1 Constructive Empiricism: Normative Or Descriptive?
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In Defence of Constructive Empiricism: Metaphysics Versus Science
To appear in Journal for General Philosophy of Science (2004) In Defence of Constructive Empiricism: Metaphysics versus Science F.A. Muller Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Mathematics Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.000 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] August 2003 Summary Over the past years, in books and journals (this journal included), N. Maxwell launched a ferocious attack on B.C. van Fraassen's view of science called Con- structive Empiricism (CE). This attack has been totally ignored. Must we con- clude from this silence that no defence is possible against the attack and that a fortiori Maxwell has buried CE once and for all, or is the attack too obviously flawed as not to merit exposure? We believe that neither is the case and hope that a careful dissection of Maxwell's reasoning will make this clear. This dis- section includes an analysis of Maxwell's `aberrance-argument' (omnipresent in his many writings) for the contentious claim that science implicitly and per- manently accepts a substantial, metaphysical thesis about the universe. This claim generally has been ignored too, for more than a quarter of a century. Our con- clusions will be that, first, Maxwell's attacks on CE can be beaten off; secondly, his `aberrance-arguments' do not establish what Maxwell believes they estab- lish; but, thirdly, we can draw a number of valuable lessons from these attacks about the nature of science and of the libertarian nature of CE. Table of Contents on other side −! Contents 1 Exordium: What is Maxwell's Argument? 1 2 Does Science Implicitly Accept Metaphysics? 3 2.1 Aberrant Theories . -
Thinking About the Ultimate Argument for Realism∗
Thinking About the Ultimate Argument for Realism∗ Stathis Psillos Department of Philosophy and History of Science University of Athens Panepistimioupolis (University Campus) Athens 15771 Greece [email protected] 1. Introduction Alan Musgrave has been one of the most passionate defenders of scientific realism. Most of his papers in this area are, by now, classics. The title of my paper alludes to Musgrave’s piece “The Ultimate Argument for Realism”, though the expression is Bas van Fraassen’s (1980, 39), and the argument is Hilary Putnam’s (1975, 73): realism “is the only philosophy of science that does not make the success of science a miracle”. Hence, the code-name ‘no-miracles’ argument (henceforth, NMA). In fact, NMA has quite a history and a variety of formulations. I have documented all this in my (1999, chapter 4). But, no matter how exactly the argument is formulated, its thrust is that the success of scientific theories lends credence to the following two theses: a) that scientific theories should be interpreted realistically and b) that, so interpreted, these theories are approximately true. The original authors of the argument, however, did not put an extra stress on novel predictions, which, as Musgrave (1988) makes plain, is the litmus test for the ability of any approach to science to explain the success of science. Here is why reference to novel predictions is crucial. Realistically understood, theories entail too many novel claims, most of them about unobservables (e.g., that ∗ I want to dedicate this paper to Alan Musgrave. His exceptional combination of clear-headed and profound philosophical thinking has been a model for me. -
Philosophy of Science Reading List
Philosophy of Science Area Comprehensive Exam Reading List Revised September 2011 Exam Format: Students will have four hours to write answers to four questions, chosen from a list of approximately 20-30 questions organized according to topic: I. General Philosophy of Science II. History of Philosophy of Science III. Special Topics a. Philosophy of Physics b. Philosophy of Biology c. Philosophy of Mind / Cognitive Science d. Logic and Foundations of Mathematics Students are required to answer a total of three questions from sections I and II (at least one from each section), and one question from section III. For each section, we have provided a list of core readings—mostly journal articles and book chapters—that are representative of the material with which we expect you to be familiar. Many of these readings will already be familiar to you from your coursework and other reading. Use this as a guide to filling in areas in which you are less well- prepared. Please note, however, that these readings do not constitute necessary or sufficient background to pass the comp. The Philosophy of Science area committee assumes that anyone who plans to write this exam has a good general background in the area acquired through previous coursework and independent reading. Some anthologies There are several good anthologies of Philosophy of Science that will be useful for further background (many of the articles listed below are anthologized; references included in the list below). Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J.D. Trout, eds., The Philosophy of Science (MIT Press, 991). Martin Curd and J. -
Conversations with Alan Musgrave
Rationality and Reality STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME 20 General Editor: S. GAUKROGER, University of Sydney Editorial Advisory Board: RACHEL ANKENY, University of Sydney STEVEN FRENCH, University of Leeds DAVID PAPINEAU, King’ s College London NICHOLAS RASMUSSEN, University of New South Wales JOHN SCHUSTER, University of New South Wales RICHARD YEO, Griffith University RATIONALITY AND REALITY Conversations with Alan Musgrave Edited by COLIN CHEYNE University of Otago, DDunedin, New Zealand and JOHN WORRALL London School of Economics, London, UK A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4206-X (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4206-X (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4207-8 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4207-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Cover: Photograph of Alan Musgrave used with kind permission of Gudrun Perin, Guelph, Canada Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Notes on Contributors ix COLIN CHEYNE / Introduction 1 GREGORY CURRIE / Where Does the Burden of Theory Lie? 7 COLIN CHEYNE / Testimony, Induction and Reasonable Belief 19 JOHN WORRALL / Theory-Confirmation and History 31 DEBORAH G. -
Contributing to a Better Understanding of the Contemporary Debate
ABCD springer.com Contributing to a better understanding of the contemporary debate A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence S 6–8 VOLUME Editor-in-Chief: Enrico Pattaro, CIRSFID and Law Faculty, University of Bologna, Italy Now Available! The fi rst ever multivolume treatment of the issues in legal philosophy and general jurisprudence, from both a theoretical and a historical perspective. A classical reference work that would be of great interest to legal and practical philosophers, as well as jurists and Philosophy of Law-scholar at all levels The entire work is divided into three parts: The Theoretical part (published in 2005) consists of 5 volumes and covers the main topics of contemporary debate. The Historical part consists of 6 volumes and is scheduled to be published during 2006 (volumes 6-8) and 2007 (volumes 9-11) and volume 12 (index). The historical volumes account for the development of legal thought from ancient Greek times through the twentieth century. Vol. 6: A History of the Philosophy of Law from the Ancient Greeks to the Scholastics – 3 Fred D. Miller Jr. E VOLUM Vol. 7: The Jurists’ Philosophy of Law from Rome to the Seventeenth Century – SET Andrea Padovani & Peter Stein Vol. 8: A History of the Philosophy of Law from the Seventeenth Century to 1900 in the Common-Law Tradition – Diethelm Klippel 2006, 1.090 p. (3 volume set), Harcover ISBN 1-4020-4950-1 € 399,00 | £307.00 | $535.00 Easy Ways to Order for the Americas Write: Springer Order Department, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485, USA Call: (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER Fax: +1(201)348-4505 Email: [email protected] or for outside the Americas Write: Springer Distribution Center GmbH, Haberstrasse 7, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Call: +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 Fax : +49 (0) 6221-345-4229 Email: [email protected] Prices are subject to change without notice. -
Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
CRITICISM AND THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, ig 6^, volume 4 Edited by IMRE LAKATOS Professor of Logic, University of London ALAN MUSGRAVE Professor of Philosophy, University of Otago CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1970 CONTENTS Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press Page Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London N.W .i Preface vii American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 T. s. KUHN: Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research? i © Cambridge University Press 1970 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 78-105496 Discussion: j. w. N. WATKINS: Against ‘Normal Science’ 25 Standard Book Number: 521 07826 i toulmin: Does the Distinction between Normal and Revolutionary Science Hold Water? 39 L. PEARCE williams: Normal Science, Scientific Revolutions / ^ d the History of Science 49 popper: Normal Science and its Dangers 5^ uJVfiC^ARET masterman: The Nature of a Paradigm 59 i I: Lakatos: Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes 9^ K„ feyer aben d : Consolations for the Specialist 197 s. KUHN: Reflections on my Critics 231 Index 279 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Aberdeen PREFACE This book constitutes the fourth volume of the Proceedings of the 1965 International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science held at Bedford College, Regent’s Park, London, from i i to 17 July 1965. The Colloquium was organized jointly by the British Society for the Philosophy of Science and the London School of Economics and Political Science, under the auspices of the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Seience. -
Rationality and Reality Conversations with Alan Musgrave
springer.com Philosophy : Epistemology Cheyne, Colin, Worrall, John (Eds.) Rationality and Reality Conversations with Alan Musgrave Contains an interaction of Musgrave’s views with a wide variety of his critics and admirers Brings together diverse aspects of Musgrave’s long-standing defence of realism and rationality Musgrave’s unique perspective on Karl Popper’s epistemology is both developed and scrutinized Alan Musgrave has consistently defended two positions that he regards as commonsensical – critical realism and critical rationalism. In defence of critcal realism he argues for the objective existence of the external world as opposed to idealism, as well as arguing for scientific realism against all anti-realist accounts of science. His critical rationalism is drawn from the work of Karl Popper and stands opposed to inductivist and irrationalist methodologies. In defence of Springer these positions, Musgrave’s writings have covered a wide range of topics in epistemology, 2006, X, 326 p. metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, history of science, theories of 1st truth, and economic theory. In this volume a group of internationally-renowned authors discuss edition themes that are relevant in one way or another to Musgrave’s work. This is not intended as a standard celebratory festschrift but rather as a new examination of topics of current interest in philosophy. The contributory essays are followed by responses from Alan Musgrave himself. Printed book Hardcover Order online at springer.com/booksellers Printed book Springer Nature Customer Service Center LLC 233 Spring Street Hardcover New York, NY 10013 ISBN 978-1-4020-4206-5 USA $ 219,99 T: +1-800-SPRINGER NATURE Available (777-4643) or 212-460-1500 Discount group [email protected] Professional Books (2) Product category Contributed volume Series Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Other renditions Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-7072-2 Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. -
Astrology and Truth: a Context in Contemporary Epistemology Downloaded from Cosmocritic.Com
Astrology and Truth: A Context in Contemporary Epistemology Garry Phillipson Supervised by: Nicholas Campion, Patrick Curry Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of PhD University of Wales Trinity Saint David 2019 This is the final version of the text, as submitted for retention in the university’s Research Repository on 27th April 2020. Downloaded from Cosmocritic.com i ii Abstract This thesis discusses and gives philosophical context to claims regarding the truth-status of astrology – specifically, horoscopic astrology. These truth-claims, and reasons for them, are sourced from advocates and critics of astrology and are taken from extant literature and interviews recorded for the thesis. The three major theories of truth from contemporary Western epistemology are the primary structure used to establish philosophical context. These are: the correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories. Some alternatives are discussed in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the three theories. No estimation of astrology’s truth-status was found which could not be articulated by reference to the three. From this follows the working assumption that the three theories of truth suffice as a system of analysis with which to define and elucidate the issues that have arisen when astrology’s truth-status has been considered. A feature of recent discourse regarding astrology has been the argument that it should be considered a form of divination rather than as a potential science. The two accounts that embody these approaches – astrology-as-divination, and astrology-as-science – are central throughout the thesis. William James’s philosophy is discussed as a congenial context for astrology-as-divination. -
JOHN WORRALL ADDRESS Office: Department of Philosophy, Logic
JOHN WORRALL ADDRESS Office: Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE (020-7955-7335) Home: 10, Carysfort Road, London N8 8RB (020-8348-9454) e-mail: [email protected] PERSONAL born 27.11.46. (Leigh,Lancs, U.K.); married, two children. NATIONALITY British EDUCATION & QUALIFICATIONS 1958-1965 Leigh Grammar Schoool 1965-1968 LSE: B.Sc.(Econ) degree (Special Subject: Philosophy). 1968 Graduated with first class honours. 1968-1971 LSE: post-graduate research. 1976 Awarded Ph.D degree of University of London (Thesis title: 'The 19th Century Revolution in Optics: A Case Study in the Interaction between Philosophy of Science and History and Sociology of Science'. Thesis supervisor: Imre Lakatos.) 1 PRESENT POSITION 1997- Professor of Philosophy of Science, L.S.E. PREVIOUS POSITIONS 1968-1970 Research Assistant to Professor Imre Lakatos, LSE. 1971-1985 Lecturer in Philosophy, LSE. 1985-1987 Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, LSE. 1987-1997 Reader in Philosophy of Science, LSE HONORARY APPOINTMENTS 1974-1983 Co- Editor then Editor, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 1975-1978 Managing Editor of the posthumous works of Imre Lakatos. 1984-1988 National Organising Committee, 1988 World Congress of Philosophy. 1990-1993 Director, LSE Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science 1993- Co-Director, LSE Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science 1996-1998 Subject Editor for Philosophy of Science, Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy -
Constructive Empiricism in the Social Sciences
Constructive empiricism in the social sciences Abstract ‘What problems face the aspirant empiricist today?’ is the question Bas C. van Fraassen asks in his seminal work The Scientific Image (1980). In this thesis, I interpret this question as a challenge to develop constructive empiricism [CE] in a field of scientific inquiry other than the context of physics in which it was conceived. The first part of the thesis expounds CE with reference to classical empiricism, discloses some of its fundamental assumptions, and spells out in detail its account of science. In the second part of the thesis, CE is extended to social science. Since CE was developed in the context of natural science, I take an articulation of the alleged fundamental differences between natural and social science as indicating challenges a CE-outlook on social science must address. I also provide a brief history of the gap between the sciences. Then, in the bulk of this thesis, I argue that CE’s model view accommodates social science, that description, prediction and explanation in the light of CE are proper fruits of inquiry in social science, and that CE is able to make sense of the differences in the concepts used in natural and social science. In the discussion of the feasibility of CE for social science, I show concurrently that contemporary articulations of the differences between the natural and the social sciences pose no insuperable problems for the constructive empiricist. Bram van Dijk | 3691454 History & Philosophy of Science | Utrecht University Daily supervisors | dr. Guido Bacciagaluppi & dr. Ruud Abma Third examiner | dr. -
The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Philosophical Papers Volume I
The methodology of scientific research programmes Philosophical Papers Volume i IMRE LAKATOS EDITED BY JOHN WORRALL AND GREGORY CURRIE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. UB der LMU München, on 13 Apr 2020 at 02:49:26, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621123 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521280310 © Imre Lakatos Memorial Appeal fund and the Estate of Imre Lakatos 1978 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1978 First paperback edition 1980 Reprinted 1984, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1999 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-0-521-21644-9 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-28031-0 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. -
Realist and Anti-Realist Approaches in Philosophy of Science: Perspective and Representational Pluralism in Scientific Discovery
Realist and Anti-Realist Approaches in Philosophy of Science: Perspective and Representational Pluralism in Scientific Discovery Mark Coleman Department of Philosophy School of Humanities, Faculty of Arts The University of Adelaide Submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy August 2016 Scientific Realism versus Anti-realism Mark Coleman 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Abstract 4 Thesis Declaration 5 Acknowledgements 6 Chapter 1 7 Scientific Realism versus Anti-Realism, an Introduction 7 Preamble 7 1.1 An overview of scientific realism 10 1.2 Anti-realism 12 1.3 Some realist responses 16 1.4 Variations and preliminary conclusions 18 Chapter 2 21 Anti-Realism: van Fraassen and His Critics 21 2.1 van Fraassen’s ‘arguments concerning scientific realism’ 21 2.1.1 van Fraassen’s account of realism 22 2.1.2 Constructive empiricism 23 2.1.3 van Fraassen on “The Theory/Observation ‘Dichotomy’” and the observable/unobservable distinction 26 2.1.4 van Fraassen on inference to the best explanation 28 2.2 Responses to van Fraassen 31 2.2.1 Observable versus unobservable 33 2.2.2 Churchland on observation, empirical adequacy and ontological commitment 36 2.2.3 van Fraassen, the microscope, and ‘public hallucinations’ 41 2.2.4 Underdetermination 43 2.2.5 Boyd’s defence of realism: underdetermination and the importance of theoretical induction 46 2.2.6 Ladyman and Ross, and Ellis on underdetermination 50 2.2.7 Epistemic virtues and theory evaluation: Churchland on beliefworthiness and the super-empirical virtues 52 2.3 Giere’s ‘modest’