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Atombombene Som Ble Sluppet Over Hiroshima Og Nagasaki I August

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Atombombene Som Ble Sluppet Over Hiroshima Og Nagasaki I August RYSTET VERDEN: Atombombene somble sluppet overHiroshima og Nagasakiiaugust 1945, rystet en helverden. Bildet viserbomben overNagasaki. FOTO: NTB SCANPIX Norske Jacob Bjerknes var v ble hyllet av USAs president, og l Nøkkelrollen i verdens mes snakket han TEKST: TORGEIR P. KROKFJORD | [email protected] OG ARV r vitenskapelig superstjerne, g levde drømmelivet i Los Angeles. est dødelige militæraksjon, an aldri om. o OG ARVE BARTNES | [email protected] FOTO: KNUT EGIL WANG oppskyen stomot himmelen,denne au­ terte oss på besøk mange ganger.Dehadde et veldig gustdageni1945som endret verden for flott hus.Likevel–forskningsmessig og profesjonelt alltid. Smellet varøredøvende.Kaosetvar –var han unik. Hanlåsålangt framme intellektuelt totalt. Lufta stinket brennende men­ sett at han nok måtte jobbe og forskemye alene. Sneskehud. Bomben eksploderte ienildkule Arakawaveier hvertord.Etterentenkepause sier HIROSHIMA OG NAGASAKI på overenmillion grader.Klokkavar kvart overåtte han: på morgenen iHiroshima. På et sekund fikk eksplo­ –Bjerknesvar veldig stille.Han delte ikkesåmye De to atom­ sjonen en diameter på 280 meter.140 000 men­ om seg selv.Men alle varenige om at han varengod bombene nesker,omkring halvparten av byens befolkningble mann. drepte minst drept. Overflatetemperaturen var4000 grader, 120 000 mennes­ trykkbølgen smeltet kjøretøyogbygningeroggjorde Somsønn av den berømte meteorologen Vilhelm keravdirekte strå­ mennesker og dyr til støv. Bjerkneshadde Jacob hatt storesko åfylle. Menhan ling, brannskader og flyvendegjen­ tangerte tidlig farens berømmelse. stander. Det varensommerdag iSanta Monica idet sørlige Andreverdenskrig varbaresåvidt ferdig før California på sluttenav1960­tallet. Den velstelte ha­ Bjerknes blehedret medUSAir Forcesin medalje Totalt gen varfull av blide,pene mennesker–blantdem for enestående tjeneste –enavdealler høyeste ut­ døde omkring noen av verdens fremste forskere. Den største stjer­ merkelsene en sivilistkan motta idet amerikanske dobbelt så mange na av dem alle varden norskehusverten. Jacob Aall forsvaret. Hanble ridder av første klasse av av stråleskader, radioaktivt støv BonnevieBjerknes varhedret, dekorert og beundret St.Olavs Orden året etter.Etter at han ifebruar 1967 og radioaktiv mat verden over. besøkteDet hvite hus for åbli hedret av president og drikke. Tusenvis Stillehavsbrisen rusket iløvtrærne,det varlivlig, Johnson –med høytidelig mottakelse og festmid­ av overlevende munter passiar,drinkene varrause og kalde.Kona dag–vardet visepresident Hubert Humphrey som fikk kreft. Hedvig,hansungdoms kjærlighet, varden perfekte sendte takkebrev tilBjerknes–ikkeomvendt. vertinna.Selvommillionbyenvoksteirekordfart Ufødte barn døde eller ble født med rundt dem,hadde Jacob og Hedvig Bjerknesorkester­ Hele Bjerknes’liv samlet kona Hedvigpåmedaljer, store misdannelser. plass til Stillehavets bølger, og sjølufta rett inn ihagen. hyllesttekster,bilder og avisutklipp som dokumen­ Paretinviterte jevnlig venner og kollegeroverpå terte mannens meritter.Men Jacob Bjerknes’ mest middag.Men selv om Jacob Bjerknes’ gjestfrihet var dramatiskeoppdrag fikk ikkefamilie,venner eller stor,var det ifølge en hyppig selskapsgjestikkehan kolleger vite om. som ledetanipratenrundt bordet.Det varkona Denforble en av norsk forskningsstørste hemme­ Hedvig som snakket. ligheter. –Bjerknes varikkeegentlig ensom, sier Akio Magasinet har begjært innsyn iBjerknes' nå avgra­ Arakawa. derte personalmappeved detamerikanskeluftforsva­ 89­åringen er en av verdens fremste meteorologer ret, dokumentsamlingene fraBjerknes’liv på univer­ og professor veduniversitetet iLos Angeles –der sitetet iLos Angeles,oghos Nasjonalbiblioteketi han sågar har overtatt Jacob Bjerknes’ kontor. Oslo.Sammen medarkivdokumenter skaffet gjen­ Bjerknesselv døde i1975.Arakawa speider ut av vin­ nom innsynsbegjæringer idet amerikanskeforsvaret, duet der han sitter bøydoverenburger på et hotell i noter og opplysninger fratohistoriskeverk som ikke Los Angeles: ble gitt ut på norsk, og samtaler medenrekke kilder, –Forskningsmiljøetden gang varannerledes enn kanMagasinet nå fortelle om nordmannensrolle ien nå –det varsom en familie.BjerknesogHedviginvi­ av historiens mestkontroversielle krigsoperasjoner. G D OR AN FJ LW OK EGI KR «Såkom UT P. KN EIR TO: oljeregnet, RG FO TO det svarte TO: regnet. Overalt FO lå det døde mennesker. Alle vennene mine døde.» AGNES ELEANOR KAZUKOHIROTA UCLA: Jacob Bjerknesbygde oppmeteorologisk fakultet NY HJEMBY: Fra1939 til sin dødi1975 bodde Bjerknes i (fem år i1945), på universitetet iCaliforniaiLos Angeles.Fortsattdeles Los Angeles. HanogkonaHedvig boddeietflottstrøk i tilGlobal Sisters Report «Bjerknes­utmerkelsen» ut til spesieltflinke studenter. Santa Monica, ienrolig gate med utsikttil Stillehavet. 16 MAGASINET|11. FEBRUAR2017 LY TH ON AM NI FOR LI CA TO: FO 1941: Jacob Bjerknes (t.h.) fotografertpå universitetet iLos Angelessammen med meteorologkollega Robert D. Fletcher. Begge tjenestegjordeiUS Air Force. 11.FEBRUAR 2017 |MAGASINET 17 UNG OG LOVENDE: Jacob Bjerknes fotografert under en pause iforskningsarbeidet, førhan forlot Norge. 1920: 1924: 1939: 1940: 1942: Desember 1943: Juni 1944: VIE Blir sjef for Tardoktorgrad og blir to Ankommer USAmed Tilknyttes Blir engasjertav Beordres Returnerer AALL meteorologisk år seinere meteorolog på kona Hedvig for åholde universitetet iL.A., der det amerikanske til England og til USAog instituttfor Roald Amundsens luft- flere foredrag. Etter han får professorstilling forsvaret for åtrene Italia for åtrene beordres i NNE Vest-Norge. skip «Norge» på ferden Tysklands invasjon av og hyres til åbygge opp opp krigsmeteoro- opp krigs- desember COB overNordpolen. Norge velger de åbli. meteorologisk fakultet. loger på UCLA. meteorologer. til Guam. BJERKNES BO JA 1939: 1941: 1942: 2. desember 1942: 1943: 1943–1944: AlbertEinstein signerer et brev Forskere Manhattan-prosjektet iverkset- Ei gruppe forskere under Brigadegeneral Leslie Bombene til president Roosevelt,som råder jobber med tes. Vitenskapsmenn samles ledelse av den italiensk- Grovesåpner laborato- «Thin man» OM- MBEN ham til åutvikle kjernefysiske uliketeorier iLos Alamos iNew Mexico amerikanskenobelpris- riet på Los Alamos, det og «Fat man» AT våpen. Einstein angret seinere på og aspekter under ledelse av Robert Oppen- vinneren Enrico Fermi såkalte «Project Y». utvikles. BO dette. Nazi-Tyskland invaderer knyttet til heimer.130 000 mennesker gjennomfører den første Det ledes av Oppen- Polen, og andre verdenskrig atomviten- settes ijobbfor åutvikle en kontrollerte atomreaksjon i heimer,ogskal utvikle bryter ut. skap. atombombe før Nazi-Tyskland. atomreaktoren Chicago Pile-1. atombomba. 18 MAGASINET|11. FEBRUAR2017 EN. ERG TIB TE ITE RS VE UNI T, Jacob og Hedvig Bjerknes ankom USAijuli 1939, UT IT da kjennskap til værogvindvar enstadig høyere ST IN verdsatt vitenskap.Detohadde giftet seg elleve år SK SI tidligere, og slått seg ned iHop sør for Bergen. Der FY GEO bygget de hus på en tomt kjøpt av Hedvigs far.Nå TO: skulleparet på åtte måneders turne iUSA –der FO Jacob skulle holde en rekkeforedrag. Da invaderte Tyskland Polen. Så invaderte Tyskland Norge. Ekteparet Bjerknes flyttet aldri hjem igjen. Bjerkneskom fraden såkalte «Bergensskolen» –etforskningsmiljø som vargrunnlagt av Jacobs far,oghar en merittliste lang som et uvær. –Devar de førstesom analyserte luftmasser. Slik oppdaget de at uvær blir til imøtet mellom kald og varm luft, sier historiker MagnusVollset ved Universitetet iBergen. De forklarte for første gang dannelsenogoppløs­ ningen av lavtrykk. Og de introduserte «frontene» i værvarslingen–nåerdet knapt nokenværmelding uten at «kaldfront» eller «varmfront» nevnes.Jacob Bjerknes varogsåmed som meteorologdaRoald Amundsenkrysset Arktis iluftskipet «Norge». Ikkelenge etterfylte førti varJacob Bjerknes anerkjent som en av verdens fremste eksperter på langtidsvarsel og bakenforliggende strømninger,det væretviikkeser her og nå. Det varkunnskap som dette det amerikanskemilitæret trengte.Bjerknes bygget oppdet meteorologiskefakultet på presti­ sjetungeUCLA–Universitetet iCalifornia, avdeling Los Angeles.Der ba US Air Forceham om åutdanne militærmeteorologer som kunne bistå ienstadig mer sannsynligluftkrig. Om morgenen den 7. desember1941angrepJapan den amerikanskemilitærbasen Pearl Harbor på Hawaii. Verden ble aldri den samme igjen. Ikkefor Jacob Bjerknesheller. Ettertidas kunnskap om hans innsats for det amerikanskeforsvaret er fragmentert. Det er kjent at han utdannet krigsmeteorologer til det som ble en stadig mer omfattende luftkrig,oghan varikkeden enestenorske meteorologen iamerikansk tjeneste under krigen. Franovember 1943 til juni 1944 ble Januar 1945: April 1945: Juli 1945: August1945: han utkalt til både England,Italia og Hawaii. Reiser til Beordres til Hyres til et nytt Tjenestegjør, Guam. Retur­ Chicago, Asheville engasjement som ifølge sin egne Mens Jacob Bjerknes reiste rundt iUSA og til nerer til USAi og til Pentagon for «spesiakonsulent» notater,for in ts allierte makter for ådele sin kunnskap,satt Hedvig mars. åredegjøre for for det ameri­ ingeniør­ egions» hjemme iSantaMonicaogsamlet på brev,bilder, funnene på Guam. kanskeforsvaret. bataljonen. cientis sL fS diplomer, avisutklipp,bordkortfra festmiddager, oZo bursdagskort, invitasjoner,referater frataler.Noe «Thor’ At ble overgitt til spesialbiblioteket på UCLA.Noe ble ,« Desember 1944: April 1945: 16. juli 1945: 6. august: 9. august: sendt hjem til Norge–og liggernåsirlig pakket inn Manhattan­prosjek­ Målutvelgel­ USAutfører sin Paul Tibbets Charles W. Wikipedia,
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