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Title Trends on Ecology in Japan Since 17Th Century Author(S) Title Trends on Ecology in Japan since 17th Century Author(s) Ui, Jun Citation 沖縄大学紀要 = OKINAWA DAIGAKU KIYO(9): 30-44 Issue Date 1992-03-25 URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12001/5760 Rights 沖縄大学教養部 t4tmtk~*C~m 9 ~ (1992$) Trends on Ecology in Japan since the 17th century. IUD Ui Introduction When I graduated University of Tokyo, and started my carrier as a production engineer in Japanese Oeon Co., I had no idea on the side effect of modern science and technology, totally I believed in it. I chose that profession for low cost supply of PVC film, which was just introduced to the agriculture, where I was grown. When I returned to the university for the study of plastic processing, I heard a news of a strange Minamata Disease, and the cause was suspected as mercury discharged from Minamata factory. I had some experience to discard spent mercury catalyst into the sewer, during my work in Japanese Geon, in the production of PVC, I wondered whether such disease was caused by industrial waste discharge or not. I changed my study from plastic processing to the industrial waste treatment, in the department of civil engineering, then gradually found the true cause of the disease, in spite of strong disturbance and pressure from the industry and academy. I came to a question why such study always faced to difficulty in the history of Japan, for example on Ashio Copper Mine case in last century, which occured in Tochigi and Gumma Prefecture where I was grown. I started the study of the history of Japanese industrial pollution in personal effort, trying interviews to elderly farmers, from Ashio to following industrial pollution such as Hitachi and Arata river cases, in Taisho period, and found the lesson of Ashio was more or less learned by next generations. Unfortunately, in 1930's, when Japan went into militarism, such lesson was totally forgotten. When I got an academic position as a research assistant in the newly formed Department of Urban Engineering of University of Tokyo, I heard the news of second Minamata Disease in Agano River near Niigata, I decided to devote my effort to the study of industrial pollution, then I had to face to the negative side of Japanese industrialization, until now, for a quarter century. And now I face to a new situation again, a global degradation of the environment. Japanese' industrial pollution was in some phase improved by the movement of victims and citizens, but in other phase remained or went on. New pollutant is produced and found one by one every month. Pollution is exported to the developing countries. Now global environment is argued internationally by political leaders who did not pay attention for the misery of pollution victims before, such as Mr.Takeshita, Mr.Bush, and Mrs.Thatcher, and so on. On the other hand, the socialist system, once boasted the environmental problems would be automatically solved, was exposed the problems were much worse in many fields and started to disintegrating. I had similar situation in Japan in past, especially in 1970's. Until 60's, industrial pollution was considered local, periferal issues in remote countrysides, but after leaq pollution by automobile exhaust gas and photochemical smog in Tokyo, pollution became national issue, caused an -30- explosion of public opmlon, even serious threat to the ruling elites in Japan. As a consequences, dozen laws were prepared and implemented under very conservative Satou cabinet. Facing to global environmental crisis, we feel difficulty to find new, reliable theory to solve it. It is beyond my capability to prepare the solution for this difficult question, but when I faced similar difficulty in some 30 years ago, I went back to the history of Japan, and I found a rich tradition in the memory of old farmers, then I found my own way. Similarly, now I tried to make a rough sketch of our traditional record of our ancesters, though it is so rough first step. Fortunately a remarkable progress was achieved in past two decades in the local movements, in nature conservation and anti-pollution, in grass-root level, we have rather rich resources there. Part 1 Agriculture and local development Popular textbook of agriculture developed in Japan quite early, in the end of 17 century, when Tokugawa feudal regime was established and peace was common nationwide. It was the result of widespread reading and writing common education among farmers, about half of farmers had such capability, at that time. The first textbooks, Seiryouki, and Hyakushoudenki, were handcopied, so their availability was limited, but rather widely propagated. Then Nougyouzensho was printed, widely used among farmers. After it, some several tens of textbooks were prepared by farmers and read by farmers, from northernmost Aomori to southernmost Ishigaki, according to local conditions. Here the preface and a chapter for fertilizer was cited, to show the author's sincere sense to promote farmers productivity. The author, Miyazaki Yasusada was a farmer in Fukuoka, travelling widely other countries, using Chinese text as a model, adding his own experience, observation and experiments, edited this book. There are quite scientific description like fertilizing effect of legumes and disinfection of seeds by ashe of grasses and woods. It was published in 1696 at first, then reprinted a few times, later, became a prototype of such agricultural textbook. Hyakushoudenki, farmer's story, was written around 1680, the writer is not known, the description is mostly in Mikawa area near Nagoya. Again the importance of fertilizers is stressed. The description of flood control and building of dike is especiaUy in detail, such as' grass and willows for the protection of dikes. This soft technology is surely the point we forgot in modern time. About same time, in 1680's, Aizu Nousho was written in Aizu, Fukushima area, these books are all describing dozen variation of rice for early, medium, and late harvest, showing quite high level of species selection. After ending internal war, in long-lasting peace, management and taxation by daimyou-clan was established, so much effort was into agricultural production and cultivation everywhere. In Okinawa, then Ryukyu dynasty, the prime minister, Sai On, once studied in China, wrote Noumuchou and Rinsei Hassho by himself as government order, but they were quite good textbooks for the management of soil and forest conservation, including pragmatic pictures and figures. Not - 31 - only an excellent political leader under very difficult condition of the dynasty, controled by Satsuma clan and Chinese Sin dynasty both, but also an engineer who was successful to increase the agrarian production in Ryukyu, his name is remembered as a national hero until now. It is still important even now for the protection of nature here in very fragile environment of sub-tropic small islands. Among many textbooks in Tokugawa period, Oukura Eijou's Nouekikokusankou is quite specific, in stressing the importance of market value of products and currency appropriation. As an example, here cited his description of sugarcane and its suitable climate conditions, possible production sites. He argued the importance of management and administration of clan economy system. After Meiji Restoration, still agriculture was the basic industry of Japan but political condition was in a drastic change, just same as many developing countries after the independence. Civil wars, inflation, were inevitable steps Japan had to pass. In 1880's, Financial Minister, Matsukata Masayoshi had to choose tight deflation policy, to avoid bankrupcy of national economy. His policy was the introduction of large scale industry from Western Europe, just same as the policy many developing countries tried to choose after Second World War. A young officer, Maeda Masana, proposed an alternative policy bottom-up, self-reliant development model, after a thorough study of country economy, but his proposal was rejected. At that time, nearly half of farmers land was mortgaged. Maeda resigned his post, started nationwide lecture tour, calling local collective effort of self-reliance development, by promoting local industry, forming manufacturer's unions, improving the quality of local products, increasing export of local products, and establishing local plan of econimic development. His slogan was," As every nation has national policy, every county, village should have county policy, village policy". In fact, he was a pioneer of endogenious development. His effort was not in vain, many people supported him. One of the most sucessful cases was Gunze Silk Co.,which was established by Hatano Tsurukichi in 1895, the name gunze means county policy. Hatano tried the education of women workers, quality control of the silk products, export of silk to U.S., establishment of research and development laboratory, and other modernization of the management. Now Gunze is world well known company in fashion and apparel industry. We should not forget the fact, that under the rapid, remarkable economic development of Japan, such self-reliant effort was tried in many places. Jabana Noboru was the first student sent to University of Tokyo from Okinawa, and a farmer's origin. As the first graduate of highest school, he returned to his land and worked as a high rank officer, his life was tragic. His effort for independent policy collided to colonial policy in Okinawa, which was represented by the governor, soon he had to resign, after short, unsuccessful political activity, he became insane, soon died. Here cited his thesis on fertilizer design for sugarcane, which is even now useful in Okinawa, to show hia capability and political will. - 32 - Okinawa, to show his capability and political will. Part 2 Ashio Copper Mine Pollution and Watarase River Poisoning Ashio Mine is an old, famous copper mine, operated since 16 century, but in the end of Tokugawa period, it was mostly abandoned.
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