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Thinking About the Ultimate Argument for Realism∗
Thinking About the Ultimate Argument for Realism∗ Stathis Psillos Department of Philosophy and History of Science University of Athens Panepistimioupolis (University Campus) Athens 15771 Greece [email protected] 1. Introduction Alan Musgrave has been one of the most passionate defenders of scientific realism. Most of his papers in this area are, by now, classics. The title of my paper alludes to Musgrave’s piece “The Ultimate Argument for Realism”, though the expression is Bas van Fraassen’s (1980, 39), and the argument is Hilary Putnam’s (1975, 73): realism “is the only philosophy of science that does not make the success of science a miracle”. Hence, the code-name ‘no-miracles’ argument (henceforth, NMA). In fact, NMA has quite a history and a variety of formulations. I have documented all this in my (1999, chapter 4). But, no matter how exactly the argument is formulated, its thrust is that the success of scientific theories lends credence to the following two theses: a) that scientific theories should be interpreted realistically and b) that, so interpreted, these theories are approximately true. The original authors of the argument, however, did not put an extra stress on novel predictions, which, as Musgrave (1988) makes plain, is the litmus test for the ability of any approach to science to explain the success of science. Here is why reference to novel predictions is crucial. Realistically understood, theories entail too many novel claims, most of them about unobservables (e.g., that ∗ I want to dedicate this paper to Alan Musgrave. His exceptional combination of clear-headed and profound philosophical thinking has been a model for me. -
Averroes's Dialectic of Enlightenment
59 AVERROES'S DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT. SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE CONCEPT OF REASON Hubert Dethier A. The Unity ofthe Intellect This theory of Averroes is to be combated during the Middle ages as one of the greatest heresies (cft. Thomas's De unitate intellectus contra Averroystas); it was active with the revolutionary Baptists and Thomas M"Unzer (as Pinkstergeest "hoch liber alIen Zerstreuungen der Geschlechter und des Glaubens" 64), but also in the "AufkHinmg". It remains unclear on quite a few points 65. As far as the different phases of the epistemological process is concerned, Averroes reputes Avicenna's innovation: the vis estimativa, as being unaristotelian, and returns to the traditional three levels: senses, imagination and cognition. As far as the actual abstraction process is concerned, one can distinguish the following elements with Avicenna. 1. The intelligible fonns (intentiones in the Latin translation) are present in aptitude and in imaginative capacity, that is, in the sensory images which are present there; 2. The fonns are actualised by the working of the Active Intellect (the lowest celestial sphere), that works in analogy to light ; 3. The intelligible fonns-in-act are "received" by the "possible" or the "material intellecf', which thereby changes into intellect-in-act, also called: habitual or acquired intellect: the. perfect form ofwhich - when all scientific knowledge that can be acquired, has been acquired -is called speculative intellect. 4. According to the Aristotelian principle that the epistemological process and knowing itselfcoincide, the state ofintellect-in-act implies - certainly as speculative intellect - the conjunction with the Active Intellect. 64 Cited by Ernst Bloch, Avicenna und die Aristotelische Linke, (1953), in Suhrkamp, Gesamtausgabe, 7, p. -
The Toulmin Model Meets Critical Rhetoric
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor OSSA Conference Archive OSSA 6 Jun 1st, 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Induction and Invention: The Toulmin Model Meets Critical Rhetoric Satoru Aonuma Kanda University of International Studies Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive Part of the Philosophy Commons Aonuma, Satoru, "Induction and Invention: The Toulmin Model Meets Critical Rhetoric" (2005). OSSA Conference Archive. 2. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive/OSSA6/papers/2 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Conference Proceedings at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in OSSA Conference Archive by an authorized conference organizer of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Induction and Invention: The Toulmin Model Meets Critical Rhetoric SATORU AONUMA Department of International Communication Kanda University of International Studies 1-4-1 Wakaba, Mihama Chiba 261-0014 JAPAN [email protected] ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to (re)articulate the relationship between "critical rhetoric" and Stephen Toulmin's conception of practical reasoning. Among students of rhetoric, particularly those who work in communication departments in (US) American universities, the project of reason, once cherished as central to the 20th century Renaissance of argument, seems to have become outdated and irrelevant. With the recent “critical turn,” reason was especially given a bad name in the field of rhetoric. Some rhetoricians have even joined reason’s Other, dissociating themselves from the project of reason as much as possible. The paper contends that the difference between critical reasoners and rhetoricians is not so substantial as it may look. -
Reconceiving Curriculum: an Historical Approach Stephen Shepard Triche Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2002 Reconceiving curriculum: an historical approach Stephen Shepard Triche Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Triche, Stephen Shepard, "Reconceiving curriculum: an historical approach" (2002). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 495. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/495 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. RECONCEIVING CURRICULUM: AN HISTORICAL APPROACH A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Curriculum and Instruction by Stephen S. Triche B.A., Louisiana State University, 1979 M.A.. Louisiana State University, 1991 August 2002 To my family for their love and support over the years as I pursue this dream and to the memory of my father. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The process of researching and writing this dissertation has brought many teachers into my life—those special people who have given me their time and unique talents. First, and foremost, I wish to thank Dr. William Doll for his unwavering confidence and determination to bring out the best that I could give. Without his wisdom and support this project could not have been accomplished. -
Philosophy of Science Reading List
Philosophy of Science Area Comprehensive Exam Reading List Revised September 2011 Exam Format: Students will have four hours to write answers to four questions, chosen from a list of approximately 20-30 questions organized according to topic: I. General Philosophy of Science II. History of Philosophy of Science III. Special Topics a. Philosophy of Physics b. Philosophy of Biology c. Philosophy of Mind / Cognitive Science d. Logic and Foundations of Mathematics Students are required to answer a total of three questions from sections I and II (at least one from each section), and one question from section III. For each section, we have provided a list of core readings—mostly journal articles and book chapters—that are representative of the material with which we expect you to be familiar. Many of these readings will already be familiar to you from your coursework and other reading. Use this as a guide to filling in areas in which you are less well- prepared. Please note, however, that these readings do not constitute necessary or sufficient background to pass the comp. The Philosophy of Science area committee assumes that anyone who plans to write this exam has a good general background in the area acquired through previous coursework and independent reading. Some anthologies There are several good anthologies of Philosophy of Science that will be useful for further background (many of the articles listed below are anthologized; references included in the list below). Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J.D. Trout, eds., The Philosophy of Science (MIT Press, 991). Martin Curd and J. -
Conversations with Alan Musgrave
Rationality and Reality STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME 20 General Editor: S. GAUKROGER, University of Sydney Editorial Advisory Board: RACHEL ANKENY, University of Sydney STEVEN FRENCH, University of Leeds DAVID PAPINEAU, King’ s College London NICHOLAS RASMUSSEN, University of New South Wales JOHN SCHUSTER, University of New South Wales RICHARD YEO, Griffith University RATIONALITY AND REALITY Conversations with Alan Musgrave Edited by COLIN CHEYNE University of Otago, DDunedin, New Zealand and JOHN WORRALL London School of Economics, London, UK A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4206-X (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4206-X (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4207-8 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4207-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Cover: Photograph of Alan Musgrave used with kind permission of Gudrun Perin, Guelph, Canada Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Notes on Contributors ix COLIN CHEYNE / Introduction 1 GREGORY CURRIE / Where Does the Burden of Theory Lie? 7 COLIN CHEYNE / Testimony, Induction and Reasonable Belief 19 JOHN WORRALL / Theory-Confirmation and History 31 DEBORAH G. -
The Status in 1980 of the Toulmin Model of Argument in the Area of Speech Communication
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1980 The status in 1980 of the Toulmin model of argument in the area of speech communication Jeffrey Robert Sweeney Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Intellectual History Commons, Speech and Hearing Science Commons, and the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sweeney, Jeffrey Robert, "The status in 1980 of the Toulmin model of argument in the area of speech communication" (1980). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3164. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3155 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jeffrey Robert Sweeney for the Master of Science in Speech Communication presented November 17, 1980. Title: The Status in 1980 of the Toulmin Model of Argument in the Area of Speech Communication. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COM1'1ITTEE: Francis P. Gibson, Chairman Rupert ~- ~ucnanan In 1958 Stephen E. Toulmin wrote of inadequacies of formal logic and proposed a new field-dependent approach to the analysis of arguments. Despite a generally negative response to his proposal from formal logicians, Toulmin's model for the laying out of arguments for analysis was 2 subsequently appropriated by several speech communication textbook writers. In some textbooks, the Toulmin model has become successor to the syllogism as the paradigm of logi cal argument. -
Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
CRITICISM AND THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, ig 6^, volume 4 Edited by IMRE LAKATOS Professor of Logic, University of London ALAN MUSGRAVE Professor of Philosophy, University of Otago CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1970 CONTENTS Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press Page Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London N.W .i Preface vii American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 T. s. KUHN: Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? i © Cambridge University Press 1970 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 78-105496 Discussion: j. w. N. WATKINS: Against ‘Normal Science’ 25 Standard Book Number: 521 07826 i toulmin: Does the Distinction between Normal and Revolutionary Science Hold Water? 39 L. PEARCE williams: Normal Science, Scientific Revolutions / ^ d the History of Science 49 popper: Normal Science and its Dangers 5^ uJVfiC^ARET masterman: The Nature of a Paradigm 59 i I: Lakatos: Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes 9^ K„ feyer aben d : Consolations for the Specialist 197 s. KUHN: Reflections on my Critics 231 Index 279 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Aberdeen PREFACE This book constitutes the fourth volume of the Proceedings of the 1965 International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science held at Bedford College, Regent’s Park, London, from i i to 17 July 1965. The Colloquium was organized jointly by the British Society for the Philosophy of Science and the London School of Economics and Political Science, under the auspices of the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Seience. -
“Historical Turn”: Stephen Toulmin and Thomas Kuhn
Open Journal of Philosophy 2013. Vol.3, No.2, 351-357 Published Online May 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpp) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2013.32053 Scientific Prediction in the Beginning of the “Historical Turn”: Stephen Toulmin and Thomas Kuhn Wenceslao J. Gonzalez Department of Humanities, University of A Coruña, Spain Email: [email protected] Received January 14th, 2013; revised February 17th, 2013; accepted March 2nd, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Wenceslao J. Gonzalez. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro- vided the original work is properly cited. This paper considers the similarities and differences between Toulmin and Kuhn on the problem of pre- diction. The context of the analysis is the beginning of the “historical turn” in philosophy of science (i.e., the period before the 1965 international colloquium held at Bedford College). The comparison between these authors takes into account several levels: semantic, logical, epistemological, methodological, onto- logical, and axiological. The main goal is to analyze whether there are influences of Toulmin in Kuhn re- garding scientific prediction or, at least, if the former reached similar positions to the latter on the issue of the role of prediction in science. Keywords: Toulmin; Kuhn; Scientific Prediction; Historical Turn; Similarities; Differences Historical Context the role of prediction as a guarantee of the validity of scientific knowledge. (v) Ontologically, they see science as a human The “historical turn” in the philosophy and methodology of activity rather than as an abstract amount of impersonal science is commonly attributed to Thomas Kuhn and Imre La- knowledge. -
The Toulmin Model a Tool for Diagramming “Informal” Arguments
1 The Toulmin Model A tool for diagramming “informal” arguments 2 Stephen Toulmin •Stephen Toulmin, originally a British logician, is now a professor at USC. He became frustrated with the inability of formal logic to explain everyday arguments, which prompted him to develop his own model of practical reasoning. 3 Toulmin cont. .Toulmin has taught at the University of Southern California since 1993, giving the Jefferson Lecture for the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1997. .In 1958, Toulmin offered a theory of argument that differed from the classical, Platonic absolutism, which was part of Plato’s formal logic. Toulmin believed that some aspects of rhetoric were relative and not rigidly absolute. 4 Toulmin’s Model .Toulmin’s model provides that there are three essential aspects to rhetorical argument: . 5 Toulmin’s Model, cont. •Simply: •A Claim is made. •Data is provided in the form of supporting facts. •The Warrant connects the Data to the Claim. •For example: 6 Toulmin’s Model cont. •“I am an American.” (Claim) •“I was born in Texas.” (Data) •Anyone born in Texas is a legal American citizen. (Warrant) • •Toulmin says that the Claim and the Data cannot hold without a sufficiently strong Warrant , or, the weakest argument is the one with the weakest warrant. • 7 The three basic elements: •Claim (assertion or proposition) •Data (proof, grounds, support) •Warrant (inferential leap) 8 Claims •A claim is the point an arguer is trying to make. The claim is the conclusion, proposition, or assertion an arguer wants another to accept. •The claim answers the question, "So what is your point?” •example: “Lynne is an American citizen, because she was born in the United States.” 1 •example: “Barack Obama doesn’t wear a flag pin on his lapel, so he must not be patriotic.” • 9 More about claims.. -
Wittgenstein's
Chapter 1 Wittgenstein’s “Language-Games” In my view the key idea of the later Wittgenstein’s revolutionary approach to the philosophy of language is that of language-games. His idea was that lin- guistic meaning is a function of the ways human beings communicate and in- teract by means their embodied participation in highly flexible, open-ended social activities which he labelled language-games. It has been said that he initially conceived of this metaphor for human linguistic activity while passing by a soccer match in Cambridge. Be that as it may, Wittgenstein did develop an understanding of human language which focuses on the give and take of linguistic activity within standard moves and patterns, on the one hand, and creative innovations, on the other. It is with the unique character of this notion that we must begin our explora- tion of Wittgenstein’s understanding of language. In his earlier work, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein understood the nature of linguistic mean- ing as parallel to the tracking of logical equations and the picturing of material facts. These facts were viewed as constructed out of and described by “atomic and molecular” parts which go together, much like Lego-blocks, to form the facts of the world. In turn, these facts can be described by corresponding atom- ic and molecular propositions that parallel them in a one-to-one manner. This static, exhaustive “picture theory” of both reality and language was re- ferred to by Bertrand Russell, who along with Wittgenstein, subscribed to it, as “logical atomism.” Once one has understood the world and language in this way, there is nothing left to say or do. -
Rationality and Reality Conversations with Alan Musgrave
springer.com Philosophy : Epistemology Cheyne, Colin, Worrall, John (Eds.) Rationality and Reality Conversations with Alan Musgrave Contains an interaction of Musgrave’s views with a wide variety of his critics and admirers Brings together diverse aspects of Musgrave’s long-standing defence of realism and rationality Musgrave’s unique perspective on Karl Popper’s epistemology is both developed and scrutinized Alan Musgrave has consistently defended two positions that he regards as commonsensical – critical realism and critical rationalism. In defence of critcal realism he argues for the objective existence of the external world as opposed to idealism, as well as arguing for scientific realism against all anti-realist accounts of science. His critical rationalism is drawn from the work of Karl Popper and stands opposed to inductivist and irrationalist methodologies. In defence of Springer these positions, Musgrave’s writings have covered a wide range of topics in epistemology, 2006, X, 326 p. metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, history of science, theories of 1st truth, and economic theory. In this volume a group of internationally-renowned authors discuss edition themes that are relevant in one way or another to Musgrave’s work. This is not intended as a standard celebratory festschrift but rather as a new examination of topics of current interest in philosophy. The contributory essays are followed by responses from Alan Musgrave himself. Printed book Hardcover Order online at springer.com/booksellers Printed book Springer Nature Customer Service Center LLC 233 Spring Street Hardcover New York, NY 10013 ISBN 978-1-4020-4206-5 USA $ 219,99 T: +1-800-SPRINGER NATURE Available (777-4643) or 212-460-1500 Discount group [email protected] Professional Books (2) Product category Contributed volume Series Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Other renditions Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-7072-2 Prices and other details are subject to change without notice.