construction incomplete. In 1941, Lincoln Borglum, Gutzon’s son, took over the project. While preliminary plans detailed each president being depicted from head to waist, funding required the project to cease in October 1941. The sixty-foot sculptures featuring George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln attract nearly three million people each year. Located near Keystone, South Dakota, the entire area spans over 1,000 acres is maintained under the control of the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Hills, Badlands & Mount Rushmore
    COMPLIMENTARY $3.95 2019/2020 YOUR COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE PARKS BLACK HILLS, BADLANDS & MOUNT RUSHMORE ACTIVITIES • SIGHTSEEING • PRESERVATION EVENTS • TRAILS • HISTORY • MAPS • MORE OFFICIAL PARTNERS T:5.375” S:4.75” WELCOME S:7.375” SO TASTY EVERYONE WILL WANT A BITE. T:8.375” Welcome to the Black Hills and Badlands of South Dakota! As you explore our fine state, I’m confident you’ll find some of the best scenery, most unique attractions and friendliest people in the country. Our scenic drives, such as Spearfish Canyon and the 70-mile Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway, will surprise you with amazing views around every corner. Just 50 miles east, you’ll find a moon-like landscape in Badlands National Park. If you need to stretch your legs, you’ll find more than 400 miles of nature walks and hikes. South Dakota is also home to two of the world’s largest Chad Coppess/South Dakota Dept. of Tourism mountain carvings: patriotic Mount Rushmore National Me- Governor Dennis Daugaard & First Lady Linda Daugaard morial and Crazy Horse Memorial, a tribute to Native Ameri- cans. I encourage you to visit both and learn the history and story behind each of these magnificent sculptures. I also encourage you to take a drive through Custer State Park, the country’s second largest state park, where wildlife abounds. Along Wildlife Loop Road, you’ll have a chance to see antelope, deer, prairie dogs, “beg- ging” burros and the park’s 1,300-member bison herd. In fact, Austin-Lehman Adventures named Custer State Park one of the world’s Top 10 Wildlife Destinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Rushmore National Memorial Visitor Study
    Social Science Program National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Visitor Services Project Mount Rushmore National Memorial Visitor Study Summer 2007 Park Studies Unit Visitor Services Project Report 192 Social Science Program National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Visitor Services Project Mount Rushmore National Memorial Visitor Study Summer 2007 Park Studies Unit Visitor Services Project Report 192 May 2008 Eleonora Papadogiannaki Nancy Holmes Gail Vander Stoep Steven J. Hollenhorst Eleonora Pappadogiannaki and Nancy Holmes are VSP Research Assistants. Dr. Gail Vander Stoep, Associate Professor, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, oversaw the survey fieldwork. Dr. Hollenhorst is the Director of the Park Studies Unit, Department of Conservation Social Sciences, University of Idaho. We thank Katie Bilodeau, Eleonora Papadogiannaki, Paul Reyes and the staff of Mount Rushmore National Memorial for assisting with the survey fieldwork, and David Vollmer for his technical assistance. Mount Rushmore National Memorial – VSP Visitor Study July 11–17, 2007 Visitor Services Project Mount Rushmore National Memorial Report Summary • This report describes the results of a visitor study at Mount Rushmore National Memorial during July 11- 17, 2007. A total of 1,243 visitor groups were contacted with 978 accepting questionnaires. Of those, 646 questionnaires were returned resulting in a 66.1% response rate. • This report profiles a systematic random sample of Mount Rushmore National Memorial visitors. Most results are presented in graphs and frequency tables. Summaries of visitor comments are included in the report and complete comments are included in the Visitor Comments Appendix. • Fifty-six percent of visitor groups were in groups of four or more and 41% were in groups of two or three.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore Is a National Monument Located in the Black Hills of South Dakota
    5th(5) Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore is a national monument located in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Carved into the side of the large mountain are the faces of four men who were United States presidents. These men were chosen because all four played important roles in American history. The four faces carved onto Mount Rushmore are those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt. Each face carved into the mountain is about 60 feet tall. George Washington was chosen for this monument because of his role in the Revolutionary War and his fight for American independence. He was the first United States president and is often called the father of our country. Thomas Jefferson was picked because he believed that people should be allowed to govern themselves, which is the basis for democracy. Abraham Lincoln was added because he believed that all people are equal, and he helped end slavery in the United States. Theodore Roosevelt was chosen because he was such an influential president and world leader. The man who carved Mount Rushmore was named Gutzon Borglum, and he worked on the monument until his death in 1941. After Gutzon Borglum died, his son Lincoln Borglum worked on the mountain until there was no money left to continue. Fourteen years were spent creating the faces on Mount Rushmore. Dynamite was used to blast the tough granite rock off the mountain to make a smooth surface for the faces. George Washington was carved first, and his face began as an egg-shaped piece of granite.
    [Show full text]
  • Hanging Off Jefferson's Nose Curriculum Guide
    CURRICULUM GUIDE Hanging Off Jefferson’s Nose Growing Up on Mount Rushmore 78-0-8037-3731-0 9 By TINA NICHOLS COURY • Illustrated by SALLY WERN COMPORT 16.99 $ • LINCOLN BORGLUM WAS A YOUNG BOY when his father, the great sculptor Gutzon Borglum, Dial Books forReaders Young suggested to a group of South Dakota businessmen that he should carve the faces of presidents into the side of a mountain as an attraction for tourists. But Mount Rushmore would never be finished by Gutzon. Young Lincoln would complete the fourteen-year task and present America with one of its most iconic symbols. Tina Nichols Coury’s engaging story of one boy’s quest to finish his father’s great work will captivate young readers as it reveals the fascinating details behind the creation of one of our most beloved national monuments. LEARNING GOAL: Students will be able to identify the four presidents on Mt. Rushmore and know the history of the monument. “Perfect for history units, this is a great piece of work about a great piece of work.” —Booklist BEFORE READING • What is a monument? The President of the United States and the Congress can establish monuments in the United States to protect historic landmarks, structures, or other historic or significant objects. Research the different types of monuments in the United States. What types of things are considered worth commemorating in our country? AFTER READING • Sculptor Gutzon Borglum and his son Lincoln selected three famous presidents to memorialize at Mount Rushmore: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. President Coolidge had Borglum also include Theodore Roosevelt with the other three presidents.
    [Show full text]
  • MOUNT RUSHMORE National Memorial the SHRINE of DEMOCRACY It Is the Greatness of the World's Adventure That Gives Us the Subject Matter for Our Colossal Carvings
    MOUNT RUSHMORE National Memorial THE SHRINE OF DEMOCRACY It is the greatness of the world's adventure that gives us the subject matter for our colossal carvings. It was ,the 'greatness of the awakened mind, the freed heart of the Italian Renaissance, that surged over Europe, freeing the hearts and souls of men, shaking off the centuries-old slaver­ ies fled westward, and here founded free institutions. Few races have contributed immortal service to civilization. America has; America has lived profoundly-and in that living made immortal contributions to civilization-her struggle out of the Puritan chrysalis to the Declaration of lndependence,-the war between the states over the interpretation of the Constitution,-America's return to save Europe and civilization. In the first she has written into the blue heavens that "man has a right to be free and to be happy." Unburdened by encumbering verbiage, these eleven words have changed the government of the world. These eleven words are the heart and soul of western civilization. These eleven words are the motive back of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, which we are now carving in the Black Hills of South Dakota, commemorating America's political accomplishment dedicated by Presi­ dent Franklin D. Roosevelt as a shrine to Democracy. These eleven words and their potential meaning to civilization would justify their being carved in gold in the dimensions we are cutting them in granite. We are not creating a monument to Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, or Roosevelt but to the meaning of these eleven words as developed into and main­ tained in a national government BY THESE FOUR GREAT NATIONAL LEADERS.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing Indian Country: Race and Environment in the Black Hills 1851-1981
    INVENTING INDIAN COUNTRY: RACE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE BLACK HILLS 1851-1981 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Stephen R. Hausmann May 2019 Examining Committee Members: Andrew Isenberg, Advisory Chair, History Department, University of Kansas Seth Bruggeman, History Department Jessica Roney, History Department Bryant Simon, History Department Ari Kelman, External Member, University of California-Davis ABSTRACT In 1972, a flood tore through Rapid City, South Dakota, killing 238 people. Many whose lives and homes were destroyed lived in a predominately Native American neighborhood known as “Osh Kosh Camp.” This dissertation asks: why did those people lived in that neighborhood at that time? The answer lies at the intersection of the histories of race and environment in the American West. In the Black Hills region, white Americans racialized certain spaces under the conceptual framework of Indian Country as part of the process of American conquest on the northern plains beginning in the mid- nineteenth century. The American project of racializing Western spaces erased Indians from histories of Rapid City, a process most obviously apparent in the construction of Mount Rushmore as a tourist attraction. Despite this attempted erasure, Indians continued to live and work in the city and throughout the Black Hills. In Rapid City, rampant discrimination forced Native Americans in Rapid City to live in neighborhoods cut off from city services, including Osh Kosh Camp After the flood, activists retook the Indian Country concept as a tool of protest. This dissertation claims that environment and race must be understood together in the American West.
    [Show full text]
  • The Artist As Patron: Gutzon Borglum and North Dakota Politics, 1922
    Copyright © 1990 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. The Artist as Patron: Gutzon Borglum and North Dakota Politics, 1922 RONALD F. BRILEY On a mountainside in South Dakota, the gifted, yet temperamental artist and sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the massive presiden- tial monuments of Mount Rushmore. In sculpting the carvings of Presidents George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jeffer- son, and Theodore Roosevelt, Borglum had not only to grapple with the harsh Dakota environment but also to weather artistic and fi- nancial controversies with his sponsors in South Dakota and Con- gress. Borglum met the rigors of the task and forever linked his name with the state and the Shrine to Democracy. Yet, Mount Rushmore was by no means Borglum's first or only involvement with the Dakotas. In 1922, he played a key role in the political contests of North Dakota, helping to advance the agrarian reform movement that has become a hallmark of that state. In the early 1920s, the multifarious Borglum was living on his estate in Stamford, Connecticut, and working on war memorials for the Italian government, but his interests ranged beyond the confines of the artistic world and geographical boundaries of New England. Borglum, who considered himself an anti-establishment artist, was frequently embroiled in artistic and political disputes. A progressive Republican, he had formed a favorable opinion of North Dakota farmers supporting the candidacy of Robert LaFollette at the 1916 GOP convention. In 1918, he traveled to North Dakota and estab- lished himself as an eastern fund-raiser and promoter for the North Copyright © 1990 by the South Dakota State Historical Society.
    [Show full text]
  • From Celebrated to Contested: Public Perceptions of Mount Rushmore's Meaning on the American Landscape Jessica L. Trampf Hist
    From Celebrated to Contested: Public Perceptions of Mount Rushmore’s Meaning on the American Landscape Jessica L. Trampf History 489: Senior Thesis December 18, 2015 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire with the consent of the author. Contents Abstract iii List of Figures and Tables iv Introduction 1 A Brief History of Mount Rushmore 3 A Brief History of the Black Hills and the Lakota 9 Historiography 15 Mount Rushmore Publications and Public Perceptions 23 Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission Publications 25 Public Perceptions: 1924-1941 31 Public Perceptions: 1974-1991 36 Conclusion 41 Appendix 47 Works Cited 48 ii Abstract Although most Americans will quickly recognize Mount Rushmore as a national symbol, many are not aware of its history. The memorial has a direct connection to American expansionism in the Black Hills, land that originally belonged to the Lakota. Historians have thoroughly analyzed the history of Mount Rushmore, the history of the Lakota in the Black Hills, and Mount Rushmore’s symbolism as a contested sacred space. However, the public perceptions of Mount Rushmore in relationship to Mount Rushmore’s meaning on the American landscape have not been thoroughly considered. Thus, this paper uses the New York Times and the Madison Capital Times to understand how Mount Rushmore was discussed by the American public outside of South Dakota both during its carving, from 1924 to 1941, and fifty years later, from 1974 to 1991. With consideration of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission publications, this paper uncovers how public perceptions sometimes reflected the patriotic rhetoric of Mount Rushmore’s presentation, the monument’s development as a national and popular culture symbol, and a tendency for Americans to question its legitimacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual-Report-2008-2009.Pdf
    Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2009 1930-2010 th The Beginningg Serving the Visitorg Redevelopmentg 80Anniversary 1930s 1940s 1990s 2000s Annual Report 2 Dear Friends, YearSince 1930, the Mount Rushmore in NationalReview Memorial Society has been the official fund-raising partner, working toward the creation, the promotion and education of the sculpture which has become an international symbol of freedom and democracy for all people. The year, 2010, marks the 80th anniversary of the Society and the 77th year of working with the National Park Service. Yes, the organization predates the completion of the sculpture and predates National Park Service management at Mount Rushmore. And what a collaboration Board President it has been over the years! It is with great pride that we include a Gene Lebrun Executive Director history of our partnership with the park and serving the visitors (on Diana Saathoff pages 13-14) that encompasses the carving, concessions and cultural celebrations. Together, we share a mission of protecting and preserving this beloved National Memorial. We provide a familiar, inspirational experience for those who come back, again and again with their friends and families. We are proud of our efforts to provide events, publications, audio tours, trail opportunities and national celebrations like the Independence Day Celebration and fireworks. One of our goals is to help create and raise money for a cultural center and new trails which will connect the next generation to their park and reintroduce them to nature’s wonders while admiring the tenacity and vision of man represented by the carving.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Grand.Cabinet7.02
    Issue 7 Summer 2002 Failure The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E. Matthew Buckingham The image above shows what geologists believe the Six Grandfathers will look like in the year 502,002 C.E. Located just south of the geographic center of the continental United States in the Paha Sapa, or Black Hills, this mountain has also been called Slaughterhouse Peak, Cougar Mountain, and is now referred to as Mount Rushmore. Much older than the Alps, Himalayas, and Pyrenees, the Paha Sapa and Six Grandfathers were formed when subterranean pressure raised the earth's crust into a huge elliptical dome 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. Today the 6,000-sq mile granite outcropping is visited by two million tourists each year, who go there to gaze up at the massive portraits of four American presidents—Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln—carved into the Six Grandfathers between 1926 and 1941 by the sculptor Gutzon Borglum. The first descendants of Europe to enter the Paha Sapa were ponies—progeny of the sixteen horses Hernán Cortéz brought with him from Spain to the "New World." The Taos Indians introduced them to the Kiowa in the 1600s. In the 18th century, European westward expansion displaced the Sioux from their native woodlands, who then, in turn, displaced the Kiowa, acquiring their horses as well as the Paha Sapa. Napoleon Bonaparte never saw the Louisiana Territory that France had claimed under the "doctrine of discovery." In 1803 US President Thomas Jefferson was prepared to pay the French $10 million for New Orleans and the Florida peninsula, but sensed that financially troubled France might be willing to bargain.
    [Show full text]
  • Temanson Colton Temanson Amber Lemiere English 101 11/19/2013
    Temanson 1 Colton Temanson Amber Lemiere English 101 11/19/2013 Mount Rushmore With all the monuments around the world there are many that some people might not be familiar with, but without a doubt most have heard of Mount Rushmore. Mount Rushmore is located in Keystone, South Dakota. Doane Robinson created the idea of the monument while, Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum sculpted it. It features the faces of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. It received the name “Mount Rushmore” being named after Charles E. Rushmore a big time New York lawyer. Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln were chose for Mount Rushmore to represent the first 130 years of American history and theirs roles in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. In all it took the workers 14 years total years starting in 1927 to complete the monument and the total cost was $989,992.32. Mount Rushmore was sculpted because it symbolizes America and represents America’s cultural beginnings. When looking at Mount Rushmore most people probably just see a big mountain with four faces of previous presidents carved into the side. The faces on Mount Rushmore should be easy to recognize for most people, but some may wonder why these faces were chose to be carved into Mount Rushmore. According to www.mtrushmore.net, “the presidents were selected on the basis of what each symbolized. George Washington represents the struggle for independence, Thomas Jefferson the idea of government by the people. Abraham Lincoln for his ideas on equality and the permanent union of the states, and Theodore Roosevelt for the 20th Temanson 2 century role of the United States in world affairs.” Originally Lewis and Clark, Buffalo Bill, and Chief Red Cloud were chosen for Mount Rushmore but Borglum decided the presidents would be more significant.
    [Show full text]